Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Illicit drug seizures in India and neighbourhood
According to the latest World Drug Report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the fourth highest seizure of opium in 2018 was reported from India, after Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Drug seizures in India and neighbourhood
- The maximum of 644 tonnes of opium was seized in Iran, followed by 27 tonnes in Afghanistan and 19 tonnes in Pakistan.
- In India, the figure stood at four tonnes in 2018.
Heroin
- Heroin is manufactured from the morphine extracted from the seed pod of opium poppy plants.
- Iran reported the highest seizure of heroin (25 tonnes), followed by Turkey, United States, China, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
- India was at the 12th position in the world.
Global pattern
- 97% of the total global production of opium in the past five years came from only three countries.
- About 84% of the total opium was produced in Afghanistan, from where it is supplied to neighbouring countries, Europe, west Asia, south Asia and Africa.
- From Myanmar, which accounts for 7% of the global opium production, and Laos, where 1% of the opium is produced, it is supplied to east and south-east Asia and Oceania.
- Mexico accounts for 6% of the global opium production, while Colombia and Guatemala account for less than 1% of global production.
Some other details
- The report said that the global area under opium poppy cultivation declined for the second year in a row in 2019.
- It went down by 17% in 2018 and by 30% in 2019.
- Despite the decline in cultivation, opium production remained stable in 2019, with higher yields reported in the main opium production areas.
- Quantities of seized opiates remained concentrated in Asia, notably in south-west Asia (70%).
- Asia is host to more than 90% of global illicit opium production.
- Also, it is the world’s largest consumption market for opiates and also accounts for almost 80% of all opiates seized worldwide in 2018.
Consider the question asked in 2018 “India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to prevent the same?”
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: REMCL
Mains level: Paper3- Railways to become Zero Carbon emission mass transport
A new dawn ushers on Indian Railways as it endeavors to be self-reliant for its energy needs as directed by the Prime Minister and solarise railway stations by utilizing its vacant lands for Renewable Energy (RE) projects.
Moving towards ‘Net Zero’ Carbon Emission Railways
- The Ministry of Railways has decided to install solar power plants on its vacant unused lands on mega-scale.
- The use of solar power will accelerate the mission to achieve a conversion of Indian Railways to ‘Net Zero’ Carbon Emission Railway.
- Railway Energy Management Company Ltd. (REMCL) is working to further proliferate the use of solar energy on mega scale.
- It has already floated tenders for 2 GW of solar projects for Indian Railways to be installed on unutilised railway lands.
Projects along operational railway lines
- Indian Railways is also adopting an innovative concept of installation of solar projects along operational railway lines.
- This will help in preventing encroachment, enhancing the speed and safety of trains and reduction of infrastructure costs due to direct injection of solar power into the traction network.
- With these mega initiatives, Indian Railways is leading India’s fight against climate challenge.
- These are significant steps towards meeting its ambitious goal of being a net zero carbon emissions organisation and meeting India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) targets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Finance Corporation
Mains level: Paper 3- Credit supply to MSME
The World Bank and the Government of India signed the $750 million agreement for the MSME Emergency Response Programme to support increased flow of finance into the hands of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), severely impacted by the COVID-19 crisis.
How will the agreement protect the MSME sector
1. Unlocking liquidity
- The Government is focused on ensuring that the abundant financial sector liquidity available flow to NBFCs and that banks.
- Banks and NBFCs have turned extremely risk-averse.
- This project will support the Government in providing targeted guarantees to incentivize NBFCs.
- Project will also support banks to continue lending to viable MSMEs to help sustain them through the crisis.
- It will be achieved by de-risking lending from banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) to MSMEs.
- This derisking will be done through a range of instruments, including credit guarantees.
2. Strengthening NBFCs and SFBs
- Improving the funding capacity of the NBFCs and Small Finance Bank (SFBs), will help them respond to the urgent and varied needs of the MSMEs.
- This will include supporting government’s refinance facility for NBFCs.
