PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space?
Linkage: The article details talk about the various challenges that contribute to women bearing a disproportionate burden, including socio-economic inequalities, health risks, and the burden of caregiving roles. |
Mentor’s Comment: In 1986, the Chernobyl disaster released harmful radiation, affecting millions for years. The 2011 Fukushima disaster in Japan showed similar risks in crowded areas. Both events highlighted how rapid modernization increases dangers, and women, especially in rural or marginalized communities, often bear the brunt of such crises due to their caregiving roles and limited access to resources. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 overwhelmed healthcare systems and disrupted economies, disproportionately affecting women, particularly those in low-income jobs or caregiving roles, and deepening existing gender inequalities.
Today’s editorial discusses the impact of modernization on women in India and around the world. This content will be helpful for GS Paper 1 (Indian Society).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The term ‘risk society’, coined by Ulrich Beck in his book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, refers to a shift from an industrial society to a society where uncertainty and dangers, caused by technology and environmental changes, play a larger role in shaping our lives.
Why are women more vulnerable to the consequences of risks in a risk society, especially in developing countries?
- Unequal Access to Resources: Women often have less access to land, credit, education, and technology compared to men. Eg: In rural areas of Africa and South Asia, women farmers typically control smaller plots and have less access to irrigation or improved seeds, making them more vulnerable to climate shocks like droughts.
- Caregiving Responsibilities Increase Exposure: Women are usually responsible for caregiving roles (childcare, eldercare, healthcare), exposing them more to environmental and health risks. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, women healthcare workers (70% of health workforce globally) faced higher exposure to the virus.
- Greater Health Vulnerabilities: Due to physiological factors and social inequalities (like poor nutrition), women face higher health risks during environmental crises. Eg: In India, 57% of women suffer from anaemia (NFHS-5), making them more vulnerable during food shortages or health crises.
- Social and Cultural Norms Deepen Disadvantages: Gender norms often prioritize men’s needs over women’s during disasters, leading to unequal relief, recovery, and aid access. Eg: After natural disasters like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, women had lower survival rates partly because cultural norms restricted their ability to swim or climb trees.
- Economic Insecurity Limits Resilience: Women are overrepresented in informal, low-wage, and insecure jobs, making it harder for them to recover from economic disruptions. Eg: During lockdowns in 2020, women in informal sectors (like domestic work or street vending) lost incomes faster and found it harder to regain employment.
How do manufactured risks differ from natural risks?
| Aspect |
Natural Risks |
Manufactured Risks |
| Origin of the Risks |
Arise from natural events or phenomena without human intervention. |
Result from human activities, often related to technological, industrial, or environmental actions |
| |
Eg. Earthquakes, floods, storms |
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, pollution from industrial activities |
| Predictability and Control |
Typically unpredictable, though some can be forecasted with scientific tools. |
Often foreseeable and manageable through technologies or regulations. |
| |
Eg. Earthquakes (hard to predict), hurricanes (can be forecasted) |
Air pollution (can be reduced through cleaner technologies) |
| Scope and Impact |
Often localized, though some (e.g., pandemics) can have widespread effects. |
Tend to have global implications, affecting large populations and interconnected systems. |
| |
Eg. Flood in a specific region |
Climate change causing global consequences (e.g., rising sea levels, extreme weather) |
How did significant disasters like the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the vulnerabilities of an interconnected world?
- Global Spread of Consequences: Both disasters showed how localized events can have widespread, global implications due to the interconnectedness of modern society. Eg: The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 released radioactive material into the atmosphere, which was carried by wind and affected countries across Europe, highlighting how environmental risks can transcend national borders. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic, originating in China, spread rapidly across the globe, disrupting economies and health systems worldwide.
- Overwhelming Existing Systems: Both events overwhelmed existing infrastructures, revealing vulnerabilities in global systems that were ill-equipped to handle large-scale crises. Eg: In Chernobyl, the failure to control the nuclear fallout showed the inadequacies of disaster management and safety protocols, especially with complex technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems, even in developed countries, as hospitals were overwhelmed with patients and unable to cope with the rapid spread of the virus.
- Amplification of Inequalities: Both disasters deepened existing inequalities, demonstrating how interconnected risks can exacerbate vulnerabilities for marginalized groups. Eg: Chernobyl disproportionately affected nearby populations, including poorer communities, who were more vulnerable to health impacts due to limited access to resources and healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic similarly highlighted how marginalized groups, such as low-income workers and people in developing countries, suffered more from economic disruption and limited access to healthcare.
Who primarily bears the burden of managing risks in households, especially related to environmental and health hazards?
- Women as Primary Caregivers: In many societies, especially in developing countries, women are the primary caregivers and household managers, placing them at the forefront of managing health and environmental risks. Eg: Women often handle household chores such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children or elderly family members, putting them at increased exposure to risks like air pollution from solid fuel use or water contamination.
- Gendered Roles in Resource Management: Women are frequently responsible for collecting water, gathering fuel, and managing food resources, making them more vulnerable to environmental hazards like water scarcity, pollution, and food insecurity. Eg: In rural areas, women often walk long distances to collect water, and if these water sources are contaminated, they face health risks directly, such as waterborne diseases.
- Economic and Social Vulnerabilities: Women’s economic position and access to resources are often limited, making it harder for them to recover from environmental or health-related disasters. Their roles as caregivers are frequently undervalued, and they often lack the financial independence or support to manage risks effectively. Eg: In the aftermath of climate-related disasters like floods or droughts, women, especially in rural or low-income households, may face greater difficulties in accessing relief or rebuilding their livelihoods, further exacerbating their vulnerability.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008 to tackle climate change by promoting renewable energy and enhancing climate resilience (e.g., National Solar Mission).
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): Initiated in 2014 to improve sanitation and reduce health hazards through waste management and toilet construction.
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Launched in 2016 to provide crop insurance, protecting farmers from losses due to natural calamities.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Gender-Responsive Policies: Develop and implement policies that address the specific needs of women in disaster management, healthcare, and environmental sustainability to reduce vulnerabilities.
- Enhancing Access to Resources and Technology: Improve access to education, technology, and financial resources for women, particularly in rural areas, to enable them to better manage and mitigate risks.
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Why in the News?
The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not just a symbolic position but an important role required by the Constitution.
What is the role of the Deputy Speaker under Article 93?
- Presiding Over the Lok Sabha in the Speaker’s Absence: The Deputy Speaker steps in to chair the sessions of the Lok Sabha when the Speaker is unavailable, ensuring that legislative proceedings continue smoothly. Eg: If the Speaker is unwell or on an official visit abroad, the Deputy Speaker takes over the chair to maintain the functioning of the House, as happened during various occasions when the Speaker had to travel.
- Ensuring Impartiality in Debates and Proceedings: The Deputy Speaker, like the Speaker, must remain impartial and ensure that debates are conducted fairly, without any bias towards any party or individual. Eg: During debates on sensitive issues such as the passing of a crucial bill, the Deputy Speaker ensures that all parties have an opportunity to speak and that the debate remains orderly, as seen in past sessions when contentious issues were discussed.
- Chairing Parliamentary Committees: The Deputy Speaker presides over important parliamentary committees, which play a crucial role in managing legislative work and business. Eg: The Deputy Speaker has chaired committees such as the Business Advisory Committee, where decisions are made regarding the scheduling of bills and other parliamentary matters, helping to streamline the legislative process.
Why is the continued vacancy of the post a constitutional concern?
- Violation of Constitutional Mandate (Article 93): The Constitution directs that the House shall elect a Deputy Speaker “as soon as may be”, implying urgency, not discretion. Eg: The 17th Lok Sabha (2019–2024) functioned its entire term without appointing a Deputy Speaker, disregarding this mandate.
- Absence of Institutional Safeguard in Emergencies: The Deputy Speaker acts as a constitutional backup in case the Speaker resigns, is removed, or is incapacitated. Eg: In 1956, when Speaker G.V. Mavalankar died, Deputy Speaker M.A. Ayyangar stepped in immediately to prevent disruption.
