Q.1 It is sometimes argued that the national movement failed to nurture national identity as primary identity which resulted in partition. Examine the reasons behind the parallel development of nationalism and communalism during the course of the movement. (15 Marks)

Mentor’s Comments- Introduce your answer with an explanation of key words: nationalism and communalism. In the main body, bring out and discuss various factors that led to simultaneous development of nationalism and communalism in India. Conclude with the impact of this parallel development and steps taken in independent India to address associated challenges.