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GS Paper: GS3-18.Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

  • [30th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Common Practice Standards must have India outlook 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q). Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. (UPSC CSE 2014)
    Q). In the view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture non – viable for a majority of farmers should contract farming and land leasing be promoted in agriculture? critically evaluate the pros and cons. (UPSC CSE 2015)
    Q). Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State? (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Prelims:

    In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture? (UPSC CSE 2020)
    1. Crop diversification
    2. Legume intensification
    3. Tensiometer use
    4. Vertical farmingSelect the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

    Mentor’s Comment:  Agroforestry plays a crucial role in enhancing the resilience of Indian agriculture through various mechanisms. By integrating trees with crops and livestock, agroforestry provides farmers with multiple income streams, reducing dependence on single crops and mitigating the impact of market fluctuations. The integration of trees provides shade and wind protection, making agricultural systems more resilient to extreme weather events such as droughts and floods. This adaptability is vital for farmers facing unpredictable climate patterns. In today’s editorial, we will focus on Indian-centric issues.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recent studies indicate that with the right policies and financial support, India could sequester an additional 2.5 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030 in the agroforestry sector.

    • Currently, agro-forestry represents 8.65% of India’s land and contributes 19.3% of its carbon stocks, playing a vital role in both environmental sustainability and economic growth.
    • India is poised to increase agroforestry area from 28.4 million hectares to 53 million hectares by 2050.
    CASE STUDY of UP:

    • In Uttar Pradesh, a new agroforestry project aims to connect local farming with the global carbon credit market, potentially generating 4.5 million carbon credits valued at around Rs 230 crore.
    • This initiative is part of a broader strategy to enhance rural incomes while increasing the state’s green cover from 9.23% to 15% by 2027.
    • The success of these projects hinges on adapting carbon finance standards to better suit India’s unique agricultural landscape, which could unlock further opportunities for smallholder farmers.

    How does the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ apply to carbon credits in agro-forestry?

    The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is a fundamental concept in environmental economics that holds polluters responsible for the costs associated with their environmental impact.

    • Responsibility for Emissions: Industries that emit greenhouse gases are required to compensate for their emissions by purchasing carbon credits.
      • Each credit represents one ton of CO2 or its equivalent that has been sequestered or reduced, which creates a financial incentive for these industries to invest in carbon offset projects like agroforestry.
    • Market Dynamics: The carbon credit market operates on the principle that companies must buy credits to offset their emissions, thus internalizing the external costs of pollution.

    What are the present issues for the Indian Market?

    • In carbon finance, “common practice” assesses the projects that have additional regional activities (larger areas), meaning they are disqualified from earning carbon credits if they don’t provide additional environmental benefits.
      • For example, standards like Verra’s VCS and Gold’s current definitions reflect large-scale agricultural practices in regions like Latin America and the U.S., overlooking India’s context of small, fragmented landholdings.
    • However, in India, approximately 86.1% of farmers have less than two hectares, often practicing agroforestry in a non-systematic manner, which may not meet the additionality criteria. Many Indian farmers are excluded from ARR carbon finance projects due to this.

    Why is there a need for an India-centric approach?

    Revising standards to fit India’s fragmented small-holder model could allow more farmers to participate in carbon finance projects.

    • Enhanced Income Streams: Integrating agroforestry with Afforestation, Reforestation, and Revegetation (ARR) initiatives provides farmers with additional income through carbon credits, diversifying their revenue sources.
      • This integration helps tackle issues such as low productivity, small land holdings, dependence on monsoons, and environmental degradation by promoting sustainable land management practices.
    • Soil and Ecosystem Health: Agro-forestry practices improve soil quality, enhance water retention, and mitigate erosion, contributing to overall ecosystem health and agricultural productivity.
    • Biodiversity Conservation: The integration encourages greater biodiversity by incorporating various tree species alongside crops, promoting ecological balance within agricultural landscapes.
    • Alignment with National Goals: The integration supports India’s climate goals and commitments under international agreements by increasing carbon sequestration potential and enhancing green cover.
    • Long-Term Sustainability: By establishing a systematic approach to agroforestry through ARR initiatives, farmers can achieve sustainable agricultural practices that ensure long-term productivity and environmental health.

