Statement 1 is Correct:
There was a certain shift in the nature of peasant movements after 1857. Princes, chiefs and landlords having been crushed or co-opted, peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian movements. They now fought directly for their own demands, centred almost wholly on economic issues, and against their immediate enemies, foreign planters and indigenous zamindaris and moneylenders. Their struggles were directed towards specific and limited objectives and redressal of particular grievances.
They did not make colonialism their target. Nor was their objective the ending of the system of their subordination and exploitation. They did not aim at turning the world upside down.

Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The territorial reach of the peasant movements in India was limited. They were confined to particular localities with no mutual communication or linkages. They also lacked continuity of struggle or longterm organization. Once the specific objectives of a movement were achieved, its organization, as also peasant solidarity built around it, dissolved and disappeared. Thus, the Indigo strike, the Pabna agrarian leagues and the social-boycott movement of the Deccan ryots left behind no successors.
Also, their struggles were directed towards specific and limited objectives and redressal of particular grievances. They did not make colonialism their target. Nor was their objective the ending of the system of their subordination and exploitation.

Statement 3 is Correct:
The peasants also developed a strong awareness of their legal rights and asserted them in and outside the courts. And if an effort was made to deprive them of their legal rights by extra-legal means or by manipulation of the law and law courts, they countered with extra-legal means of his own.

All 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Explanation-
Lack of Planning and Co-ordination
There was no planning among the rebels. Different groups pulled in different directions. The principal rebel leaders – Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh, Rani Laxmibai were no match to their British opponents in generalship.

Weak Leadership of the 1857 Mutiny
There were multiple leaders at different storm centres of the revolt and all were fighting the British for their own reasons and not one single cause.

Superior British Army
The Indian rebels possessed great courage and will to fight the British enemy, however, they lacked the sophisticated arms and ammunition of the British army.

Limited Supplies and Lack of Modern Communication
The Indian rebels had limited military supplies. They used weapons and bullets from wherever they could loot or they already possessed while the British soldiers had the advantage of the modern Railways and the Telegraph that had already started to communicate and plan quickly.

Lack of Societal Alternative
By proclaiming Bahadur Shah as the leader of the Revolt, the mutinous sepoys demonstrated a lack of societal alternative to the British occupation. One foreign power was to be supplanted by former feudal powers. For this reason the masses did not participate in the Revolt.

The Princes and Educated Classes did not participate
Most of the Princely rulers and big Zamindars did not support the 1857 Revolt and actively sided with the British. Their dominions remained free of any anti-colonial uprisings. The educated middle and upper classes were mostly critical of the rebels since they were repelled by the rebels appeals to superstitions and their opposition to progressive social measures.

Limited Spread of the Revolt
The 1857 Revolt remained concentrated in the Central India and some parts of north-Western India. It did not spread to South India and most of Eastern and Western India.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The uprising was in Kerala and not Bengal.

Explanation-
The Moplah Rebellion, also known as the Moplah Riots of 1921 was the culmination of a series of riots by Moplahs (Muslims of Malabar) in the 19th and early 20th centuries against the British and the Hindu landlords in Malabar (Northern Kerala). The rebellion is sometimes seen as a class uprising although events show that the riots were communal in nature.

1 and 2 are incorrectly matched.

Explanation-
Rebellion of the Paiks
Area: Orissa
Year: 1804-06
Leader: First under the Raja of the Khurda and later under jagabandhu.

Revolt of Ramosis
Area: Poona
Year: 1822-29
Leader: Chittur Singh and Umaji

Gadkari Rebellion
Area: Kolhapur (Maharashtra)
Year: 1844-45

Statement 2 is incorrect. Sindhu and Kanhu led the famous Santhal movement. The Pagalpanthi revolt was led by Karam Shah and Tipu Shah.

Explanation-
Pagal Panthi Revolt (1825 – 1850’s)
The Pagal Panthis was a socio-religious movement against the oppressive rule of British East India Company and the zamindars or landlords in rural Bengal in 18th and 19th century.
Under Karim Shah’s son Tipu Shah, the order revolted against the British government by organising peasant rebellions.
They were against the oppressive tax regime of the British.
Tipu Shah captured Sherpur in 1825 and practically ruled over the Sherpur and Mymensingh areas. Disturbances continued till the 1850’s.
.

