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GS Paper: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

  • [PREMIUM] Conflict Regions in West Asia

    Why in the news?

    • The resurgence of West Asian rivalries has been reignited by the ongoing Hamas-Israel War, which commenced on October 7, 2023.
    • With a backdrop of historical conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and Israel’s engagements with Hezbollah and Hamas, the current conflict is escalating tensions in the region.

    About West Asia

    [A] Political Overview:

    1. Countries:
    • West Asia comprises 17 countries, including:
      • In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has 6 countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
      • Middle Eastern countries like Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Yemen.
      • Egypt is sometimes included in the definition of West Asia due to its geographical proximity and historical ties.
    1. Geopolitical Dynamics:
      • The region is characterized by complex geopolitical dynamics, including conflicts, alliances, and power struggles.
      • Ongoing conflicts include the Syrian Civil War, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Yemeni Civil War, among others.
      • Strategic interests of global powers, including the United States, Russia, and China, contribute to the region’s instability.

    [B] Physical Features:

    1. Terrain:
      • West Asia encompasses varied terrain, including vast deserts like the Rub’ al Khali in Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Desert in Syria and Jordan.
      • Mountainous regions include the Zagros Mountains in Iran, the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains along the Lebanon-Syria border.
      • Fertile river valleys, such as the Tigris-Euphrates in Iraq and the Nile in Egypt, have historically supported agriculture and civilization.
    2. Climate:
      • The region experiences diverse climates:
        • Arid and semi-arid climates prevail in much of the interior, with hot summers and mild winters.
        • Mediterranean climates along the coastal areas, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
        • Highland climates in mountainous regions, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation.
    3. Natural Resources:
      • West Asia is endowed with abundant natural resources, notably oil and natural gas reserves, concentrated primarily in countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and the Gulf states.
      • The region also possesses significant mineral deposits, including phosphates in Jordan, sulfur in Iraq, and metals like copper and iron in various countries.

    [C] Physiographical Details:

    1. Biodiversity:
      • Despite its predominantly arid climate, West Asia supports diverse ecosystems, including desert, mountain, and coastal habitats.
      • Unique species of flora and fauna, adapted to harsh environmental conditions, inhabit the region, including desert mammals like the Arabian oryx and mountain species like the Persian leopard.
    2. Water Resources:
      • Water scarcity is a pressing issue in West Asia, exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
      • Countries rely on shared river basins, such as the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile, leading to water disputes and conflicts.
      • Desalination plants along the coastlines provide an alternative source of freshwater, particularly in Gulf countries.
    3. Human Geography:
      • The region is home to diverse ethnic and religious communities, including Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Persians, Jews, and Christians, among others.
      • Urbanization is on the rise, with major cities like Riyadh, Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo serving as economic, cultural, and political centers.

    Flash Points in West Asia

    Conflict 

    Areas

    		 Description Flashpoints
    Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A protracted dispute over territory, borders, and self-determination between Israel and Palestinians. Gaza Strip: A densely populated coastal enclave with sandy beaches, urban areas, and limited agricultural land. It is approximately 41 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide.

     

    Netzarim Corridor: The Netzarim Corridor is a just under seven-kilometer-long corridor that is set to cut Gaza City from the rest of the enclave, running east to west from the Israeli border south of Nahal Oz to the Mediterranean Sea. Israel has previously bisected the Gaza Strip to create a Buffer Zone.

    West Bank: Diverse geography including mountainous terrain, fertile valleys, and the Jordan River Valley. It covers an area of approximately 5,655 square kilometers.

    East Jerusalem: Hilly terrain with historic landmarks and religious sites, including the Old City with its ancient walls, mosques, and churches.
    Syrian Civil War Complex conflict involving multiple factions, resulting in immense humanitarian suffering. Aleppo: Surrounded by fertile plains and agricultural land, it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 190 square kilometers.

    Damascus: Situated in the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, it is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. It spans an area of around 105 square kilometers.