- Undermining Legislative Continuity and Stability: Without a Deputy Speaker, the House lacks redundancy in leadership, risking procedural breakdown during key sessions. Eg: If a crisis arises during budget discussions and the Speaker is absent, proceedings could face delays or legal challenges.
- Erosion of Democratic Norms and Bipartisanship: Traditionally, the post is offered to the Opposition to maintain balance, promote inclusivity, and uphold impartiality. Eg: Earlier Lok Sabhas saw the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition, fostering cooperative legislative functioning.
- Centralisation of Power and Partisan Control: Leaving the post vacant gives unchecked control to the ruling party through the Speaker alone, weakening internal checks. Eg: In the absence of a Deputy Speaker, all procedural authority remains concentrated in one office, reducing scope for dissent or moderation.
When and how did the Deputy Speaker’s position originate?
- Origin in Colonial Legislative Framework: The post of Deputy Speaker evolved from the position of Deputy President in the Central Legislative Assembly during British rule. Eg: Sachidanand Sinha became the first Deputy President (equivalent to Deputy Speaker) in 1921 under colonial administration.
- Continuity Through the Constituent Assembly (Legislative): Even before the Constitution was adopted in 1950, the Constituent Assembly retained the role of Deputy Speaker to maintain legislative function. Eg: The Assembly recognized the practical need for a second presiding officer during debates and discussions on the Constitution.
- Institutionalisation in Post-Independence India: The office was formally incorporated under Article 93 of the Constitution, emphasising its necessity in democratic governance. Eg: M.A. Ayyangar became the first elected Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha in 1952 and later served as acting Speaker after G.V. Mavalankar’s death.
How can reforms ensure timely appointment of the Deputy Speaker? (Way forward)
- Introducing a Fixed Timeline in the Constitution: Amend Article 93 to mandate election of the Deputy Speaker within a specific period (e.g., 60 days) after the first sitting of a new Lok Sabha. Eg: Similar to the time-bound requirement for forming a government after elections, a clear deadline would prevent indefinite delays.
- Statutory Mechanism Empowering the President: Create a law allowing the President to direct the House to elect a Deputy Speaker if the position remains vacant beyond the stipulated time. Eg: On the advice of the Prime Minister or Speaker, the President could initiate proceedings to avoid constitutional anomalies.
- Strengthening Parliamentary Conventions: Reinforce the long-standing practice of offering the Deputy Speaker’s post to the Opposition through formal House resolutions. Eg: Restoring this tradition would ensure bipartisan respect and encourage prompt consensus in electing the Deputy Speaker.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India?
Linkage: While focusing on the Speaker, the question is relevant because the Deputy Speaker’s role is intrinsically linked to the robust functioning of parliamentary business and the need for impartiality or objectivity within the presiding officers’ roles.
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Why in the News?
In India, although many people are worried about fake news and misinformation, they don’t mostly blame the government for it. Instead, many people are okay with the government having more control over the media, according to a recent survey by the Pew Research Centre.
What does the Pew survey reveal about misinformation and government control in India?
- High concern about fake news: 65% of Indian respondents said made-up news and information is a “very big problem,” placing India among the top 10 countries with the highest concern.
- Low emphasis on need for free media: Only 68% said it is very or somewhat important for the media to report news without government censorship, the second-lowest among 35 countries surveyed.
- Belief in media freedom: 80% of respondents believe that the Indian media is currently “somewhat” or “completely” free from state intervention, among the highest in the survey.
- Misinformation seen as non-governmental: Citizens largely attribute fake news to sources like social media and WhatsApp, rather than to state action or censorship.
Why is there a contradiction between concern for fake news and support for state control?
- Misinformation blamed on non-state actors: Many Indians see fake news as stemming from social media platforms like WhatsApp or Facebook, not from government channels. Eg: Viral misinformation during elections is often attributed to private forwards, not official news broadcasts.
- Trust in government regulation over systemic reforms: There is greater public belief that the state can control misinformation better than a free and independent press. Eg: Support for internet bans during riots or unrest, viewed as a way to stop rumors, even if it limits press freedom.
- Low awareness of press freedom deterioration: Despite India’s declining World Press Freedom Index ranking, most respondents think the media is already free. Eg: 80% of Indians believe media is free, while only 68% think freedom from state censorship is important.
How does India’s World Press Freedom Index ranking reflect on media freedom?
- Deteriorating Position Globally: India ranked 159 out of 180 countries in the 2024 World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders, reflecting a serious decline in media independence and journalist safety. Eg: India has consistently ranked below 100 since 2003, showing a long-term concern.
- Gap Between Perception and Reality: While 80% of Indians believe media is free, global rankings suggest significant censorship, legal pressure, and harassment of journalists. Eg: Arrests and raids on independent news portals contradict the public’s belief in press freedom.
- Impact of State Influence and Surveillance: The low ranking indicates increasing state influence, with reports of surveillance, restrictions on digital media, and pressure on newsrooms. Eg: Pegasus spyware allegations against journalists in India highlight these issues.
- Legal and Political Threats to Journalists: India’s ranking reflects how stringent laws (like UAPA and sedition) are used against journalists, creating a chilling effect on independent reporting. Eg: The arrest of journalist Siddique Kappan under UAPA demonstrates misuse of laws.
- Public Support for Control vs. Press Freedom Standards: Despite the low press freedom score, a large section of Indians supports state control over the media, showing a disconnect between democratic ideals and citizen expectations. Eg: Only 68% Indians see uncensored reporting as important—the second-lowest globally.
Where is the “press freedom gap” reversed according to the survey?
- India and Kenya Show Reversal: Unlike most countries, India and Kenya are the only two where more people believe the media is free than believe media freedom is important. Eg: In India, 80% say the media is free, but only 68% feel uncensored reporting is important.
- Contrary to Global Trend: In 33 out of 35 countries, the importance of media freedom is rated higher than the belief that it actually exists, but India and Kenya show the opposite. Eg: In Greece, a higher number want free media but few believe it actually exists, unlike India.
- High Confidence Despite Global Ranking: Even though India’s global press freedom ranking is poor (159/180), public confidence in existing media freedom remains oddly high. Eg: 80% Indians feel the media is free despite evidence of censorship and harassment.
- Low Awareness of Press Challenges: The reversed gap suggests a lack of public awareness about the extent of media control, censorship, or intimidation. Eg: Many Indians attribute misinformation to social media platforms rather than government control.
- Potential for Justifying State Control: Since many believe the media is already free, there is less pressure on governments to ensure genuine press freedom, and greater acceptance of censorship. Eg: High public tolerance allows laws and actions against journalists to go unchallenged.
Way forward:
- Enhance Media Literacy and Public Awareness: Launch nationwide campaigns to educate citizens about the role of a free press, the risks of censorship, and the importance of independent journalism. Eg: School curricula and public broadcasts can include modules on identifying misinformation and understanding media freedom.
- Strengthen Institutional Safeguards for Press Freedom: Enact legal and institutional reforms to protect journalists from harassment, ensure transparency in state actions, and promote accountability in media regulation. Eg: Independent media commissions and judicial safeguards against misuse of laws like UAPA.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
Linkage: “Freedom of speech and expression”, which is guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution and forms the fundamental basis for press freedom in India.
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Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has come up with the guidelines for setting up of bio-input resource centres (BRC) under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).
What are Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs)?
- BRCs are part of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), aimed at promoting chemical-free and sustainable agriculture.
- BRCs will produce, store, and supply bio-inputs like Jeevamrit, Beejamrit, and Neemastra using local livestock by-products and plant-based materials.
- Key Functions:
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- Local Production: Ensures availability of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides, reducing dependency on synthetic inputs.
- Training: Provides training on bio-input preparation and natural farming techniques.
- Entrepreneurship: Promotes local entrepreneurship, empowering self-help groups (SHGs) and farmers.
- Affordability: Aims to make sustainable farming practices accessible to small and marginal farmers.
- Financial support of Rs 1 lakh per BRC are provided in two tranches of Rs 50,000, though experts raise concerns about its adequacy for infrastructure.
Back2Basics: National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF):
- NMNF is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme was launched on November 2024 under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, promoting chemical-free farming.
