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Intellectual Property Rights in India

Passing Off under Trademark Rules

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Trademarks, Patents

Mains level : Not Much

Why in the news?

  • A lady in New Delhi successfully obtained trademark for her Momos brand from New Delhi High Court, after a similar trademark infringed upon her rights and reputation.
  • The lady’s legal action invoked ‘passing off’ provisions, seeking cancellation of the infringers’ trademark under relevant sections of the Trademarks Act.

What are Trademarks?

  • A trademark is a symbol, design, word, or phrase that is identified with a business. Registering a trademark allows its owner to claim “exclusive rights” to its usage.
  • The Trademarks Act of 1999 governs the regime of trademarks and their registration in India.
  • It guarantees protection for trademarks registered with the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks, also known as the trademark registry.
  • According to Section 25 of the 1999 Act, once registered, a trademark is valid for 10 years and can be renewed by the owner periodically.

Concept of ‘Passing Off’

  • ‘Passing off’ entails deceptive practices where one brand attempts to profit from the reputation of another through misrepresentation.
  • In Cadila Healthcare Limited vs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited (2001), the Supreme Court defined passing-off as a form of unfair trade competition, where one brand seeks to profit from the established reputation of another through deceptive means.
  • Infringed parties can seek injunctions, damages, or accounts against the infringing entity to mitigate the damages caused.

Application in the Present Case: Grounds for Trademark Refusal

  • Legal Provisions: Sections 11(1), 11(2), 11(3)(a), and 47 of the Trademarks Act outline grounds for refusal to register trademarks and provisions for removal from the register.
  • Likelihood of Confusion: Trademarks resembling earlier trademarks, leading to public confusion, are ineligible for registration under Section 11(1).
  • Protection of Distinctive Marks: Section 11(2) prohibits registration of marks that take unfair advantage of or harm the reputation of well-known trademarks.
  • Non-Compliance and Non-Usage: Section 47 allows removal of trademarks from the register for non-compliance or non-use, subject to aggrieved parties’ applications.

Back2Basics: Trademarks vs. Patents

Trademark Patent
Purpose Identify and distinguish goods or services Protect new and inventive products or processes
Laws and Provisions Trademarks Act, 1999 Patents Act, 1970
Subject Matter Signs like logos, brand names, slogans, packaging Inventions including products, processes, methods
Duration of Protection 10 years.

Indefinite with periodic renewal

Typically 20 years from the filing date
Registration Process File application with Trademarks Registry (i.e. Controller General of Patents) File application with Indian Patent Office
Rights Granted Exclusive use of the trademark in connection with goods or services Exclusive rights to exploit the invention commercially

 


PYQ:

Consider the following statements:

  1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.
  2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
  3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 3 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

 

Practice MCQ:

With reference to Trademarks in India, consider the following statements:

  1. Trademark can be a symbol, design, word or even a phrase.
  2. It allows its owner to claim “exclusive rights” to its usage
  3. It is valid for 5 years.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  4. None

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

[pib] Exercise Tiger Triumph– 24

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Exercise Tiger Triumph-24

Mains level : Not Much

Why in the news-

  • The third edition of the bilateral tri-service ‘Exercise Tiger Triumph– 24’ between India and the US will be held on the Eastern Seaboard in the US from March 18 to 31.

Exercise Tiger Triumph-24

  • The primary aim of this exercise is to enhance interoperability between the Indian Navy and the US military for conducting Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
  • It is being held since 2019. The second edition was conducted in 2022.
  • The exercise focuses on refining Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to enable rapid and smooth coordination between the forces of both countries during HADR operations.
  • Participants include:
  1. Indian Navy: Ships with integral helicopters and landing crafts, navy aircraft, Indian Army personnel and vehicles, Indian Air Force aircraft and helicopters, and the Rapid Action Medical Team (RAMT).
  2. US Military: US Navy ships with embarked troops from the US Marine Corps and US Army.
  • Indian and US naval assets, along with troops and equipment, are deployed for the Sea Phase after the harbor phase.

All Major Defence Exercises between India and the US

 

  • Yudh Abhyas: Yudh Abhyas is an annual bilateral exercise between the Indian Army and the US Army. It focuses on enhancing interoperability and cooperation in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations.
  • Malabar Exercise: Malabar is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, India, and Japan. It aims to improve interoperability in maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and disaster response.
  • Cope India: Cope India is an air force exercise between the Indian Air Force and the United States Air Force. It focuses on enhancing interoperability and cooperation in aerial combat tactics, techniques, and procedures.
  • Vajra Prahar: Vajra Prahar is a bilateral Special Forces exercise between the Indian Army and the US Army. It focuses on counterterrorism operations, hostage rescue, and other special operations.
  • Red Flag Exercise: While not exclusively a bilateral exercise between India and the US, the Red Flag Exercise hosted by the United States Air Force at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada often includes participation from the Indian Air Force. This exercise focuses on advanced aerial combat training and tactics.

Significance of the Exercise

  • Strengthening Bilateral Ties: The exercise serves to strengthen the strategic partnership and cooperation between India and the United States.
  • Preparedness: Both countries aim to enhance their readiness and capabilities to respond to humanitarian crises and natural disasters effectively.
  • Cooperation: The exercise underscores the commitment of India and the US to international peace and security by collaborating on humanitarian missions.

Practice MCQ:

How many of the given are joint defence exercises between India and the US?

  1. Yudh Abhyas
  2. Malabar
  3. Cope India
  4. Vajra Prahar
  5. Mitra Shakti
  6. Garuda Shakti

Select the correct option:

  1. Two
  2. Three
  3. Four
  4. Five

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

Foot and Mouth Diseases in Cattles

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

Mains level : NA

fmd

Why in the news

  • The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has affected around many milch cattle in Uttar Pradesh.

What is Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)?

  • FMD is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact.
  • The disease affects all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.
  • Intensively reared animals are more susceptible to the disease than traditional breeds.
  • It does not affect horses, dogs, or cats.

How does it spread?

  • It is a Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) that deeply affects the production of livestock and disrupts regional and international trade in animals and animal products.
  • It is caused by is an aphthovirus’ of the family Picornaviridae.
  • There are 7 strains (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1) which are endemic in different countries worldwide.
  • Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types or subtypes.

Implications of FMD

  • FMD is characterized by fever and blister-like sores on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves.
  • The disease is rarely fatal in adult animals, but there is often high mortality in young animals.
  • The disease causes severe production losses, and while the majority of affected animals recover, the disease often leaves them weakened and debilitated.

Policy moves to prevent FMD

  • FMD Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (2016-17): Launched under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) during, it is a program to cover all the states which were not covered under the six-monthly vaccination scheme.
  • National Animal Disease Control Programme (2019): It aims to control of Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis by vaccinating 100% cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population for FMD and 100% bovine female calves of 4-8 months of age for brucellosis.

PYQ:

Q. Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non- farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India. (2015)

Practice MCQ:

With reference to the National Animal Disease Control Programme, consider the following statements:

  1. It aims to control of Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis by vaccinating 100% cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population.
  2. For brucellosis it would vaccinate 100% bovine calves of all age.

Which of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. Only 1
  2. Only 2
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Multi-purpose app SAKHI to assist Gaganyaan Crew

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : SAKHI App, Progress tracking of Gaganyaan Mission.

Mains level : Not Much

What is the news-

  • The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), an ISRO facility located at Thumba in Thiruvananthapuram, has developed a multi-purpose app ‘SAKHI’ to assist Gaganyaan Crew.

About SAKHI

  • The Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge Hub for Crew Interaction (SAKHI) is equipped to monitor astronauts’ health, maintain communication with Earth, and manage dietary schedules.
  • It serves as an essential tool for the crew, offering real-time assistance and access to necessary data.
  • It would assist astronauts during the Gaganyaan space flight mission, facilitating tasks such as accessing vital technical information and communication.
  • Strapped to astronauts’ space suits, it allows for easy access and facilitates the maintenance of mission logs in various formats.

Utility offered by SAKHI

  • Health Monitoring: SAKHI provides comprehensive health monitoring, including parameters like blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. It also reminds astronauts about hydration, dietary schedules, and sleep patterns, enhancing their mission efficiency.
  • Communication: SAKHI maintains communication between the crew, onboard computers, and ground-based stations, ensuring seamless connectivity.

