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Type: Prelims Only

  • Air Pollution

    SC raps CAQM over failure to curb Delhi’s Pollution

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: CAQM

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has criticized the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) for its lack of concrete action to curb stubble burning in states neighboring Delhi.

    Key issues as per SC: 

    • Non-Compliance and Ineffectiveness: The Supreme Court criticized the CAQM for failing to enforce the CAQM Act, highlighting a lack of concrete measures against stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana.
    • Lack of Accountability: The Court questioned the CAQM’s accountability, emphasizing the need for concrete actions and consequences for officials who fail to enforce anti-pollution laws.
    • Staffing and Representation Issues: The Court expressed concerns over staffing shortages in pollution control boards and inadequate representation in CAQM sub-committees, hindering effective operation.
    • Scepticism on Pollution Reduction Claims: Despite claims of improved air quality and reduced stubble burning, the Court remained doubtful, citing ongoing instances of stubble burning and demanding detailed explanations from the CAQM.

    About the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM):

    Details
    Formation
    • Established in 2021;
    • Statutory body under the Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021
    Objective To manage air quality in the NCR and adjoining areas comprehensively
    Composition Headed by a full-time chairperson, with members from various states, ministries, and sectors like agriculture, industry, transport, and construction
    Powers Authority to issue directions, inspect industries, entertain complaints, restrict industries, and shut down non-compliant units
    Jurisdiction National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining areas in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan
    Functions Coordinates and monitors air quality, sets pollution control parameters, identifies violators, monitors industries, and can overrule state directives

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

    1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.

    2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    [2022]The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

    [2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?

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  • [pib] WAVES Anime & Manga Contest

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: WAM! Contest, WAVES Summit

    Why in the News?

    In an effort to promote anime and manga culture in India, the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting has launched the WAVES Anime & Manga Contest (WAM!).

    About the WAVES Anime & Manga Contest

    • The WAM! is an innovative initiative launched by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in collaboration with the Media & Entertainment Association of India (MEAI).
    • The contest is part of Create in India Challenge and is aimed at nurturing local creative talent in anime and manga production.
    • It provides a unique platform for Indian creators to produce localized versions of Japanese art styles, targeting both domestic and global audiences.
    • The contest offers marketing support and opportunities for global recognition, helping creators showcase their talent in manga, webtoon, and anime.

    WAM! features 3 key categories:

    1. Manga (Japanese style comics): Individual participation for both students and professionals.
    2. Webtoon (Vertical comics for digital mediums): Individual participation for students and professionals.
    3. Anime (Japanese style animation): Team participation (up to 4 members) for students and professionals.

     

    About the Create in India Challenge

    • The Create in India Challenge aligns with Prime Ministers vision of “Design in India, Design for the World”, emphasizing the development of creative industries in India.
    • It is part of the broader effort to make India a global hub for design, innovation, and creative production.
    • It is a precursor to the WAVES Summit, a large-scale event aimed at promoting creativity and technology in media and entertainment.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Kolkata Tram

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Kolkata Tram

    Why in the News?

    West Bengal has announced the discontinuation of the iconic 150 year old Kolkata trams, India’s last functioning tram system.

    About Kolkata Tram

    • Introduced in 1873 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), the first trams were horse-drawn and operated along a 3.8 km route between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street.
    • In 1874, horse-drawn trams reached Bombay (now Mumbai), followed by their introduction in Nashik and Patna.
    • However, their dependency on horse labor made them unsustainable.

    Revival and Modernization of Kolkata’s Trams

    • Lord Ripon revived trams in Calcutta in 1880 by experimenting with steam locomotives.
    • While the steam-powered trams improved speed, they introduced issues like pollution, which discouraged other states from adopting this technology.
    • In 1895, Madras (now Chennai) launched the country’s first electric tramcars, reducing noise and pollution.
    • Following this, Calcutta also transitioned to electric-powered trams by 1902, with routes between Esplanade and Kidderpore, and Esplanade and Kalighat.

    Significance of Trams

    • Kolkata’s trams hold historical significance as India’s oldest running tram system, symbolizing the city’s colonial past and cultural identity.
    • They provide an environmentally friendly and affordable mode of transport, making them relevant even today.
    • As a symbol of resilience, Kolkata’s trams have survived while other cities phased them out.
    • They also serve as a unique tourist attraction, offering a nostalgic glimpse of the city.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of Industrial Revolution on India during the first half of the nineteenth century?