- In parallel, the IFC is also providing direct support to SFBs through loans and equity.
3. Enabling financial innovation
- Only about 8 percent of MSMEs are served by formal credit channels.
- The program will incentivize and mainstream the use of fintech and digital financial services in MSME lending and payments.
- Digital platforms will play an important role by enabling lenders, suppliers, and buyers to reach firms faster and at a lower cost.
- The digital platform will be helpful especially to small enterprises who currently may not have access to the formal channels.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Explaining the increase of Li in the the Universe
Mains level: Not much
In a study recently published in Nature Astronomy scientists from Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) along with their international collaborators have provided a robust observational evidence for the first time that Li production is common among low mass Sun-like stars during their He-core burning phase.
Importance of lithium in our life
- Light inflammable, metal lithium (Li) has brought about transformation in modern communication devices and transportation.
- A great deal of today’s technology is powered by lithium in its various shades [remember Li-ion battery!].
- But where does the element come from?
- The origin of much of the Li can be traced to a single event, the Big-Bang that happened about 13.7 Billion years ago, from which the present-day Universe was also born.
Why lithium was thought to be different?
- Li content in the physical Universe has increased by about a factor of four over the life of the Universe.
- However, the rest of the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, nickel and so on which grew about a million times over the lifetime of the Universe.
- Li, however, understood to be an exemption!
- Current understanding is that lithium in stars like our Sun only gets destroyed over their lifetime.
- As a matter of fact, the composition of all the elements in the Sun and the Earth is similar.
- But, the measured content of Li in the Sun is a factor of 100 lower than that of the Earth, though both are known to have formed together.
So, what the new finding suggests?
- This discovery challenges the long-held idea that stars only destroy lithium during their lifetime.
- It implies that the Sun itself will manufacture lithium in the future.
- This is not predicted by models, indicating that there is some physical process missing in stellar theory.
- Further, the authors identified “He flash”.
- “He flash” is an on-set of He-ignition at the star’s core via violent eruption at the end of the star’s core hydrogen-burning phase, as the source of Li production.
- Our Sun will reach this phase in about 6-7 billion years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Achievements of Indians
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, India’s ‘Plan Man’ and the architect of the country’s statistical system is more relevant now in times of Covid pandemic when we grapple with the lack of data.
Analysing 1944 Bengal famine
- He conducted a large-scale sample survey of Bengal’s famine between July 1944 and February 1945.
- Sample survey helped in causal analysis and to assess the extent of the disaster and an estimate of the number of people affected.
Relevance today
- Bengal’s famine survey reminds us that we need estimates of the millions who will lose jobs or livelihoods in today’s pandemic.
- The extent of feasibility, success and problem of online access also needs to be properly estimated in this new dawn.
- Mahalanobis is perhaps more relevant today when the accuracy of different sorts of data is under the scanner.
- Mahalanobis envisaged large-scale sample surveys as statistical engineering rather than pure theory of sampling.
- He was instrumental in establishing the National Sample Survey (NSS) in 1950 and the Central Statistical Organization in 1951.
Data accuracy
- Mahalanobis was very careful about data accuracy in his surveys.
- In Kautilya’s Arthashastra, there is mention of the need for cross-checking by an independent set of agents for data collection.
- This, according to Mahalanobis, was the “striking feature in the Arthashastra”.
- This might have prompted him to have an independent supervisory staff during the conduct of field operations by the NSS.
- His initial training in Physics might have made him conscious about errors in measurement and observation.
- The desire to have built-in cross-checks and to get an estimate of errors in sampling led him to introduce the Inter-Penetrating Network of Subsamples.
- The network is considered as the curtain-raiser for re-sampling procedures like Bootstrap.
- Bootstrap is a revolutionary concept of statistics.
Difficulties in conducting surveys
- Even Mahalanobis could have faced hardship had he wished to conduct surveys now.
- First, even in pre-COVID-19 India, it’s widely reported that surveyors were facing tremendous resistance from people due to some sociopolitical reasons.