- Objectives:
- Focus on eco-friendly practices and organic methods.
- Reduce input costs by minimizing chemical usage.
- Restore soil health, promote biodiversity, and improve climate resilience.
- Implementation Strategy:
- Establish 15,000 clusters across Gram Panchayats.
- Train 1 crore farmers and implement practices on 7.5 lakh hectares.
- Establish 10,000 BRCs for bio-input accessibility.
- Deploy 30,000 Krishi Sakhis for mobilization.
- Financial Outlay: ₹2,481 crore until 2025-26.
| [UPSC 2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?
1.Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices, but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 2.Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity, but this phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 3.Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions, but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 4.The practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2, and 4* (c) 4 only (d) 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has approved an annual master plan for the River Cities Alliance (RCA), aimed at scaling up sustainable urban river rejuvenation.
What is the River Cities Alliance (RCA)?
- The RCA launched in 2021, promotes sustainable urban river management across India.
- It is a joint initiative by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs to integrate river-sensitive urban planning within cities.
- It aims to strengthen institutional capacities, foster collaboration, and support the creation of Urban River Management Plans (URMPs).
- As of 2025, 145 cities are part of the alliance, sharing best practices for river conservation.
- Key activities include promoting river-sensitive planning, peer-to-peer learning, and training for urban local bodies (ULBs).
About National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG):
- The NMCG is a flagship initiative to rejuvenate the Ganga River through pollution abatement, ecological restoration, and community involvement.
- Established in 2011, it implements the Namami Gange Program.
- It was launched with a ₹20,000 crore budget, covering over 288 projects.
- It focuses on pollution abatement and maintaining the ecological flow of the Ganga.
- It operates under a five-tier framework, including the National Ganga Council and state/district committees.
- Key Initiatives: Includes sewage treatment, riverfront development, real-time monitoring, and public awareness campaigns.
- It also addresses floods, droughts, and waterlogging in the Ganga basin.
| [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)?
1. River basin is the unit of planning and management.
2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level.
3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The recent Pahalgam terror attack has revived debates on India’s 1966 decision to surrender the Haji Pir Pass to Pakistan during Tashkent Agreement of 1966.
This move is compared to the Soviet Union’s 1954 transfer of Crimea, which created lasting security challenges.
About Haji Pir Pass:
- The Haji Pir Pass is located in the Pir Panjal Range of Jammu and Kashmir, at an altitude of 2,637 meters (8,652 feet).
- It connects Poonch in India to Rawalakot in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).
- Historically, it was a vital route for connecting Jammu to the Kashmir Valley before 1947, making it an essential part of India’s transportation network.
- Post-partition, it became part of PoK and, during the 1965 Indo-Pak War, India recaptured it under Operation Bakshi.
- However, it was returned to Pakistan following the Tashkent Agreement in 1966, a decision criticized by many experts.
How Haji Pir Pass is a Chokepoint?
- Strategic Military Route: The pass provides Pakistan with the ability to control and monitor the Kashmir Valley from a high-altitude position, serving as a key route for military logistics and infiltration.
- Gateway for Infiltration: Historically, it has been used for militant infiltration into India, fuelling insurgency and instability in Kashmir.
- Shortened Military Access: Retaining the pass would have reduced the distance between Poonch and Uri from 282 km to 56 km, improving India’s military logistics and rapid deployment.
- Control over Key Terrain: Controlling the pass enables domination of the surrounding hills, limiting Pakistan’s ability to sustain military pressure and infiltration.
| [UPSC 2007] Which one of the following Himalayan passes was reopened around in the middle of the year 2006 to facilitate trade between India and China?
(a) Chang La (b) Jara La (c) Nathu La* (d) Shipki La |
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Why in the News?
The Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) of Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR) in Rajasthan is set to expand by approximately 4,500 hectares.
What is Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH)?
- CTHs are designated under the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972, to conserve tiger populations, keeping areas inviolate for tiger conservation.
- The core areas of tiger reserves, where human activities are prohibited, serve as Critical Tiger Habitats.
- Surrounding buffer zones allow sustainable human activities like eco-tourism and regulated resource use, supporting conservation efforts.
- These areas are scientifically identified based on studies of tiger movement, breeding patterns, and environmental needs, ensuring long-term survival and ecological balance.
- Scheduled Tribes and other forest dwellers’ rights are respected within the legal framework, making conservation inclusive.
- The largest critical tiger habitat in India is the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) spanning 5937 square kilometers.
About Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR):
- STR is located in Alwar district, Rajasthan, about 107 km from Jaipur, and is one of India’s most important tiger reserves.
- Initially a royal hunting preserve, it became a sanctuary in 1955 and upgraded to a national park in 1979.
- STR was one of the first tiger reserves under the Project Tiger initiative.
- In 2008, after the tiger population was wiped out due to poaching and human encroachment, tigers were successfully relocated to the reserve, marking a world-first for tiger reintroduction.
- Flora: STR has semi-deciduous forests, grasslands, rocky landscapes, and cliffs. The park is primarily dominated by dhok trees, covering around 90% of the area, alongside other species like salar, kadaya, and gol trees.
- Fauna: The reserve is home to species like tigers, leopards, sambhar deer, nilgai, wild boars, rhesus macaques, and hyenas.
- Ruparel River flows through STR, contributing to its ecological richness by supporting wildlife and plant species.
| [UPSC 2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Options: (a) Corbett (b) Ranthambore (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam* (d) Sunderbans |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss
Linkage: The tension between globalising forces and national or local identities, which is at the heart of the debate surrounding the political trilemma, particularly the interplay between international economic integration and national sovereignty/popular democracy. |
Mentor’s Comment: Democracies in the West are facing a crisis marked by increasing polarization, mistrust in institutions, and rising populism, leading to more insular policies. Economist Dani Rodrik’s “political trilemma” suggests countries can only have two of three things: global economic integration, national sovereignty, and popular democracy. Despite globalization, nations have imposed trade barriers, limiting its benefits.
Today’s editorial examines the growing polarization, distrust in institutions, and the rise of populism, which are driving countries towards more insular policies despite globalization. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 1 on Society and GS Paper 2 on Polity in the Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
What was once just a concept in academic studies is now happening around the world, with its effects being more noticeable in Western countries than in others.
How has globalization impacted sectors and populations in Western countries, fueling populism?
- Job Losses in Manufacturing: Outsourcing of jobs to lower-cost countries has led to job losses in traditional sectors like steel and textiles, especially in regions like the U.S. Rust Belt, fueling populist sentiments. Eg: The U.S. steel industry decline and its role in Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
- Economic Inequality: Globalization has widened the gap between prosperous urban elites and struggling rural populations, contributing to resentment and populist support. Eg: The Brexit vote, with economically disadvantaged areas pushing for leave due to perceived inequality.
- Cultural and Identity Concerns: The movement of people and ideas has raised fears of cultural dilution, driving anti-globalization and nationalist rhetoric. Eg: The rise of far-right parties in Europe, like the National Rally and AfD, focusing on immigration and national identity.
What are the three choices in balancing democracy, sovereignty, and globalization, according to Rodrik’s trilemma?
- Democracy + Globalization, but Ceding Sovereignty: Countries embrace democratic participation and global economic integration but surrender some national sovereignty. Eg: The European Union (EU), where countries gave up control over key areas like trade and migration for economic benefits, leading to nationalist backlash, such as Brexit.
- Globalization + Sovereignty, but Restricting Democracy: Countries maintain sovereignty and integrate into the global economy but limit democratic influence on economic decisions, often relying on technocratic governance. Eg: IMF-imposed austerity measures in countries like Kenya, which prioritized fiscal stability over popular democracy, leading to public dissatisfaction.
- Democracy + Sovereignty, but Limiting Globalization: Countries preserve both sovereignty and democracy but restrict the extent of globalization, often through protectionist policies. Eg: India’s approach of using protectionism and selective foreign investment to balance globalization with domestic control, ensuring political stability and sovereignty.
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How have China and India managed their economies through selective globalisation?