Explanation-
The Indigo Rebellion (Neel Bidroho) took place in Bengal in 1859-60 and was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.

Causes of the Indigo Rebellion/Revolt
European planters enjoyed a monopoly over indigo and they forced Indian farmers to grow indigo by signing fraudulent deals with them.The cultivators were forced to grow indigo in place of food crops.They were advanced loans for this purpose. Once the farmers took loans, they could never repay it due to the high rates of interest.The tax rates were also exorbitant.The farmers were brutally oppressed if they could not pay the rent or refused to do as asked by the planters.They were forced to sell indigo at non-profitable rates so as to maximize the European planters’ profits.If a farmer refused to grow indigo and planted paddy instead, the planters resorted to illegal means to get the farmer to grow indigo such as looting and burning crops, kidnapping the farmer’s family members, etc.The government always supported the planters who enjoyed many privileges and judicial immunities.

The indigo farmers revolted in the Nadia district of Bengal by refusing to grow indigo. The farmers were led by the Biswas brothers of Nadia, Rafiq Mondal of Malda and Kader Molla of Pabna. The revolt also received support from many zamindars notably Ramrattan Mullick of Narail. The revolt was suppressed and many farmers were slaughtered by the government and some of the zamindars.

The revolt was largely non-violent and it acted as a precursor to Gandhiji’s non-violent satyagraha in later years. The revolt was not a spontaneous one. It was built up over years of oppression and suffering of the farmers at the hands of the planters and the government. Hindus and Muslims joined hands against their oppressors in this rebellion.It also saw the coming together of many zamindars with the ryots or farmers. The revolt was a success despite its brutal quelling by the government.In response to the revolt, the government appointed the Indigo Commission in 1860.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. Chuar uprising covered five districts of Bengal and Bihar from 1766 to 1772 and then, again, from 1795 to 1816.

Explanation:
The Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellions (1770–1820s): The establishment of British control over Bengal after 1757 led to increase in land revenue and the exploitation of the peasants. They were joined by the Sanyasis and Fakirs.
The Sanyasi Uprisings took place in Bengal between the periods of 1770- 1820s. The Sanyasis rose in rebellion after the great famine of 1770 in Bengal which caused acute chaos and misery. However, the immediate cause of the rebellion was the restrictions imposed by the British upon pilgrims visiting holy places among both Hindus and Muslims

The Uprising of the Bhils (1818-1831): The Bhils were largely concentrated in Khandesh (present day Maharashtra & Gujarat). Khandesh came under British occupation in 1818. The Bhils considered them as outsiders. On the instigation of Trimbakji, rebel minister of Baji Rao II they revolted against the Britishers.

Chuars uprising took place in an area near Nanbhum and Barabhum (West Bengal). It was defiance of British authority by Chuars; suppression of the Revolt by British through use of force as well as conciliatory measures.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Anushilan Samiti was active in Bengal and not in Punjab.

Explanation:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
• Savarkar joined the Abhinav Bharat Society founded by his elder brother Ganesh Damodar.
• At the time of his departure from India, Savarkar and his brother were also leaders of an association known as the Mitramela, started around 1899.
• Savarkar later proceeded to London in 1906, but his organization continued to flourish in India.

Anushilan Samiti
• The first revolutionary organization in Bengal was the Anushilan samiti.
• The Anushilan Samiti was established by Pramathanath Mitra, a barrister from Calcutta.
• The people associated with this samiti were Sri Aurobindo, Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das, Surendranath Tagore, Jatindranath Banerjee, Bagha Jatin, Bhupendra Natha Datta, Barindra Ghosh etc. Bhupendra Nath Datta was brother of Swami Vivekananda.
• Barindra Ghosh was sent to Paris to learn the science of Bomb Making and here he came in touch were Madam Bhikaji Cama.
• Madam Cama was already associated with the India House and the Paris India Society.
• Its members Kudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were entrusted with the task of assassination of Kingsford the vindictive judge who had sentenced many political prisoners to heavy terms of punishment.
• On 30th April 1908, they threw a bomb at the carriage in which they believed Kingsford to be travelling. But unfortunately, two British ladies who were in the carriage were inadvertently killed. Kudiram was arrested and hanged on 11th August 1908.
• They published a periodical named Jugantar, which openly preached armed rebellion in order to create the necessary revolutionary mentality among the people. Both Sandhya and Jugantar openly preached the cult of violence.

