From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Karman Line
Mains level : Read the attached story
Central Idea
Boundaries serve a crucial purpose in scientific understanding by providing clarity and distinction to elements that might otherwise merge.
One such significant boundary is the Karman Line, which plays a pivotal role in delineating Earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
What is Karman Line?
The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Challenges to the Karman Line’s Significance
Nature rarely conforms to human-made boundaries.
Physically crossing the Karman Line does not result in substantial changes.
In the immediate vicinity, there is minimal difference in air pressure or composition.
Earth’s gravitational force remains influential, and the atmosphere persists beyond this line.
Why is the Karman Line relevant?
Airspace Regulation: The Karman Line primarily serves as a regulator of airspace. It represents an approximate altitude beyond which conventional aircraft cannot operate effectively. Aircraft venturing beyond this threshold require propulsion systems to counteract Earth’s gravitational pull.
Legal Reference: Additionally, the Karman Line acts as a legal benchmark that distinguishes airspace, which nations can claim ownership of, from the realm of outer space. Outer space is governed similarly to international waters, emphasizing the importance of this boundary in legal and governance contexts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Project Udbhav
Mains level : Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian Army has launched Project Udbhav, an initiative aimed at rediscovering the profound heritage of statecraft and strategic thinking from ancient Indian texts.
Project Udbhav
Project Udbhav is conducted in collaboration by Indian Army and the United Service Institution of India, a defense think-tank.
The primary goal is to comprehend the depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, enduring strategies, and the strategic thought processes that have shaped the Indian subcontinent for millennia.
It delves into India’s rich historical narratives in the domains of statecraft and strategic thinking.
It encompasses indigenous military systems, historical texts, regional texts, kingdoms, thematic studies, and Kautilya Studies.
Why such move?
The initiative underscores the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s ancient wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
It seeks to establish a connection between historical wisdom and contemporary needs.
Scholarly Outcomes and Ongoing Research
A study to compile Indian stratagems based on ancient texts has been ongoing since 2021.
A book listing 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts has already been published under the initiative.
The first scholarly outcome is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan…Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam,” which is meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
A recent panel discussion included a dialogue on the study of ancient texts ranging from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a specific focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and the Kural.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Mahatma Gandhi
Mains level : Read the attached story
Central Idea
Mahatma Gandhi seems a natural choice for the face of Indian currency as the Father of the Nation.
This wasn’t until 1996 that his image became a permanent fixture on legal banknotes issued by the RBI, the nation’s central bank and regulatory authority for the Indian banking system.
1946 photograph featuring Gandhi Ji with Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence
Gandhi’s Portrait on Indian Currency
Photographic Source: The portrait of Gandhi on Indian banknotes is not a caricature but a cut-out from a 1946 photograph featuring him alongside British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
Expression Matters: This particular photograph was chosen for its ideal depiction of Gandhi’s smiling visage, and the portrait is a mirrored image of the cut-out.
Unknown Photographers: Interestingly, the identities of the photographer of this image and the person who selected it remain unknown.
Currency Design Process
RBI’s Responsibility: The RBI’s Department of Currency Management is tasked with designing rupee notes, subject to approval from the central bank and the Union government.
Regulatory Framework:Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, mandates that the design, form, and material of banknotes must be approved by the central government after considering the central board’s recommendations.
Gandhi’s Debut on Indian Currency
1969 Commemoration: Gandhi made his first appearance on Indian currency in 1969 through a special series issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary. These notes, featuring Gandhi alongside the Sevagram Ashram, bore the signature of RBI governor LK Jha.
1987 Inclusion: In October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes featuring Gandhi was introduced.
The Transition to Independent India’s Banknotes
Post-Independence Currency: Initially, after India gained independence in August 1947, the RBI continued to issue notes from the colonial era that depicted King George VI.
Symbol Selection: The government of India introduced new 1-rupee notes in 1949, replacing King George with a representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath.
Design Continuity: The subsequent release of banknotes in 1950, in denominations of Rs 2, 5, 10, and 100, featured the Lion Capital watermark, maintaining continuity with earlier designs.
Gandhi’s Permanence on Banknotes
Security Concerns in the 1990s: By the 1990s, the RBI recognized the need for enhanced security features on currency notes due to advancements in reprographic techniques. A human face was deemed less susceptible to forgery than inanimate objects.
Gandhi’s Enduring Appeal: Mahatma Gandhi’s national significance made him the ideal choice. In 1996, the RBI introduced a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ of banknotes, replacing the previous Ashoka Pillar notes and incorporating advanced security features.
Continuity in 2016: The ‘Mahatma Gandhi New Series’ of banknotes, introduced in 2016, continued to feature Gandhi’s portrait, with the addition of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo and enhanced security elements.
Other Suggestions for Currency Faces
Varied Proposals: Over the years, there have been calls to feature different personalities on banknotes apart from Gandhi.
Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi: In October 2022, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal appealed to the Prime Minister and the Union government to include images of Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi on currency notes.
Previous Proposals: Suggestions in the past included Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and former President APJ Abdul Kalam. However, the RBI and Indian authorities have consistently upheld Gandhi’s representation, considering him the most fitting embodiment of India’s ethos.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy: Mahatma Gandhi’s presence on Indian currency notes stands as a testament to his indelible impact on the nation’s history and values.
Challenges to Change: While various proposals have emerged over the years, the symbolism and significance of Gandhi on banknotes remain unwavering, reflective of his towering stature in India’s collective consciousness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : NA
Mains level : Privacy issues related to Aadhaar
Central Idea
Moody’s Investor Service released a report titled ‘Decentralised Finance and Digital Assets,’ advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralised biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar.
The report raises concerns about security and privacy vulnerabilities associated with Aadhaar (being managed by Govt of India) and questions its effectiveness.
India’s Response to Moody’s Report
In response to Moody’s report, the Indian government strongly defended Aadhaar, asserting that it is “the most trusted digital ID in the world.”
The government highlighted Aadhaar’s integration with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) database, emphasizing that workers can receive payments without biometric authentication.
Aadhaar: Rationale and Objectives
Unique Identification: Aadhaar is a unique identification number provided to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). It collects demographic details, biometric fingerprints, and iris scans during enrolment, aiming to create a unique identity for residents.
Fighting Corruption: Aadhaar’s primary objectives include curbing corruption in accessing welfare programs by eliminating “ghost” and “fake” individuals who fraudulently claim benefits.
Aadhaar’s Role in Welfare Programs
Ration Distribution: Aadhaar is used to authenticate individuals accessing rations under the Public Distribution System, ensuring that beneficiaries receive their entitled portions.
Government-to-Citizen Transfers: The government employs Aadhaar for various cash transfer programs, claiming substantial savings by eliminating fraudulent beneficiaries.
Aadhaar in Cash Withdrawals
Authentication Process: To enable payments through Aadhaar for MGNREGA, three steps are involved: linking Aadhaar to job cards, linking Aadhaar to bank accounts, and linking Aadhaar correctly with the National Payments Corporation of India for payment processing.
AePS Platform: Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) allows individuals to withdraw money from Aadhaar-linked bank accounts using biometric authentication.
Concerns Surrounding Aadhaar
Quantity Fraud: Critics argue that Aadhaar fails to address issues like quantity fraud, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled share. This type of corruption remains prevalent, with Aadhaar unable to detect or prevent it.
Authentication Challenges: Rural areas face authentication challenges due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and inadequate phone connectivity for OTPs. Vulnerable groups, such as older women and people with disabilities, face exclusion.
Lack of Data Transparency: Information regarding authentication attempts and failures is not publicly available, hindering transparency.
Payment Failures: Errors at any stage of Aadhaar-based payments can lead to payment failures. Mismatches in data between job cards and Aadhaar databases can result in authentication failures.
