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UPSC mock interview at Civilsdaily starting from 11th April| 1-1 DAF session with VP sir and Special Habitat sessions
Schedule your mock interview and 1-1 DAF session with VP sir

Schedule of Special Habitat sessions planned for interviews.

UPSC Interviews 2020 schedule is out and it’s going to start from 26th April. Transcend 2020’s mock interviews will start from 11th April.

A one-to-one session on DAF analysis with VP sir is also planned for 10th April. You will get an opportunity to discuss your DAF and get an idea on how to improve upon the weak areas. Click here to book your slot.

About Transcend 2020: IGP mock interviews

Mock Interviews at Civilsdaily form a crucial part of UPSC interview preparation. The quality and diversity of the panel help prepare an aspirant for the actual interview at UPSC.

Aspirants have benefited greatly from the mock interview and the feedback they get from the panel members after their mock interview. At the same time, we work with the aspirants to improve upon the areas highlighted by the panel.

Aspirants will also get a personalized DAF-based questionnaire based on extensive research and linkages with the issues of national and international importance.

Upcoming Mock interview and session

1-1 session with VP sir: 10th April
- First mock interview- 11th April (Book your slot)
- Time: 10 a.m. – 7 p.m.
- Mode: Online
Interview slots will be allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.

Schedule your mock interview with Civilsdaily

Panelists for Mock Interviews:
1. Shri Shankar Aggarwal, IAS (retd.)
2. Dr. Noor Mohammad, IAS (retd.)
3. Shri T. N. Thakur, IAAS (retd.)
4. Shri V. P. Singh, IRPS
5. Mrs.Aditi Gupta, Corporate Leadership Specialist
6. Prof. U.M. Amin, Jamia Milia University
7. Mr. Himanshu Arora, Economist, JNU, PMEAC
Tentative: Shri Harsh V. Pant (Observer Research Foundation), Shri SN Tripathi, IAS (Director IIPA), Shri Yogesh Narain (Retd. Defence Secretary), Shri Dipankar Gupta (Indian Sociologist), and others.

You all are supposed to submit your DAFs and selfie videos answering four questions provided to you. These will form the basis for mock interviews, DAF analysis, and personalized DAF-based questionnaire.

Note- For any query/sending DAFs and videos reach out to ajay@civilsdaily.com

Special Habitat session for UPSC interviews 2020

Click here for habitat club for UPSC interviews

Interview Club on Habitat brings together senior bureaucrats, serving officers, UPSC mentors, toppers and peers under one roof for a collaborative and cohort based learning and preparation for the UPSC interviews.

From today onwards our we are starting a special session on Habitat’s Transcend: Interview Guidance Club to take up activities directed towards specific dimensions of the Personality Test.

This week’s schedule for these sessions is as follows:
- Thursday 08/04/2021: Hobby discussion
- Friday: Home state discussion
- Saturday: Prizes, Sports, leadership position
- Monday: Roleplaying & Situation Reaction Test (SRT)
Timings: 6-7:30 pm

Click here for habitat club for UPSC interviews
April 8, 2021
8th April 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

[WpProQuiz 591]

[WpProQuiz_toplist 591]

Are you preparing in the right direction? Let us discuss the issues that you’re facing in your preparation.

Talk to senior mentors from Civilsdaily: Fill Samanvaya form for IAS 2021 and IAS 2022. We’ll call you within 24 hours for a detailed in-depth discussion.

Civilsdaily Samanvaya 1-On-1 Mentorship Form

Thank you for registering. Sharing with you the link for Habitat, our learning platform. https://habitat.club/channel/general Attend today’s UPSC IAS discussion sessions on Op-ed and News news analysis, answer writing, and more.
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April 8, 2021
A post-Covid fiscal framework for India
The article highlights the failure of FRBM Act to contain India’s rising debt and suggests an alternative framework.