    Homs: Located along the Orontes River, it is an important industrial center with a history dating back to ancient times. It has an area of about 165 square kilometers.

    Idlib: Mix of agricultural plains, hills, and urban centers, covering an area of approximately 6,097 square kilometers.
    Iraqi Conflict Various conflicts including the Iraq War, sectarian violence, insurgency, and fight against ISIS. Baghdad: Flat terrain surrounded by fertile agricultural land, situated on the Tigris River. It covers an area of around 204 square kilometers.

    Mosul: Surrounded by plains, historic landmarks, and the Tigris River, it is one of Iraq’s largest cities. It spans an area of approximately 370 square kilometers.

    Fallujah: In the Euphrates River valley with arid landscapes and urban areas, it is strategically located near major highways. It covers an area of about 139 square kilometers.

    Kirkuk: Oil-rich region with diverse ethnic populations and mountainous terrain, it covers an area of approximately 9,679 square kilometers.
    Yemeni Civil War Involves the Yemeni government, Houthi rebels, and other factions, leading to a dire humanitarian crisis. Sana’a: Surrounded by mountains and valleys in the Yemeni Highlands, it is one of the highest capital cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 73 square kilometers.

    Aden: Coastal city with a strategic port and urban areas, located on the Gulf of Aden. It spans an area of around 50 square kilometers.

    Hodeidah: Major port city with coastal plains, mountains, and urban areas, situated on the Red Sea coast. It covers an area of about 192 square kilometers.
    Lebanese-Israeli Tensions Sporadic clashes and occasional escalation over territorial disputes and Hezbollah’s presence. Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with mountains, fertile valleys, and coastal plains along the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of approximately 929 square kilometers.
    Kurdish-Turkish Conflict Involves the Turkish government and Kurdish separatist groups, focusing on Kurdish autonomy. Southeastern Turkey: Mountain ranges, plateaus, fertile river valleys, and urban areas, covering an area of approximately 190,534 square kilometers.

    Northern Iraq: Zagros Mountains, valleys, rivers, and urban centers, with an area of about 198,956 square kilometers.
    Iranian-Israeli Tensions Fueled by Iran’s support to militant groups and its nuclear program, leading to regional security concerns. Golan Heights: Plateau region with rocky slopes, volcanic hills, fertile agricultural land, and urban settlements. It spans an area of approximately 1,800 square kilometers.

    Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with valleys, plains, and urban areas, covering an area of about 929 square kilometers.
    Gulf States Tensions Rivalries among Gulf states are driven by ideological differences, political alliances, and economic interests. Qatar: Peninsula with desert terrain, low-lying coastal areas, and urban development, covering an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometers.

    Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Desert landscapes, oasis areas, oil fields, and urban centers, with an area of about 672,522 square kilometers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea?

    (a) Syria

    (b) Jordan

    (c) Lebanon

    (d) Israel

  • [PREMIUM] Travelling Central Asia

    Why in the news?

    The Central Asia region is in the spotlight since it is facing challenges with political instability, ethnic tensions, and the threat of extremism, especially after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.

    About Central Asia

    • Central Asia, often referred to as the heart of Asia, is a vast and diverse region located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
    • It encompasses the area between the Caspian Sea in the west and China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan and Iran in the south.
    • Central Asia is comprised of five main countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
    • This region has a rich history, serving as the historical crossroads of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia for centuries.