Misdirection of Payments: Misdirected payments through Aadhaar are difficult to detect and resolve, creating issues when Aadhaar numbers are linked to the wrong bank accounts.
Financial Exclusion: Critics argue that Aadhaar-based authentication requirements can lead to financial exclusion for certain groups.
Security Concerns
AePS Accountability: Banking correspondents using AePS operate without accountability frameworks, leading to potential misuse and unauthorized access to bank accounts.
Multiple Authentications: Some banking correspondents ask individuals to authenticate multiple times, providing them access to individuals’ bank accounts without consent.
Fraud and Scams: Several reports highlight instances of money withdrawal and enrollment in government programs without individuals’ knowledge through AePS.
Current Impasse
Resistance to Mandatory Aadhaar: The government’s efforts to make Aadhaar-based payments mandatory in MGNREGA have faced resistance from workers and field officials.
Deletion of Job Cards: Reports indicate that the job cards of active rural workers have been deleted on grounds of being “ghosts,” raising concerns about data accuracy.
Apprehensions: Critics express apprehensions based on their experience with Aadhaar in welfare programs, emphasizing the need for pilots and evidence-based decision-making.
Conclusion
The debate between centralized biometric systems like Aadhaar and decentralized digital identity solutions remains ongoing, with concerns regarding security, inclusivity, and transparency at the forefront of discussions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Duarte Agostinho Case
Mains level : Climate Justice and Reparations
Central Idea
On September 27, a historic legal battle in the climate action movement commenced at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France.
This courtroom showdown featured 32 European governments, including the UK, Russia, and Turkey, facing off against six young individuals from Portugal, aged 11 to 24.
Why discuss this?
Youth-led climate lawsuits are reshaping climate litigation.
These lawsuits assert that uncontrolled carbon emissions infringe on fundamental rights, threaten the well-being of young generations.
This highlight the centrality of climate science in combating misinformation and denialism.
Understanding the Duarte Agostinho Case
[A] Origins of the Lawsuit:
The Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others case was initiated in September 2020.
It was in response to the devastating wildfires in Portugal’s Leiria region in 2017, resulting in 66 casualties and the loss of 20,000 hectares of forests.
This legal action highlights the urgency of adhering to the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to below 1.5°C.
[B] Concerns raised
The Portuguese youths assert that European nations have failed to meet climate emissions goals, exceeding global carbon budgets compatible with the Paris Agreement’s objectives.
Scientific evidence will be presented, demonstrating that if current emission trends persist, global temperatures will rise by 3°C during the plaintiffs’ lifetimes.
Such actions are alleged to breach fundamental rights protected under the European Convention on Human Rights, including the right to life, freedom from inhuman or degrading treatment, privacy, family life, and freedom from discrimination.
Lawsuit’s Demands
Rapid Emission Reduction: As these 32 countries contributed to climate catastrophes and threatened young people’s futures, the lawsuit contends that these nations must urgently intensify emissions reductions. The recommended measures include curbing fossil fuel production and addressing global supply chain sustainability.
Emissions Reduction Targets: The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change (ESABCC) suggested that countries should aim for emissions reductions of 75% below 1990 levels, a more ambitious target than the EU’s current 55%. The lawsuit argues that European countries have overstated their carbon budgets, emphasizing the need for greater reductions.
Climate Crisis Impact on Human Rights
UNICEF characterizes the climate crisis as a “child rights crisis” due to unhindered carbon emissions and extreme weather jeopardizing access to education, health, nutrition, and the future.
Research links air pollution to adverse birth outcomes and increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Heatwaves exacerbate mental health issues, ultimately affecting academic performance and school attendance.
Government Responses and Challenges
Cause and Effect Denial: Many countries have dismissed any direct relationship between climate change and its impact on human health. Greece, for instance, argued that climate change effects do not directly affect human life or health, despite experiencing massive wildfires.
Portrayal as Future Fears: Governments like Portugal and Ireland have downplayed climate change concerns as “future fears,” asserting that there is no immediate risk to lives.
Policy Reversals: Some nations, like the U.K., have showcased proactive climate policies, such as a 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars. However, these policies have been reversed, raising concerns about policy consistency and legality.
Conclusion
The Duarte Agostinho case represents a pivotal moment in the climate action movement, with young activists challenging their governments to protect their future against the looming climate crisis.
This legal battle underscores the critical intersection of climate change and human rights, shaping a path toward increased accountability and transformative climate governance.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Autoimmune diseases and the Concept of Inverse Vaccine
Mains level : Autoimmune diseases, Potential Applications of Inverse Vaccine and
What’s the news?
Breakthrough Inverse vaccines offer hope for treating autoimmune diseases.
Central idea
In the quest to combat autoimmune diseases, scientists are exploring a groundbreaking approach: inverse vaccines. While still in the developmental stage and yet to be tested on humans, this novel concept holds the potential to revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
What are autoimmune diseases?
Autoimmune diseases are a group of medical conditions in which the body’s immune system, which is designed to protect against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues.
Normally, the immune system can differentiate between the body’s own cells (self) and foreign substances (non-self), but in autoimmune diseases, this ability is disrupted, leading to immune responses directed against the body’s own tissues.
Key Facts
There are more than 80 known autoimmune diseases, and they can affect virtually any part of the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, organs, and various systems like the nervous system or endocrine system.
The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is often complex and not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors is believed to contribute to their development.
These diseases can vary in severity and may have periods of remission and flare-ups.
Treatment typically involves managing symptoms, suppressing the immune response, and, in some cases, using medications to control inflammation or modulate the immune system.
Autoimmune diseases can be chronic and require ongoing medical management.
Some common autoimmune diseases include Type 1 Diabetes, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
The Concept of Inverse Vaccine
Conventional vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. For instance, COVID-19 vaccines teach the immune system to identify the spike protein of the virus and neutralize it.
In contrast, inverse vaccines do the opposite. They prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells by retraining it to spare them.
Inverse vaccines add a do not attack signal to healthy cells.
Table 1: Traditional Vaccines vs Inverse Vaccines
Aspect
Traditional Vaccines
Inverse Vaccines
Primary Purpose
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens (e.g., viruses or bacteria)
To prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues in autoimmune diseases
Components
Contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, proteins, or fragments derived from pathogens
May contain markers or signals to modify the immune response and prevent attacks on healthy cells
Immune Response
Elicits an immune response targeting specific pathogens, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells
Modifies or suppresses the immune response in cases of autoimmune diseases, reducing attacks on healthy tissues
Application
Used to prevent infections by training the immune system to recognize and respond to specific threats
Investigated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by retraining the immune system to tolerate healthy cells
Protection Mechanism
Provides protection against specific pathogens by building immunity
Preserves the body’s healthy cells by preventing autoimmune attacks
Examples
Vaccines for diseases like measles, polio, and influenza
Experimental vaccines for autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis
Status
Widely used and established in preventive medicine
Still in experimental stages, undergoing research and development
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Inverse vaccines may offer a new approach to managing MS by preventing immune cells from attacking cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Type I Diabetes: These vaccines could potentially help protect insulin-producing cells in the pancreas from immune attacks, offering a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes.
Celiac Disease: Early safety trials are underway to test the use of inverse vaccines in celiac disease, a condition associated with gluten intolerance. These vaccines may help individuals respond better to gluten and manage the disease more effectively.
Allergic Asthma: Inverse vaccines are under investigation for managing allergic asthma by modifying the immune response to allergens, potentially reducing asthma symptoms.
Food Allergies: There is potential for inverse vaccines to improve tolerance to allergenic foods, making it safer for individuals with food allergies to consume these foods.
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Inverse vaccines may find applications in managing chronic inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease, offering a targeted approach to modulating the immune response.
Transplantation: Researchers are exploring the potential of inverse vaccines in organ transplantation to reduce the risk of organ rejection. These vaccines may help the recipient’s immune system tolerate the transplanted organ more effectively.