    (a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.

    (b) Machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers.

    (c) Railway line were laid in many parts of the country.

    (d) Heavy duties were imposed on the import of British manufactures.

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  • Wetland Conservation

    In news: Dhanauri Wetland

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Dhanauri Wetland

    Why in the News?

    The NGT has ordered the UP government to remove water hyacinth from “Dhanauri wetlands” and questioned its failure to designate the wetland as a Ramsar site.

    Dhanauri Wetland

    About Dhanauri Wetland

    Details
    Location
    • Dhanauri village near Dankaur, Uttar Pradesh;
    • Floodplains of Yamuna.
    Key Species Home to over 120 Sarus Cranes (state bird of Uttar Pradesh) and 217 bird species
    Ecological Significance Important birding and nesting site; recognized as an Important Bird Area by Bird Life International
    Bird Population Hosts over 50,000 waterfowls during migratory seasons (November to March)
    Ramsar Criteria Fulfills 2 Ramsar criteria:
    1. Hosts over 1% of biogeographic Sarus Crane population
    2. Congregation site for 20,000+ waterfowls
    Conservation Status Documented by BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society); crucial for supporting endangered species

     

    Ramsar Wetlands

    • The Ramsar Convention, also known as the ‘Convention on Wetlands,’ is an intergovernmental environmental treaty founded by UNESCO in 1971.
    • It derives its name from the city of Ramsar in Iran, where it was initially signed.
    • Ramsar sites are wetlands of global significance recognized under this treaty.
    • The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the brink of ecological changes and in need of close monitoring under the Ramsar Convention.

    Ramsar Site Designation Criteria:

    Ramsar site designation hinges on several factors:

    1. Representing rare or unique natural wetland types.
    2. Supporting endangered species or threatened ecological communities.
    3. Maintaining biodiversity in specific biogeographic regions.
    4. Offering refuge during adverse conditions.
    5. Regularly accommodating 20,000 or more waterbirds.
    6. Sustaining 1% of a population of a single water-bird species.
    7. Serving as a critical source of food, spawning grounds, nurseries, and migration paths for fish.
    8. Regularly supporting 1% of a population of non-avian wetland-dependent animal species.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Bhagat Singh (1907-1931)

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Bhagat Singh

    Why in the News?

    September 28th marks 117th birth anniversary of the legendary freedom fighter “Bhagat Singh”.

    Who was Bhagat Singh?

    Details
    Birth  September 28, 1907; Banga, Punjab (now in Pakistan)
    Family  Came from a family involved in anticolonial activities; his father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh were active freedom fighters.
    Affiliations • Hindustan Republican Association (1924)
    • Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (1928)
    • Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1926)
    Revolutionary Actions • Played a key role in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1928) by avenging Lala Lajpat Rai’s death and mistakenly killing J.P. Saunders
    • Threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929, with B.K. Dutt, to protest oppressive British laws.
    Ideologies and Principles • Advocated Marxist and socialist ideologies
    • Rejected religion in his essay Why I Am an Atheist
    • Emphasized rationalism, equality, and justice.
    Arrest and Trial
    • Arrested in 1929 for throwing a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly; later rearrested for the Lahore Conspiracy Case (murder of J.P. Saunders).
    • Jinnah opposed a 1929 Bill allowing trials in absentia, delivering a strong speech in the Central Assembly.
    Execution
    • Hanged on March 23, 1931, along with Sukhdev and Rajguru, in Lahore for his revolutionary activities.
    • Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose visited Bhagat Singh in prison.
    Literary Works
    • Bhagat Singh was fluent in Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, and English, and familiar with Sanskrit.
    • His jail notebook referenced thinkers like Karl Marx, Thomas Jefferson, Mark Twain, and others, reflecting his intellectual diversity.
    • At 17, he wrote Vishwa Prem (Universal Love), advocating for universal brotherhood and equality.
    • He urged the oppressed classes to rebel against the social order and spoke about the philosophy of revolution in his writings, such as What is Revolution? (1929).
    • In his series What is Anarchism? he described organized religion and the state as forms of mental and physical slavery.
    • He wrote about the power of love in a 1929 letter to Sukhdev, emphasizing its role in personal and political strength.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss.

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  • Make in India: Challenges & Prospects

    [pib] 10 Years of Make in India

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Make in India Programme

    Why in the News?

    It has been 10 years since the announcement of “Make in India” Programme on September 25 in the year 2014.