Issues with the FRBM Act
- Economic disruption caused by the COVID has prompted calls for a relook atthe Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM).
- The introduction of the FRBM in 2003 reflected the belief that setting strict limits on fiscal deficits, both for the centre and the states, was the solution.
- But this framework didn’t work.
- Apart from the initial period, when growth was booming, the deficit targets were largely honoured in the breach, leaving the primary balance [Revenue-Non-intrest expenditure] essentially unchanged (Figure 2, phase 2).
Debt has increased to record levels
- India’s general government debt has soared.
- It is now close to 90 per cent of GDP — the highest independent India has ever seen.
- The debt ratio will come down naturally as GDP normalises.
- Even so, on current policies, it is likely to exceed 80 per cent for the foreseeable future.
Would such a high level of debt be sustainable?
- Briefly, sustainability depends on two key factors:
- 1) The primary balance (PB), revenue less non-interest expenditures.
- 2) The difference between the cost of borrowing and the nominal growth rate (r-g).[interest-growth differential]
- Debt does not explode when the primary balance is greater than the interest-growth differential.
- In India’s case, PB has been negative as the government has run primary deficits.
- But this has been counterbalanced over the past decade by favourable differentials, as interest rates have been lower than growth.
- Hence, the broadly stable debt ratio.
- This equilibrium has now been upset by the sudden increase in debt.
- If the interest-growth differential consequently turns unfavourable, as occurred during the previous period of high debt in the early 2000s (Figure 2, phase 1), then debt sustainability could only be preserved by shifting the primary balance into surplus.
- And this would not be easy.
Why shifting primary balance intro surplus is not easy
- Primary deficit of the Centre and states combined is typically about 3 per cent of GDP. [say PB is -3% of GDP]
- So, shifting the primary balance into a modest surplus [i.e. turning PB from -ve to +ve] would require an adjustment of 4 percentage points of GDP.
- But non-interest expenditure is only roughly 20 per cent of GDP.
- If tax increases were ruled out, then a sudden adjustment would require non-interest spending to be cut by no less than 20 per cent (4 divided by 20 times 100).[20% of 20 is 4]
- Clearly, this would be politically impossible.
- But this would render India susceptible to panic and possibly even crises.
- The government needs to eliminate the tension, undertaking a pre-emptive consolidation to prevent the need for a sudden adjustment.
Strategy based on 4 principles
- The government should start by defining a clear objective, based not on arbitrary targets but on sound first principles: It should aim to ensure debt sustainability.
- To this end, the government could adopt a strategy based on four principles.
1) Abandon multiple fiscal criteria
- The current FRBM sets targets for the overall deficit, the revenue deficit and debt.
- Such multiple criteria impede the objective of ensuring sustainability since the targets can conflict with each other,
- This creates confusion about which one to follow and thereby obfuscating accountability.
2) Don’t get fixated on specific number
- Around the world, countries are realising that deficit targets of 3 per cent of GDP and debt targets of 60 per cent of GDP lack proper economic grounding.
- In India’s case, they take no account of the country’s own fiscal arithmetic or its strong political will to repay its debt.
- Any specific target, no matter how well-grounded, encouraging governments to transfer spending off-budget such as with the “oil bonds” in the mid-2000s and subsidies more recently.
3) Focus on one measure for guiding fiscal policy
- In this regard, Arvind Subramanian and Josh Felmanwe propose targeting the primary balance.
- This concept is new to India and will take time for the public to absorb and accept.
- But it is inherently simple and has the eminent virtue that it is closely linked to meeting the overall objective of ensuring debt sustainability.
4) Don’t set yearly target for the primary balance
- The Centre should not set out yearly targets for the primary balance.
- Instead, it should announce a plan to improve the primary balance gradually, by say half a percentage point of GDP per year on average.
- Doing so will make it clear that it will accelerate consolidation when times are good, moderate it when times are less buoyant, and end it when a small surplus has been achieved.
- This strategy is simple and easy to communicate; it is gradual and hence feasible.
Consider the question “Despite the FRBM framework India’s debt level have touched a historic high. In light of this, examine the reasons for the failure of FRBM in controlling the debt level and suggest the way forward to make India’s debt level sustainable.”

Conclusion

COVID has upended India’s public finances. It is time to learn from past experience and adapt. Adopting a simple new fiscal framework based on the primary balance could be the way forward.
April 7, 2021
Spartan club: Rigorous revision program for UPSC IAS prelims 2021| Science tech, Environment and Modern history in 2 weeks
Timetable and details given below.

Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir

Join free Spartan sessions on Habitat here

UPSC Prelims 2021 is around the corner and instead of freaking out, you must bring out the warrior within. The enormity of the challenge requires special efforts and for that Spartan club has been launched.

What is Spartan Club?

It is a rigorous timetable-based revision program whereby you will be covering the syllabus, revising, and discussing the topics under the strict guidance of Ravi sir.

Duration: 2 weeks (14 days)

Course fee: 1000 + GST = Rs 1180

Program inclusion:
1. Intensive revision based on the rigorous timetable, under the strict supervision of Ravi sir.
2. Subjects to be covered: Science Tech, Environment, Modern History
3. Planned daily target assignments and monitoring.
4. Daily Habitat sessions
  - 2 Mega sessions by Ravi sir – including Samadhan and Flurry sessions
  - 4 Mini Sessions to cross-check the accomplishment of the assigned syllabus
5. Mentorship by Ravi sir.
6. Daily MCQs -Based on the assigned syllabus daily MCQs
Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir

https://youtu.be/8dDHHF4lWw8

Subjects to be covered
- Science Tech
- Environment
- Modern History
How sessions are going to take place?

Habitat is a chat-based learning platform and here Ravi sir will be handholding and guiding you all through the course.