Adaptability to Different Diseases
The concept of an inverse vaccine is not new. It was pioneered by Stanford researcher Lawrence Steinman in the early 2000s.
Recent research led by Jeffrey Hubbell has opened the door to creating tailored inverse vaccines for various autoimmune diseases.
This adaptability allows for precision in addressing specific conditions, enhancing their effectiveness.
Progress and Future Prospects
Current Stage: Inverse vaccines are still in the experimental phase and have not yet been tested in human trials, as mentioned in the article.
Safety Trials: Early safety trials are underway, including trials related to their use in celiac disease and Phase 1 safety trials for multiple sclerosis (MS).
Potential Transformative Impact: Early indications of success, particularly in treating celiac disease, offer hope for transformative treatments.
Development in the Field: Researchers anticipate more developments in the field of inverse vaccines in the next five to ten years.
Adjustable Vaccines: The researchers are working on creating adjustable inverse vaccines tailored to different autoimmune diseases. This adaptability is expected to enhance their effectiveness.
Broader Applications: While the primary focus is on autoimmune diseases, researchers are also exploring potential applications of inverse vaccines in managing food allergies and allergic asthma.
Conclusion
Inverse vaccines represent a promising avenue for treating autoimmune diseases without compromising the overall immune response. As research continues, the prospect of bringing inverse vaccines from the lab to the clinic is an exciting possibility on the horizon.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : TB and elimination strategy
Mains level : India's TB Prevalence, Challenges and responsibilities and measures,
What’s the news?
TB, which affects over 25 lakh Indians every year and kills at least 1,000 every day, As India is on the cusp of a demographic shift, with the elderly population set to comprise a substantial portion of society, it is imperative to invest in the health of our elderly population and pay attention to their unique needs.
Central idea
Advances in healthcare and increased life expectancy are propelling India’s demographic transition, with the elderly projected to constitute 12.5% of the population by 2030, up from 9% in 2011. This underscores the urgent need for age-responsive healthcare systems to address the complexities of TB care among the elderly, aligning opportunity with responsibility.
TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.
TB is transmitted through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. When inhaled by others, these droplets can lead to infection.
The Burden of TB among the Elderly
Recent findings from India’s National TB Prevalence Survey in 2021 reveal a concerning trend: the prevalence of TB among individuals aged 55 and above stands at 588 per one lakh population, significantly higher than the national average of 316.
This alarming disparity necessitates a dedicated focus on TB among the elderly and the formulation of age-specific TB guidelines.
Challenges faced by elderly TB patients
Delayed Diagnosis: TB symptoms, including cough, fatigue, and weight loss, are often misinterpreted as signs of old age or other illnesses. Consequently, TB diagnoses among the elderly are frequently delayed or overlooked.
Comorbidities: Many elderly TB patients have multiple comorbidities, especially diabetes, which complicates TB management. This leads to a higher pill count and an increased likelihood of side effects, affecting treatment adherence and outcomes.
Access to Healthcare: Elderly individuals, particularly those in rural and hilly areas, struggle to access healthcare facilities due to mobility challenges. This can lead to delays in seeking medical care.
Limited Information: Older individuals may have restricted access to reliable health information, as their social networks tend to shrink with age. This lack of information hampers their ability to recognize TB symptoms and seek timely medical attention.
Economic Dependence: Most individuals over the age of 60 are retired and financially dependent on savings or family. While there are some social welfare schemes for the elderly, they often have limitations and may not provide adequate financial support.
Stigma and Mental Health: TB-related stigma is a concern among the elderly, contributing to social isolation. Many elderly TB patients experience loneliness, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness, negatively impacting their mental health.
Strategies to address these challenges and provide elder-friendly TB care
Holistic Care Models: Transition from disease-specific care to holistic models that reduce the need for elderly patients to interact with multiple healthcare providers and facilities.
Health Professional Training: Build the capacity of healthcare professionals at all levels to better understand TB in the elderly and manage multiple comorbidities effectively.
Improved Case-Finding: Enhance case-finding mechanisms through effective sputum collection and transportation systems, mobile diagnostic vans, and active case-finding at geriatric OPDs and residential homes.
Technical Protocols: Develop technical and operational protocols that guide the diagnosis and treatment of TB in the elderly, including sample extraction, comorbidity assessment, and drug dosage adjustments.
Socio-Economic Support: Design and implement support protocols in consultation with elderly TB patients, including community care models, doorstep medicine delivery, peer support, counseling, and assistance with accessing social support schemes.
Data Collection and Analysis: Ensure rigorous gender and age-disaggregated data collection and analysis to identify TB trends among the elderly, with a dedicated age category in all TB reports.
Strengthen Collaboration: Foster collaboration within the healthcare system to build elderly-friendly care systems effectively.
Research Agenda: Promote research focused on TB in the elderly, exploring state-specific trends, substance use, drug resistance, co-morbidity patterns, TB preventive therapy uptake, and intersectionality with other equity aspects.
Conclusion
On this International Day of Older Persons, India must reaffirm its commitment to the well-being of its elderly citizens. By implementing age-responsive TB care models, strengthening healthcare systems, and conducting focused research, we can pave the way for a healthier, more inclusive future for our aging population.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Aadhaar
Mains level : Aadhaar, rationale behind and Concerns with its Use in welfare
What’s the news?
On September 21, Moody’s Investor Service released a report advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralized biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar
Central idea
India has reacted strongly to the report released by Moody’s Investor Service, which advocates for decentralized digital identity systems over central biometric systems like Aadhaar. The government has refuted the claims made in the report and defended the Aadhaar system as the most trusted digital ID in the world.
What is Aadhaar?
Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identification number issued to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
It is based on biometric and demographic data, including fingerprints and iris scans, and serves as a standardized and secure means of identity verification.
The Rationale for Aadhaar
Unique Identification: Aadhaar assigns a unique ID to every Indian resident, ensuring distinct and verifiable identities.
Corruption Reduction: Aadhaar combats welfare fraud by verifying recipients, reducing ghost and fake beneficiaries.
Efficient Services: Simplifies access to government services, enhancing efficiency and accuracy.
Financial Inclusion: Links Aadhaar to bank accounts, promoting banking services in underserved areas.
Digital Transformation: Enables secure online authentication for e-services, e-commerce, and payments.
Data Security: Emphasizes data security and privacy measures, including encryption and authentication protocols.
Integration: Supports government database integration, enhancing governance and policy implementation.
Welfare Savings: Eliminates duplicates, leading to substantial savings and improved subsidy targeting.
Role in cash withdrawals
Aadhaar and Job Card Linking: First, a worker’s Aadhaar number must be linked to their job card, which is associated with the employment program, such as MGNREGA.
Aadhaar and Bank Account Linking: Second, the worker’s Aadhaar must be linked to their bank account. This linkage ensures that the Aadhaar number serves as the unique identifier for transactions related to this account.
Mapping with NPCI: The Aadhaar number must be correctly linked through the worker’s bank branch with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). The NPCI acts as a clearing house for Aadhaar-based payments.
Cash Deposits: Once these linkages are established, any cash transferred by the government for benefits or payments gets deposited directly into the individual’s last Aadhaar-linked bank account.
Cash Withdrawals: Individuals can then withdraw money from their Aadhaar-linked bank account through private banking kiosks or by using private banking correspondents’ point of sale (PoS) machines. These transactions involve biometric authentication to confirm the individual’s identity.
Concerns with Aadhaar’s Use
Ineffectiveness Against Quantity Fraud: Aadhaar does not address quantity fraud, a prevalent form of corruption in ration distribution, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled amount. The system focuses on identity verification but lacks mechanisms to prevent this type of fraud.
Authentication Challenges: In rural areas, authentication can be challenging due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and limited phone connectivity for one-time passwords (OTPs). Multiple trips to ration shops may be necessary, leading to delays and uncertainty.