    About the Make in India Programme:

    Details
    Led by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry
    Objective To transform India into a global manufacturing and investment hub
    Key Focus Areas Attract foreign investment, promote industrialization, export-led growth
    Make in India 2.0 Sectors Covers 27 sectors, including strategic manufacturing and services
    GDP Target (Manufacturing) Increase manufacturing share in GDP from 16% to 25% by 2022
    Job Creation Target 10 crore additional jobs by 2022
    Manufacturing Growth Target 12-14% annual growth in the manufacturing sector
    Four Pillars
    • Focus on Ease of Doing Business, de-licensing, and de-regulation of industries
    • Develop industrial corridors, strengthen existing infrastructure, fast-track registration
    • 27 sectors including manufacturing, infrastructure, and services
    • Government as a facilitator, partnering with industries for economic development

    Success of the Project

    • India is now the second-largest mobile phone producer globally.
    • The PLI Schemes have attracted ₹1.97 lakh crore in investment across 14 key sectors, generating 8 lakh jobs.
    • The PM GatiShakti initiative has improved logistics and transport connectivity, while India received $667.41 billion in FDI from 2014-2024.
    • Indigenous projects like INS Vikrant and Vande Bharat Trains have showcased India’s growth in manufacturing.
    • India improved its Ease of Doing Business ranking, moving from 142nd to 63rd.
    • Limitations:
      • The share of manufacturing in GDP has remained flat at 17.3% in 2023-24, the same level as in 2013-14, despite rising briefly to 18.5% in 2021-22.
      • Employment has declined, with manufacturing’s share in total employment falling from 11.6% in 2013-14 to 10.6% in 2022-23.
      • India’s share in global exports grew from 1% in 2005-06 to 1.6% by 2015-16, but only increased marginally to 1.8% by 2022-23.
      • Additionally, imports as a share of GDP have risen back to 25% in 2023-24, similar to 27% in 2013-14, after a dip to 21.2% in 2020-21 during the pandemic.

    PYQ:

    [2017] “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period.” Give reasons. How far are the recent changes in Industrial-Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate?

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Deendayal Upadhyaya’s Birth Anniversary

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Deendayal Upadhyaya

    Why in the News?

    September 25 marks the 108th birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya, one of the most influential thinkers of India’s right-wing movement.

    About Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (1916-1968)

    Details
    Born • September 25, 1916 in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

    • Antyodaya Diwas is observed on this day since 2014.
    Affiliations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)
    Political Role • One of the key leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS)
    • Served as President of BJS
    Key Contributions • Founder of the Integral Humanism philosophy
    • Introduced the concept of Antyodaya for the upliftment of the poorest
    • Promoted self-reliance (Swadeshi) and decentralization of power
    Doctrine of ‘Antyodaya’ • Antyodaya means “upliftment of the last person in society.”
    • It focuses on improving the living conditions of the poorest and most marginalized sections of society.
    • Upadhyaya believed that true development can only be measured by the welfare of the weakest sections, promoting policies aimed at economic, social, and educational inclusion of these groups.
    Legacy • Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana inspired by his ideas

    • In 2015, NRLM was renamed Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-NRLM.
    Death February 11, 1968, under mysterious circumstances in Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Findings based on China’s Chang’e-5 Mission

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Chang’e-5 Mission and its outcomes

    Why in the News?

    • Scientists long believed that volcanic activity on the moon ceased about a billion years ago.
      • However, a study based on China’s Chang’e-5 mission samples has questioned this belief with evidence suggesting the moon had active volcanoes as recently as 120 million years ago.

    Chang’e-5 Mission: Overview and Recent Findings

    • Chang’e-5 is a mission launched in November 2020 as part of the Chang’e lunar exploration program.
    • It was designed to:
      • Collect samples from the moon’s surface and bring them back to Earth for analysis.
      • Study the geology and mineral composition of the moon.
    • It successfully landed on the “Mons Rumker region”, a volcanic complex in the Oceanus Procellarum (the ‘Ocean of Storms’) area on the moon’s near side, and returned about 1.7 kg of lunar material to Earth in December 2020.

    Recent Findings Based on Chang’e-5 Mission

    • Recent studies of samples have revealed evidence of volcanic activity on the moon as recently as 116-135 million years ago.
      • It challenges the previous belief that the moon’s volcanic activity ceased about a billion years ago.
    • The analysis of lunar glass beads collected by Chang’e-5 has provided insights into both volcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts that shaped the moon’s surface.