    Way Forward:

    • The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has launched 19 ARR projects across seven states in India, benefiting over 56,600 farmers.
    • To scale these initiatives, international carbon finance platforms must revise their standards to align with the realities of Indian agriculture.
    • A systematic approach to agro-forestry supported by carbon finance can help farmers diversify their income, making them more resilient to climate variability.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/common-practice-standards-must-have-india-outlook/article68698577.ece

  • SC raps CAQM over failure to curb Delhi’s Pollution

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has criticized the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) for its lack of concrete action to curb stubble burning in states neighboring Delhi.

    Key issues as per SC: 

    • Non-Compliance and Ineffectiveness: The Supreme Court criticized the CAQM for failing to enforce the CAQM Act, highlighting a lack of concrete measures against stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana.
    • Lack of Accountability: The Court questioned the CAQM’s accountability, emphasizing the need for concrete actions and consequences for officials who fail to enforce anti-pollution laws.
    • Staffing and Representation Issues: The Court expressed concerns over staffing shortages in pollution control boards and inadequate representation in CAQM sub-committees, hindering effective operation.
    • Scepticism on Pollution Reduction Claims: Despite claims of improved air quality and reduced stubble burning, the Court remained doubtful, citing ongoing instances of stubble burning and demanding detailed explanations from the CAQM.

    About the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM):

    Details
    Formation
    • Established in 2021;
    • Statutory body under the Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021
    Objective To manage air quality in the NCR and adjoining areas comprehensively
    Composition Headed by a full-time chairperson, with members from various states, ministries, and sectors like agriculture, industry, transport, and construction
    Powers Authority to issue directions, inspect industries, entertain complaints, restrict industries, and shut down non-compliant units
    Jurisdiction National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining areas in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan
    Functions Coordinates and monitors air quality, sets pollution control parameters, identifies violators, monitors industries, and can overrule state directives

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

    1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.

    2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    [2022]The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

    [2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?

  • In news: Dhanauri Wetland

    Why in the News?

    The NGT has ordered the UP government to remove water hyacinth from “Dhanauri wetlands” and questioned its failure to designate the wetland as a Ramsar site.

    Dhanauri Wetland

    About Dhanauri Wetland

    Details
    Location
    • Dhanauri village near Dankaur, Uttar Pradesh;
    • Floodplains of Yamuna.
    Key Species Home to over 120 Sarus Cranes (state bird of Uttar Pradesh) and 217 bird species
    Ecological Significance Important birding and nesting site; recognized as an Important Bird Area by Bird Life International
    Bird Population Hosts over 50,000 waterfowls during migratory seasons (November to March)
    Ramsar Criteria Fulfills 2 Ramsar criteria:
    1. Hosts over 1% of biogeographic Sarus Crane population
    2. Congregation site for 20,000+ waterfowls
    Conservation Status Documented by BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society); crucial for supporting endangered species

     

    Ramsar Wetlands

    • The Ramsar Convention, also known as the ‘Convention on Wetlands,’ is an intergovernmental environmental treaty founded by UNESCO in 1971.
    • It derives its name from the city of Ramsar in Iran, where it was initially signed.
    • Ramsar sites are wetlands of global significance recognized under this treaty.
    • The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the brink of ecological changes and in need of close monitoring under the Ramsar Convention.

    Ramsar Site Designation Criteria:

    Ramsar site designation hinges on several factors:

    1. Representing rare or unique natural wetland types.
    2. Supporting endangered species or threatened ecological communities.
    3. Maintaining biodiversity in specific biogeographic regions.
    4. Offering refuge during adverse conditions.
    5. Regularly accommodating 20,000 or more waterbirds.
    6. Sustaining 1% of a population of a single water-bird species.
    7. Serving as a critical source of food, spawning grounds, nurseries, and migration paths for fish.
    8. Regularly supporting 1% of a population of non-avian wetland-dependent animal species.