Lack of Transparency: The lack of public data on authentication attempts and failures raises transparency and accountability issues. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) highlighted the absence of a system to analyze authentication errors.
Payment Failures: Any error in the Aadhaar-based payment process can result in payment failures. Issues like spelling discrepancies between job cards and Aadhaar databases can lead to authentication failures.
Coercion and Misdirection: Workers are often coerced into linking their Aadhaar with bank accounts without their consent, leading to wage diversion to unknown accounts. Misdirected payments, such as redirection to Airtel wallets, are challenging to detect and resolve.
Savings Claims: Claims of government savings through Aadhaar implementation have been questioned by researchers like Jean Drèze, Reetika Khera, Rahul Lahoti, and Anand Venkatnarayanan. They argue that the government’s assertions may be misleading and not supported by data.
Delays in Wage Payments: Despite government claims of reduced delays in wage payments under MGNREGA due to Aadhaar, recent research using extensive wage transaction data found no statistical evidence of these claims. Insufficient funds were suggested as a primary reason for payment delays
Security Concerns with Aadhaar
Lack of Accountability: Banking correspondents operating the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) often lack a robust accountability framework, raising the risk of misuse or unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
Unauthorized Biometric Authentication: Some banking correspondents may ask individuals to undergo multiple biometric authentications, potentially granting them unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
Misuse of Aadhaar-Enabled Transactions: Reports and studies have highlighted cases where individuals’ money was withdrawn without consent through AePS, or they were enrolled in government insurance programs against their will.
Security Breaches: Instances like the ₹10 crore scholarship scam in Jharkhand in 2020 exemplify security breaches and fraudulent activities associated with Aadhaar-based systems.
Way forward
Data Security and Privacy: Strengthen data security measures to protect Aadhaar information. Ensure strict enforcement of data protection regulations and privacy standards.
Authentication Reliability: Improve the reliability of biometric authentication, especially in areas with limited connectivity. Develop backup authentication methods.
Process Streamlining: Simplify the process of linking Aadhaar with bank accounts and other services to reduce errors and misdirected payments. Provide clear information to individuals about the status and usage of their Aadhaar-linked accounts.
Addressing Corruption: Monitor and evaluate the impact of Aadhaar on reducing corruption in welfare programs. Implement additional measures to tackle specific forms of corruption, such as quantity fraud.
Independent Research and Evaluation: Support independent research to assess Aadhaar’s effectiveness and impact in various government programs. Use evidence-based findings to make informed policy decisions and improvements.
Accountability for Misuse: Establish mechanisms for holding individuals or organizations accountable for any misuse of Aadhaar data or fraudulent activities.
Conclusion
Moody’s report has sparked a debate about the effectiveness and security of Aadhaar. While it has brought some benefits in streamlining welfare programs, it falls short in addressing key issues and poses significant security risks. The government must address these concerns and work towards a more secure and efficient digital identity system, considering decentralized alternatives as suggested by Moody’s.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Mains level : Not Much
Central Idea
Ruixiang Zhang, an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, is set to receive the prestigious 2023 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize for his exceptional contributions to the field of mathematics.
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Establishment
Recognizes outstanding contributions to mathematics
Inspiration
Named in honor of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan
Awarded by
Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), Kumbakonam, India
Objective
Acknowledges and encourages exceptional achievements in mathematics
Recipient Criteria
Awarded to mathematicians under 32 for significant contributions to mathematics
Selection Process
Based on mathematical work, research contributions, and impact
Previous Recipients
Annual recognition of mathematicians in various mathematical branches
International Recognition
Prominent recognition within the mathematics community
Award Presentation
Presented at an award ceremony, includes a cash prize of $10,000
Encouragement for Young Math
Encourages young mathematicians to pursue research
Committee
Composed of eminent mathematicians and experts from various foreign universities
Significance
Promotes mathematical research and honors exceptional achievements
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Electoral Bond Scheme
Mains level : Not Much
Central Idea
The government announced the 28th tranche of Electoral Bond sales, scheduled to take place over a ten-day span at authorized branches of the State Bank of India.
Why discuss Electoral Bonds?
Impact on Political Funding: The announcement of the upcoming electoral bond sale has implications for political funding in India. As part of the government’s efforts to reform the political financing system, electoral bonds aim to bring transparency and accountability to campaign financing.
Upcoming Elections: The timing of the sale window aligns with the upcoming assembly elections in some States, highlighting the significance of electoral bonds in shaping the financial landscape of political campaigns.
Continued Scrutiny: The use and impact of electoral bonds continue to be a subject of debate and scrutiny, with stakeholders assessing their role in enhancing or altering the political funding ecosystem in the country.
About Electoral Bond Scheme
Definition
Banking instruments for political party donations with donor anonymity.
Purchase Method
Available to Indian citizens and Indian-incorporated companies from select State Bank of India branches. Can be bought digitally or via cheque.
Donation Process
Purchasers can donate these bonds to eligible political parties of their choice.
Denominations
Available in multiples of ₹1,000, ₹10,000, ₹10 lakh, and ₹1 crore.
KYC Requirements
Purchasers must fulfill existing KYC norms and pay from a bank account.
Lifespan of Bonds
Bonds have a 15-day life to prevent them from becoming a parallel currency.
Identity Disclosure
Donors contributing less than ₹20,000 need not provide identity details like PAN.
Redemption
Electoral Bonds can be encashed only by eligible political parties through an Authorized Bank.
Eligibility of Parties
Only parties meeting specific criteria, including securing at least 1% of votes in the last General Election, can receive Electoral Bonds.
Restrictions Lifted
Foreign and Indian companies can now donate without disclosing contributions as per the Companies Act.
Objective
To enhance transparency in political funding and ensure funds collected by political parties are accounted or clean money.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Passkeys, Password
Mains level : Not Much
Central Idea
In 1961, MIT computer science professor Fernando Corbato introduced the world to digital passwords, an innovation designed for research purposes. Little did he know the profound societal impact his creation would eventually wield.
Why discuss this?
Passwords have become nearly synonymous with cybersecurity in the 21st century, albeit with an unsavory connotation.
Despite efforts to promote robust password practices, “password” and “123456” continue to dominate the list of common passwords, underscoring the pervasive vulnerability of most accounts.
Passkeys: Need for Change
Ineffectiveness of Passwords: The prevailing authentication method, based on passwords, falls short in ensuring adequate security.
Big Tech Solution: In response to this predicament, major tech companies propose a solution – passkeys.
Understanding Passkeys
Web Authentication Standard: Passkeys are a security feature built on the WebAuthentication (WebAuthn) standard.
Public-Key Cryptography: Passkeys employ public-key cryptography, a potent technique employing a public key (server-side) and a private key (user-side).
Authentication Process: When users log in, a challenge is sent to their device, which utilizes the private key to solve it and respond. The server then validates the response with the public key, all without storing any secrets, enhancing security.
Getting Started with Passkeys
Wide Compatibility: Leading tech companies, including Microsoft, Google, and Apple, have collaborated to make passkeys accessible to most recent phones and PCs.
Operating Systems: Passkeys are available on iOS 16+, iPadOS 16+, macOS Ventura, Android 9+, Windows 10, and Windows 11.
Web Browsers: Passkeys are supported on popular browsers like Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Firefox.
Creating and Using Passkeys
Account Requirement: Users need an account with a provider supporting passkeys, such as Microsoft, Google, or Apple.
Activation Process: To enable passkeys, sign in to a compatible app or website, activate the passkey option, and obtain a unique passkey linked to your account and device.
Usage: Passkeys can be used with biometrics (e.g., Touch ID, Face ID), QR codes, or device verification.
Future of Passwords
Inevitable Evolution: While passkeys offer notable advantages over traditional passwords in terms of security and user-friendliness, they still face challenges related to compatibility and user adoption.