THEME- Pabna Revolt
STATEMENT 3 AND 4 ARE INCORRECT. The third statement is not correct. The movement was nonviolent to some extent but Zamindars were killed at some places and violence did happen.
Last statement is incorrect because they were Jute farmers and not Indigo farmers.
EXPLANATION-
This movement began as the peasants organised an agrarian league in May 1873 to resist
the demands of the zamindars. Pabna (now in Bangladesh) was a jute production and
trading centre and was relatively prosperous. Here half of the cultivators had managed to
win occupancy rights because of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1859. But the zamindari rents had
increased multiple times. The zamindars tried to stop the peasants to get occupancy right
and this was a reason of revolt there.
In the above question, the first statement is correct because the peasants were much more
organised than in other revolts via meetings, appeals and marches.
The second statement is also correct as they moved to the court and challenged the zamindars. They also raised funds to pay for legal expenses. To meet the cost of legal battle, the peasants even raised funds.
The movement was nonviolent to some extent but Zamindars were killed at some places and violence did happen. They were against Jute farmers and not Indigo farmers.

THEME-MOPLAH REBELLION
STATEMENT 2 IS INCORRECT.The movement did not merge with the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) as CDM occured later in 1930s.
EXPLANATION-
In August 1921, peasant discontent erupted in the Malabar district of Kerala. Here Moplah (Muslim) tenants rebelled. Their grievances were related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees, high rents, and other oppressive Hindu landlord exactions. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Around the same time, the Khilafat Movement was also extending its sweep. In fact, there was hardly any way one could distinguish between Khilafat and tenants’ meetings, the leaders and the audience were the same, and the two movements were inextricably merged into one.
The social base of the movement was primarily among the Moplah tenants, and Hindus were quite conspicuous by their absence, though the movement could count on a number of Hindu leaders.
The movement did not merge with the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) as CDM occured later in 1930s.

THEME-TRIBAL MOVEMENTS.
ALL STATEMENTS ARE CORRECT.
EXPLANATION-
Causes of Tribal Movements
1. Imposition of Land revenue Settlement: Expansion of agriculture by the non- tribals to tribal area or over forest cover let to the erosion of tribal traditions of joint ownership and increased the socio-economic differentiation in the egalitarian structure of the tribal society.
2. Work of Christian Missionaries brought about further changes in the socio economic and cultural equation of the tribals and the mainstream society plus in turbulent times, the tendency of the missionaries to refuse to take up arms or in discouraging people from rising against the government made the missionaries to be viewed as extension of colonialism and were often attacked by the rebels.
3. Increasing demand for good from early nineteenth century- first for the royal navy and then railways, led to increasing control of government over forest land. The establishment of the Forest department in 1864, Government Forest Act(1865)and Indian Forest Act in 1878 together established complete government monopoly over Indian forest land. Shifting Agriculture, a wide spread practice amongst the various tribal communities was banned from 1864 onwards on the reserved forest. Restrictions were imposed on the previously sanctioned timber and grazing facilities.
4. Extension of settled agriculture led to influx of non tribals in the tribal areas. These outsiders exploited them and extension of settled agriculture led to the loss of land by the tribals which reduced them to agricultural labourers.
5. Some of the tribal uprising took place in reaction to the effect of the landlords to impose taxes on the customary use of timber and grazing facilities, police exaction, new excise regulations, exploitation by low country traders and money lenders, and restrictions on shifting cultivation in forest.
6. The rebellions by the non-frontier tribals were usually reactions against outsiders (dikus), local landlords and rulers, the support provided to the later by the British administration and intervention by them in the life of the tribals. The indigenous names for these tribal movements were Meli, Hool and Ul-Gulan.
7. Introduction of the notion of private property- Land could be bought, sold, mortgaged which led to loss of land by the tribals.