- Controlled Foreign Investment: Both countries selectively allow foreign investments in specific sectors while restricting or limiting them in others to protect strategic industries. Eg: China has encouraged foreign investments in manufacturing but tightly controls foreign ownership in sectors like media, telecom, and finance. India has similarly promoted foreign direct investment (FDI) in industries like technology but has been cautious in sectors like retail and defense.
- Export-Oriented Growth: Both nations have prioritized export-led growth, using globalization to access international markets while maintaining strong domestic industrial policies. Eg: China’s “Made in China” strategy focused on becoming the global manufacturing hub, while India’s “Make in India” initiative aims to boost domestic manufacturing for export.
- Government Control Over Key Sectors: Both countries retain significant government control over critical sectors, such as banking, energy, and infrastructure, to safeguard national interests. Eg: China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs) dominate key industries like energy and finance, while India has state-run companies in sectors like oil, railways, and defense.
- Selective Trade Agreements: China and India have negotiated trade agreements that protect domestic industries while opening up others for global competition. Eg: China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 but protected its agricultural sector with subsidies. India has been cautious in committing to trade agreements that might undermine its domestic sectors, like agriculture.
- Managing Political and Economic Sovereignty: Both nations maintain tight political control, limiting the influence of external forces on domestic governance and policy-making. Eg: China tightly controls its political landscape and restricts foreign influence through measures like the “Great Firewall,” while India enforces its sovereignty by regulating foreign content in media and restricting foreign NGOs in sensitive areas.
What consequences have Western democracies faced from balancing free trade, self-determination, and democracy?
- Economic Inequality and Job Losses: Free trade has led to the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to lower-cost countries, resulting in job losses and economic insecurity for certain segments of the population. Eg: In the U.S. and the U.K., industrial regions like the Rust Belt have seen significant declines in manufacturing jobs due to globalization, contributing to growing economic disparities.
- Rise of Populism and Nationalism: As global competition increased, many voters felt left behind by globalization, leading to the rise of populist and nationalist political movements that prioritize national sovereignty over international cooperation. Eg: Brexit in the U.K. and the election of populist leaders like Donald Trump in the U.S. were fueled by sentiments of reclaiming national sovereignty and resisting the perceived negative impacts of globalization.
- Erosion of Trust in Democratic Institutions: The challenges of balancing democracy with the pressures of globalization have caused frustration among citizens, leading to diminished trust in democratic institutions and the political establishment. Eg: In France, protests like the “Yellow Vest” movement reflect public dissatisfaction with economic policies seen as favoring global markets over local welfare, questioning the legitimacy of institutions and their responsiveness to the people’s needs.
Way forward:
- Balancing Globalization with Domestic Welfare: India must ensure that globalization benefits are equitably distributed, addressing economic insecurity and preventing resentment. Eg: Support local industries and vulnerable sectors through skill development and welfare programs.
- Strengthening Democratic Institutions: India should make democratic institutions more responsive to public concerns, ensuring inclusivity and addressing inequality. Eg: Engage citizens in policymaking to ensure economic policies benefit all.
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Why in the News?
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that the rainfall during the June-September southwest monsoon season will be higher than usual, around 105% of the average rainfall over a long period.
What are the main factors that influence the Indian monsoon, as mentioned by the IMD?
- El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): El Niño, which is characterized by warming sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, tends to reduce monsoon rainfall over India. Eg, during the 2015 El Niño event, India experienced a weakened monsoon and below-normal rainfall.
- Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): The IOD refers to temperature differences between the western and eastern Indian Ocean. A positive IOD (warmer waters in the west) is typically linked to above-average rainfall in India, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions. Eg,2019 saw a positive IOD, which helped counterbalance the El Niño and brought more rainfall.
- Himalayan Snow Cover: As observed by Blanford, the amount of snow accumulation in the Himalayas influences the monsoon. A thicker snow cover in the winter months often leads to increased rainfall during the subsequent monsoon. Eg, years with heavy snowfall in the Himalayas tend to see better monsoon rainfall in regions like Northwest India.
How did Blanford contribute to the development of monsoon forecasting in India?
- Identified the Snow-Monsoon Relationship: Blanford discovered an inverse relationship between the amount of snow accumulated in the Himalayas during winter and the subsequent monsoon rainfall over India. He hypothesized that greater snow accumulation led to a stronger monsoon. This was the basis for early monsoon predictions. Eg: Between 1882-1885, Blanford used Himalayan snow cover data to predict the intensity of the monsoon, marking a key step in systematic weather forecasting.
- First Long-Range Forecast (1886): Blanford made India’s first long-range monsoon forecast in 1886, predicting the seasonal rainfall across India and Burma based on his snow-rain hypothesis. This was a pioneering effort in utilizing long-term data for weather predictions. Eg: Blanford’s 1886 forecast was the first to consider annual snowfall patterns in the Himalayas to predict the monsoon’s arrival and intensity across the entire Indian subcontinent.
- Foundation for Modern Meteorology: Blanford’s work laid the foundation for further development in meteorology and forecasting. His research on snow cover influenced future meteorologists, including Sir John Eliot and Sir Gilbert Walker, who refined and expanded his methods using new data sources and statistical models. Eg: Blanford’s ideas directly influenced later meteorologists, helping to evolve more comprehensive models, including those considering global atmospheric factors.
Why were IMD’s forecasts inaccurate between 1932 and 1987?
- Outdated Predictors: The parameters identified by Sir Gilbert Walker, such as the Southern Oscillation and other atmospheric factors, had lost their significance over time, meaning their relationship with the monsoon was no longer consistent. This led to inaccurate forecasts. Eg: For instance, in the period 1932-1987, the forecast errors were significant, with average errors of 12.33 cm for the peninsula and 9.9 cm for Northwest India, indicating the failure of the existing model.
- Failure to Adapt to New Data: Despite attempts to tweak Walker’s model, the IMD did not fully integrate new meteorological data and evolving atmospheric conditions, leading to persistent inaccuracies in monsoon prediction. Eg: The model failed to predict the 1987 drought, highlighting the inadequacy of the forecasting system during this period and the inability to account for changing atmospheric patterns.
How has the IMD’s forecasting system improved since 2007?
- Introduction of Statistical Ensemble Forecasting System (SEFS): In 2007, the IMD introduced the SEFS, which combined multiple models to generate a more robust prediction. This reduced the error margin and improved the accuracy of forecasts by considering different possible outcomes. Eg: The SEFS helped reduce the average absolute error in forecasts between 2007 and 2018 to 5.95% of the long-period average (LPA), compared to a higher 7.94% error in the earlier period (1995-2006).
- Launch of the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS): In 2012, the IMD launched the MMCFS, which integrated ocean, atmosphere, and land data for more accurate predictions. This coupled dynamic model enabled better predictions by accounting for the interactions between various climate factors. Eg: The MMCFS contributed to more accurate monsoon forecasts in the years following its introduction, helping the IMD predict monsoon patterns with greater precision.
What impact did the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS) have on IMD’s accuracy?
- Improved Forecast Accuracy by Integrating Multiple Data Sources: The MMCFS combined data from the ocean, atmosphere, and land, allowing for a more holistic and accurate monsoon forecast. This helped the IMD provide more reliable predictions by considering the dynamic interactions between various climate components. Eg: After the introduction of MMCFS in 2012, the IMD was able to produce more precise monsoon predictions, particularly in terms of seasonal rainfall.
- Enhanced Long-Term Predictive Capabilities: The coupled model allowed the IMD to improve long-term monsoon predictions by simulating real-world climate interactions more accurately, reducing errors in forecasting and enhancing the reliability of predictions over longer time spans. Eg: The model helped improve predictions such as the 2014 monsoon season, where the forecast matched the actual rainfall more closely than earlier years, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing forecast errors.
Way forward:
- Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Leveraging AI and ML can further refine IMD’s forecasting models by analyzing vast datasets more efficiently and identifying hidden patterns in climate behavior, improving the accuracy of short- and long-term monsoon predictions.
- Collaboration with Global Climate Agencies: Strengthening partnerships with international climate research institutions can enhance data sharing and provide more comprehensive insights into global climate drivers affecting the Indian monsoon.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss.