Industry Push: Notably, Google, Apple, and Microsoft are driving the passkey agenda strongly, suggesting that passwords may eventually become obsolete.
Conclusion
A Security Evolution: The emergence of passkeys as an alternative to traditional passwords marks a significant shift in the realm of cybersecurity.
Ongoing Transition: As passkeys gain momentum and garner support from tech giants, they may gradually pave the way for a password-free future, promising enhanced security and user convenience in the digital realm.
SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Freedom of Religion
Mains level : Temple Priest Appointments issue in TN
Central Idea
The Supreme Court has issued an order for maintaining the current state of affairs regarding the appointment of archakas (priests) in Agamic temples in Tamil Nadu.
The reforms introduced by the ruling government, aiming to change the hereditary system of appointing archakas, have faced opposition from the association of archakas.
Why discuss this?
Such appointments violated religious rights protected under the Constitution, emphasizing the need for rigorous training under experienced Gurus to comprehend the significant religious practices of the Agamas.
Government and Judicial Actions
The debate over temple priest appointments in Tamil Nadu has evolved over the years, with several key actions shaping its course:
1971 Amendment: In 1971, the DMK government, led by Chief Minister M Karunanidhi, amended the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowment (HR & CE) Act. This amendment abolished hereditary priest appointments and allowed individuals from all castes to become priests.
2006 Declaration: In 2006, the government declared all qualified individuals eligible to be priests. However, this move was challenged in the Supreme Court, which, in 2015, emphasized the importance of adhering to Agama Sastras while safeguarding constitutional rights.
Gender Equality: In a landmark ruling in 2009, the Madras High Court favored a woman priest from Usilampatti, Madurai, who faced opposition from male priests regarding her inherited right to conduct puja at a temple. The court underscored the need to eliminate gender bias from temples to fulfill constitutional mandates.
Inclusivity: The Supreme Court’s rulings in the Guruvayoor Devaswom Case (2004) and the N Adithayan case (2002) upheld the appointment of non-believers and non-Brahmins as temple priests, emphasizing inclusivity and non-discrimination.
Complex Divine Contradictions
Despite the legal framework and the abolition of hereditary priest appointments, the Agama tradition continues to influence temple administrations in Tamil Nadu. This persistence has given rise to debates and challenges:
Regional Variations: Similar debates have emerged in Kerala, where questions have been raised about why only Hindu temples are under government control, while churches and mosques are not. Tamil Nadu has also witnessed campaigns for temple “reclamation.”
Historical Shift: During the colonial era, British officials’ involvement in Hindu rituals raised concerns among Christian establishments in India. This led to the transfer of temple control to local communities. In 1951, the HR & CE Act limited government involvement to administration and finance.
Friction between Tradition and Modernity: The ongoing tensions between traditional practices and modern principles are exemplified by debates over hereditary priest rights and resistance to the entry of women into the Sabarimala temple. These issues defy simple solutions.
What about Religious Freedom?
Complexity of Hinduism: A prominent temple priest in Chennai argued that rules applied to other faiths may not directly apply to Hinduism. Hinduism is characterized by its diversity of traditions, contradictions, and numerous deities. Temples are perceived as centers of “soul energy” with unique purposes and practices.
Role of Empathy: The priest emphasized the importance of empathy when dealing with matters of faith. Logic and reasoning cannot always apply to beliefs deeply rooted in tradition and spirituality. He highlighted the significance of experiential concepts, dedication, and the unique nature of temple administration.
Agama Sastra Expertise: The priest pointed out that learning Agama Sastra in a year does not equip an individual to manage a temple. Temple administration is a combination of experiential concepts, ideas, and dedication, distinct from running a company. Agama Sastra is not a simple manual but a profound tradition.
Conclusion
The debate surrounding temple priest appointments in Tamil Nadu remains complex, reflecting the ongoing struggle to balance tradition with modern principles.
It highlights the challenges in applying uniform rules to diverse faiths and underscores the profound significance of temples in Hinduism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : NA
Mains level : Maldives Presidential Elections
Central Idea
The Maldives’ presidential election run-off is set to “safeguard the country’s independence and sovereignty” amidst strong ties with India.
In addition to the presidential election, Maldivians will vote in a referendum next month to decide whether to switch to a parliamentary system of governance.
Key Points and Geopolitical Significance
[A] Electoral System
French-Style System: The Maldivian electoral system resembles France’s, requiring a candidate to secure over 50% of votes for victory. A runoff occurs if no candidate surpasses this threshold in the first round, with the top two candidates competing.
[B] History of Maldivian Presidency
Executive Presidency: The Maldives adopted the Executive Presidency in 1968. Initially, it operated as a single-party system until 2008 when political reforms led to a multi-party system.
Abdul Gayoom’s Era: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom served as President for 30 years, from 1978 to 2008, during which he faced political protests and thwarted a coup attempt with India’s assistance in 1988.
Political Reforms: In 2004, Gayoom initiated political reforms, leading to the registration of political parties in 2005 and the adoption of a new Constitution in 2008, enabling presidential elections every five years.
India’s Relations with Maldives
Mixed Relations: India’s engagement with Maldivian politics has seen fluctuations. President Solih’s government has had the most favourable relations with India thus far.
Gayoom and Nasheed Eras: India closely worked with Abdul Gayoom for three decades. When Nasheed assumed power in 2008, India supported his government initially. However, Nasheed later leaned toward China, cancelling a major infrastructure project with India in 2012.
Yameen’s Pro-China Stance: Abdulla Yameen, who took office in 2013, pursued a pro-China foreign policy, including joining China’s Belt and Road Initiative. India’s reluctance to provide loans due to human rights concerns led Yameen to turn to Beijing.
Solih’s Election: President Solih’s victory in the 2018 elections was a relief for India, signifying a shift in bilateral relations. PM Modi attended Solih’s swearing-in ceremony.
Stronger Ties: India provided rapid assistance, including vaccines, during the COVID-19 pandemic, further strengthening relations. Bilateral projects in Maldives have multiplied, and defense cooperation has expanded, with India training Maldivian security personnel and providing military equipment.
Current Election Landscape
Solih’s Challengers: President Solih is facing competition from Opposition candidate Mohamed Muizzu, who emerged as the consensus candidate after former President Abdulla Yameen’s disqualification.
Proxy for Yameen: Muizzu is seen as a proxy for Yameen and has made statements raising concerns for India. He has threatened to terminate agreements with foreign countries and withdraw Indian troops stationed in the Maldives.
Low Turnout: The election has seen a lower voter turnout compared to previous ones, with 79% participation in the first round. This low turnout is a concern in the context of Maldives’ democratic transition.
Geopolitical Ramifications
China’s Influence: Under President Abdulla Yameen’s rule from 2013 to 2017, the Maldives aligned with China, participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (i.e. String of Pearls) and receiving substantial loans, including funding for major infrastructure projects.
India’s Concern: India has a keen interest in maintaining influence in its “backyard” in the Indian Ocean and keeping Chinese influence at bay. India has invested heavily in Maldivian infrastructure and deepened security cooperation, which has raised concerns of establishing a strategic military presence.
Western Nations’ Watchful Eye: Western nations, including the US, UK, and Australia, are closely monitoring the election as part of their efforts to counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region. The opening of embassies by these countries in the Maldives underscores its strategic significance.
Conclusion
Geopolitical Implications: The Maldivian presidential runoff and the country’s relationship with India and China hold significant geopolitical implications. The outcome will shape the nation’s foreign policy direction.
India’s Interests: India’s interests in Maldives include defense cooperation, economic partnerships, and maintaining regional stability. The election’s result will be closely monitored to assess its impact on these interests and the future trajectory of Maldives’ foreign relations.
Dumpsite remediation in India holds immense significance due to its profound impact on the environment, public health, and overall quality of life.