THEME-EMINENT PERSONALITIES
ALL STATEMENTS ARE CORRCT.
EXPLANATION-
Some of his Publications are as follows:
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidinor A Gift to Monotheists (1805),
Vedanta (1815), Ishopanishad (1816),
Kathopanishad (1817), Moonduk Upanishad (1819),
The Precepts of Jesus – Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820),
Sambad Kaumudi – a Bengali newspaper (1821),
Mirat-ul-Akbar – Persian journal (1822),
Gaudiya Byakaran (1826),
Brahmapasona (1828) and Brahmasangeet (1829) and
The Universal Religion (1829).

MORE ON RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY
He established Atmiya Sabha in 1815, which is seen as precursor for socio-religious reforms in Bengal and thereby in India. Through Atmiya Sabha, he campaigned for the rights of women; he started opposing Sati System and Polygamy in Hindus, demanded property inheritance rights for Women.
In 1817, he founded Maha Patshala which came be to known as Hindu College at Calcutta. This was re-named as Presidency College in 1855. He paved the way to revolutionizing education system in India in this college along with David Hare which later went on to become one of the best educational institutions in the country producing some of the best minds in India.
In 1821, he established Sambad Kaumudi, through which he advocated for freedom of Press, induction of Indians into High ranks and separation of executive and judiciary. He also published a Persian news Magazine the following year named Mirat-ul-Akbar
His efforts to combine true to the roots theological doctrines along with modern rational lessons saw him establish the Anglo-Vedic School in 1822 followed by the Vedanta College in 1826.
In 1828, he established Brahmo Sabha, along with Dwarkanath Tagore which later became Brahmo Samaj and was influential in bringing various social reforms in India; with the efforts of this Sabha in 1829 Lord William Bentinck abolished Sati through Regulation XVII. By this time he became a well-known figure in India.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Though the Samaj was againt idol worship but it didnot advocate the idea of attacking other religions.

Explanation-
Brahmo Sabha was formed in 1828 by Raja ram Mohan Roy and it was the first important organization of religious reforms. It forbade idol-worship and discarded meaningless rites and rituals. The Samaj also forbade its members from attacking any religion.

The greatest achievement in the field of social reform was the abolition of Sati in1829. It realized that the practice of sati was due to the extremely low position of Hindu women. It advocated the abolition of polygamy, and wanted women to be educated and given the right to inherit property.

The two most prominent leader of the Brahmo Samaj were Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen.

Tikdam: The Brahmo Samaj never advocated idol worship and was against it. However, it never advocated violence against any religion which performed idol worship. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect and can be marked as wrong leaving (a) as the correct answer.

Explanation:
Dadoba Pandurang (9 May 1814 – 17 October 1882) was a social reformer and linguist from Bombay.He wrote extensively on religion and social reform as an opponent of rituals and caste, while supporting widow-remarriage and education for women.

He founded Paramahansa Mandali along with Bal Shastri Jambhekar of Maharashtra in 1849. He also wrote a book Dharma Vivechan.

Explanation-
Atmiya Sabha was formed by Rammohun Roy in 1814.
Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1828.
Debendra Nath Tagore started the Tatvabodhini Sabha in 1839 to organize the systematic study of India’s past
in Bengali language.

Atmiya Sabha was a philosophical discussion circle in India. The association was started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1815 in Kolkata (then Calcutta). They used to conduct debate and discussion sessions on philosophical topics, and also used to promote free and collective thinking and social reform. The foundation of Atmiya Sabha in 1815 is considered as the beginning of the modern age in Kolkata.

The Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy on August 20, 1828, and it gave a concrete expression to Rammohan’s concept of universal worship.

The Tattwabodhinī Sabhā (“Truth Propagating/Searching Society”) was a group started in Calcutta on 6 October 1839 as a splinter group of the Brahmo Samaj, reformers of Hinduism and Indian Society. The founding member was Debendranath Tagore.In 1859, the Tattwabodhinī Sabhā were dissolved back into the Brāhmo Samāj by Debendranath Tagore.

3 and 4 are incorrectly matched.

Explanation:
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar – a great rationalist thinker of Maharastra -was not associated with any prominent
reform movement/ organizaion.
Keshub Chandra Sen took over Brahmo Samaj after Devendranath Tagore.
It was because of Viresalingam – a Tamil reformer – that Prarthana Samaj could spread to South India.
Swami Vivekanand established Ramakrishna Mission in 1897, named after his Guru Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa. The institution did extensive educational and philanthropic work in India.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Even before 1917 social issues were widely prevailing in India.