Gaganyaan Mission Timeline:

  • ISRO aims to launch the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission in 2025.
  • The identities of the four astronaut-designates, all IAF test pilots, were revealed at a high-profile event attended by PM at the VSSC on February 27.
  • The final crew for the mission will be selected from among the four astronaut-designates.

Also read:

4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named

 


PYQ:

Which of the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of the universe? (2012)

  1. Detection of microwaves in space
  2. Observation of redshift phenomenon in space
  3. Movement of asteroids in space
  4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 2 only
  3. 1, 3 and 4
  4. None of the above can be cited as evidence

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

[pib] Mission LiFE

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Mission LiFE

Mains level : Not Much

Why in the news-

  • Recently an EIACP Event (Environment Information, awareness, capacity building and livelihood Programme) was held on the ‘Mission Life’.

About Mission LiFE

  • Mission LiFE, or Lifestyle for Environment, is a global mass movement initiated by India to encourage individual and community action towards environmental protection and preservation.
  • It was inaugurated by the PM Modi at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in November 2021.
  • The program aims to mobilize one billion Indians and individuals worldwide to adopt sustainable lifestyles.

Salient Features of Mission LiFE

  • It serves as a platform to showcase sustainable goals and climate actions implemented by countries and individuals globally.
  • It aligns with the P3 model, promoting Pro Planet People and fostering a sense of collective responsibility.
  • It operates based on the principles of ‘Lifestyle of the planet, for the planet, and by the planet’.

Strategy of Mission LiFE

  • Mission LiFE adopts a three-pronged strategy to shift people’s collective approach towards sustainability:
    1. Nudging individuals to practice simple yet effective environment-friendly actions in their daily lives (demand).
    2. Enabling industries and markets to respond swiftly to the changing demand (supply).
    3. Influencing government and industrial policy to support both sustainable consumption and production (policy).

Practice MCQ:

With reference to the Mission LiFE, consider the following statements:

  1. It is a mass movement initiated by India to encourage individual and community action towards environmental protection and preservation.
  2. It was inaugurated at the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in November 2021.

Which of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. Only 1
  2. Only 2
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

The problem of equity in IPCC reports | Explained

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Important Reports and Analysis;

Mains level : Conservation and Mediation; Government Initiatives; IPCC Reports;

Why in the news? 

In a study published on March 4, researchers analyzed more than 500 future emissions scenarios the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessed in its latest reports.

Context-

  • These scenarios relate to mitigation actions like reducing carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels and increasing carbon sequestration through forestry.
  • It found that across all 556 scenarios, income, energy use, and emissions disparities between developed and developing countries are projected to continue up to 2050.

What are IPCC assessment reports?

  • The IPCC’s Seventh Assessment Cycle (AR7) includes three Working Group reports covering physical science, climate adaptation, and mitigation action, along with a synthesis report consolidating their findings.
  • Thematic special reports are also issued, all aimed at assessing climate-related scientific literature to provide comprehensive knowledge on climate change.

How does it assess future scenarios?

  • Modeled Pathways: The IPCC utilizes “modeled pathways” to estimate the measures necessary to limit the warming of the Earth’s surface. These pathways are constructed using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which analyze human and earth systems.
  • Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): IAMs are sophisticated models that encompass various disciplines, including macroeconomics, energy, vegetation, and earth systems. They provide insights into potential futures of the energy and climate system, as well as economies.
  • Components of IAMs: IAMs include macroeconomic models that forecast GDP growth, energy models that project consumption patterns, vegetation models that assess land-use changes, and earth-system models that predict climate evolution based on physical laws.
  • Policy-Relevant Guidelines: IAMs aim to offer policy-relevant guidance on climate action by integrating insights from diverse disciplines. They help policymakers understand the potential implications of various mitigation strategies and inform decision-making processes.
  • Shortcomings of IAMs: Despite their usefulness, IAMs have limitations. They primarily prioritize least-cost assessments, which may not adequately address equity concerns. For example, the cost of implementing climate mitigation measures varies across countries and regions.
  • Equitable Burden Sharing: Experts suggest that IAMs could be modified to enable countries to equitably share the burden of climate action. This approach could involve wealthier nations undertaking more substantial mitigation efforts, considering their greater capacity to bear the costs.
  • Global Cooperation: Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and equitable distribution of responsibilities. IAMs can play a crucial role in informing international climate negotiations and agreements by providing insights into the potential impacts of different policy scenarios.

What did the new study find?

  • Projection of Inequities in GDP: The scenarios indicate that per-capita GDP in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, West Asia, and the rest of Asia will remain below the global average even by 2050. These regions collectively represent 60% of the world’s population.
  • Inequities in Consumption and Energy Use: The study identifies disparities between the Global North and the Global South in terms of consumption of goods and services, as well as energy and fossil fuel consumption.
  • Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation Burden: Developing countries are projected to have higher carbon sequestration from land-based carbon sinks (e.g., forests) and greater deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies compared to developed countries. This indicates that poorer countries would bear the burden of both mitigation action and carbon dioxide removal.
  • Disregard for Historical Responsibility: The study highlights that the scenarios disregard the historical responsibility of the Global North in contributing to climate change.
  • Neglect of Future Energy Needs: The scenarios also overlook the future energy requirements of the Global South to achieve development goals, indicating a lack of consideration for the development needs of these regions in the models.

Why does equity matter?

  • Principles of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these principles emphasize that climate action should be guided by equity and recognize the differing responsibilities and capabilities of countries.
  • Article 3 of UNFCCC: Article 3 underscores the obligation to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations based on equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. Developed countries are urged to take the lead in combating climate change.
  • Differential Responsibilities: The principles acknowledge that while addressing climate change is a global imperative, developed nations, being wealthier and more technologically advanced, should bear a greater burden of climate action compared to developing nations.
  • Equity Considerations in Climate Action: Researchers argue that mitigation pathways modeled using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) often neglect equity considerations. These models may not align with the principle of equity, as they may not prioritize the responsibility of developed regions to accelerate towards net negative emissions and support less developed regions.
  • Contradictory Scenarios: Despite the principles of equity and CBDR, the scenarios projected by IAMs may indicate the opposite, with developed regions not accelerating towards net negative emissions and potentially exacerbating global inequalities in climate action.
  • Need for Redistribution of Carbon Budget: Equity principles imply that developed regions should expedite efforts towards achieving net negative emissions and allocate the remaining carbon budget to less developed regions. However, IAM scenarios may not reflect this redistribution of responsibility.

To address the equity issues highlighted in IPCC reports, several measures can be suggested: (Way Forward)   

  • Equity-Centered Modeling: Modify Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to prioritize equity considerations, ensuring that mitigation pathways promote fair burden-sharing between developed and developing countries.
  • Redistribution of Resources: Advocate for the redistribution of financial resources and technology transfer from developed to developing countries to support their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
  • Climate Finance: Increase funding for climate adaptation and mitigation projects in developing countries through mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, ensuring that resources are allocated equitably and reach the most vulnerable communities.
  • Technology Transfer: Facilitate the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing countries at affordable rates, enabling them to transition to low-carbon development pathways.
  • Policy Coordination: Strengthen international cooperation and coordination on climate policies to ensure coherence and alignment with equity principles, fostering trust and collaboration among countries.
  • Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: Prioritize the inclusion and empowerment of marginalized communities, including indigenous peoples and women, in climate decision-making processes to ensure their voices are heard and their needs addressed.
  • Public Awareness and Education: Promote public awareness and education on the importance of equity in climate action, fostering a sense of shared responsibility and solidarity across countries and communities.

Conclusion:

The study on IPCC’s AR6 scenarios reveals persistent inequities in GDP, consumption, and mitigation burden between developed and developing countries. It underscores the importance of integrating equity considerations into climate action to address historical responsibilities and promote fair burden-sharing.

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

No major change in employment status or wages in 10 years

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Employment/Wages Issues in India



Why in the news? 

Recently, a report by Bahutva Karnataka shows that the share of self-employed workers increased, while the share of those in formal employment remained low

What does the Report say?

  • The stagnation in economic growth in India is evident in the share of households earning less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) of ₹375 a day, with approximately 34% falling below this threshold.
    • Additionally, wage inequality has exacerbated the gap between the rich and the poor.
  • In 2022, the top 1% and 10% of the population held 22% and 57% of the national income, respectively, while the bottom 50% held a significantly lower share at 12.7%, as per data from the World Inequality Database.