These unregulated dumpsites release harmful gases, pollute air and water, and pose severe health risks to nearby communities.
Dumpsite Remediation: Government Initiatives and Progress
Govt Commitment: The Indian government aims to remediate all dumpsites in the country by 2025 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2.0.
Progress Overview: Over 82.7 million tonnes of waste have been remediated, reclaiming 3,477 acres of land.
State Progress: Mizoram has fully remediated its waste, while states like Chandigarh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat have addressed 50-60% of their legacy waste.
Challenges and Complexities
Topographical Challenges: States with mountainous terrains like Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir face difficulties in waste transport and utilization.
Economic Viability: Some states struggle to find economically viable disposal options for combustible fractions and fine soil-like material.
Waste Composition: Around 8% of legacy waste comprises combustible fractions.
Limited Co-Processing Units: India has 54 co-processing units, with only 13 states having operational units.
Benefits of Recovered Material
Construction and Filling Solutions: Repurposed fine soil-like material can be used in road construction and to stabilize flood-prone areas.
Improving Engineering Properties: Fine soil enhances roadbed engineering.
Elevation and Stabilization: Fine fraction elevates and stabilizes low-lying areas.
Another aspect: GHGs Emissions from Waste
Methane Emission Sources
Wastewater’s High Contribution: Wastewater treatment is a major source of methane emissions.
Organic Matter Decomposition: Methane is produced during organic matter decomposition in wastewater and solid waste disposal.
Solid Waste Disposal: Methane is generated in landfills, open dumps, and waste disposal sites.
Overall Methane Emissions in India
India’s Methane Emissions: In 2016, India emitted 409 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent methane.
Sector-Wise Breakdown: Agriculture contributed 73.96%, waste 14.46%, energy 10.62%, and industrial processes 0.96%.
Key Contributors: Open dumpsites and landfills are significant sources.
Lost Opportunities and Climate Impact
Persistent Methane Emissions: Even capped landfills emit methane due to biochemical reactions.
Untapped Energy Resource: Methane emissions represent missed energy opportunities.
Biogas Potential: 1 TPD of biodegradable waste can produce 80-100 cubic meters of biogas.
Environmental Harm: Disposing of biodegradable waste in landfills releases methane, a climate pollutant.
Harnessing Methane for a Sustainable Future
Bio-Methanation: Implementing bio-methanation processes can capture methane for various applications.
Beneficial Applications: Captured methane can be converted into bio-CNG, electricity, or other fuels.
Material Suitability: Recovered material must meet engineering and environmental standards.
Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with local regulations is essential.
Conclusion
Navigating Waste Remediation: India faces challenges and opportunities in dumpsite remediation. Addressing topographical barriers, ensuring economic viability, and maximizing material utilization are critical.
A Missed Opportunity: Dumpsites emit methane, a valuable energy resource. Proper waste management can mitigate climate impacts and unlock economic benefits.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Poona Pact and other related facts
Mains level : Gandhi and Ambedkar dynamic: critical roles in shaping India's social landscape.
What’s the news?
Prominent figures Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s historic collaboration on the Poona Pact, addressing caste and social injustice, remains relevant in contemporary India’s ongoing debates.
Central idea
Gandhi is indispensable. You may love him or hate him, but you can’t ignore him. As world leaders gathered for the G-20 summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the timeless importance of Gandhi’s ideals in shaping a harmonious global future. Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, making him a creed unto himself.
Gandhi’s Profound Persona
Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, becoming a creed in itself. To truly appreciate his legacy, we must approach it with an open mind, free from preconceived biases. His extensive literary contributions, spanning over a hundred volumes, offer insights into his complex worldview and philosophy.
Gandhi’s Humility and Self-Reflection
One admirable aspect of Gandhi was his recognition of his own fallibility.
He encouraged readers to choose the interpretation of his writings that resonated with them, demonstrating courage and humility.
His continual self-growth was evident, emphasizing his commitment to his principles.
The Gandhi-Ambedkar Dynamic
October holds significance for both Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, known for their opposing views on social issues like varna and caste.
Despite their differences, they reached a historic agreement known as the Poona Pact, which played a pivotal role in shaping India’s social landscape.
The Poona Pact: An Agreement for Inclusivity
Historic Agreement: The Poona Pact was a significant development in Indian history. It marked an agreement reached between Gandhi and Ambedkar in Pune, India, during a period of intense discussions and debates about political representation for the depressed classes (Dalits), who were formerly known as untouchables.
Background: Before the Poona Pact, there was a demand for separate electorates for Dalits, a move advocated by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. This demand led to divisions and tensions within Indian society.
Gandhi’s Fast Unto Death: Mahatma Gandhi, opposed to the idea of separate electorates, embarked on a fast unto death in protest. This fast put immense pressure on the political leaders and created a crisis situation.
Outcome: The Poona Pact was the result of negotiations between Gandhi and Ambedkar. It led to the abandonment of the demand for separate electorates for Dalits. Instead, it introduced the concept of reserved seats (quotas) for the depressed classes within the general electorate.
Significance: The Poona Pact aimed to secure political representation for Dalits while maintaining the unity of the Hindu community. It was seen as a compromise that prevented further division within Indian society.
Legacy: The Poona Pact’s legacy is still felt in modern India. It introduced the system of reserved seats for Dalits in provincial legislatures and other political bodies. This system, known as scheduled castes, continues to ensure political representation for Dalits in India.
Unity Amidst Differences
A Shared Goal:
Though Gandhi and Ambedkar held divergent philosophical views on the foundation of caste, they both agreed on the need to eradicate untouchability and uplift the depressed classes.
Gandhi advocated for treating untouchables on par with caste Hindus, while Ambedkar sought to eliminate the varna system entirely.
Gandhi’s Support for the Varna System: Gandhi, inspired by Swami Dayananda Saraswati’s teachings, supported the Vedic varna system, where an individual’s qualities, actions, and nature determined their varna. He considered it a beneficent law, separate from untouchability.
Ambedkar’s Rejection of Varna Dharma: Ambedkar vehemently opposed the Varna system, viewing it as the root of the problem. He challenged the idea that caste and untouchability were distinct issues, arguing that they were inseparable.
Ongoing Debate
The debates surrounding caste, varna, and Sanatan Dharma (the traditional Hindu way of life) are still actively discussed in India.
Despite the Poona Pact and other social reforms, India grapples with issues related to caste discrimination and untouchability.
The ongoing debate reflects the complexity of India’s social fabric, with differing perspectives on how to address these issues.
Conclusion
Gandhi and Ambedkar, despite their differences, played critical roles in shaping India’s social landscape. Their historic collaboration in the Poona Pact demonstrated a shared commitment to inclusivity and justice. The debates they ignited still resonate in contemporary Indian society, underscoring the enduring relevance of their ideas and ideals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : WTO and Appellate Review Mechanisms
Mains level : WTO's Dispute Settlement Crisis, ISDS and India's stand on Appellate Review Mechanisms
What’s the news?
The recently concluded G-20 Declaration, among its many commitments, reiterated the need to pursue reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Central idea
Reforming international dispute settlement mechanisms is imperative for global trade and investment stability. The G-20 Declaration emphasizes WTO reform by 2024, yet uncertainties persist in the dispute resolution process, given ongoing US opposition.
WTO’s Dispute Settlement System: A Crisis Since 2019
The WTO’s dispute settlement system, known for its two-tier panel cum appellate body structure, has been in turmoil since 2019 when the United States blocked the appointment of appellate body members.
Despite being hailed as the crown jewel of the WTO, this system is currently hamstrung, jeopardizing its ability to issue coherent and predictable rulings.
The G-20’s commitment to improving this system is commendable, but uncertainties persist, especially due to the U.S.’s reluctance towards an appellate review process.
What is Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)?