- Pronab Sen, Chairman of the Standing Committee on Economic Statistics, and former Chief Statistician, expressed his concern that the survey system is already in “deep trouble”.
- Conducting household surveys with the Census as the frame would be “very tough” going ahead.
- The problem will intensify due to COVID-19.
Use of technology for survey
- Mahalanobis never shied away from technology.
- He was instrumental in bringing computers to India.
- The Mahalanobis-led Indian Statistical Institute procured India’s first computer in 1956 and the second in 1959.
Consider the question asked in 2019 “How was India benefitted from the contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively?”
Conclusion
Mahalanobis wrote: “Statistics are a minor detail, but they do help.” This is an eternal truth. What Mahalanobis didn’t spell out is that one needs a top statistician for listening to the heartbeats of data and for framing data-based policy decisions for human welfare and national development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the South China Sea
Mains level: Paper 2-India's Indo-Pacific vision and China's BRI
As India tries to diffuse the tension along the disputed northern border with China, it must focus on the other potential fronts that China could open. India Ocean could be the next one. This article examines the centrality of the Indian Ocean for China and their approach to the region.
India’s Indo-Pacific vision
- This vision is based on our historical associations with this region.
- This vision also acknowledges the importance of the Indian Ocean in building prosperity in this century.
- So, the key points of this vision are thus-
- 1) Inclusiveness, openness and ASEAN centrality and unity.
- 2) India does not see the Indo-Pacific Region as a strategy or as a club of limited members.
- 3) It is not directed against any country.
China should have equal access
- China is not a littoral state in the Indian Ocean.
- Historically, Chinese naval activity was limited to the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the South China Sea.
- In today’s context, China is the second-largest economy and the world’s largest trading nation.
- The sea-lanes of communication in the Indian Ocean are vital to her economy and security.
- Under international law, China should have equal access to the Indian ocean.
China’s “Malacca Dilemma”
- China thinks that others would block the Malacca Straits to “contain” the Chinese.
- So, China has strategized to dominate not just the Malacca Straits, but the ocean beyond it.
- The PLA Navy (PLAN) made its first operational deployment in the Gulf of Aden in 2008.
- In 2009 China planned for overseas base or facility.
- In 2010 a China State Oceanic Administration report alluded to plans to build aircraft carriers.
BRI: Overcoming the deficiencies China face in India Ocean
- The US hegemony and India’s regional influence in the Indian Ocean are thought of as a challenge to China.
- So, China focused on 3 inherent deficiencies that they wanted to overcome.
- (a) China is not a littoral state.
- (b) Its passage through key maritime straits could be easily blocked.
- (c) The possibility of US-India cooperation against China.
- How to overcome these deficiencies?
- (1) carefully selecting sites to build ports — Djibouti, Gwadar, Hambantota, Sittwe and Seychelles.
- (2) By conducting activities in a low-key manner to “reduce the military colour as much as possible”.
- (3) By not unnerving India and America by cooperating at first, then slowly penetrating into the Indian Ocean, beginning with detailed maritime surveys, ocean mapping, HADR, port construction and so on.
China acting on the plans
- The PLA’s new base in Djibouti is the prototype for more “logistics” facilities to come.
- More port construction projects like Gwadar and Hambantota, are being offered to vulnerable countries.
- These projects are commercially unviable but have military possibilities,
- Chinese “civilian” vessels routinely conduct surveys in the EEZ of littoral states.
- In January 2020 the PLA Navy conducted tripartite naval exercises with Russia and Iran in the Arabian Sea.
- They have the largest warship building programme in the world.
Consider the question “What constitutes India’s Indo-Pacific vision? Elaborate on the factors that explain China’s reluctance to subscribe to this vision.”
Conclusion
The idea of Indo-Pacific might potentially derail the carefully crafted Chinese plan. So, they now wish to cause alarm by raising fears about Great Power “strategic collision” caused by the so-called American-led “containment” strategy. It is important to look past their propaganda.
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