Daily six session (at the least) are planned in the manner as explained above.

Why to join Spartan club?
- A rigorous timetable will help you organize your syllabus coverage and revision.
- Strict enforcement by Ravi sir to ensure your accountability and target achievement.
- Personal guidance and mentorship by Ravi sir.
- Discussion and doubt sessions on Habitat.
- Innovative methods like Flurry and Samadhan.
All these will bring out the warrior within you to face the UPSC IAS prelims 2021 challenge successfully.

Daily Spartan’s rigour : 6 am to 12 midnight
- 6 am to 7:45 am – Study based on target assigned one day earlier
- 7:45 to 8:00 am – Habitat session (Discuss how many portions was covered)
- 8:30 to 12:30 pm – Study based on target assigned
- 12:30 pm – 12:45 pm – Habitat session
- 12:45 pm – 2:00 pm – Break
- 2:00 pm to 4:45 pm – Study based on assigned targets
- 4:45 pm to 5:00 pm – Habitat Session
- 5:00 pm to 5:30 pm – Enjoy your tea/Coffee with your favorite music
- 5:30 to 8 pm – Study based on target assigned
- 8:00 pm to 9:30 pm – Habitat session for revision of the entire day and rapid-fire round
- Dinner Break till 10:00 pm
- 10:00 pm to 12:00 am – Share your MCQs that you’ve solved today with others, raise your doubts, have some fun with other aspirants for cooling yourself down. If something is left then Cover it. Targets for the early morning will be assigned here.
How to attend Spartan sessions and join the Spartan club?

Click on Enroll button below. It will redirect you to the Club. Introduce yourself and use @ before raviranjan to tag Ravi sir. He will guide you from there on.

Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir
April 7, 2021
Why police reform recommendations have not been implemented
The article discusses the status of implementation of the Supreme Court directives in the Prakash Singh case by the States.

Background of the Prakash Sing judgement
- Over the years, the National Police Commission made several recommendations for reform of the police force.
- But many of these were not implemented effectively.
- In 1996, two retired Directors General of Police, Prakash Singh and N. K. Singh, filed a public interest litigation (PIL) to know whether those recommendations had ever been implemented.
- A decade later in 2006 that the Court delivered its verdict in what is popularly referred to as the Prakash Singh case.
- In Prakash Singh v. Union of India, the SC relied on the eight reports of the National Police Commission (1979-1981) appointed by the Union.
Following are some of the recommendations and provision and status of their implementations.

Selection and minimum tenure of DGP
- The provision regarding the selection of and minimum tenure for the DGP post has had partial if any, effect.
- Corruption, politicking, and patronage-seeking at the top is so endemic that this provision has lost its sting.
- The Security Commission consisting of the Home Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Secretary, the DGP and five independent members is likewise ineffective.
- How can one have at the apex of the reform system for the police those who have a vested interest in not reforming the police?
Separation between investigation and prosecution wings
- The Commission’s recommendation that there ought to be a separation between the investigation and prosecution wings, as is the system in many developed countries, required immediate enforcement by the judiciary.
- Doing so will help weed out the corruption in criminal investigations would get a second look by the prosecutorial wing.
- But, for that, it would require that this department be placed not under the Home Minister, but under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
- This was never done.
The Police Complaint Authority
- Obviously, for police criminality, one cannot expect the police or the home department to take action against themselves.
- An independent body was necessary.
- The commission recommended that there should be a PCA at the state level, headed by a retired judge of the SC or high court chosen out of a panel of names proposed by the chief justice of the state.
- A similar structure was envisaged for the PCA at the district level.
- In addition, the PCAs would be assisted by members selected by the state from panels prepared by the State Human Rights Commission, Lokayuktas and the State Public Service Commissions.
- The most important part of this decision was that the recommendations of the PCA would be binding on the state.
- However, affidavits filed in the SC showed that not a single state or UT has implemented the PCA provision.
- States have not constituted panels and appointed officials as chairpersons in the place of retired judges.
- In many states, the name Police Complaints Authority has been changed.
- For example, in Tripura and Mizoram, it is called The Police Accountability Commission, diverting attention away from the fact that the commission is for entertaining complaints against police persons.
Consider the question “What are the Supreme Court directives for police reform in the Prakash Singh vs. Union of India case? To what extent states have implemented these directives?”

Conclusion

On police reform, the recommendations exist, the SC order has been made but the Union remains defiant. Perhaps, now, after the Maharashtra fiasco, the SC may decide that this case pending for eight years merits listing.

