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  • What is Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, and how does it control donations?

    The licences of 13 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been suspended under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010, this year.

    What is the FCRA?

    • The FCRA regulates foreign donations and ensures that such contributions do not adversely affect internal security.
    • First enacted in 1976, it was amended in 2010 when a slew of new measures was adopted to regulate foreign donations.
    • The FCRA is applicable to all associations, groups and NGOs which intend to receive foreign donations. It is mandatory for all such NGOs to register themselves under the FCRA.
    • The registration is initially valid for five years and it can be renewed subsequently if they comply with all norms.

    What happens once registered?

    • Registered associations can receive a foreign contribution for social, educational, religious, economic and cultural purposes.
    • Filing of annual returns, on the lines of Income Tax, is compulsory.
    • In 2015, the MHA notified new rules, which required NGOs to give an undertaking that the acceptance of foreign funds.
    • It ruled that it is not likely to prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India or impact friendly relations with any foreign state and does not disrupt communal harmony.
    • It also said all such NGOs would have to operate accounts in either nationalized or private banks which have core banking facilities to allow security agencies access on a real-time basis.

    Who cannot receive foreign donations?

    • Members of the legislature and political parties, government officials, judges and media persons are prohibited from receiving any foreign contribution.
    • However, in 2017 the MHA amended the 1976-repealed FCRA law paving the way for political parties to receive funds from the Indian subsidiary of a foreign company or a foreign company in which an Indian holds 50% or more shares.

    How else can receive foreign funding?

    • The other way to receive foreign contributions is by applying for prior permission.
    • It is granted for receipt of a specific amount from a specific donor for carrying out specific activities or projects.
    • But the association should be registered under statutes such as the Societies Registration Act, 1860, the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, or Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.
    • A letter of commitment from the foreign donor specifying the amount and purpose is also required.

    When is a registration suspended or cancelled?

    • The MHA on inspection of accounts and on receiving any adverse input against the functioning of an association can suspend the FCRA registration initially for 180 days.
    • Until a decision is taken, the association cannot receive any fresh donation and cannot utilise more than 25% of the amount available in the designated bank account without the permission of the MHA.
    • The MHA can cancel the registration of an organisation which will not be eligible for registration or grant of ‘prior permission’ for three years from the date of cancellation.

    Also read:

    Registration under Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)

  • Why the Question Hour matters?

    The decision to go without “Question Hour” during the Monsoon Session of Parliament has evoked serious concerns about the democratic functioning of the institution.

    This newscard is very narrative in its form and scope. Try this question as well-

    Q.Discuss the various instruments of Parliamentary Control in India.

    What is Question Hour?

    • Question Hour is the liveliest hour in Parliament. It is during this one hour that MPs ask questions of ministers and hold them accountable for the functioning of their ministries.
    • Prior to Independence, the first question asked of government was in 1893. It was on the burden cast on village shopkeepers who had to provide supplies to touring government officers.
    • The questions that MPs ask are designed to elicit information and trigger suitable action by ministries.
    • Over the last 70 years, MPs have successfully used this parliamentary device to shine a light on government functioning.
    • Their questions have exposed financial irregularities and brought data and information regarding government functioning to the public domain.
    • With the broadcasting since 1991, Question Hour has become one of the most visible aspects of parliamentary functioning.

    Its evolution

    • The right to question the executive has been exercised by members of the House from the colonial period.
    • The first Legislative Council in British India under the Charter Act, 1853, showed some degree of independence by giving members the power to ask questions to the executive.
    • Later, the Indian Council Act of 1861 allowed members to elicit information by means of questions.
    • However, it was the Indian Council Act, 1892, which formulated the rules for asking questions including short notice questions.
    • The next stage of the development of procedures related to questions came up with the framing of rules under the Indian Council Act, 1909, which incorporated provisions for asking supplementary questions by members.
    • The Montague-Chelmsford reforms brought forth a significant change in 1919 by incorporating a rule that the first hour of every meeting was earmarked for questions. Parliament has continued this tradition.
    • In 1921, there was another change. The question, on which a member desired to have an oral answer, was distinguished by him with an asterisk, a star. This marked the beginning of starred questions.