  • How global warming affect forecasting?

    Why in the News?

    The record warming of 2023-2024 is offering a clearer view of the impacts of global warming. The range of extreme events experienced globally has spanned from deadly heatwaves to devastating cyclones and floods, as well as droughts and wildfires.

    Impact of Warming on Predictability:

    • Increased Variability: The record warming of 2023-2024 highlights the unpredictability of climate systems under global warming, complicating forecasts for natural phenomena like El Niño, monsoons, and hurricanes.
    • Natural Variability: Warming may extend the timescale of natural decadal variability, making it harder to distinguish between short-term fluctuations and long-term trends in climate behaviour.
    • Model Limitations: Despite advances, climate models are imperfect in capturing changes in dominant climate modes due to warming, leading to inconsistencies in predicting events like monsoon trends.

    Types of Climate Models to forecast the weather: 

    1. General Circulation Models (GCMs): These models simulate the physics of the climate system by representing the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice. They divide the Earth into a three-dimensional grid and calculate climate variables like temperature and humidity in each grid cell.
    2. Earth System Models (ESMs): An advanced subset of GCMs that includes biogeochemical cycles, allowing them to simulate interactions between climate and ecological processes, such as carbon and nitrogen cycles.
    3. Regional Climate Models (RCMs): These focus on smaller geographic areas to provide more detailed climate projections by using outputs from GCMs as inputs for localized simulations.
    4. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): These combine climate science with socioeconomic factors to analyze how human activities influence climate change and to project future emissions scenarios.

    Challenges in Forecasting Extreme Weather:

    • Inconsistent Predictions: Predictions for extreme weather events in 2023, such as the monsoon and hurricane seasons, were less accurate, revealing the limitations of current models and observational networks.
    • Unforeseen Factors: Unanticipated contributions, like the impact of the Hunga Tonga volcano or wildfire-induced CO2 emissions, exacerbated warming in ways models failed to predict, illustrating the unpredictability of new factors.
    • Censorship Concerns: The rapid response required from social media platforms to act on content flagged as misleading within 36 hours created concerns about censorship and freedom of expression.

    Future of Weather Prediction Models:

    • Need for Model Improvements: There is ongoing work to refine models and incorporate the latest technologies, including AI and machine learning, to improve weather prediction accuracy at hyperlocal scales.
    • Natural Modes and Uncertainty: The predictability of natural modes (El Niño, La Niña, IOD) may decrease with relentless warming, making future climate forecasts increasingly uncertain.
    • Short-Term Focus: A shift toward short-term predictions (up to a decade or two) may offer more reliable projections due to the inherent difficulty in predicting long-term scenarios under continuous global warming.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Climate Models: Invest in improving climate models with cutting-edge technologies like AI, machine learning, and advanced sensors to increase the accuracy of short-term forecasts and better capture the impact of natural variability under warming.
    • Localized Early Warning Systems: Develop robust, hyperlocal early warning systems to better prepare for extreme weather events, focusing on disaster management and reducing vulnerabilities in high-risk communities.

  • Assam records 86% drop in Rhino Poaching since 2016

    Why in the News?

    Kaziranga National Park and other protected habitats of the one-horned rhinoceros in Assam have witnessed an 86% drop in poaching since 2016.

    Reduction in Rhino Poaching

    • From 2000 to 2021, poachers killed 190 rhinos in Assam, with a significant drop occurring after 2016.
    • The announcement was made in a statement marking the celebration of World Rhino Day (22nd September).