Key Highlights:

 

The Report compares the share of Employment across various employment categories in 2011-12 and 2022-23 for men and women- 

  • Low Formal Employment: The share of formal sector employment remained below 25%. Majority of employment (above 50%) was in the self-employed category.
  • Increase in Self-Employment: Self-employment remained predominant, with over 50% of the workforce engaged in this sector. Self-employment saw a notable increase in the share of women, rising by 8% points from 56.5% in 2011-12 to 64.3% in 2022-23.
  • Rise in Women’s Self-Employment: Women constituted the highest share of self-employed individuals. The share of self-employed women saw significant growth, indicating a rising trend of women engaging in entrepreneurial activities.
  • Unpaid Labor: The report highlights an increase in the number of women engaged in unpaid labor within family businesses or farming. This rise reflects the lack of other remunerative employment opportunities and stagnant household earnings.
  • Gender Disparities Persist: Despite increased participation in self-employment, gender disparities persist, with women often engaging in unpaid labor or informal work due to limited opportunities in the formal sector.
  • Economic Stagnation Impact: economic stagnation has led to limited growth in formal sector employment, pushing more individuals, especially women, towards self-employment and unpaid labor as alternative sources of livelihood.

The major observation in India: Many households still earn less than the NFLMW:

  • Stagnant Income Growth: There has been no significant growth in income over the past five years across different employment categories.
  • Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Many households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW). In 2019, an expert committee recommended the NFLMW to be at least ₹375 per day and ₹3,050 per week.
  • Regional Disparities: Analysis of 34 States and Union Territories (UTs) revealed that in about 19 of them, more than 20% of households earned less than ₹375 a day or ₹3,050 a week in 2022-23.
    • In states like Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, over 50% of households earned less than the recommended minimum wage.
  • Large Number of Low-Income Workers: The report highlights that nearly 30 crore workers earn less than the minimum wage, indicating a significant portion of the workforce struggling with low earnings.

The year-wise wealth share of the top 10% and the bottom 50% of the population-

  • Stagnant Income Growth vs. GDP Per Capita: Despite an increase in GDP per capita over the last decade, income growth among the majority of the population has remained stagnant.
  • GDP Per Capita Increase: Over the past 10 years, GDP per capita in India has risen by 60%, indicating overall economic growth and prosperity.
  • Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Despite GDP growth, close to 35% of total households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW).
  • Increase in Wealth Disparity: The share of national wealth held by the wealthiest 10% of the population has increased from 63% in 2012 to 64.5% in 2022. Conversely, the share of wealth held by the poorest 50% of the population has decreased from 6.1% in 2012 to 5.6% in 2022.

What are the measures to resolve these issues?

  • Promote Formal Employment: Encourage policies and initiatives to boost formal sector employment, providing stable income and social security benefits. Offer incentives to businesses to create more formal job opportunities.
    • Focus on promoting vocational training and entrepreneurship among women to enhance their participation in formal sectors.
  • Ensure Equal Pay and Opportunities: Enforce laws to ensure equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender. Implement policies to eliminate gender discrimination in hiring practices and promotion opportunities.
  • Improve Minimum Wage Standards: Review and revise minimum wage standards regularly to ensure they are in line with the cost of living and provide a decent standard of living.
  • Invest in Rural Development: Promote rural development initiatives to create alternative sources of livelihood and reduce dependency on agriculture, especially for women engaged in unpaid labor.
  • Address Regional Disparities: Implement targeted interventions to address rural-urban disparities in income and employment opportunities. Focus on infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and investment promotion in economically backward regions.
  • Enhance Social Safety Nets: Strengthen social safety net programs such as Universal Basic Income (UBI), healthcare, and education to provide a buffer against income volatility and support vulnerable households.

Conclusion:

Stagnant income growth and rising self-employment underscore economic challenges, with many households earning below the proposed minimum wage. Resolving issues requires promoting formal employment, equal pay, rural development, and progressive taxation.

PYQ Mains-

Q- Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.

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Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Kerala to challenge withholding of Presidential Assent for its Bills

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Powers and Functions of the President of India;

Mains level : Judicial Review; Powers and Functions of the President of India;

Why in the news? 

The unusual move of the Kerala Government will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of a Judicial Review of the decisions of the President of India.

Context-

  • The President had withheld assent to Kerala University Laws (Amendment No. 2) Bill 2022, University Law Amendment Bill, 2022, and the University Law Amendment Bill, 2021 from the seven Bills that were referred to her in November 2023.

Key issues as per this situation- 

  • Legal Challenge by Kerala: Kerala plans to challenge the legality of President Droupadi Murmu withholding her assent for certain Bills passed by the Kerala Legislature.
  • Scope of Judicial Review: Kerala’s move will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of judicial review of the decisions of the President of India. The state argues that the legality of the President’s decisions and the factors influencing them can be judicially reviewed.

The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is derived from the Constitution of India:

  • Constitutional Authority: The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution of India.
  • Procedure: According to Article 200, when a bill is passed by the state legislature, it is presented to the Governor for assent. The Governor then forwards the bill to the President for consideration.
  • Discretionary Power: The President has discretionary authority to either give assent to the bill or withhold it. This means the President can refuse to approve the bill if deemed necessary.
  • Reasons for Withholding Assent: The President may choose to withhold assent for various reasons, such as if the bill violates constitutional provisions, conflicts with central legislation, or is against public interest.
  • Constitutional Morality: The President’s decision to withhold assent should be guided by constitutional principles and morality. This ensures that the exercise of this power is in line with the spirit of the Constitution.

What are the Implications of the President withholding assent to a state bill?

  • Legislative Stalemate: Withholding assent to a state bill effectively prevents it from becoming law. This can lead to a legislative stalemate, especially if the bill is crucial for the functioning of the state government or addresses pressing issues.
  • Impact on State Governance: The inability to enact a state bill due to the President’s refusal to give assent can hinder the governance and administration of the state. It may delay or impede the implementation of policies and measures intended to address local challenges or meet the needs of the state’s residents.
  • Constitutional Conflict: The withholding of assent by the President may lead to constitutional conflicts between the state government and the Union government. It raises questions about the division of powers between the Centre and the states and the extent of the President’s authority to state legislation.
  • Political Implications: The President’s decision to withhold assent to a state bill can have political repercussions. It may strain the relationship between the state government and the central government, especially if there are underlying political tensions or differences in ideology.
  • Legal Challenges: The state government may choose to challenge the President’s decision to withhold assent through legal means. This could involve seeking judicial review to determine the legality and constitutionality of the President’s action, especially if it is perceived as arbitrary or mala fide.

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Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Governor stalls Ponmudy’s return to Cabinet

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Discretionary Powers of Governor;

Mains level : State Legislation; Discretionary Powers of Governor;

Why in the news? 

TN Governor R.N. Ravi has declined to re-induct senior DMK leader and former Higher Education Minister K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, citing concerns about Constitutional Morality.

Context-

  • Despite the SC’s suspension of Ponmudy’s conviction, the Governor believes his involvement in serious corruption as a public servant renders his re-induction inappropriate.
  • The Governor’s stance emphasizes the need to uphold ethical standards in governance, especially regarding convicted individuals.

What are the key questions raised concerning the re-induct of the MLA’s in the Cabinet:

  • Constitutional Morality: Governor R.N. Ravi is concerned about upholding constitutional morality. He questions whether it would be appropriate to re-induct K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, considering the seriousness of the corruption charges against him and the fact that his conviction was not set aside by the Supreme Court, but only temporarily suspended.
  • Legal Validity: Governor Ravi seeks the opinion of legal experts on the legality of re-inducting Ponmudy into the Cabinet without the conviction being overturned by the Supreme Court. This raises the question of whether such an action would adhere to legal principles and norms.
  • Political Implications: The differing opinions between both raise questions about the political ramifications of the decision. While the Law Minister sees no issues in Ponmudy’s swearing-in, the Governor emphasizes the need for ethical governance.
  • Timing and Elections: The timing of Ponmudy’s potential re-induction, particularly concerning the announcement of Lok Sabha elections, adds complexity to the situation. It raises questions about whether political considerations are influencing the decision-making process.
  • Disqualification and Supreme Court Stay: Ponmudy’s disqualification as an MLA due to a conviction by the Madras High Court, followed by the Supreme Court’s stay on the conviction, raises questions about the legal status of his eligibility for public office and the implications for his potential re-induction into the Cabinet.