Linkage: Forecasting is essential for understanding the behavior of the Indian monsoon. This article explores the evolution of monsoon forecasting in India, particularly by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
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Why in the News?
India’s growing economy has sparked discussions on using arbitration to handle increasing commercial disputes. The overburdened court system makes arbitration a popular choice, but questions remain about its effectiveness.
What are the two key parameters that define the credibility and legitimacy of Indian arbitration?
- Efficient Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings: Arbitrators must manage timelines, procedures, and hearings to avoid unnecessary delays and ensure speedy resolution. Eg: In a construction contract dispute, an arbitrator who ensures hearings happen on schedule and avoids multiple adjournments boosts arbitration credibility.
- Quality of Arbitral Awards: Arbitral awards must be factually accurate, well-reasoned, and legally sound so they can withstand court scrutiny. Eg: In a technology dispute, an arbitrator who carefully analyses technical evidence and explains compensation calculation clearly ensures the award is respected and upheld.
Why has the identification of elite Indian arbitrators primarily with retired judges been seen as a limitation?
- Over-Reliance on Judicial Experience: Assumes judicial skills alone are enough for arbitration, without adapting to arbitration’s flexible needs. Eg: A retired judge may strictly follow civil procedure rules, causing unnecessary delays in arbitration.
- Court-like Procedures in Arbitration: Arbitrations tend to mimic lengthy court processes, losing their speed and efficiency advantage. Eg: Instead of quick hearings, a retired judge-arbitrator may insist on prolonged cross-examinations like a courtroom trial.
- Poorly Reasoned Awards: Awards by some retired judges may lack commercial understanding and detailed reasoning, leading to challenges and setting-aside in courts. Eg: In a business valuation dispute, an arbitrator may issue an award without deeply analysing financial reports, making it vulnerable to appeal.
- Lack of Soft Skills and International Best Practices: Many retired judges are unfamiliar with global arbitration practices and soft skills like consensus-building within a tribunal. Eg: In an international arbitration panel, an Indian retired judge might struggle to navigate cultural differences or informal deliberations.
- Limited Diversity of Expertise: Arbitration needs experts from various fields (engineering, finance, tech), not just law, to handle complex technical disputes. Eg: In a complex infrastructure project dispute, a technical expert-arbitrator could resolve issues faster than a purely legal expert.
Who plays the most decisive role in ensuring the efficiency and quality of arbitral proceedings in India?
- Arbitrators Set the Procedural Framework: They design and enforce the timelines, hearing schedules, and procedural rules to keep the arbitration efficient. Eg: An arbitrator can fix strict deadlines for filing evidence to avoid unnecessary extensions.
- Arbitrators Manage Disputes and Party Conduct: They resolve procedural disputes, manage party behavior, and can impose sanctions for delays or misconduct. Eg: If a party repeatedly seeks adjournments, the arbitrator can impose a cost penalty to maintain discipline.
- Arbitrators Deliver Final, Reasoned Awards: They are responsible for writing high-quality, logical, and well-supported awards that stand strong in judicial review. Eg: In a financial fraud arbitration, a well-reasoned award citing expert evidence and quantifying losses strengthens the award’s credibility.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Legislative Reforms: Passed the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Acts (2015, 2019, 2021) to reduce court interference, set strict timelines, and promote institutional arbitration. Eg: Introduction of a 12-month time limit to complete arbitration proceedings.
- Establishment of Institutions: Set up the India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC) in New Delhi to promote institutional arbitration at par with global standards. Eg: IIAC aims to handle both domestic and international arbitrations efficiently.
- Promoting Training and Accreditation: Government encouraged specialized training programs and certifications for arbitrators, including support for professional bodies like the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) India branch. Eg: Collaboration with global arbitration bodies to train Indian arbitrators in international best practices.
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How can the Indian arbitration ecosystem diversify and improve the quality of its arbitrators? (Way forward)
- Diversify the Pool of Arbitrators: Include not just retired judges and advocates, but also trained professionals from fields like engineering, finance, and technology. Eg: Appointing a financial expert as arbitrator in a complex banking dispute can lead to faster and better-informed decisions.
- Mandatory Training and Accreditation: Every arbitrator, regardless of background, must undergo rigorous training through specialized certificate courses and workshops. Eg: A retired judge attending an international arbitration course learns modern practices like fast-track arbitration and efficient evidence management.
- Promote a Culture of Professional Arbitration: Build an ecosystem where arbitration is seen as a specialized profession, not as a secondary option to court litigation. Eg: Creating prestigious professional associations and ranking systems for arbitrators can motivate continuous learning and excellence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ?
Linkage: Arbitration Tribunals, requiring an understanding of their nature and function as a form of dispute resolution, which is the central theme of the Article.
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Why in the News?
To tackle the increasing number of digital payment frauds, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced the exclusive ‘.bank.in’ domain for Indian banks.
Banking Frauds on the Rise:
- Rising Threat: The expansion of digital payments and online banking has increased opportunities for fraudsters. Phishing attacks are a major threat, with fraudsters mimicking bank websites.
- Impact: According to RBI statistics, internet and card frauds accounted for 20% of total fraud amounts and 84% of fraud cases in 2024.
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About the ‘.bank.in’ Domain
- The ‘.bank.in’ domain was introduced in February 2025 to provide Indian banks with a unique online address, reducing the risk of fraudulent websites mimicking bank domains.
- It will be operationalised by the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), under National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) oversight.
- The ‘.in’ Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) is India’s national identifier on the internet.
- This domain adds an extra layer of trust, distinguishing legitimate banks from fraudulent entities.
- The IDRBT, operating under MeitY, has been authorised as the exclusive registrar for this domain.
- All banks in India must transition to this by October 31, 2025, with both old and new domains likely in use during the transition period.
| [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: The Reserve Bank of India’s recent directives relating to ‘Storage of Payment System Data’, popularly known as data diktat, command the payment system providers that
1. they shall ensure that entire data relating to payment systems operated by them are stored in a system only in India
2. they shall ensure that the systems are owned and operated by public sector enterprises
3. they shall submit the consolidated system audit report to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India by the end of the calendar
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Odisha government has notified Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) as a national park, covering 845.70 sq/km. It is the 107th national park and the second in eastern Odisha, following Bhitarkanika.
About Similipal National Park:
- Situated in the Mayurbhanj district of northern Odisha, Similipal is surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
- It includes the Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks, rising to 1,515 meters above sea level.
- The park has a diverse terrain with hills, open grasslands, and wooded areas, supporting various species.
- Flora: The park is home to 1,078 plant species, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal trees dominating the forests.
- Fauna: It boasts diverse wildlife, including leopards, gaurs, elephants, sloth bears, and pangolins. Similipal also supports migratory birds like Bar-headed geese and Brahmini ducks.
- Several indigenous tribes inhabit the region, such as Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, and Khadia.
- Similipal was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956, included under Project Tiger in 1973, and became a Biosphere Reserve in 2009.
Melanistic Tigers of Similipal:
- Similipal is home to the world’s only wild population of pseudo-melanistic tigers, with 13 known to inhabit the area.
- These tigers have a distinct appearance due to higher melanin levels, causing a unique, black-striped coat.
- The mutation in the Taqpep gene makes these tigers pseudo-melanistic.
| [UPSC 2012] Consider the following protected areas; 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sundarbans
Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 Only (b) 1, 3 and 4 Only* (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1,2, 3 and 4 |
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Why in the News?
Under the SMILE scheme, the Union Social Justice Ministry has identified only 9,958 beggars across 81 cities, compared to 3.72 lakh recorded in the 2011 Census.
About the SMILE Scheme:
- The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched the SMILE scheme in 2022.
- It is a Central Sector Scheme to rehabilitate individuals engaged in begging and empower transgender persons.
- It focuses on rehabilitation, livelihood opportunities, skill development, and social empowerment for marginalized individuals.
- It combines previous programs targeting beggars and transgender persons, providing a more cohesive approach to their empowerment.
- Key Components:
- Shelter Homes: Utilizes existing shelter homes managed by state/UT governments; new homes will be established where necessary.