    About Project Rhino:

    Details
    Launch Year 2005 (Indian Rhino Vision, 2020)
    Objective To achieve a wild population of at least 3,000 Greater One-Horned Rhinos spread over seven protected areas in Assam by 2020.
    Habitat Terai floodplains of India and Nepal; currently found in Assam, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh.
    Partners • Assam Forest Department
    • Bodoland Territorial Council
    • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
    • International Rhino Foundation (IRF)
    • US Fish & Wildlife Service
    Key Actions • Translocation of rhinos from Kaziranga and Pobitora to other protected areas (like Manas National Park) to reduce overcrowding.
    • Improving protection and security against poaching.
    Population Growth • From 2008 to 2012, 18 rhinos were translocated to Manas National Park.
    • By 2020, 14 calves were born in Manas after translocation.
    Conservation Status • IUCN Status: Vulnerable
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
    Significance
    • Project has helped distribute the rhino population across multiple protected areas, making them less vulnerable to poaching and ensuring a stable and sustainable population.
    • The population has increased from around 200 in the 1990s to approximately 2,900 today.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
    2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
    3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) successfully concluded the Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0 campaign on September 21st, 2024, organizing beach clean-up drives at more than 80 locations across India’s coastline.

    What is Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 3.0?

    • It is a 75-day citizen-led campaign for improving ocean health through collective action.
    • It is the third edition of a flagship initiative launched to raise awareness about marine pollution and promote the conservation of coastal areas.
    • The campaign is part of India’s broader Swachh Bharat Mission and Swachhata Hi Seva initiative and aims to promote cleanliness, sustainable practices, and protect marine ecosystems.
    • It also commemorated International Coastal Cleanup Day.

    Key Highlights 

    • More than 60 tons of waste were removed, including plastic, metal, cloth, rubber, and wood debris.
    • The campaign promoted sustainable coastal practices and encourages communities to adopt eco-friendly habits, playing a vital role in reducing marine debris and conserving biodiversity.

  • A climate crisis agenda remains urgent

    Why in the News?

    Although voters voiced concerns about the climate crisis, it was overlooked during the Lok Sabha election campaign.

    2023 Climate Targets of Indian Government

    • Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030, with a target for 50% of its total energy needs to come from renewable sources.
    • Emissions Goals: The updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) set a goal to reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% compared to 2005 levels by 2030.
    • Carbon Sink Targets: India plans to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent through enhanced forest and tree cover by 2030.
    • Net Zero Commitment: Aiming for net zero emissions by 2070, India has committed to significant reductions in projected emissions, including a pledge to reduce one billion tonnes of emissions from now until 2030.
      • As of late 2023, India has already achieved a cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources at approximately 43.81%, ahead of its initial targets.

    Why is addressing the climate crisis an urgent priority for policymakers and the global community?

    • The Paris Agreement includes a commitment for developed countries to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries. This target was extended until 2025, with new financial goals.
      • The next five years are crucial for India’s climate action to meet its ambitious 2030 targets, as the Roadmap for 2025 Climate Change Funds are about to end.
    • India’s heavy dependence on coal, with clean energy contributing only 22% of the electricity mix, underscores the need for an urgent transition.
    • Immediate attention is required to manage heat stress, improve air quality, handle waste, and enhance energy efficiency.

    What specific actions or policies can be implemented?

    • Enhanced Carbon Markets: Launching the ‘India Carbon Market’ in 2026 aims to help achieve Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and could become the world’s largest emissions trading system by 2030.
    • Mitigating Pollutants: Focus on reducing CO2 and short-lived superpollutants like methane, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons, which have significant short-term warming effects.
      • Integrating specific treaties into the Paris Agreement, similar to the Montreal Protocol, with a new treaty targeting methane reductions by 2030 would be helpful.
    • Financial Incentives: Developing financial mechanisms and nuanced carbon trading approaches to encourage faster climate action and effective pollutant management.

    What challenges or barriers exist in the implementation of a comprehensive climate crisis agenda?

    • Governance and Coordination: Need for a Constitutional nodal authority to ensure coordinated climate action across various government levels and stakeholders.
    • Economic and Social Factors: Rising temperatures and associated crises like unemployment and high living costs contribute to public disengagement from climate issues.
    • Political and Voter Engagement: The 2024 Lok Sabha election’s lack of focus on climate issues highlights the challenge of integrating climate action into mainstream political agendas and addressing voter concerns.