    Its significance

    • Question Hour is not only an opportunity for the members to raise questions, but it is a parliamentary device primarily meant for exercising legislative control over executive actions.
    • The government’s actions erode the constitutional mandate of parliamentary oversight over executive actions as envisaged under Article 75 (3) of the Indian Constitution.

  • Turkish Coffee

    Turkish Coffee made it to the UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2013. It is celebrated in literature and songs and is an important part of ceremonies and festivals.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Consider the following pairs:

    Traditions Communities

    1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
    2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
    3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) None of the above

    Turkish Coffee

    • To make Turkish Coffee, Arabica beans are ground manually and boiled with water and sugar in a special pot called cezve in Turkey and ibrik elsewhere.
    • It is taken off the heat as soon as it begins to froth and before it boils over.
    • It is traditionally served in individual porcelain cups called kahvefinjan.
    • Sometimes the coffee may be flavoured with cardamom or other spices and served with a small piece of Turkish delight.

    Back2Basics: Intangible Heritages from India

    • Tradition of Vedic chanting
    • Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana
    • Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre
    • Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas.
    • Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala
    • Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan
    • Chhau dance
    • Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
    • Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab
    • Yoga
    • Nawrouz
    • Kumbh Mela

  • Parliamentary oversight and cancellation of question hour

    The article highlights the significance of question hour in democracy.

    Context

    • The decision to go without “Question Hour” during the Monsoon Session of Parliament, beginning September 14, has evoked serious concerns about the democratic functioning of the institution.

    Significance of question hour

    • Question Hour is an opportunity for the members to raise questions,
    • It is also a parliamentary device primarily meant for exercising legislative control over executive actions.
    • It is also a device to criticise government policies and programmes, ventilate public grievances, expose the government’s lapses, extract promises from ministers.
    • In short, question hour helps to ensure accountability and transparency in governance.

    Right to question the executive: Historical background

    • The right to question the executive has been exercised by members of the House from the colonial period.
    • The first Legislative Council in British India under the Charter Act, 1853, allowed members the power to ask questions to the executive.
    • The Indian Council Act of 1861 allowed members to elicit information by means of questions.
    • However, it was the Indian Council Act, 1892, which formulated the rules for asking questions including short notice questions.
    • The Indian Council Act, 1909, which incorporated provisions for asking supplementary questions by members.
    • The Montague-Chelmsford reforms brought forth a significant change in 1919 by incorporating a rule that the first hour of every meeting was earmarked for questions.
    • Parliament has continued this tradition.
    • Since 1921, the question on which a member desired to have an oral answer, was distinguished by him with an asterisk, a star.

    Recent instances in which right to ask questions was curtailed

    • The government passed important bills in the first session of the 17th Lok Sabha before the formation of department-related standing committees.
    • The Constitution Amendment Bill on J&K was introduced without circulating copies to the members.
    • Several important bills were passed as Finance Bills to avoid scrutiny of the Rajya Sabha.
    • Standing committees are an extension of Parliament.
    • Any person has the right to present his/her opinion to a Bill during the process of consideration.

    Consider the question “What is the significance of question hour in the context of democracy in India? What is the implication of its suspension due to pandemic?”

    Conclusion

    The government’s actions erode the constitutional mandate of parliamentary oversight over executive actions as envisaged under Article 75 (3) of the Indian Constitution.

  • Making malnutrition free India by 2030

    The article analyses the problem of malnutrition in India and suggests the pathways to achieve the malnutrition free India by 2030.