Discretionary power of the Governor in the appointment of ministers- 

  • Outlined in Article 163: There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except insofar as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.

In the context of the appointment of ministers, the Governor’s discretionary power may be exercised in various situations, such as:

  • Selection of Ministers: Although the Chief Minister typically recommends individuals for ministerial positions, the final decision regarding their appointment rests with the Governor. The Governor may exercise discretion in approving or rejecting the Chief Minister’s recommendations based on factors such as competence, integrity, and political considerations.
  • Dismissal of Ministers: In cases where the Governor has reasons to believe that a minister is unfit to hold office or has lost the confidence of the legislature, they may use their discretionary power to dismiss the minister, even if the Chief Minister advises otherwise.
  • Interests of the state: In exercising discretionary powers, the Governor must uphold constitutional morality and act in the best interests of the state. This includes considering the integrity, qualifications, and public trust in the individuals being appointed as ministers.
  • Consultation: While the Governor is not required to consult anyone other than the Chief Minister in the appointment of ministers, they may seek advice or input from legal experts, constitutional authorities, or other relevant stakeholders to ensure a fair and transparent appointment process.

Conclusion:

Governor stalls former minister’s return, citing constitutional morality and corruption concerns. His discretion underscores ethical governance and legal validity in ministerial appointments, raising questions about political implications and timing.

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Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

Free trade has two faces and the one offering harmony must prevail

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Free Trade Agreements

Mains level : Issues with FTAs

Why in the News?

  • Recently, the discussion acknowledged free trade’s nuanced and multifaceted nature, highlighting its potential benefits for peace and economic development while recognizing historical and contemporary challenges in promoting equitable outcomes.

Evolution of Free Trade ideology:

  • 19th Century Political Reformers and Free Trade:  Free trade was the rallying cry of 19th-century political reformers (Particularly Adam Smith who was inspired by Thomas Hobbes), who saw it as a vehicle for defeating despotism, ending wars, and reducing crushing inequalities in wealth.
  • The era’s economic cosmopolitanism encapsulated progressive causes such as anti-militarism, anti-slavery, and anti-imperialism.
  • US Populists and Opposition to Tariffs: US populists in the late 19th century staunchly opposed the gold standard but were also against import tariffs, which they thought benefited big business and harmed ordinary people.
  • They pushed to replace tariffs with a more equitable progressive income tax.
  • Socialists’ View on Free Trade in the Early 20th Century: Then, during the early part of the 20th century, many socialists viewed free trade, supported by supranational regulation, as the antidote to militarism, wealth gaps and monopolies.
  • Liberal Reformers’ Perspective on Protectionism: The 19th-century liberals and reformers were free traders because they thought protectionism served retrograde interests, including landed aristocrats, business monopolies and warmongers.
  • They believed economic nationalism went hand in hand with imperialism and aggression.
  • Historian Marc-William Palen cites a 1919 essay by the economist Joseph Schumpeter, who depicted imperialism as a “monopolistic symptom of atavistic militarism and protectionism—an ailment that only democratic free-trade forces could cure.”

Perception and misconceptions of Free trade:

  • Controversial Term-Free trade has been controversial in economics, with many people arguing that it contributes to rising inequality.
  • However, there is a grain of truth in the anti-trade stance, as growing trade did contribute to rising inequality and the erosion of the middle class in the US and other advanced economies in recent decades.
  • Blind Spot of Globalization – If free trade got a bad name,  globalisation’s boosters ignored its downsides or acted as if nothing could be done about them.
  • This blind spot empowered political leaders like Donald Trump to weaponize trade and demonize racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and economic rivals.
  • Diverse Opposition: Antipathy to trade is not limited to right-wing populists but also includes radical leftists, climate activists, food safety advocates, human-rights campaigners, labor unions, consumer advocates, and anti-corporate groups.
  • US President Joe Biden has distanced himself from free trade, believing that building a secure, green, equitable, and resilient US economy must take precedence over hyper-globalization.
  • Obstacle to Social Justice:  All progressives believe that free trade stands in the way of social justice.

Instrumentalisation of Trade:

1) Instrumentalized for Authoritarian end:

  • Under American Revolution: A particularly egregious example is Antebellum America, where free trade entrenched slavery.
  • During the drafting of the US Constitution in 1787, America’s slave-owning southerners ensured that the text would prohibit the taxation of exports. They understood that free trade would ensure that plantation agriculture remained profitable and safeguard the slavery system on which it was based.
  • When the North defeated the South in the US Civil War, slavery was abolished, and free trade was replaced with protectionism, which suited Northern business interests better.
  • Under British imperialism: After the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, the British government nominally abandoned protectionism and led Europe to sign free-trade agreements.

2) Instrumentalized for militaristic ends:

  • In Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, free trade was imposed through the barrel of a gun whenever the British encountered weak potentates ruling over valuable commodities and markets.
  • The British fought the infamous Opium Wars of the mid-19th century to force Chinese rulers to open their markets to British and other Western goods so that Western countries, in turn, could buy China’s tea, silk, and porcelain without draining their gold.
  • The opium was grown in India; a British monopoly forced farmers to work under horrendous conditions that left long-term scars.
  • Free trade served repression and war, and vice versa.

Post-World War II trade regime:

  • The American architects of the International Trade Organization followed in the footsteps of Cordell Hull—President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secretary of state—believing they were pursuing world peace through free trade.
  • Hull was an economic cosmopolitan and a supporter of the 19th-century radical free-trade advocate Richard Cobden.
  • The post-war order was meant to be a system of global rules that eliminated bilateralism and imperial privileges.
  • While the US Congress ultimately failed to ratify the ITO, some of its key principles—including multilateralism and non-discrimination—survived in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the precursor to the World Trade Organization (WTO) of today.
  • Under GATT, commercial diplomacy replaced wars, and many non-Western countries—like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China—expanded their economies rapidly by leveraging global markets.

What are the present challenges to the Trade regime?

  • Rise of Corporate Influence: Big corporations and multinational companies gained substantial power during this period, influencing trade negotiations to serve their interests.
  • Neglect of Important Issues: Environmental concerns, public health, human rights, economic security, and domestic equity were overlooked as trade negotiations prioritized corporate interests.
  • Departure from Original Vision: Trade deviated from the original vision of figures like Cobden and Hull, who likely envisioned it as a force for peace and prosperity, instead becoming a source of conflict.
  • Shift in Trade Dynamics: The dominance of corporate influence shifted the focus of international trade away from broader societal welfare towards maximizing profits and corporate interests

Conclusion:

The lesson of history is that turning trade into a positive force requires democratizing it. This means that trade should work for the benefit of the broader public interest, not just for a select few. This is an important lesson to remember as the reconstruction of the world trade regime would occur in the years ahead.

 

Mains PYQ:

Q. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of the ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC 2018)

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

7 Ghost Particles pierce through Earth: IceCube Observations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Neutrinos, IceCube Observatory, Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO), Trident

Mains level : NA

Why in the news

  • Researchers at the IceCube Observatory, buried beneath the Antarctic ice, have identified seven potential instances of elusive “Ghost Particles” or astrophysical Tau Neutrinos as they penetrated through Earth.
  • These neutrinos are pivotal for understanding the cosmic exchanges between Earth and the vast universe.

What are Neutrinos?

  • Neutrinos, often referred to as “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles characterized by their nearly zero mass and lack of electric charge.
  • They traverse through matter with minimal interaction, making their detection extremely challenging.
  • Previously believed to be massless, evidence has emerged indicating that neutrinos possess a very small mass.
  • Neutrinos rank among the most abundant particles in the universe.
  • While neutrinos and electrons behave similarly in terms of nuclear forces, neither of them engages in strong nuclear interactions.
  • However, both participate in weak nuclear interactions.
  • Neutrinos are produced during events such as nuclear fusion in stars like the Sun or nuclear fission in reactors.