ISDS is a mechanism used to resolve disputes between foreign investors and host countries’ governments in the context of international investment agreements.
It is a ubiquitous component of bilateral investment treaties (BITs).
The ISDS today is the principal means to settle international investment law disputes.
As of January 1, 2023, 1,257 ISDS cases have been initiated. India has had a chequered history with ISDS, with five adverse awards: four in favor and several pending claims.
The Role of Appellate Review in International Trade Law
An appellate review process is essential at the international level, just as it is in national courts. It acts as a crucial check on the interpretation and application of the law, ensuring consistency.
The absence of such a mechanism can lead to inconsistencies and incoherent decisions, as seen in international investment law through ISDS.
UNCITRAL’s Working Group III
Discussions are ongoing at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) regarding ISDS reforms and the creation of an appellate review mechanism.
Key issues include the form of the mechanism, review standards, timeframes, and decision effects. These discussions hold the promise of addressing the current deficiencies in ISDS.
Benefits of an appellate review mechanism
Error Correction: Appellate review corrects legal mistakes in WTO and ISDS decisions, ensuring the accurate application of rules.
Consistency and Confidence: It maintains a uniform interpretation of trade and investment laws, promoting stability and predictability. A functional appellate body boosts trust in the WTO, encouraging nations to resolve trade disputes peacefully.
Harmonization and Stability: ISDS appellate review aligns diverse treaty interpretations, reducing legal disparities. It also fosters investor-state predictability, attracts investments, and promotes economic growth.
Reducing Uncertainty: Appellate review clarifies investment treaty rights and obligations, reducing ambiguity.
Credibility: Its presence enhances ISDS credibility, making it more appealing for states and investors.
Rule-Based Order: Supporting appellate review aligns with India’s aim for a rule-based global system, fostering international cooperation.
India’s Position on Appellate Review Mechanisms
Support for Appellate Review in ISDS:
Although India has not officially articulated its stance, there is a presumption that India is supportive of the idea of an appellate review mechanism in ISDS.
This presumption is based on the presence of Article 29 in India’s model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which appears to endorse the concept of appellate review.
Alignment with India’s interests:
India is concerned about the inconsistency and incoherence that currently characterize the ISDS system.
Supporting an appellate review mechanism is seen as a means to address these concerns and promote greater stability and predictability in international investment law.
Relevance to Ongoing Negotiations:
India will likely need to take a formal position on this issue during ongoing investment treaty negotiations with the European Union (EU).
The EU is advocating for the establishment of an appellate review mechanism for investment disputes, and India’s stance will be crucial in shaping the outcome of these negotiations.
Quest for a Rule-Based Global Order:
India’s broader objective is to establish a rule-based global order in international trade and investment. Supporting an appellate review mechanism, both in ISDS and within the World Trade Organization (WTO), is seen as a way to achieve this goal.
Moreover, India should also advocate for the restoration of the WTO appellate body to ensure a fully functioning dispute settlement system at the WTO.
Conclusion
The G-20’s commitment to revitalizing the WTO’s dispute settlement system and the ongoing discussions on establishing an appellate review mechanism in ISDS are steps in the right direction. India, as a proponent of a rule-based global order, should actively support these reforms to ensure greater confidence among states and investors in international trade and investment law.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Women’s Reservation Bill
Mains level : Women reservation and representation, challenges and Imperative for Women in enforcement agencies
What’s the news?
The 2023 Constitution Amendment Bill, passed by both Houses of Parliament, reserves one-third of seats in the House of the People, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of Delhi.
Central idea
In the near future, women lawmakers are poised to constitute at least 33% of India’s legislative bodies. In tandem with legislative reforms, there is a pressing need for increased female representation in law enforcement agencies.
The Connection between Legislators and Law Enforcement
The representation of women in the Indian Parliament stands at approximately 14.4%, a notable improvement compared to the 4.9% recorded in the first Lok Sabha in 1952.
While the direct relationship between the number of legislators and the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies is not straightforward, the representation of women in these institutions reflects their alignment with the diverse society they serve.
Reservation and Representation in the Police Force
In parallel with legislative reforms, achieving greater gender diversity within law enforcement agencies is a pressing concern.
Several states have adopted policies mandating the allocation of 30% or 33% of vacant police positions to women, leveraging horizontal reservation.
This approach ensures that if minimum reserved positions for SC, ST, Other Backward Classes, and unreserved categories are not filled by women candidates on merit, women are given priority.
However, there is significant variation among states in implementing such policies, with some not having any reservation for women in their police forces.
The data published by the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) reveals that although the total strength of state police forces grew by approximately 7.48% over five years, the representation of women in these forces increased only marginally.
Examples of Variations in Implementation
Kerala, Mizoram, and Goa: These states, despite not having specific reservation policies for women in the police force, manage to maintain women’s representation in a commendable range between 6% and 11%.
Bihar: Bihar allocates an impressive 35% reservation for women, with an additional 3% reserved for backward caste women. However, the actual representation of women in the force is around 17.4%, indicating challenges in the effective execution of these quotas.
Chandigarh: Chandigarh boasts the highest percentage of women in its police force, with approximately 22% representation.
Jammu and Kashmir: Conversely, Jammu and Kashmir have the lowest representation of women in their police force, standing at approximately 3.3%.
Challenges in Recruitment
Low Rate of Filling Vacancies: Recruitment is conducted for only about 4% to 5% of the total vacant positions, taking into account an attrition rate of 2.5% to 3% and an annual sanction of new posts of around 1.5% to 2%. This sluggish pace of recruitment impedes efforts to increase women’s representation.
Lack of Permanent Police Recruitment Boards: Numerous states lack permanent police recruitment boards, which makes it challenging to conduct regular recruitment cycles.
Infrequent Recruitment: Due to these impediments, recruitment cycles often occur at infrequent intervals, further delaying the process of enhancing women’s representation.
Reforms Implementation: Some of the key reforms aimed at enhancing women’s participation include merging women police with the regular police force and establishing police recruitment boards. However, not all states have been enthusiastic about implementing these reforms, potentially affecting their benefits.
State Subject: Policing falls under the purview of states as per the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Therefore, implementing necessary police reforms primarily remains the responsibility of individual states.
Crime Data and the Imperative for Women in Policing
Gender-Based Crimes:
According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, approximately 10% of the total crimes defined under the Indian Penal Code were committed against women in 2021.
These crimes include offenses such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and crimes against women and children.
This data underscores the pressing need for specialized handling of such cases, as they often require a nuanced and empathetic approach.
Insufficient Representation:
Despite the prevalence of crimes against women, only about 5.3% of total arrests in 2021 were women. This indicates that the available women police force may be insufficient to effectively address cases related to women.
Ensuring an adequate number of women police officers is essential to handling these cases sensitively and professionally.
Scope Enlargement: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act has expanded the scope of women’s recruitment in the police force. This expansion acknowledges the unique skills and sensitivity that women officers can bring to cases involving children and minors.
Versatile Capabilities: The women have demonstrated their competence in various police duties, dispelling any doubts about their ability to handle diverse assignments in a police institution. Their versatility is an asset in responding to a wide range of law enforcement challenges.
Democracy and Representation: In a democratic country, every institution must be representative of its populace to earn the trust of the citizens it serves. Ensuring diversity, including gender diversity, within law enforcement agencies is vital to building trust and confidence among the public.
Government efforts
Financial Incentives: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) introduced financial incentives starting in 2018–19 to encourage states to implement police reforms effectively. These incentives include reserving a portion of modernization funds, with an initial reservation of 10% in the first year, followed by 20% of total modernization funds.
Special Initiatives: The MHA also offered a special grant to encourage states to establish a ‘women desk’ in every police station. However, there may not be sufficient women personnel to handle these desks effectively in some districts.