Explanation-
The congress placed its demands before the government always in the form of petitions and worked within the framework of the law. It was for this reason that the early Congress leaders were referred to as ‘Moderates’. They asked for: (a) representative legislatures, (b) Indianization of services, (c) reduction of military expenditure, (d) education, employment and holding
of the ICS (Indian Civil Services) examination in India, (e) decrease in the burden of the cultivators, (f) defence of civil rights, (g) separation of the judiciary from the executive, (h) change in the tenancy laws, (i) reduction in land revenue and salt duty,
(j) policies to help in the growth of Indian industries and handicrafts, (k) introduction of welfare programmes for the people. Before 1917, the congress was not willing to disrupt the social structure and customs prevailing in the Indian society, congress had primarily focused on political unity. It was Gandhiji who gave top priority to these issues when he talked about the removal of untouchability.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Even before 1917 social issues were widely prevailing in India.

Tikdam: Statement 2 states that there were no social issues till then which is incorrect as there were social evils like infant foeticide, child marriage, bad condition of women. Read such statements carefully as they help to eliminate the options and reach at the correct answer.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched.
Atmiya Sabha was a philosophical discussion circle in India. The association was started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1815 in Kolkata (then Calcutta). They used to conduct debate and discussion sessions on philosophical topics and also used to promote free and collective thinking and social reform. The foundation of Atmiya Sabha in 1815 is considered as the beginning of the modern age in Kolkata. In 1823, the association became defunct.

Explanation:

Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotirao Phule in Maharastra, in 1873. Its purpose is to liberate the Shudra and Untouchable castes from exploitation and oppression.
The Servants of India Society was formed in Pune by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who left the Deccan Education Society to form this association. The Society organized many campaigns to promote education, sanitation, health care and fight the social evils of untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty, oppression of women and domestic abuse.

Explanation:
Lala Lajpat Rai never presided any of the Congress session.
Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman President to chair the Indian National Congress at Kanpur
Session of 1925. She played a leading role in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was sent to jail along with Gandhi and other leaders.
The Indian National Congress held its thirty-ninth session at Belgaum on the 26th & 27th Dec. 1924.
Gandhiji was the president of the Congress only on one occasion and the session was held in Belgaum.

Statement 1 is Incorrect:
Subhas Bose was elected unanimously as the President of the Congress in 1938(Haripura Session). He was elected again on 29 January 1939 by 1580 votes against 1377 (Pattabhi Sitaramayya) before the Tripuri Session.

Statement 2 is Correct:
The Tripuri Session of the Congress is known for the internal strife coming to a climax between Subhash Chandra Bose and other top leaders of the Congress whom he called ‘rightists’. Subhas Bose believed that the Congress was strong enough to bunch an immediate struggle and that the masses were ready for such struggle. He argued for a programme of immediately giving the British Government a six-month ultimatum to grant the national demand for independence and of launching a mass civil disobedience movement if it failed to do so.‘ He openly accused the ‘rightists’ of working for a compromise with the Government on the question of the federation.
Gandhiji‘s perceptions were very different. He believed the time was not yet ripe for an ultimatum because neither the Congress nor the masses were yet ready for a struggle. The Congress leaders, labelled as compromisers, resented Bose‘s charges and branded them as slander. On 22 February, 13 out of the 15 members of the old Working Committee resigned, on the ground that Subhas had publicly criticized them.

Statement 3 is Correct:
Govind Ballabh Pant moved a resolution at Tripuri expressing full confidence in the old Working Committee, reiterating full faith in Gandhiji‘s leadership of the movement and the Congress policies of the previous twenty years, and asking Subhas to nominate his Working Committee in accordance with the wishes of Gandhiji.‘ The resolution was carried by 218 to 133 votes in the Subjects Committee, and by an overwhelming majority through show of hands in the open session.

Jayaprakash also moved the extremely diluted National Demand resolution which dropped Bose’s idea of a time-bound ultimatum and merely called for preparations for a struggle to achieve a Constituent Assembly through strengthening the Congress. Bose could also not get the support of the Congress Socialists and the Communists at Tripuri or after for they were not willing to divide the national movement and felt that its unity must be preserved at all costs. Subhash Bose ultimately resigned from the Presidentship and Rajendra Prasad was elected in his place.