Properties of Neutrinos

Electric Charge Electrically Neutral
Mass Extremely Low (Exact Masses Not Known)
Types Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino
Interaction Weak Interaction
Speed Close to the Speed of Light
Spin Fermion, Half-Integer Spin
Neutrino Oscillations Neutrinos Change Flavor during Travel
Interactions Very Weak Interaction with Matter
Abundance Among the Most Abundant Particles in the Universe
Cosmic Messengers Can Carry Information from Distant Cosmic Sources

 

Why Neutrinos are termed “Ghost Particles”?

 

  • The weak charge and almost imperceptible mass of neutrinos render them exceedingly difficult for scientists’ to detect directly.
  • Due to their rare interactions with other particles, tracking neutrinos proves nearly impossible.

Significance of Neutrino Detection

  • The origins of the abundant neutrino particles remain largely unknown to scientists.
  • There’s a hypothesis suggesting their potential role in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang, yet concrete evidence remains elusive.
  • Understanding neutrinos better holds the promise of unraveling numerous scientific phenomena, including the mysterious origins of cosmic rays, which neutrinos are known to carry.
  • Researchers anticipate that pinpointing the source of neutrinos will aid in explaining the origins of cosmic rays, a puzzle that has perplexed scientists for centuries.

About IceCube Observatory

icecube

  • Location: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is situated near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
  • Components:
  1. IceCube: The primary detector consists of 5,160 digital optical modules (DOMs) attached to vertical strings frozen into the ice.
  2. IceTop: Located on top of IceCube strings, it serves as a veto and calibration detector for cosmic rays.
  3. DeepCore: A denser subdetector within IceCube that lowers the neutrino energy threshold for studying neutrino oscillations.
  • Construction:
  1. Completed in December 2010 with 86 strings deployed over seven austral summers.
  2. Involved melting holes in the ice to depths of 2,450 meters and deploying sensors connected to cables.
  • Research Goals:
  1. Observing neutrinos from various astrophysical sources to study cosmic phenomena like exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, and black holes.
  2. Studying cosmic rays interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere to reveal structures not fully understood.
  3. Advancing neutrino astronomy and exploring high-energy processes in the Universe.

 

Recent Neutrino Observatories in news:

 

[1] Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)

  • INO approved in 2015, is a proposed particle physics research mega project.
  • Its objective is to study neutrinos in a 1,200 meter deep cave.
  • The primary objective of the INO Project is to study neutrinos, one of the most abundant fundamental particles, coming from various sources and using an underground Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector.
  • Its location is decided to be at the Bodi West Hills (BWH) region near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu (110 km from the temple town of Madurai).

[2] China’s TRIDENT

  • Scheduled for completion in 2030, TRIDENT, aptly nicknamed “Ocean Bell” or “Hai ling” in Chinese.
  • It will be positioned 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) beneath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
  • It seeks to explore the realm of neutrinos, transient particles that momentarily interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.

 


PYQs:

(1) In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at the South Pole, which was recently in the news: (2015)

  1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
  2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
  3. It is buried deep in the ice.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

 

(2) India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements: (2010)

  1. Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
  2. Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
  3. Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
  4. Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 3 only
  2. 1, 2 and 3 only
  3. 2, 3 and 4
  4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

What is the HbA1C Test for Diabetes?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : HbA1C Test, Diabetes (Type-1 and 2)

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

  • India faces a significant burden of diabetes, with an estimated 10.13 crore people affected and an additional 13.6 crore individuals classified as pre-diabetic.
  • One of the most commonly-used tests to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) and to help manage diabetes, is the haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test.

What is the HbA1C Test?

  • The HbA1C test, or glycated haemoglobin test, serves as a vital tool for diagnosing pre-diabetes and diabetes, offering insights into long-term blood glucose control.
  • It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
  • It provides a comprehensive view of average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months.
  • It is recommended for individuals over 30 years and those with specific risk factors, with retests scheduled based on initial findings and individual health profiles.

Evolution and Acceptance

  • Initially inconsistent, the test gained recognition for its correlation with blood glucose values and its role in monitoring glycemia, leading to improved standardization and accuracy.
  • It is endorsed by medical bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association and.
  • This underscores the test’s diagnostic utility, subject to stringent quality assurance measures.

Interpretation of Results

  • Results are typically presented as percentages.
  1. Normal: Values below 5.7% are considered
  2. Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
  3. Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
  • Alternatively, results may be expressed in mmol/mol, providing a comparable metric for assessment.

Limitations of the Test

  • While informative, the HbA1C test may be supplemented by other tests, particularly in populations with conditions affecting assay accuracy.
  • In India, factors like thalassemia prevalence and iron-deficiency anemia may impact test reliability, necessitating caution and additional indices for glycemic assessment.

PYQ:

‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations?

  1. Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go
  2. Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat
  3. Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals
  4. Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal samples from land surfaces and water bodies

Practice MCQ:

Consider the following statements about the HbA1C test:

  1. It is used in the diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease.
  2. It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
  3. It is recommended for individuals over 30 years.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  4. None

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Tourism Sector

Geo-Heritage Sites in India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Geo-Heritage Sites in India

Mains level : NA

Why in the news

  • Pandavula Gutta, an ancient geological marvel predating the Himalayan hills, has been officially designated as Telangana’s sole Geo-heritage site.
  • Also the 165 million-year-old meteor Ramgarh Crater in Rajasthan was declared geo-heritage site.

[A] Pandavula Gutta

  • Pandavula Gutta is located in Jayashankar Bhupalpally District in Telangana.
  • It is known for its rock art and geological heritage.
  • The site features Paleolithic cave paintings depicting wildlife and symbols.
  • Discovered in 1990, it showcases habitation from the mesolithic to medieval times.
  • Recognized as the sole Geo-heritage site in Telangana, older than the Himalayan hills.

 

[B] Ramgarh Crater

  • The Ramgarh Crater, also known as Ramgarh structure, Ramgarh Dome, and Ramgarh astrobleme, is a meteor impact crater located near the town of Ramgarh in Baran district of Rajasthan.
  • It is established as an asteroid impact crater in India, excavated within sandstone, shale, and limestone horizons of the Lower Bhander Group of the Vindhyan Region.
  • It was formed by a meteorite impact, with a diameter of 3.2 kilometers and an elevation of over 200 meters above the surrounding terrain.
  • It is declared Conservation Reserve, namely Ramgarh Conservation Reserve, under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and a notified wetland under Wetland (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.

 

What are Geo-Heritage Sites?

  • Geo-Heritage Sites in India are geological features of significant importance, either culturally or inherently, that provide insights into the Earth’s evolution or serve educational purposes.
  • These sites are recognized and protected by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the respective State governments.
  • India presently has 34 National Geological Heritage Monument Sites.
  • Examples:
    1. Mawmluh Cave in Meghalaya
    2. Majuli Island in Assam
    3. Chabimura in Tripura
  • Purpose:
    1. Promote geotourism
    2. Preserve unique geological formations
    3. Enhance geological literacy among the public

 

Tap this link to read more about all Geo-Heritage Parks in India:

https://vikaspedia.in/education/childrens-corner/geological-heritage-sites-of-india


PYQ:

Q.Which one of the following statements is correct?​ (2021)

  1. Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora River.​
  2. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal River.​
  3. Pandu-Lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada River.​
  4. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari River.​

Practice MCQ:

Which of the given statements about the Ramgarh Structure is NOT correct?

  1. It is an asteroid impact crater.
  2. It is located in the Deccan Plateau.
  3. It is a notified wetland under Wetland (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.
  4. It is under Conservation Reserve under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

[pib] ULLAS Initiative

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : ULLAS Initiative, FLNAT Exam

Mains level : Adult Literacy

Why in the news

  • The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education recently conducted the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT), under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram Initiative.

Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT)

 

  • FLNAT is a nationwide assessment test conducted as part of the ULLAS initiative.
  • It aims to evaluate the foundational literacy and numeracy skills of registered non-literate learners aged 15 and above.
  • The assessment covers three aspects – Reading, Writing, and Numeracy – and is conducted in all districts of participating states/UTs.
  • The test plays a crucial role in assessing the impact of teaching-learning sessions conducted under the ULLAS program and promoting literacy and numeracy skills among citizens.
  • It is conducted in the regional language of the learners, aligning with the NEP 2020’s emphasis on multilingualism
  • Qualifying learners receive a certificate from the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).

 What is ULLAS Initiative?

  • ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in S
  • It seeks to advance lifelong learning and bridge literacy gaps among individuals aged 15 and above.
  • The program aims to equip citizens with fundamental knowledge and skills essential for personal and national development.
  • The ULLAS User-Friendly Mobile Application serves as a digital platform providing access to a wide range of learning resources via the DIKSHA portal.

Key Features of ULLAS

  1. Emphasizes continuous learning across all stages of life.
  2. Cultivates a culture of knowledge-sharing and individual growth.
  3. Provides participants with digital literacy skills.
  4. Promotes awareness and empowerment in financial matters.
  5. Imparts vital life skills such as legal literacy and digital competence.
  6. Enhances citizenship awareness and empowerment.
  7. Grants school/university credits to student volunteers.
  8. Offers recognition through certificates, letters of appreciation, and felicitation ceremonies.

PYQ:

Consider the following statements:

  1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
  2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
  3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  (2018)

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 2 only
  3. 1 and 3
  4. 3 only

Practice MCQ:

  1. Consider the following statements about the ULLAS Initiative:
  2. It focuses on Foundational Literacy.
  3. Individuals aged 15 and above are eligible under this initiative.

Which of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. Only 1
  2. Only 2
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Indigenous Drug for Sickle Cell Disease developed

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), Anemia

Mains level : NA

sickle cell

What is the news-

  • Based in Delhi, Akmus Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited unveiled a groundbreaking drug for sickle cell disease on March 16.
  • This drug marks India’s first indigenous, room-temperature stable solution for sickle cell disease, available at a mere 1% of the global price.

What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

 

  • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetically inherited red blood cell disorder.
  • It causes red blood cells to become hard, sticky, and sickle-shaped due to abnormal hemoglobin.
  • This abnormality leads to complications such as pain, infections, acute chest syndrome, and stroke.
  • Different types of SCD include HbSS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia, each varying in severity.
  • SCD is diagnosed through a simple blood test, often identified at birth through new-born screening.
  • Treatment focuses on managing complications with options like bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, gene therapies, and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
  • The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology,  represents a monumental achievement SCD Treatment.

About Akmus Sickle Cell Drug

  • The oral suspension of Hydroxyurea is the basic component of the drug.
  • Priced at less than ₹600, the drug is poised to revolutionize access to treatment for sickle cell disease patients nationwide.
  • It is tailored for patients across all age groups.
  • It offers convenience and precision in dosage administration through provided oral syringes.

What makes it a revolutionary drug?

  • Room Temperature Stability: Unlike imported hydroxyurea solutions requiring storage at 2-8 degrees Celsius, Akmus Pharmaceuticals’ formulation ensures accessibility without stringent storage conditions.
  • Cost-Efficiency: With the global brand priced at approximately ₹77,000, Akmus’ solution underscores a paradigm shift towards affordable medication.

Sickle Cell Disease Menace in India

 

  • Prevalence among STs: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder mostly prevalent in districts with high tribal populations. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease that affects haemoglobin in red blood cells, resulting in morbidity and mortality (as per WHO).
  • Health Priority: Recognizing sickle cell disease as a significant health challenge, India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
  • National Mission:  The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission launched in 2023, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2047.

 


PYQ:

Q. Consider the following statements in the context interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023)

  1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
  2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
  3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
  4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. Only three
  4. All four

Practice MCQ:

Q. Regarding the prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India, consider the following statements:

  1. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disorder affecting affects haemoglobin in red blood cells.
  2. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease.
  3. India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
  4. The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2030.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  4. Four

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

India abstains in UNGA on Pak Resolution on Islamophobia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : UNGA, Non-members, Resolutions

Mains level : NA

Why in the news

  • India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly draft resolution on Islamophobia introduced by Pakistan and co-sponsored by China.
  • India asserted that while condemning all acts of religious discrimination, it’s crucial to recognize religiophobia against various faiths rather than singling out one religion.

India’s Position on Islamophobia:

 

  • Prevalence of Religiophobia: India emphasized that religiophobia extends beyond Abrahamic religions and affects followers of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
  • Opposition to Precedence: India expressed concerns that adopting the resolution could set a precedent for numerous resolutions centered on specific religious phobias, potentially dividing the United Nations along religious lines.
  • Religious Autocracy: India urged member states to consider the broader scope of religious discrimination globally in non-secular theocracies, highlighting the need to address challenges faced by all faiths.
  • Contemporary Forms: India cited examples of attacks on religious places of worship and the spreading of hatred against non-Abrahamic religions as evidence of contemporary religiophobia.

 What is UN General Assembly?

  • The UNGA is the main policy-making organ of the United Nations, founded in 1945.
  • It serves as a forum for all Member States to discuss and make recommendations on a wide range of international issues covered by the UN Charter.
  • The UNGA is the only universally representative body of the UN, focusing on topics like international peace and security, development, disarmament, human rights, and international law.

Members/Observers

  • The UNGA comprises all Member States, with each having an equal vote in the assembly. It elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General, and approves the UN budget.
  • It has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, allowing them to participate in its work with certain limitations.
  • Notable observers include the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine.

Functions

  • The UNGA discusses, debates, and makes recommendations on various international issues within its competence, including political, economic, humanitarian, social, and legal matters.
  • It plays a central role in standard-setting, codification of international law, and making recommendations to promote international political cooperation.
  • It has the power to
  1. Consider and approve the UN budget,
  2. Elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, and
  3. Make recommendations on maintaining international peace and security, disarmament, and other matters outlined in the UN Charter.

What are UNGA Resolutions?

  • A UNGA resolution is a formal expression of the General Assembly’s opinion, will, or intention on various matters of global significance.
  • UNGA resolutions are adopted through a voting process during plenary sessions of the General Assembly.
  • Each member state has one vote, and decisions are typically made by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
  • While UNGA resolutions are not legally binding on their own, they can influence the development of customary international law and provide guidance for the interpretation of treaties and conventions.
  • Types of Resolutions:
    1. Binding Resolutions: Some resolutions are legally binding on member states, requiring them to take specific actions or comply with certain obligations.
    2. Non-binding Resolutions: Many resolutions are non-binding, serving as recommendations, expressions of concern, or statements of principle. While non-binding, these resolutions carry significant political weight and influence.

PYQ:

With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements:

  1. The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
  2. Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
  3. Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.

Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022)

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

The long, bumpy road from ‘drone didis’ to ‘lakhpati didis’

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Lakhpati Didi Scheme

Mains level : Modernization of Agriculture and Role of Women

Why in the news? 

Efforts of fertilizer companies in supporting a Central government program aimed at training women to operate drones for spraying pesticides.

Context-

  • This initiative represents a broader trend of encouraging women’s entrepreneurship in India and empowering them to participate in traditionally male-dominated sectors such as agriculture and technology.
  • The involvement of fertilizer companies in funding and facilitating this program underscores the importance of public-private partnerships in driving social and economic development initiatives

Scheme Details-

Under the Namo Drone Didi scheme, 15,000 women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) will receive agricultural drones to assist in crucial tasks such as crop monitoring, fertiliser spraying, and seed sowing.

Costs to companies-

  • Financial Commitment by Fertilizer Companies: Fertilizer companies such as Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) and Coromandel International Limited (CIL) are shouldering significant costs for the “drone didi” program.
  • IFFCO is investing ₹42 crore to support the training and equipment for 300 drone didis, while CIL is backing another 200.
  • Expense Breakdown: The approximate cost per woman participating in the program is ₹14 lakh. This covers expenses like the drone, four battery sets, a generator, and an electric autorickshaw for transportation.
  • IFFCO has categorized this expenditure as “benefits to farmers” in its financial records.
  • Contribution of Other Companies: Several additional fertilizer companies, including Krishak Bharati Cooperative (KRIBHCO), Indian Potash Limited (IPL), Matix, Indorama India Private Limited, Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited, and National Fertilizers Limited, are collectively providing an extra 500 drones.
  • Funding Arrangement: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has agreed to provide financial assistance of up to ₹8 lakh for each set of equipment. The remaining ₹2 lakh is to be sourced by the participating Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

Farmer trials-

  • Online Portal Enrollment: Haryana’s Agriculture Department, along with fertilizer companies, introduced online enrollment via the Meri Fasal Mera Byora portal to encourage farmers to apply for crop spraying through drones.
  • Subsidized Nano Urea Bottle: Farmers are offered a 1-litre nano urea bottle at ₹100, discounted from the market price of ₹225. This nano urea, when mixed with water, serves one acre.
  • Manual vs. Drone Spraying: Farmers weigh the costs of the manual application, which include subsidized granular urea and labor costs, against the higher charges of drone didis.
  • Viability for Small Landholders: Small landholders express concerns about the affordability and practicality of drone services due to limited financial resources and smaller land holdings.
  • Usefulness of Drones: Drones are seen as more cost-effective for larger plantations like coffee, tea, or sugarcane, rather than smaller-scale agricultural operations.
  • Financial Constraints: Farmers highlight financial constraints, including the inability to afford necessities like housing, education, and farm equipment, which diminishes the feasibility of investing in drone technology.