Back2Basics: The SC directives in the Prakash Singh case

1) Limit Political Control
- Constitute a State Security Commission to:
- Ensure that the state government does not exercise unwarranted influence or pressure on the police.
- Lay down broad policy guidelines.
- Evaluate the performance of the state police.
2) Appointment based on merit
- Ensure that the Director General of Police is appointed through a merit–based, transparent process, and secures a minimum tenure of 2 years.
3) Fix minimum tenure
- Ensure that other police officers on operational duties (including Superintendents of Police in charge of a district and Station House Officers in charge of a police station) are also provided a minimum tenure of 2 years.
4) Separate police functions
- Separate the functions of investigation and maintaining law and order.
5) Set up fair and transparent systems
- Set up a Police Establishment Board to decide and make recommendations on transfers, postings, promotions and other service-related matters of police officers of and below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
6) Establish a Police Complaints Authority in each state
- At the state level, there should be a Police Complaints Authority to look into public complaints against police officers of and above the rank of Superintendent of Police in cases of serious misconduct, including custodial death, grievous hurt or rape in police custody.
7) Set up a selection commission
- A National Security Commission needs to be set up at the union level to prepare a panel for selection and placement of chiefs of the Central Police Organizations with a minimum tenure of 2 years.
April 7, 2021
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April 7, 2021
Ukraine urges NATO to speed up membership
Ukrainian President has urged NATO to speed up his country’s membership in the alliance, saying it was the only way to end fighting with pro-Russia separatists.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- The NATO, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries.
- The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
- NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
- NATO’s Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
Its members
- Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30.
- The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.
- NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members.
- An additional 20 countries participate in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs.
Why NATO matters?
- The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global nominal total.
- Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defence spending of at least 2% of their GDP by 2024.
Also read:

India & NATO
April 7, 2021
E9 Initiative for Digital Learning
Nine countries including India, China and Brazil will explore the possibility of co-creating and scaling up digital learning to achieve the UN sustainable goal on quality education under the E9 initiative.

The E9 is the first of its kind global collaboration for digital learning. Note the participating countries.

E9 Initiative
- It is the first of a three-phased process to co-create an initiative on digital learning and skills, targeting marginalised children and youth, especially girls.
- The initiative aims to accelerate recovery and advance the Sustainable Development Goal 4 agenda by driving rapid change in education systems.
- It is spearheaded by the UN, the E9 countries – Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria and Pakistan.
- It will have the opportunity to benefit from this global initiative and accelerate progress on digital learning, according to UNESCO.
Various functions
- The initiative will discuss the co-creation of the Digital Learning initiative by the nine countries.
- This Consultation will highlight progress, share lessons and explore opportunities for collaboration and scale-up to expand digital learning and skills.
- In addition, a Marketplace segment, for public-private partnership will focus on promising local and global solutions and opportunities for digital learning to strengthen local ecosystems.
April 7, 2021
Mahendragiri Hills
The Odisha government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri, a hill ecosystem having a rich biodiversity.

The 5,569-square kilometre Similipal Biosphere Reserve is Odisha’s first such reserve and was notified May 20, 1996.

Mahendragiri Hills
- Mahendragiri is a mountain in the Rayagada subdivision of the district of Gajapati, Odisha, India.
- It is situated amongst the Eastern Ghats at an elevation of 1,501 metres.
- The hill and its surrounding areas are recognized as a biodiversity hot spot due to numerous medicinal plants and other species that are found here.
- Mahendragiri is inhabited by the Soura people, a particularly vulnerable tribal group as well as the Kandha tribe.
Try this PYQ:

Q.From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats? (CSP 2018)

(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

(b) Nallamala Forest

(c) Nagarhole National Park

(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

Why designate it as a biosphere reserve?
- The area of the proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is around 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats.
- The hill ecosystem acts as a transitional zone between the flora and fauna of southern India and the Himalayas, making the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversities.
- The rich flora in Mahendragiri represents 40 per cent of the reported flora of Odisha, with around 1,358 species of plants.
Back2Basics: Biosphere Reserves
- A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind’s impact on the environment.
- Each reserve aims to help scientists and the environmental community figure out how to protect the world’s plant and animal species while dealing with a growing population and its resource needs.
- To carry out the complementary activities of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, biosphere reserves are traditionally organized into 3 interrelated zones, known as:
  1. the core area
  2. the buffer zone and
  3. a transition zone or ‘area of cooperation
April 7, 2021
Xenobots: Robots developed from stem cells of frogs
Researchers have developed robots from stem cells of frogs called Xenobots.

Xenobots, the name itself suggests its peculiarity.

Xenobots
- Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog are synthetic organisms that are automatically designed by computers to perform some desired function and built by combining together different biological tissues.
- They are less than a 1 millimeter (0.039 inches) wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early (blastula stage) frog embryos.
- They can self-heal after damage, record memories and work together in groups.
- These biological robots can record information about their surroundings and move using cilia – minute hair like particles present on their surface.
Its applications
- These soft-body living machines can have several applications in biomedicine and the environment.
- They could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems.
- Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat disease.
April 7, 2021

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