    Severity of the nourishment problem in India

    • There were  189.2 million undernourished people (28 per cent of the world) in India in 2017-19, as per the combined report of FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (FAO, et.al. 2020) on “The state of Food Security and Nutrition in the World”.
    •  India accounts for 28 per cent (40.3 million) of the world’s stunted children (low height-for-age) under five years of age, and 43 per cent (20.1 million) of the world’s wasted children (low weight-for-height) in 2019.
    • In India, the problem has been more severe amongst children below the age of five years.
    • As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS, 2015-16), the proportion of underweight and stunted children was as high as 35.8 per cent and 38.4 per cent respectively.
    • In several districts of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and even Gujarat, the proportion of underweight children was more than 40 per cent.

    Aims of the National Nutrition Mission (NNM)

    • Ending all forms of malnutrition by 2030 is also the target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-2) of Zero Hunger.
    • Towards this end, NNM aims to reduce stunting, underweight and low birth weight each by 2 per cent per annum.
    • It aims to reduce anaemia among children, adolescent girls and women, each by 3 per cent per annum by 2022.
    • However, the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017 has estimated that if the current trend continues, India cannot achieve these targets under NNM by 2022.

    Understanding the key determinants and deciding policy response

    1) Mothers’ education

    • Mothers’ education, particularly higher education, has the strongest inverse association with under-nutrition.
    • Women’s education has a multiplier effect not only on household food security but also on the child’s feeding practice and the sanitation facility.
    • Despite India’s considerable improvement in female literacy, only 13.7 per cent of women have received higher education (NFHS, 2015-16).
    • Therefore, programmes that promote women’s higher education such as liberal scholarships for women need to be accorded a much higher priority.

    2) Sanitation and access to safe drinking water

    • The second key determinant of child under-nutrition is the wealth index, which subsumes access to sanitation facilities and safe drinking water.
    • WASH initiatives, that is, safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, are critical for improving child nutritional outcomes.
    • In this context, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims to eliminate open defecation and bring about behavioural changes in hygiene and sanitation practices.
    • In five years of the Abhiyan, as per government records, rural sanitation coverage has gone from 38.7 per cent in 2014 to 100 per cent in 2019, while the sanitation coverage in urban cites has gone up to 99 per cent by September 2020.
    • This remarkable achievement of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, subject to third-party evaluations, is expected to have a multiplier effect on nutritional outcomes.

    3) Leveraging agricultural policies

    • We should leverage agricultural policies and programmes to be more “nutrition-sensitive” and reinforcing diet diversification towards a nutrient-rich diet.
    • Food-based safety nets in India are biased in favour of staples: rice and wheat.
    • They need to provide a more diversified food basket, including coarse grains, millets, pulses and bio-fortified staples.
    • Bio-fortification is very cost-effective in improving the diet of households and the nutritional status of children.
    • The Harvest-Plus programme of CGIAR can work with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to grow new varieties of nutrient-rich staple food crops.

    4) Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, complementary foods, diversified diet

    • The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods and a diversified diet after the first six months is essential to meet the nutritional needs of infants and ensure appropriate growth and cognitive development of children.

    5) Access to prenatal and postnatal care

    • Access and utilisation of prenatal and postnatal health care services also play a significant role in curbing undernutrition among children.
    • Aanganwadi workers and community participation can bring significant improvements in child-caring practices.

    Consider the question “Assess the severity the problem of malnutrition in India and suggest the measure to achieve the goal of malnutrition free India by 2030”

    Conclusion

    To contribute towards the holistic nourishment of children and a malnutrition free India by 2030, the government needs to address the multi-dimensional determinants of malnutrition on an urgent basis.

  • (Imp) First Discussion session for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs | 4:30 pm on Habitat

    (Imp) First Discussion session for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs | 4:30 pm on Habitat

    Have you attempted full syllabus FLT – 1 yet? It’s live.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    (Schedule and details at the bottom)

    Hi students

    The first full syllabus FLT is live and many have already attempted it. Today we will be having a discussion-cum-doubt solving session on an exclusive group (link shared via email) on Civildaily’s Habitat.