- Livelihood Support: Provides education, documentation, skill development, and economic linkages to help individuals become self-sufficient.
- Target Beneficiaries: Around 60,000 marginalized individuals.
- Implementation:
- Pilot project has been launched in 30 cities (Phase 1) and extended to 50 more cities (Phase 2).
- A local survey identifies individuals engaged in begging, aiming to rehabilitate 25 individuals per survey.
- ₹100 crore has been allocated for FY 2023-24 to 2025-26, with ₹14.71 crore spent by December 2024 on identification and rehabilitation.
Issues in Implementation:
- Inadequate Shelter Infrastructure: Some regions face a lack of facilities for rehabilitation.
- Resistance to Rehabilitation: Some individuals resist rehabilitation due to socio-economic factors or distrust in government schemes.
- Funding and Resource Constraints: Ongoing financial investment is required for sustainability.
- Sustainability of Rehabilitation: Long-term support is essential for successful reintegration into society.
| [UPSC 2016] ‘Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to-
(a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood*
(b) abolish the Child Labour
(c) salvage the marshy lands and wetlands in the coastal areas and cultivate crops in them
(d) rehabilitate the manual scavengers and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood |
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Why in the News?
India has recently expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea by nearly 10,000 square kilometers as part of its ‘extended continental shelf,’ modifying an earlier claim to resolve a dispute with Pakistan.
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About Extended Continental Shelf (ECS):
- ECS refers to the area beyond 200 nautical miles that countries can claim by submitting geological and geophysical evidence to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS).
- These claims allow countries to explore resources like oil, gas, and minerals on and beneath the seabed.
- Coastal states have rights to an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) up to 200 nautical miles from their coastline.
- However, such States can claim additional seabed area beyond this limit if they prove scientifically that the continental shelf extends naturally from their landmass.
Back2Basics: Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)
- The CLCS estd. In 1997, is a UN body under the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) that helps states determine the outer limits of their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.
- The CLCS reviews the scientific data provided by states and makes binding recommendations on the extent of the outer shelf limits.
- The commission comprises 21 experts from geology, geophysics, and hydrography, ensuring legal compliance and peaceful boundary resolution.
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India’s Modified Claims and Pakistan:
- India first submitted a claim in 2009 for an extended shelf in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea, claiming an additional 1.2 million square kilometers.
- After Pakistan’s objections, India modified its claim, splitting it into two parts to resolve disputes and ensure uncontroversial areas in the Central Arabian Sea.
- India also increased its claim by 10,000 square kilometers using new scientific data.
- The Sir Creek area, a disputed waterway between India and Pakistan, remains a point of contention, but India’s modification aims for peaceful resolution.
- India’s claim overlaps with Oman’s shelf, but the two countries have an agreement to keep the delimitation open without conflict.
| [UPSC 2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3* |
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Why in the News?
Recently, a team of scientists from Germany reported a breakthrough in combating the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) through an innovative RNA-based antiviral agent.
About Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV):
- CMV is one of the most widespread and destructive plant viruses, affecting over 1,200 plant species, including important food crops such as cucumbers, melons, and cereals.
- The virus is transmitted by aphids, tiny insects that spread the virus as they feed on plants, making outbreaks difficult to control.
- In India, CMV causes significant yield losses in crops like bananas, pumpkins, and cucumbers, leading to mosaic discoloration, stunted growth, and unviable fruits.
- The economic impact of CMV includes both direct financial losses from reduced crop yields and the indirect costs of pest management.
RNA Silencing Methods discussed (HIGS vs SIGS):
RNA silencing is a natural defense mechanism that plants use to protect themselves from viral infections.
Two RNA-based technologies, Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS), have been developed to enhance plant immunity against diseases like CMV.
[1] Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS):
- HIGS involves genetically modifying plants to produce dsRNA, which activates the plant’s immune system to fight off the virus.
- This method provides continuous protection and long-term immunity throughout the plant’s lifecycle.
- However, it faces challenges such as regulatory issues, high production costs, and the potential for viruses to evolve resistance over time.
[2] Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS):
- SIGS, unlike HIGS, does not require genetic modification. Instead, plants are treated with RNA sprays containing dsRNA that targets specific viruses.
- This method is cost-effective, non-GMO, and can be applied to a variety of crops.
- However, SIGS provides short-term protection, may be ineffective due to random RNA mixtures, and its effectiveness can be reduced by environmental factors such as sunlight, rain, and soil microbes.
| [UPSC 2019] RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?
1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.
2. It can be used in developing therapies for-the treatment of cancer.
3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 4* (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 4 only |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.
Linkage: Teaching children about food and nutrition in schools can help them learn healthy eating habits early on. This supports the idea that education should go beyond just books and include lessons that improve their overall well-being. |
Mentor’s Comment: At the Paris Nutrition for Growth Summit, the UNGA extended the Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, aiming to align with the SDGs and sustain global efforts to end malnutrition. This marks a crucial shift from merely food access to understanding eating behaviours, especially in children, linking nutrition with health, education, equity, and environmental sustainability
Today’s editorial examines the extension of the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, offering valuable insights relevant to GS Paper 2 (Health and Education) in the UPSC Mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Food knowledge is now a necessity; we need to move beyond simply giving children food to also teaching them how to eat healthy.
What is the significance of extending the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030?
- Continued Global Focus on Ending Malnutrition: The extension ensures that efforts to end malnutrition—in all its forms—remain a priority on the global agenda. The original timeframe (2016-2025) was extended to maintain momentum in addressing undernutrition, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. Eg: It helps further the work initiated through the Global Nutrition Targets (World Health Organization), such as reducing childhood stunting and addressing maternal anemia, which are key components of the Decade of Action.
- Aligning Nutrition Efforts with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The extension ensures better alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Eg: This could strengthen efforts to integrate nutrition into food security policies, such as promoting sustainable farming practices that support both nutrition and the environment.
- Promoting Dietary Diversity and Healthy Eating: The Decade’s extension emphasizes the need for better education on dietary diversity and healthy eating habits. This shift is especially important in light of rising levels of obesity and diet-related diseases worldwide. Eg: Encouraging bio-diverse diets that include locally grown, seasonal foods to promote better health and reduce environmental impacts from food production.
- Addressing the Growing Challenge of Overweight and Obesity: The extension allows for a more comprehensive response to the growing global challenge of overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, which leads to chronic diseases like diabetes and heart conditions. Eg: Policies supporting school nutrition programs and marketing restrictions on unhealthy food can be strengthened, as seen in countries like Mexico, which has implemented clear labeling for unhealthy foods.
- Enabling Improved Food Systems and Environmental Sustainability: The extension of the Decade is a chance to transform food systems to be more inclusive, sustainable, and nutrition-sensitive. Eg: The Food Systems Summit and its alignment with the Decade’s goals will encourage the adoption of sustainable food production practices.
Why is it important to focus on the next 4,000 days of a child’s life, beyond the first 1,000 days?
- Critical Period for Adolescents’ Growth and Development: The period from 2 to 18 years is when children experience rapid physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. This phase is crucial for addressing any nutritional deficits from the first 1,000 days and ensuring proper growth. Eg: Adequate nutrition during adolescence helps children catch up on growth and reduces the risk of stunting, which can impact long-term health and development.
- Preventing Long-Term Health Issues: Nutrition during the next 4,000 days plays a key role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease that can develop due to poor dietary habits. Eg: If adolescents are provided with proper nutrition and healthy eating habits, they are less likely to develop obesity-related issues in adulthood, as shown by long-term studies on childhood obesity prevention.
- Building Healthy Habits for Life: The nutritional choices children make during their adolescent years influence their lifelong eating patterns. Teaching children to make healthy choices during this period sets the foundation for their future eating habits. Eg: Education on balanced diets and the importance of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in school programs can help prevent future generations from falling into unhealthy eating patterns.
- Cognitive and Emotional Development: Proper nutrition during these years supports not only physical growth but also cognitive and emotional development. Nutritional deficiencies can impair brain function and emotional well-being, leading to issues in learning, concentration, and mental health. Eg: Nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain development. Schools providing meals rich in these nutrients see improved cognitive performance and better emotional resilience among students.