Way Forward: Empowering Women in Policing
Family Quarters Satisfaction: As of January 1, 2021, the satisfaction level regarding family quarters for women police officers stood at only about 30%. Adequate family quarters are crucial for creating a conducive work environment.
Infrastructure and Environment: Efforts should be made to provide a conducive environment and basic infrastructure to encourage more women to join the police force. This includes improving living conditions, providing separate toilets for women staff, and providing crèche facilities for children in police stations.
Uniform Police Act: Consider implementing a uniform police act for the entire country to establish consistent standards for women in the police force.
Recruitment: Ensure that every state has a recruitment board to oversee and facilitate regular recruitment of women into the police force.
Special Recruitment Drive: Launch special recruitment drives in all states and union territories to actively recruit more women officers and increase their representation in the police force, similar to the Constitutional 128th Amendment for women in legislatures.
Conclusion
The journey toward gender equality and representation in India’s legislative and law enforcement bodies is complex but essential. Bridging the gender gap in the police force is not just about equality, but also about enhancing the effectiveness and inclusivity of these vital institutions in a democratic society.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Bhagat Singh
Mains level : Read the attached story
Central Idea
Bhagat Singh, born on September 28, 1907, in the village of Banga (now in Faisalabad, Pakistan), is celebrated as a charismatic revolutionary who sacrificed his life for the cause of Indian independence at the young age of 23.
Five Lesser-Known Aspects of Bhagat Singh’s Life
[1] A Family of Progressive Freedom Fighters
Anti-Colonial Roots: Bhagat Singh’s father, Kishan, and uncle, Ajit, were actively involved in anti-British activities. Kishan faced imprisonment in 1910 for disseminating seditious literature, while Ajit was deported to Mandalay in 1907 for his inflammatory speeches against the Punjab Colonisation Bill. Both played significant roles in the freedom struggle, influencing Bhagat Singh’s upbringing in an anti-colonial environment.
Dissent within the Family: Despite the family’s strong anti-British stance, Bhagat Singh publicly criticized his father for submitting a mercy plea to the Viceroy when he and other revolutionaries faced the gallows, revealing his unwavering commitment to the revolutionary cause.
[2] A Scholar and Writer
Prolific Writer: Bhagat Singh contributed to Urdu and Punjabi newspapers in Amritsar during the 1920s and authored pamphlets and ‘seditious’ literature condemning British colonial rule.
Eclectic Reading: His jail notebooks revealed his interests extended beyond politics, encompassing literature from renowned poets and writers, including Rabindranath Tagore, William Wordsworth, Wajid Ali Shah, Mirza Ghalib, and Iqbal.
[3] An Atheist and Marxist with Anarchist Leanings
Religious Critique: Bhagat Singh was an avowed atheist who criticized religion in his essay ‘Why I am an Atheist’ (1930), rejecting the concept of one true religion. He viewed religious beliefs as divisive and demoralizing.
Inspirations: Bhagat Singh drew inspiration from Marxist thinkers such as Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, and Bakunin. In his final testament, ‘To Young Political Workers’ (1931), he advocated for “social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis.” However, he did not fully align with orthodox Marxist views, particularly on authoritarianism.
[4] Support from Jinnah
Jinnah’s Defense: While Mahatma Gandhi refrained from intervening in Bhagat Singh’s trial, MA Jinnah ardently defended him. Jinnah vehemently opposed a proposed Bill that would have allowed trials in absentia, delivering a compelling speech in the Central Assembly in 1929.
Successful Opposition: Jinnah’s staunch stance led to the foiling of the attempt to pass the law, but Bhagat Singh’s trial continued under dubious circumstances, resulting in his death sentence in 1930.
[5] Jawaharlal Nehru’s Support
Nehru’s Critique: Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the British legal process and the injustice inflicted on Bhagat Singh. He admired Bhagat Singh’s courage and self-sacrifice.
Historic Visit: Nehru, along with other leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose, visited Bhagat Singh in prison. Despite their differences in methods, Nehru’s respect for Bhagat Singh remained unwavering.
Congress Resolution: After Bhagat Singh’s execution, Nehru moved an official resolution in a Congress session, condemning the execution and demanding commutation, even though the Congress officially rejected violence as a means of achieving independence.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Conocarpus Plant
Mains level : NA
Central Idea
Gujarat has issued a circular to control the growth of the exotic species Conocarpus, citing adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
About Conocarpus Plant
Classified as invasive, Conocarpus is a mangrove
During the winter season, these trees produce flowers, releasing pollen in nearby regions.
In India, various public authorities have used it for landscaping purposes, including road medians, roadsides, and public gardens.
This tree is renowned for maintaining its dark green foliage year-round, even in harsh environmental conditions like extreme temperatures.
Its adaptability allows it to thrive in highly saline areas.
Conocarpus exhibits an excessive water-absorption trait from the soil, posing a threat to groundwater.
Its deep root system can disrupt infrastructure communication cables, drainage lines, and potable water pipelines.
Previous bans
Telangana had previously banned the same plant species due to concerns over its impact.
Conocarpus is not the sole exotic plant species to fall out of favor.
In recent years, Delhi and Kerala have grappled with the need to curb the growth of non-indigenous trees that were adversely affecting local environments, flora, and fauna due to their prolific presence.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level : Cookies and Digital Privacy
Mains level : Read the attached story
Central Idea
In the online world, digital cookies hold a significant role, contributing to personalization and user convenience.
These unobtrusive lines of code, quietly stored on devices during website visits, shape the online experiences we encounter.
Understanding How Cookies Work
Cookies as Digital Keys: Think of cookies as keys to an exclusive club. Just as a club bouncer recognizes regular patrons, cookies remember your login details on websites, eliminating the need for constant re-authentication.
Enhanced Online Shopping: Websites like Amazon leverage cookies to remember your past interactions, offering tailored product recommendations and an intimate shopping experience.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Online shopping carts, fueled by cookies, ensure your selections remain intact even after you leave the site, simplifying the checkout process.
Personalized Advertising: Platforms like Facebook and Google utilize cookies to track online behaviour, serving ads aligned with your preferences.
Types of Cookies
Session Cookies: Temporary, session cookies function as post-it notes for websites, existing only in your computer’s memory during your browsing session.
Persistent Cookies: Comparable to bookmarks, persistent cookies remain on your device after your browsing session, retaining login information and preferences.
Secure Cookies: Sent over encrypted connections, secure cookies are employed for sensitive data like login credentials.
Third-Party Cookies: Originating from domains other than the visited site, third-party cookies serve tracking and advertising functions, offering both benefits and potential intrusiveness.
Multifaceted Uses of Cookies
Digital ID Cards: Cookies facilitate user authentication, allowing websites to recognize and keep you logged in.
Personalization: They remember your preferences, such as language choices and website themes.
Persistent Shopping Carts: Items added online remain accessible upon your return.
Analytics Data: Cookies enable website owners to gather valuable data about user interactions for improvements and customization.
Targeted Advertising: Advertisers employ cookies to display ads aligning with your interests, enhancing online shopping experiences.
Challenges Associated with Cookies
Privacy Concerns: Cookies can track online behaviour, occasionally infringing upon digital privacy.
Security Risks: Inadequately secured cookies may expose personal information to cybercriminals.
User Consent Era: Privacy regulations necessitate websites to seek user consent before deploying specific cookie types, resulting in pop-ups and prompts.
Third-Party Cookie Debates: Concerns about third-party cookies have led web browsers to limit their usage for user privacy protection.
Data Deluge: The multitude of cookies can potentially overwhelm your browser, causing a sluggish web experience.
Conclusion
Complex yet Sweet: Cookies enhance online experiences but also bring privacy and security challenges. As the digital landscape evolves, so will the use and regulation of cookies.
Analogous to Real Cookies: Just like warm, gooey chocolate chip cookies, digital cookies add a personalized touch to your online adventures, even if they occasionally leave behind a few crumbs.