    This discussion will be followed by Score Boosting Discussion by Zeeshan sir from 8:00 pm, and revision/doubt solving sessions by Ishika ma’am from 9:00 pm on Habitat’s General group.

    If you are yet to attempt the first full syllabus test you can access the saved discussions later and ask doubts any time you want.

    About Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs

    Based on Zeeshan sir’s Score Boosting Techniques discussions on Civilsdaily’s Habitat in the past few days, we have updated and redesigned Nikaalo Prelims FLTs.

    There are 4 Full Syllabus, full-length tests. These tests are essential. Each test will be discussed on Habitat. Other than these we’re providing 4 theme-based revision tests and 3 CSAT tests.

    8 GS FLTs, 3 CSAT, Habitat membership, Discussion, Notes

    All full syllabus tests will get thoroughly discussed on Civilsdaily’s Habitat on scheduled dates (at the bottom).

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    Highly optimized, remarkably relevant, and really comprehensive it is a power pack.

    Program inclusion

    1. Four Full syllabus FLTs; 4 theme-based revision tests; 3 CSAT papers (check the schedule below)

    2. Civilsdaily’s support and Habitat membership. 

    3. An in-depth discussion (question by questions) on Civilsdaily’s Habitat.

    4. High-quality Nikaalo Prelims handouts.

    5. All India ranking.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    Four full-length, full syllabus tests:

    These are IAS prelims essentials.

    Based on the UPSC paper our FLTs will rigorously test your preparedness and point out weak areas. It will give you the necessary reflection, direction, and confidence for the actual battle.

    Prepared by our team, these papers closely resemble an actual UPSC paper.

    All important and probable questions for UPSC Pre 2020 are going to be covered in our tests. 

    Read about our innovation-Question Tagging

    Theme based revision tests: 

    They will cover – Union Budget, Economic Survey, India Yearbook, Schemes, Acts, Organisations and Institutions (national and international).

    Covering this part is a pain. We know. But there is no other way. We will help. 

    Around 50-55 questions are expected in the UPSC Prelims from these sections. Preparedness in this section will ensure your success in prelims. It can actually decide if you are writing Mains 2020 or not. 

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    CSAT

    3 Full-length CSAT papers based on latest UPSC CSAT paper.

    Post-test

    1. All India ranking – released on the next day of the tests.
    2. Nikaalo Prelims handouts – comprehensive, simple and precise. 
    3. Detailed discussion and analysis on Civilsdaily’s Habitat (on mentioned dates in the schedule).
    Zeeshan sir’s Score Boosting Discussions on Habitat

    Details 

    1. Fees for the test: Rs 500 + Taxes
    2. Click on the following link: https://bit.ly/2wIEKt8

    Schedule

    Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs
    1. You can give the Revision tests as per your timetable. You can ask any doubts you have on Habitat.
    2. Full syllabus FLT test discussion will take place on the scheduled dates (4:30 pm) only. You can separately ask doubts as well.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    All the best.

    Ask your doubts in the comments below. You can also contact us at 8929987787 or hello@civilsdaily.com

  • 14th September 2020| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

    Important Announcement:  Topics to be covered on 15th September-

    GS-1 Salient features of the world’s physical geography.

    GS-4 Environmental ethics.