- Addressing Gender Inequality and Social Impact: Adequate nutrition in adolescence, especially for girls, can help break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition by empowering them to reach their full potential, contributing to both personal well-being and community development. Eg: Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) program in India that targets young girls’ education and nutrition to improve their future roles in society.
Where can children best be taught to build healthy eating habits?
- Schools: Schools are ideal places to teach children healthy eating habits, as they can reach a large number of children and provide structured education on nutrition. School-based programs can include lessons on food choices, meal planning, and the importance of a balanced diet. Eg: In countries like Finland, students are taught about food, nutrition, and the environmental impact of food choices from a young age, with healthy meals provided in school canteens.
- Home and Family: Parents play a crucial role in shaping children’s eating habits, as they control the food environment at home. Teaching children to make healthy food choices can begin in the kitchen, with parents modeling healthy behaviors and involving children in meal preparation. Eg: Families that cook together tend to make healthier food choices, as seen in research by the American Dietetic Association, where children who participate in preparing meals are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables.
- Community Programs and Initiatives: Local community centers and health programs can offer opportunities for children to learn about nutrition outside the school environment. These programs often provide workshops, cooking classes, and activities that teach children how to make healthy choices in a fun, engaging way. Eg: The “Veggie Van” initiative in the U.S. brings fresh produce and nutrition education to underserved communities, helping children learn healthy eating habits in a community-based setting.
- Public Health Campaigns: Public health campaigns, through media and outreach programs, can educate children on the importance of nutrition. Campaigns targeting children through TV, social media, and even mobile apps can reinforce healthy eating habits at an early age. Eg: The “Change4Life” campaign in the UK targets families and children with educational content about healthy eating and physical activity, encouraging healthy habits through accessible and relatable messaging.
What are the steps taken by Indian Government?
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The NEP 2020 emphasizes integrating nutrition and health education into the school curriculum. It encourages schools to include aspects of nutrition, healthy eating, and sustainable food practices in their teaching.
- School Health and Wellness Programme (SHWP): This program, launched by the Ministry of Education, aims to improve the overall well-being of children through health and nutrition awareness campaigns, including healthy eating practices, physical activity, and mental health support.
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme: This scheme is aimed at improving the nutritional status of children in government and government-aided schools by providing them with free nutritious meals during school hours. The government ensures that the meals meet dietary standards, focusing on providing balanced nutrition.
- Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018, Poshan Abhiyaan aims to reduce malnutrition, stunting, and anemia among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The initiative includes awareness campaigns, community-based nutrition interventions, and regular monitoring of children’s health. Eg: Under Poshan Abhiyaan, the government has introduced the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) platform for tracking the health and nutrition of children, which helps in better delivery of nutrition services.
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Initiatives: FSSAI has launched programs like “Eat Right India” to educate citizens, including children, about healthy eating habits. This initiative aims to promote balanced diets, food safety, and sustainable eating practices in schools and communities.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Community-Based Nutrition Programs: Strengthen local initiatives and integrate nutrition education into community centers, schools, and healthcare systems to ensure wider access to information and healthier food choices.
- Increase Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the government, private sector, and NGOs to innovate in food production, distribution, and education, ensuring sustainable and nutritious food options are accessible to all.
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Why in the News?
Despite global trade challenges and stock market fluctuations, India remains a strong and resilient economy. By using its young population and technological strengths, India has the potential to turn difficulties into opportunities. With its rich tradition of storytelling, India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector aims to connect creators around the world through the vision of ‘Create in India, Create for the World.’
What is the vision behind India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector as outlined in the WAVES 2025 initiative?
- Global Creative Leadership: India aims to emerge as a ‘Creative Powerhouse’, encouraging the creation of world-class content that resonates globally through the ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ vision. Eg: Namit Malhotra’s DNEG delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s global capability.
- Fostering Innovation and Startups: The vision promotes a vibrant M&E startup ecosystem through WAVEX—offering funding, mentorship, and exposure in areas like gaming, AR/VR, animation, and AI. Eg: WAVEX supports startups like Erucanavis Technologies (AI-driven ads) and Amaze Studios (VR storytelling).
- Cultural and Technological Synergy: It seeks to blend India’s rich cultural heritage with digital innovation, empowering young creators and expanding India’s influence in entertainment, education, and digital media. Eg: InscapeXR uses immersive media to transform learning experiences through storytelling.
Who are some notable contributors and startups exemplifying India’s growing influence in the global creative industry?
- DNEG (Namit Malhotra): India’s presence in high-end global cinema has grown significantly. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s prowess in visual effects and animation.
- Erucanavis Technologies: Innovation in ad-tech is pushing the boundaries of user interaction. Eg: Erucanavis is developing AI-driven playable ads, transforming digital advertising formats globally.
- Lapwing Studios: Women-led creative startups are gaining recognition and scale. Eg: Lapwing Studios is supported under WAVEX, promoting inclusivity in India’s Media & Entertainment sector.
- Amaze Studios: New-age storytelling formats are reshaping viewer experiences. Eg: Amaze Studios focuses on immersive storytelling through VR and animation, enhancing narrative depth.
- InscapeXR: Ed-tech is merging with creative media to revolutionize learning. Eg: InscapeXR uses extended reality (XR) to create immersive educational content, blending creativity with pedagogy.
How does WAVEX aim to support and scale startups in India’s creative economy?
- Mentorship: WAVEX connects startups with industry leaders for strategic guidance and capacity building Eg: Startups like Vygr Media gain mentorship on scaling content for global audiences.
- Funding Access: It facilitates financial support to overcome capital barriers for creative ventures. Eg: Women-led startups such as Lapwing Studios receive funding through WAVEX platforms.
- Global Exposure: WAVEX offers international visibility and networking with global investors and buyers. Eg: Over 5,900 buyers at the WAVES Bazaar help startups like Amaze Studios find global partners.
- Tech Integration: It supports innovation in tech-driven media fields like AR/VR, AI, and the metaverse. Eg: Erucanavis Technologies is leveraging WAVEX support to expand AI-based playable ads.
- Inclusive Ecosystem: WAVEX promotes diversity by uplifting women-led and regional startups in M&E. Eg: Initiatives like Vision Impact promote inclusive ed-tech innovation through immersive storytelling.
Why is India uniquely positioned to become a global creative powerhouse?
- Demographic Dividend: India has a large, young population that fuels creativity and innovation across media sectors. Eg: WAVEX connects this youthful energy with global platforms to scale creative startups.
- Technological Capability: India has strong digital infrastructure and IT expertise that power cutting-edge content creation. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX in Dune 2, showcasing India’s tech strength.
- Cultural Heritage: A rich legacy of storytelling, arts, and performance adds depth to creative expression. Eg: From classical dance to comics, Indian creators blend tradition with modern formats.
- Government Support: Policy initiatives like WAVES 2025 foster a robust startup ecosystem for M&E. Eg: WAVEX provides funding, mentorship, and exposure to startups in AR/VR and AI-driven media.
- Global Vision: India is aiming to create content not just for domestic audiences, but for the world. Eg: The ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ initiative positions India as a content export hub.
What are the challenges?
- Access to Capital and Funding: Many startups in India’s creative sector face difficulty in securing adequate funding and investment. Despite government support through initiatives like Start-up India, access to venture capital and global investors remains a challenge for emerging companies. Eg: Small animation studios or VR companies, such as Amaze Studios, often struggle to scale due to limited financial resources.
- Infrastructure Gaps: While the government has made significant strides in developing digital infrastructure, there are still gaps in areas like high-quality production facilities, broadband connectivity, and tech training centers. Smaller cities and rural areas, in particular, face challenges in accessing the necessary resources to contribute to the global creative industry. Eg: The lack of advanced digital infrastructure in tier-2 cities restricts the growth of tech-driven creative startups.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Funding Support and Investment Channels: Strengthen access to venture capital and government-backed funding, especially for emerging creative startups, through dedicated investment platforms and incentives. Eg: Expanding initiatives like Start-up India to include sector-specific funding for M&E startups in animation, AR/VR, and AI.