    Way forward: 

    • Create a Constitutional Nodal Authority: Form a central body with the authority to oversee, coordinate, and enforce climate policies across various government levels, ensuring effective and unified action.
    • Prioritize Climate Issues in Political Platforms: Make climate action a central theme in political campaigns and public discussions to boost awareness, engagement, and support for climate policies and initiatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan

    Why in the News?

    COP29 is set to be hosted by Azerbaijan from November 11 to 22. It has a central focus on finalising a agreement on Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) particularly for the post-2025 period.

    Proposals by Azerbaijan:

    Azerbaijan has included key proposals in the COP29 Action Agenda, such as:

    • Increasing global energy storage capacity by six times by 2030.
    • Promoting a global market for green hydrogen.
    • Ensuring the carbon footprint from digitisation and data centres is kept to a minimum.

    About the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF):

    • The CFAF will be capitalised with contributions from fossil fuel producing countries
    • It will be headquartered with its secretariat in Baku, Azerbaijan.
    • It will rely on voluntary contributions from fossil-fuel producing countries and companies.
    • Azerbaijan, a major petroleum economy, will make the first contribution to kickstart the fund.
    • Fossil-fuel producing countries and companies will have the option to make annual contributions, either as a fixed sum or based on production volumes.
    • The funds will be divided equally:
      • 50% will go toward climate projects in developing countries.
      • 50% will support developing nations in implementing national climate action plans.
    • The fund will become operational once it reaches a minimum corpus of $1 billion.
    • At least 10 countries must commit to being shareholders for the fund to start.
    • 20% of the revenues generated from investments will be deposited in a Rapid Response Funding Facility (2R2F) providing highly concessional and grant-based support.

    What did Paris Agreement of 2015 said on Climate Finance?

    • Under the Paris Agreement (2015), developed countries are obligated to raise at least $100 billion annually to aid developing nations in their fight against climate change.
      • This amount is expected to increase after 2025.
    • Negotiations have been slow, and countries are still debating the quantum of finance that industrialised nations should provide.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
    2. It aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
    3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Cheetah Action Plan (CAP)

    Cheetah

    Why in the News?

    The Cheetah Action Plan (CAP) which aimed to introduce African cheetahs into India’s Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs), is completing its two years.

    About Cheetah:

    • The cheetah is a fast-running big cat, and there are two types of Cheetahs globally:
      • African (savannahs, arid mountains, and hilly deserts)
      • Asiatic (desert and semi-desert areas only in Iran)
    • Cheetahs live in three main groups: females with cubs, male coalitions, and solitary males. They hunt during the day, preferring dawn and dusk.
    • The global cheetah population was 6,500 mature individuals (IUCN, 2021).
    • IUCN Status: Vulnerable (Globally) and Critically Endangered (Asiatic Cheetah)

    Cheetah Reintroduction in India:

    • In India, cheetahs disappeared in the early 1950s due to hunting and the loss of their habitat.
    • Cheetahs (i.e. Southeast African Cheetah) from Namibia were reintroduced in Kuno National Park(MP) under the Project Cheetah.
    • This area was deemed a habitat parallel to Maasai Mara (National Park) in Kenya, suitable for cheetahs.

    Current Issues:

    • Despite the initial excitement, all of these cheetahs remain in captivity at Kuno.
    • Unfortunately, no cheetahs are currently roaming freely in the wild, raising concerns about the success of the reintroduction efforts.

    What is Project Cheetah?

    • Aim: To conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions. It is spearheaded by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
    • The plan involves partnering with other countries to conserve cheetahs, enhancing conservation and eco-tourism in India’s dry forests.
    • The population should reach Kuno National Park’s capacity in 15 years, needing sustained support.
    • Sunset Clause: The concept of a sunset clause in the context of Project Cheetah refers to the long-term criteria (at least 30-40 years) for establishing a viable cheetah population in India.