    Question 1)

    Pluralism and secularism are essential for Indian democracy. Do you agree. Comment. 10 marks

    Question 2)

    Elaborate the importance of the Constitutional mandate of the oversight over the executive by the Parliament. Also explain the utility of question hour and implications of its suspension due to pandemic. 10 marks

    Question 3)

    Despite various efforts, a solution to India’s malnutrition problem in children remains elusive. In light of this, elaborate on the issue of malnutrition in India among children and suggest ways to find the solution to the problem. 10 marks

    Question 4)  

    Good governance index has been scientifically designed to reflect various parameters of governance. Discuss in detail the key features of GGI and the role it plays in measuring governance. 10 marks

    Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check  here: Click2Join

  • (Pre alert) IAS 2020 – First test live – Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs | Link and Zeeshan sir’s video inside

    (Pre alert) IAS 2020 – First test live – Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs | Link and Zeeshan sir’s video inside

    Have you attempted full syllabus FLT – 1 yet? It’s live.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    (Schedule and details at the bottom)

    Hi students

    Final few weeks are left now for the 2020 prelims. At this point in time, two things which must come as natural as breathing to you are: Revising and attempting FLTs.

    The first FLT is live and many have already attempted it. Tomorrow we are going to have a discussion on Habitat. (see schedule at the bottom)

    About Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs

    Based on Zeeshan sir’s Score Boosting Techniques discussions on Civilsdaily’s Habitat in the past few days, we have updated and redesigned Nikaalo Prelims FLTs.

    There are 4 Full Syllabus, full-length tests. These tests are essential. Each test will be discussed on Habitat. Other than these we’re providing 4 theme-based revision tests and 3 CSAT tests.

    8 GS FLTs, 3 CSAT, Habitat membership, Discussion, Notes

    All full syllabus tests will get thoroughly discussed on Civilsdaily’s Habitat on scheduled dates (at the bottom).

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    Highly optimized, remarkably relevant, and really comprehensive it is a power pack.

    Program inclusion

    1. Four Full syllabus FLTs; 4 theme-based revision tests; 3 CSAT papers (check the schedule below)

    2. Civilsdaily’s support and Habitat membership. 

    3. An in-depth discussion (question by questions) on Civilsdaily’s Habitat.

    4. High-quality Nikaalo Prelims handouts.

    5. All India ranking.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    Four full-length, full syllabus tests:

    These are IAS prelims essentials.

    Based on the UPSC paper our FLTs will rigorously test your preparedness and point out weak areas. It will give you the necessary reflection, direction, and confidence for the actual battle.

    Prepared by our team, these papers closely resemble an actual UPSC paper.

    All important and probable questions for UPSC Pre 2020 are going to be covered in our tests. 

    Read about our innovation-Question Tagging

    Theme based revision tests: 

    They will cover – Union Budget, Economic Survey, India Yearbook, Schemes, Acts, Organisations and Institutions (national and international).

    Covering this part is a pain. We know. But there is no other way. We will help. 

    Around 50-55 questions are expected in the UPSC Prelims from these sections. Preparedness in this section will ensure your success in prelims. It can actually decide if you are writing Mains 2020 or not. 

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    CSAT

    3 Full-length CSAT papers based on latest UPSC CSAT paper.

    Post-test

    1. All India ranking – released on the next day of the tests.
    2. Nikaalo Prelims handouts – comprehensive, simple and precise. 
    3. Detailed discussion and analysis on Civilsdaily’s Habitat (on mentioned dates in the schedule).
    Zeeshan sir’s Score Boosting Discussions on Habitat

    Details 

    1. Fees for the test: Rs 500 + Taxes
    2. Click on the following link: https://bit.ly/2wIEKt8

    Schedule

    Nikaalo Prelims 2020 FLTs
    1. You can give the Revision tests as per your timetable. You can ask any doubts you have on Habitat.
    2. Full syllabus FLT test discussion will take place on the scheduled dates only. You can separately ask doubts as well.

    Enroll here for Nikaalo Prelims 2020 – FLTs

    All the best.

    Ask your doubts in the comments below. You can also contact us at 8929987787 or hello@civilsdaily.com

  • Undoing the right to housing

    The article analyses the implications of recent Supreme Court order regarding the removal of encroachment along the railway line. 

    Context

    •  In short order, the Supreme Court of India on August 31 ordered the removal of about 48,000 slum dwellings situated along the railway tracks in Delhi.
    • The order raises several legal questions, which are discussed below.