- Improved Infrastructure and Regional Connectivity: Invest in high-quality production facilities, fast-track broadband connectivity, and tech training programs across tier-2 cities and rural areas to bridge the infrastructure gap. Eg: Setting up regional M&E hubs outside major cities to create localized opportunities for tech-driven creative startups.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Linkage: The “A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves” text highlights the shift from traditional film-making to digital production and the role of technology like AI and VR/AR in the M&E sector. This PYQ on digitalisation is relevant as the growth of the creative ecosystem is heavily reliant on digital infrastructure and technologies.
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Why in the News?
After the Pahalgam terror attack, India responded by putting the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on hold and announced several other diplomatic steps. In return, Pakistan said it would also consider suspending all bilateral agreements with India, including the Simla Agreement.
What are the key reasons cited by India for holding the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) “in abeyance”?
- Fundamental Change in Circumstances: India argues that since the treaty’s signing in 1960, there has been a drastic shift in population demographics and developmental needs, especially the urgent requirement for clean energy. Eg: India’s push for hydropower projects on western rivers like Kishanganga and Ratle reflects its clean energy goals.
- Violation of Good Faith Principle: India claims that Pakistan has not acted in good faith, as evidenced by its continuous sponsorship of cross-border terrorism, which undermines mutual trust required under international treaties. Eg: The recent Pahalgam terror attack is cited as part of a pattern of hostile actions.
- Obstruction in Treaty Implementation: India points to Pakistan’s resistance and obstructionist approach in dispute resolution and infrastructure development under the treaty framework. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan bypassed the Neutral Expert process and approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration directly, delaying dam projects.
Why is the term “hold in abeyance” not considered valid under international law, especially in the context of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)?
- “Abeyance” Not Recognised in VCLT Terminology: The VCLT only recognises terms like “termination” and “suspension” of treaties—not “abeyance.” Hence, “holding a treaty in abeyance” has no formal legal status or procedural clarity under international law. Eg: Article 62 of the VCLT provides for treaty termination due to fundamental change in circumstances, but does not mention or define “abeyance.”
- High Threshold for Fundamental Change: Even under Article 62, “fundamental change in circumstances” must directly relate to the core purpose of the treaty, and meet strict criteria set by international jurisprudence, particularly the ICJ. Eg: In the 1984 Nicaragua v. United States case, the ICJ rejected the US claim that a political shift in Nicaragua was a fundamental change justifying treaty exit.
How does the dispute resolution mechanism under the Indus Waters Treaty function? & What are its three tiers?
- Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) – First Tier: Both India and Pakistan appoint Commissioners who meet regularly to resolve technical and implementation issues bilaterally. This is the first step in resolving disputes. Eg: Disagreements over annual data sharing or small projects are often addressed at this level.
- Neutral Expert – Second Tier: If the issue remains unresolved, either country can request the World Bank to appoint a Neutral Expert for technical matters such as design parameters of projects. Eg: In 2005, a Neutral Expert was appointed to resolve the Baglihar Dam dispute between India and Pakistan.
- Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) – Third Tier: If the issue is legal or political, or if technical resolution fails, the matter can be escalated to the Permanent Court of Arbitration, facilitated by the World Bank. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan skipped the Neutral Expert stage and approached the PCA over the Kishanganga and Ratle projects, which India opposed.
When did Pakistan previously bypass the neutral expert stage under the IWT?
- Bypassing in 2016 Over Indian Hydropower Projects: In 2016, Pakistan directly approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) over India’s construction of the Kishanganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects, skipping the Neutral Expert stage meant for resolving technical disputes. Eg: Pakistan alleged that India’s designs violated the IWT’s specifications regarding spillway structures and pondage levels.
- India’s Objection to Parallel Proceedings: India strongly opposed this move, stating that the IWT does not allow parallel proceedings at both the Neutral Expert and PCA stages for the same issue. India refused to participate in the PCA process and called for dispute resolution through the Neutral Expert instead. Eg: India maintained that allowing parallel processes undermines the treaty’s dispute resolution structure.
Which Simla Agreement clauses are “best endeavour clauses” and why are they non-binding?
- Nature of Language – Non-Mandatory Phrasing: Clauses in the Simla Agreement use soft language such as “shall prevent” or “pending final settlement” rather than definitive legal commands. This implies a diplomatic intention rather than enforceable obligations. Eg: “Pending the final settlement… both sides shall prevent… acts detrimental to peaceful relations” is advisory, not obligatory.
- Absence of Enforcement or Penalty Mechanism: The agreement does not specify consequences for violations, nor does it include a dispute resolution framework. This makes compliance a matter of political will rather than legal duty. Eg: Despite ceasefire violations and the 1999 Kargil conflict, no legal action could be taken under the Simla Agreement.
- Meant to Guide, Not Compel: These clauses are seen as guiding principles or diplomatic assurances, commonly called “best endeavour clauses” in international law, which reflect a commitment to try but not an obligation to achieve. Eg: The agreement promotes bilateralism, but repeated internationalization of Kashmir by Pakistan hasn’t attracted treaty penalties.
Way forward:
- Treaty Modernisation Through Bilateral Dialogue: India and Pakistan should initiate structured negotiations to update the Indus Waters Treaty, aligning it with present-day challenges like climate change, clean energy needs, and population growth.
- Strengthen Dispute Resolution with Third-Party Mediation Rules: Introduce clear procedural timelines and limitations on bypassing dispute tiers (e.g., Neutral Expert stage) to ensure consistency, transparency, and mutual trust in treaty enforcement.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2016] Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.
Linkage: The Indus Water Treaty is very important in the current situation where it’s being “put on hold.” It directly relates to the changing relationship between India and Pakistan, which is the main reason behind this move.
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Why in the News?
A new global initiative called ‘Revive Our Ocean’ was launched with the goal of scaling up effective, community-led marine protected areas (MPAs) to boost marine conservation efforts.
About the Revive Our Ocean Initiative:
- It is a global effort to enhance marine ecosystem protection through community-led Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
- It was launched by David Attenborough, Dynamic Planet, and National Geographic’s Pristine Seas to scale up MPAs, empowering coastal communities to lead conservation efforts.
- The goal is to protect 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, aligning with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).
- It is initially focused on 7 countries: UK, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, Indonesia, and Mexico, using successful MPA models.
- It emphasizes economic benefits of MPAs, such as generating €16 million annually from diving tourism in Medes Island, Spain.
Back2Basics: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)
- KMGBF was adopted in December 2022, the KMGBF aims to halt biodiversity loss by 2030 and ensure human-nature harmony by 2050.
- It replaces the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and is often referred to as the “Paris Agreement for Nature“, with 196 countries adopting it.
- The framework sets a 30×30 target, aiming to protect 30% of global land and marine areas by 2030 and restore ecosystems.
- It focuses on halting species extinction, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
- Other targets include reducing pesticide and nutrient pollution, minimizing harmful waste, and promoting urban green spaces.
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| [UPSC 2012] The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern?
1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.
3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.
Which among the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only* (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Why in the News?
The DRDO Laboratory (DRDL), located in Hyderabad, successfully demonstrated long-duration Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for over 1,000 seconds.
About Hypersonic Cruise Missiles:
- Hypersonic cruise missiles are advanced weapons capable of travelling at speeds greater than Mach 5 (approximately 6,100 km/h), making them 5x faster than the speed of sound.
- These missiles use Scramjets (Supersonic Combustion Ramjets) powered by atmospheric oxygen, making them more efficient for long-duration travel compared to traditional missiles that carry their own oxidizers.
- They maintain high speeds and are highly manoeuvrable, making them difficult to intercept by current missile defense systems.
- They can strike targets at long ranges with minimal warning and penetrate advanced defense shields.
DRDO’s Achievement:
- The DRDO successfully conducted long-duration Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for over 1,000 seconds.
- This test advances India’s capability to develop hypersonic cruise missiles, validating the design of the scramjet combustor and the test facility, both crucial for developing air-breathing propulsion systems.
- This paves the way for full-scale flight-worthy combustor testing, bringing India closer to developing functional hypersonic missiles and enhancing its defense capabilities.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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