The women’s challenges-

  • Fuel Costs:  significant daily expenses (₹500 to ₹600) on fuel to run the generator required to charge the battery sets for the drone, raising concerns about the economic feasibility of the job in the long run.
  • Battery Set Limitations: Each day, exhausts one charged battery set after covering three acres with the drone. This necessitates simultaneous charging of another set in her electric vehicle (EV) to continue her work, resulting in additional time and fuel costs.
  • Economic Viability: Despite the potential earnings mentioned on paper, there are doubts about the economic viability of the job due to high fuel costs, the need for additional assistance, and uncertainties regarding the longevity of the scheme’s benefits
  • Safety Concerns and Need for Assistance: There is safety concerns while operating the drone and the necessity of having an assistant to drive the electric autorickshaw and assist with unloading and handling the heavy drone equipment.
  • Lack of Provision for Helpers: There is no provision for hiring assistants or helpers in the scheme, leading to additional expenses

Limitation of this scheme- 

  • Current Urea Usage and Subsidy: India uses 3.5 lakh metric tonnes (MT) of granular urea annually, with a significant portion subsidized by the government to make it affordable for farmers. Liquid nano urea, an alternative, is produced in limited quantities.
  • Government’s Vision for Nano Urea Production: The government aims to increase the production capacity of liquid nano urea to reduce dependence on expensive imported granular urea. The goal is to produce 48.5 crore bottles annually by 2026-27.
  • Limitations of Nano Urea: While liquid nano urea can supplement traditional granular urea, it cannot entirely replace it due to specific requirements in different stages of crop growth.
  • Ownership and Earnings Concerns: There are uncertainties regarding the ownership of drones and the distribution of earnings from drone operations among individuals, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), village organizations (VOs), or cluster-level federations (CLFs).
  • Need for Clarity and Coordination: Questions are raised about the lack of clarity on ownership, earnings distribution, and coordination among stakeholders involved in drone operations.
  • Challenges with Previous Proposals: Issues regarding the implementation of previous drone-related schemes, such as the procurement of drones under Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and concerns about competition from individual farmers purchasing their drones are highlighted.

To overcome the challenges outlined regarding drone operations and nano urea production, several measures can be considered:

  • Clarity in Ownership and Earnings Distribution: Establish clear guidelines and agreements on drone ownership and revenue sharing among individuals, SHGs, VOs, and CLFs. Ensure transparency in decision-making processes and consult all stakeholders involved.
  • Enhanced Coordination: Facilitate better coordination among government agencies, agricultural organizations, and drone operators to streamline operations, address concerns, and ensure effective implementation of schemes. Regular meetings, feedback mechanisms, and communication channels can aid in coordination efforts.
  • Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for drone operators, farmers, and other stakeholders to enhance their skills in drone operation, maintenance, and data interpretation. This can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of drone-based agricultural activities.
  • Promotion of Nano Urea: Invest in research and development to improve the efficacy and availability of liquid nano urea. Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers about the benefits and proper usage of nano urea, emphasizing its role as a supplement to traditional fertilizers.
  • Policy Reforms: Review existing policies related to drone operations, urea subsidy, and agricultural initiatives to address loopholes and inconsistencies. Introduce new policies or amendments to support the expansion of nano urea production and drone technology adoption in agriculture.
  • Collaborative Partnerships: Foster partnerships between government agencies, private companies, research institutions, and farmer groups to leverage expertise, resources, and innovation in addressing challenges related to drone operations and urea production.
  • Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the impact of drone-based agricultural initiatives and nano urea production efforts. Collect data on key performance indicators and stakeholders’ feedback to identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions.

Conclusion-

The initiative to train women as “drone didis” for agricultural tasks faces challenges of economic viability, ownership clarity, and coordination. Solutions include clear guidelines, capacity building, policy reforms, and collaborative partnerships to ensure sustainable implementation and overcome limitations in nano urea production.

Mains PYQ-

Q- The Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation , has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programme. Elucidate.(UPSC IAS/2015)

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Railway Reforms

Railways plans to develop multi-modal transport hubs

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Multi-Modal Transport Hubs

Why in the news? 

  • The Indian Railways will create mega railway terminals with multi-modal connectivity in aspirational cities with a population of more than 10 lakh across the country.

About the ‘Viksit Bharat’ Initiative – 

  • The program is part of the infrastructure being developed for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Viksit Bharat’ initiative
  • Viksit Bharat 2047 is the vision to transform India into a developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of independence.
  • This vision encompasses various facets of development, such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, social progress, and good governance, to make India a developed nation by 2047.

Key Provisions as per Railways Plans-

  • Inclusivity and Expansion: The initiative aims to be inclusive by considering inputs from stakeholders and has a vision for expansion beyond its initial parameters to cater to the needs of densely populated areas.
    • The Railway Ministry is actively working on improving the passenger experience in a mission mode, indicating a focused and accelerated effort in this regard.
    • Efforts are being made to improve the cleanliness of coaches and maintain proper amenities on railway premises to enhance the overall travel experience for passengers.
  • Zero Tolerance Policy: The Ministry has issued a warning that any laxity on the part of senior officers will not be tolerated, emphasizing the importance of accountability and responsibility in ensuring passenger satisfaction.
  • Quality check and Monitoring: Principal Chief Mechanical Engineers (PCMEs) of Zonal Railways have been instructed to closely monitor and ensure sustained housekeeping and maintenance activities, indicating a hands-on approach to implementing these improvements.

Implementing the initiatives outlined could face several challenges:

  • Resource Constraints: Adequate funding, manpower, and infrastructure might be lacking, especially for initiatives that require significant investment in upgrading facilities and maintaining cleanliness.
  • Resistance to Change: Resistance from existing systems, bureaucracy, and resistance to change among stakeholders could impede the implementation of new initiatives.
  • Coordination Issues: Effective coordination among various departments and agencies involved in railway operations may be challenging, leading to delays or inefficiencies in implementation.
  • Technical Challenges: Addressing technical issues related to rolling stock maintenance, cleanliness, and passenger amenities may require specialized expertise and resources.
  • Operational challenges: The vast scale of railway operations across the country presents logistical challenges in ensuring uniform implementation of initiatives and maintaining standards consistently.
  • Training and Capacity Building: Providing adequate training and capacity building for staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives may be necessary but could also be challenging to execute effectively.

To address the challenges mentioned, several measures can be taken:

  • Resource Mobilization: Explore alternative sources of funding such as public-private partnerships (PPPs), seek investment from international organizations, and allocate budgetary resources efficiently.
  • Capacity Building: Invest in training programs, workshops, and skill development initiatives to enhance the capabilities of staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives.
  • Technology Adoption: Embrace technological solutions such as automated maintenance systems, real-time monitoring tools, and digital platforms to improve efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in operations.
  • Stakeholder Engagement and Communication: Conduct extensive stakeholder consultations to garner support for initiatives, communicate the benefits clearly, and create awareness about the need for change.
    • Simplify bureaucratic procedures, delegate decision-making authority where appropriate, and establish clear accountability mechanisms to facilitate faster implementation.

Conclusion

  • Indian Railways’ mega terminals aim to transform connectivity in aspirational cities. Challenges like resource constraints and resistance necessitate measures like stakeholder engagement, technology adoption, and streamlined processes for successful implementation.

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

India ranks 134th in global human development index, says UNDP report

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : HDI

Mains level : India's Status as Developing Country

Why in the news? 

Recently, India’s progress in the global Human Development Index (HDI), as reported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Context-

  •  India’s ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) improved by one position in 2022 to 134 out of 193 countries compared to 135 out of 191 countries in 2021. Switzerland has been ranked number one.