    What are the Beads on the Moon?

    • Lunar glass beads are small, spherical or egg-shaped glass particles found on the moon’s surface.
    • These beads are formed in two main ways:
      • Volcanic Activity: During volcanic eruptions, molten lava fragments are thrown into the air, where they cool rapidly and form glass beads.
      • Impact Events: When asteroids or meteorites hit the moon’s surface, the intense pressure and heat melt the surface material. The molten material cools quickly, forming glass beads as it lands back on the surface.
    • These beads are important because they:
      • Provide clues about the moon’s geological history.
      • Help scientists determine the age of volcanic eruptions.
      • Offer insights into the formation of the moon’s surface and its volcanic and impact events.

    Key characteristics of Lunar Glass Beads

    • Composition: These beads are primarily made of silicon, magnesium, and iron, with trace amounts of other elements such as potassium, titanium, and uranium.
    • Volcanic vs. Impact Beads: Volcanic glass beads tend to be more uniform, while impact beads may show fractures or deformations caused by high-energy impacts. Volcanic beads often contain more volatile elements like sulphur, which are released during eruptions.

    PYQ:

    [2012] What do you understand by the term Aitken basin?

    (a) It is a desert in the southern Chile which is known to be the only location on earth where no rainfall takes place.

    (b) It is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon.

    (c) It is a Pacific coast basin, which is known to house large amounts of oil and gas.

    (d) It is a deep hyper saline anoxic basin where no aquatic animals are found.

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    AH-64E Apache Helicopters

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: AH-64E Apache Helicopters

    AH-64E Apache Helicopters

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army is set to receive its first batch of three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from Boeing in December.

    About AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters:

    Details
    Name and Origin AH-64E Apache (Apache Guardian) is a highly advanced multi-role combat helicopter and lies in a heavy category.

    Manufactured by Boeing, originating from the US.
    India’s Acquisition In February 2020, India signed a deal for six AH-64E helicopters, with an additional six contracted later.
    Countries Operating Operated by India, Egypt, Israel, Japan, South Korea, UAE, UK, and others.
    Indigenous Production Tata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL), a joint venture, produces fuselages in Hyderabad, set to become the sole global producer, sourcing 90% of parts from India.
    Combat Features Features open architecture for advanced systems, enhanced thrust and lift, digital interoperability, improved survivability, and advanced infrared and night vision capabilities.

    Deployment Plans for Apache 

    • The Apaches are primarily suited for countering armour and will be deployed in desert regions.
    • However, due to their operational limitations at high altitudes, they won’t be used in regions like Ladakh.
    • Instead, the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., will be deployed in Ladakh by 2024-25.
      • The LCH is designed specifically for high-altitude conditions.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    How does the selection works at Oscar Awards?  

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Oscar Awards, Film Federation of India (FFI)

    Why in the News?

    India has announced its official entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the 97th Academy (Oscar) Awards, set to take place early next year.

    About the Film Federation of India (FFI)

    • The FFI is the main body representing the interests of the Indian film industry, including producers, distributors, and exhibitors.
    • It was established in 1951.
    • The FFI’s primary goal is to promote and protect the Indian film industry, both in India and internationally.
    • It plays a key role in selecting India’s official entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the Oscar Awards.

    How does the FFI make the choice?

    • Submission Process: The FFI invites filmmakers to submit their films for consideration. To be eligible, the film must:
      • Be at least 40 minutes long.
      • Have more than 50% of its dialogue in a non-English language.
      • Have had a theatrical release of at least seven days between November 1, 2023, and September 30, 2024.
    • Jury Selection: The FFI appoints a 13-member jury made up of experienced individuals from the creative field, who evaluate the films and select India’s entry.
      • The jury chairperson is nominated by the FFI and oversees the selection process.
    • Screening and Voting: The jury watches all the submissions and conducts discussions before making a final decision via voting.

    Why has the FFI come under criticism?

    • All-Male Jury: The FFI’s current jury has drawn criticism for being composed entirely of men. This led to public discussions about the absence of women on the jury, especially since India’s official entry for the 97th Oscars focuses on women’s issues.
    • Arbitrary Process: FFI’s selection process can be arbitrary, and there have been calls for greater transparency and inclusiveness in choosing films for international awards like the Oscars.

    PYQ:

    [2014] What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

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