    1) Violation of the principle of natural justice

    • The order violates principles of natural justice and due process because it was delivered without hearing the affected party, the jhuggi dwellers.
    • The order was passed in the long-running case on the piling up of garbage along railway tracks.
    • However, neither this case nor the report concerns itself with the legality of informal settlements.
    • Still, the Court made an unconvincing connection between the piling of garbage and the presence of slums.

    2) Ignoring the right to livelihood

    • In this order, the Court ignored its long-standing jurisprudence on the right to livelihood.
    • In the landmark decision concerning pavement-dwellers, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in Olga Tellis & Ors vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation & Ors. (1985) held that the right to life also includes the “right to livelihood”.
    • Further, in Chameli Singh vs. the State Of U.P. (1995), the Supreme Court recognised the “right to shelter” as a component of the right to life under Article 21 and freedom of movement under Article 19(1)(e).

    3) Failure to consider policies and case laws

    •  High Court of Delhi has held that prior to any eviction, a survey must be conducted.
    • The procedure laid down in this judgment formed the basis for the Delhi Slum and JJ Rehabilitation and Relocation Policy, 2015.
    • In Ajay Maken & Ors. vs Union Of India & Ors. (2019), the Delhi High Court invoked the idea of the “Right to the City” to uphold the housing rights of slum dwellers.
    • This case led to the framing of a Draft Protocol for the 2015 Policy on how meaningful engagement with residents should be conducted.

    Conclusion

    The Courts need to strike the balance between the rights of the slum dweller and those affected by the encroachment.

  • Neither war nor peace between India and China

    The article analyses the challenges in the India-China border dispute and the recent events of Chinese aggression.

    Trust deficit

    • The recent Chinese actions have set back trust between the two countries by decades.
    • Trust made sense when both sides could assume that the other side either did not have the capacity or would not rapidly deploy troops in strategic positions at the border.
    • With the building of infrastructure on both sides, this trust was bound to break.
    • Even after temporary disengagement, both sides will now have distrust about the deployment of the other side.
    • An infrastructure-thick environment will require a permanent presence and closer deployments.

    Challenges

    •  At the level of the army, India seems to have consistently misread the PLA’s intentions.
    •  The closer the armies get, the greater the risks.
    • There is a political logic that does not bode well. There is still speculation on why the Chinese are taking an aggressive posture.
    • The very fact that we are not sure of Chinese motives means it is hard to know their endgame.

    Chinese fears

    • At a basic level, they will want to secure their interests in CPEC.
    • Tibet issue has also been a sensitive issue for China.
    •  Chinese interest in Nepal is less to encircle India. It is to ensure Nepal is not used as a staging ground of resistance in Tibet.

    Tibet issues in India-China relations

    • On Tibet issue India is in an awkward situation.
    • Due to the presence of the Dalai Lama in India, China will see it as a potential threat to its cultural hegemony in Tibet.
    • Ladakh and Tawang are also important pieces in that cultural consolidation.
    • The Sino-India peaceful relations were premised on keeping the Tibet issue in check.
    • But just as we are not sure of Chinese motives, they may not be sure of our motives either.

    New paradigm in India’s foreign policy

    • India growing power means it needs a new paradigm of foreign policy.
    • This policy will supposedly safeguard India’s interests more assertively.
    • If diplomatically not well managed, this change also causes great uncertainty in the international system.
    • India’s Pakistan policy is premised entirely on keeping them guessing on what we might do, including possible military options and altering the territorial status quo.
    • Our domestic ideological articulation of India’s position ranges from reclaiming PoK to Aksai Chin.
    • We cannot abandon Tibetans.
    • This underscores a narrative of uncertainty over our intentions.

    Conclusion

    Our own trumpeted departure from the past, without either the diplomatic preparation, domestic political discipline, and full anticipation of military eventualities, does not make it easy for others to understand our endgame.

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