    PYQ:

    [2012]  Consider the following: (2012)

    1. Black-necked crane
    2. Cheetah
    3. Flying squirrel
    4. Snow leopard

    Which of the above are naturally found in India?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2 and 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
  • [17th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rights of future generations must guide climate debate

    [17th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rights of future generations must guide climate debate

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Prelims:

    With reference to the ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct?  (UPSC CSE 2017)
    1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
    2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
    3. It is coordinated by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Mentor’s Comment: The alarming trend of breaching planetary boundaries, highlighted by the shift of Earth’s “overshoot day” from 1970 to 2024, underscores the urgent need for immediate action.

    So, what is Earth’s Overshoot Day?

    Earth’s Overshoot Day (30 December 1970), is the day when humanity’s demand for resources exceeds the Earth’s ability to regenerate them within a year. The Global Footprint Network, an international research organization, calculates Earth Overshoot Day by dividing the Earth’s biocapacity by humanity’s ecological footprint and multiplying by 365. The remainder is the number of days when humanity exceeds the Earth’s capacity.

    Now, as we have exhausted our planet’s capacity to renew its natural resources, we risk upcoming future generations with a depleted and uninhabitable world. We must change our course to not only safeguard the well-being of those currently affected by environmental degradation but also to fulfill our moral obligation to protect the rights and livelihoods of future generations. 

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Summit of the Future at the UN in September 2024 will bring together stakeholders to explore multilateral solutions to pressing global challenges, to create a more secure and equitable future for all.

    About Summit of the Future 2024:

    • United Nations is convening this Summit on 20 and 21 September 2024 at UN Headquarters in New York.
    • Theme: Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow.
    • Aim: To bring world leaders together to forge a new international consensus on how we deliver a better present and safeguard the future.
    • Major Pillars of the Summit: Sustainable development and Financing for development, International peace and security, Science and Technology, Youth and Future generations, Global Governance.

    How do different countries view the legal obligations towards future generations?

    • An argument against Legal Duties: Some, like legal scholar Stephen Humphreys, believe the focus on future generations is just rhetoric belief that distracts from the real needs of people alive today.
      • It allows governments to prioritize short-term economic gains over environmental protection, by claiming they are securing a better future.
    • Argument for Future Generations’ Rights: In contrast, a group of legal experts, including Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh, argue that existing human rights law already protects future generations.
      • They point to the Maastricht Principles, which state that human rights extend across time and that states have legal duties to future generations.
    How do Maastricht Principles connect future generations to Climate justice?

    • Intergenerational Equity: The Principles assert that human rights are not limited to present generations; they extend to future generations as well.
    • Right to a Healthy Environment: A core aspect of the Principles is the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment which is essential for ensuring that future generations can enjoy their fundamental human rights, including health, adequate living standards, and access to natural resources.
    • State Obligations: The Principles clarify that states have binding obligations which include taking proactive measures to combat climate change, promote sustainable development, and prevent environmental degradation that could harm future populations.
    • Guidance for Legal Frameworks: They help ensure that national and international laws reflect commitments to intergenerational justice, particularly in the context of environmental policies and climate action.

    Growing Legal Recognition:

    1. Global Scenario:
    • Germany’s top court ruled parts of its climate law were unconstitutional for not sufficiently protecting young people’s rights.
    • Pakistan’s Supreme Court upheld a ban on polluting industries to prevent “decolonizing our future generations”.
    • Kenya’s High Court stated the present generation has a legal obligation to maintain natural resources for the future.
    • Norway’s Constitution gives everyone a right to a well-maintained environment for future generations.
    1. Indian Scenario:
    • Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) of India has also upheld the principle of intergenerational equity in the right to environment.

    Need to pay heed to ‘overshoot day’: By prioritizing sustainable practices and responsible stewardship of our planet, we should prevent the irresponsible legacy of environmental bankruptcy and ensure a thriving Earth for generations to come. The time to act is now; our collective future depends on it.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rights-of-future-generations-must-guide-climate-debate/article68648973.ece