The Human Development Index (HDI)-

About 

The Human Development Index (HDI), initially introduced by the UNDP in 1990, is a statistical composite index. It measures a country’s average achievement across three fundamental dimensions:

  • Health: This dimension is represented by life expectancy at birth. It reflects the overall health and well-being of the population and their access to healthcare services.
  • Education: This dimension includes indicators such as expected years of schooling for children entering school and mean years of schooling for adults. It assesses the level of educational attainment and the availability of educational opportunities within a country.
  • Standard of Living: This dimension is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). It reflects the economic prosperity and living standards of the population, including income levels and access to basic necessities.

Background

  • The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen. It is used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess a country’s development as part of the Human Development Report.
  • Alongside the Human Development Index (HDI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also presents the Human Development Report (HDR) which present-
  1. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI),
  2. Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),
  3. Gender Inequality Index(GII) since 2010 and
  4. Gender Development Index (GDI) since 2014

Key Points as per Report- 

  • India’s Rank on the HDI: India moved up one rank on the Human Development Index (HDI) from 135 in 2021 to 134 in 2022, with slight improvements in life expectancy and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
  • Comparison with Neighbors: India ranks below its southern neighbour Sri Lanka (ranked 78) and China (ranked 75) in the High Human Development category, and below Bhutan (ranked 125) and Bangladesh (ranked 129) in the Medium Human Development category.
  • Reducing inequalities: The report highlights a reverse trend in reducing inequalities between wealthy and poor nations. Despite interconnected global societies, collective action on climate change, digitalization, poverty, and inequality is lacking, leading to a widening human development gap.
  • Challenges in Democracy: While nine in 10 people worldwide endorse democracy, over half express support for leaders who may undermine it. Political polarization and limited control over government decisions are prevalent, leading to protectionist or inward-turning policy approaches.

Action Plans as per report-

  • Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthen international cooperation and collaboration among governments, NGOs, businesses, and other stakeholders to address global challenges collectively. This could involve fostering dialogue, partnerships, and agreements that promote shared goals and responsibilities.
  • Policy Coordination: Enhance coordination and coherence in policymaking at national and international levels to ensure that policies address interconnected challenges comprehensively. This may involve integrating diverse perspectives, aligning strategies across sectors, and leveraging resources efficiently.
  • Investment in Sustainable Development: Increase investments in sustainable development initiatives that prioritize environmental conservation, social equity, and economic prosperity. This could include funding for renewable energy, education, healthcare, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation programs.
  • Empowering Communities: Empower local communities and grassroots organizations to participate in decision-making processes and contribute to problem-solving efforts. This could involve providing resources, capacity-building support, and platforms for civic engagement.
  • Promotion of Dialogue and Understanding: Foster dialogue, empathy, and mutual understanding among diverse communities to mitigate polarization and build social cohesion. This could involve promoting education, cultural exchange programs, media literacy, and initiatives that promote tolerance and respect for human rights.
  • Transparency and Accountability: Enhance transparency, accountability, and integrity in governance structures and institutions to rebuild trust and confidence among citizens. This could involve strengthening anti-corruption measures, promoting open government initiatives, and ensuring inclusive and participatory decision-making processes.
  • Investment in Education and Awareness: Invest in education, public awareness campaigns, and media literacy programs to increase awareness of global challenges, their interconnections, and the importance of collective action. This could help foster a sense of shared responsibility and mobilize public support for collaborative solutions.
  • Promotion of Inclusive Economic Growth: Promote inclusive economic growth that benefits all segments of society, reduces inequality, and creates opportunities for marginalized populations. This could involve implementing policies that support job creation, entrepreneurship, social protection, and access to essential services.
  • Resilience Building: Build resilience to global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and economic crises by investing in preparedness, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This could involve strengthening healthcare systems, disaster risk reduction measures, and social safety nets.
  • Advocacy and Leadership: Advocate for political leadership and commitment at all levels to prioritize collective action and address shared challenges effectively. This could involve mobilizing political will, engaging with policymakers, and holding leaders accountable for their actions.

Conclusion-

Strengthening multilateral cooperation, policy coordination, sustainable development investment, empowering communities, promoting dialogue, transparency, education, inclusive economic growth, resilience building, and advocating for leadership are vital for addressing global challenges collectively and fostering a sustainable future.

Mains PYQ-

 Q- Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.(UPSC IAS/2019)

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Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

Food factor: On the latest retail inflation data

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Food Inflation and Control Measures

Why in the news? 

  • India’s retail inflation remained virtually unchanged at 5.09% in February, even as food prices paid by consumers resurged from 8.3% in January to 8.66% in February.

Context-

  • Most economists expect inflation to stay in the 5.1%-5.2% range in March as well, which would lift average inflation in the last quarter of this year over the 5% average projected by the RBI

The primary reason behind the food inflation in February-

  • Vegetable Prices Surge: Vegetables experienced a significant price surge, with a seven-month high pace of 30.25% in February. This spike in vegetable prices contributed significantly to the overall food inflation.
  • Rise in Egg and Meat Prices: Prices of eggs and meat/fish also rose at a faster pace in February compared to January. Eggs witnessed a notable increase from 5.6% to 10.7%, while meat and fish prices rose from 1.2% to 5.2%.
  • Deceleration in Pulses and Spices Prices: While there was a slight deceleration in the inflation rate of pulses and spices compared to the previous year, these items still experienced steep price increases. Pulses inflation stood at 18.5%, and spices recorded a 13.5% increase.
  • Regional Disparities: Food inflation varied across different states, with some states experiencing inflation rates above the RBI’s upper tolerance threshold of 6%. States like Odisha, Telangana, Haryana, and Assam recorded high inflation rates, while others like Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal had relatively lower inflation rates.
  • Seasonal Factors and Supply Chain Issues: Seasonal factors, along with supply chain disruptions, could have contributed to the rise in food prices. Factors such as adverse weather conditions, transportation constraints, and supply-demand imbalances may have affected the availability and prices of food items in the market.

To address inflation-related issues in the short term and long term, several measures can be considered:

[A] Short-Term Measures:

Supply-Side Interventions:

  • Increase the supply of essential commodities by releasing buffer stocks, if available.
  • Facilitate faster transportation of perishable goods through streamlined logistics and distribution channels.
  • Establish temporary market outlets to directly connect farmers with consumers, reducing intermediary costs and price hikes.

Import Policies:

  • Relax import restrictions on essential food items to augment domestic supply and stabilize prices.
  • Expedite customs clearance procedures to ensure timely availability of imported goods in the market.

Price Monitoring and Control:

  • Implement strict price monitoring mechanisms to prevent hoarding and profiteering.
  • Set up special task forces or committees to monitor price movements and take swift action against price manipulation.

Demand Management:

  • Promote alternative dietary choices to alleviate pressure on high-priced items.
  • Encourage conservation and rational utilization of essential commodities through public awareness campaigns.

[B] Long-Term Measures:

Investment in Agriculture Infrastructure:

  • Enhance investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems, cold storage facilities, and transportation networks, to improve productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.

Crop Diversification and Technology Adoption:

  • Encourage farmers to diversify their crops to mitigate the impact of price volatility.
  • Promote the adoption of modern agricultural practices, including mechanization, precision farming, and biotechnology, to enhance crop yields and resilience to climate change.

Market Reforms:

  • Implement market reforms to create a more efficient and transparent agricultural marketing system.
  • Facilitate the establishment of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and agricultural cooperatives to empower farmers and strengthen their bargaining power in the market.

Food Processing and Value Addition:

  • Promote investment in food processing industries to add value to agricultural produce and reduce post-harvest losses.
  • Establish food processing clusters and agro-industrial parks to encourage entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities in rural areas.

Risk Management and Insurance:

  • Introduce crop insurance schemes and risk management tools to protect farmers from income volatility caused by price fluctuations and natural disasters.
  • Provide training and technical assistance to farmers to improve their risk assessment and management capabilities.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices:

  • Encourage the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, including organic farming, agroforestry, and soil conservation, to ensure long-term environmental sustainability and food security.

Conclusion-

To mitigate food inflation, short-term measures such as supply-side interventions and price monitoring are essential, while long-term solutions like investment in agriculture infrastructure and market reforms are crucial for sustainable food security.

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