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Consider the following

Consider the following:

1. Birds
2. Dust blowing
3. Rain
4. Wind blowing

Which of the above spread plant diseases?

(a)

1 and 3 only

(b)

3 and 4 only

(c)

1, 2 and 4 only

(d)

1, 2, 3 and 4

Explanation

Nematodes, snails, birds, and wild and domestic animals often help dissemination of plant diseases. The spores of many parasitic fungi are disseminated by air currents from diseased to disease-free host Pathogens like, bacteria are often disseminated by splashing of raindrops, as in case of Citrus canker disease. Soil and field operation also disseminate the diseases as they result in dust blowing. Source: http://www.biologydiscussion.com/plants/plant-diseases/dissemination-of-plant-diseases-16-mechanismsbotany/58671