    Geographical Details:

    • Mountains:
    • Tian Shan: This mountain range stretches across Central Asia, forming a natural border between Kyrgyzstan and China. It is renowned for its majestic peaks, including Pobeda Peak, the highest point in Kyrgyzstan.
    • Pamir Mountains: Known as the “Roof of the World,” the Pamir Mountains are located in Tajikistan and extend into neighboring countries. They contain some of the world’s highest peaks, including Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly known as Peak Communism) and Kongur Tagh.
    • Alay Mountains: Situated in southern Kyrgyzstan, the Alay Mountains are a subrange of the Tian Shan. They are characterized by rugged terrain and deep valleys.
    • Turkestan Range: This mountain range runs through southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, forming part of the border between the two countries.
    • Water Bodies:
    • Amu Darya: Also known as the Oxus River, the Amu Darya is one of the major rivers in Central Asia. It originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows through Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan before emptying into the Aral Sea (though much of its water is diverted for irrigation).
    • Syr Darya: Another important river in Central Asia, the Syr Darya, originates in the Tian Shan Mountains. It flows through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, eventually joining the Amu Darya in the Aral Sea basin.
    • Aral Sea: Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea has shrunk dramatically due to diversion of its tributary rivers for irrigation purposes. Its decline has had severe ecological and economic consequences for the region.
    • Issyk-Kul: Located in eastern Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul is one of the largest alpine lakes in the world. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and is a popular tourist destination.
    • Deserts:
    • Karakum Desert: Covering much of Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert is characterized by vast expanses of sand dunes and sparse vegetation. It is home to the Darvaza Gas Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell.”
    • Kyzylkum Desert: Situated primarily in Uzbekistan, with parts extending into Kazakhstan, the Kyzylkum Desert is known for its red sands and arid climate. It is sparsely populated, with nomadic herders and wildlife such as gazelles and wild boars.
    • Mineral Resources:
    • Oil and Gas: The Caspian Sea region, in particular, is known for its oil and gas deposits, with countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan actively involved in their exploration and extraction. The discovery of large oil fields, such as the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan and the Galkynysh Field in Turkmenistan, has attracted international investment and contributed to economic growth in the region.
    • Uranium: Kazakhstan is one of the world’s leading producers of uranium, with significant deposits located in the south of the country. Other Central Asian countries, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, also have uranium reserves, although they are less developed than those in Kazakhstan.
    • Precious Metals: Kyrgyzstan has a long history of gold mining, with several large-scale mines operating in the country. Uzbekistan is also a significant producer of gold, with the Muruntau Gold Mine being one of the largest in the world.
    • Copper, Aluminum, and Iron: These resources are primarily found in mountainous regions, such as the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains. Countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have large deposits of copper ore, which are mined for domestic use and export. Additionally, Kazakhstan is a major producer of aluminum, with significant reserves of bauxite, the primary source of aluminum.
    • Climate
    • Central Asia experiences a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
    • However, the climate varies significantly depending on altitude and proximity to mountain ranges.
    • In general, the region is characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation rates, leading to arid and semi-arid conditions in many areas.
    • The mountains influence local climates, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels in upland areas.

    Major Disputed Areas:

    Countries Involved Description
    Bagys and Turkestanetz Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Disputed settlements involved in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • Turkestanetz ultimately attributed to Uzbekistan, while Kazakhstan retained control over significant water reservoirs.
    • Negotiations primarily occurred in the early 2000s.
    • The area is characterized by flat plains and arid landscapes, typical of Central Asian geography.
    Arnasy Dam Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Part of the land negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, particularly significant during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
    • The area surrounding the dam is marked by river valleys and semi-arid terrain, with the Arnasy River being a prominent feature.
    Sokh and Shakhi-Mardan Enclaves Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • Uzbek enclaves located in Kyrgyzstan, particularly contentious and mined by Uzbekistan as part of their border security measures.
    • Tensions in this area have been ongoing since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with occasional flare-ups in violence.
    • The region is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan mountain ranges.
    Ferghana Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
    • A fertile region shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, known for its complex network of enclaves and high degree of inter-ethnic tensions.
    • Disputes often arise over control of strategic points such as border crossings and access to water resources, leading to occasional clashes and violence.
    • Tensions in the Ferghana Valley have persisted since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by the Tian Shan and Alay mountain ranges, with the Syr Darya river flowing through it.
    Vorukh Enclave Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • A Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan, part of the complex border issues in the Ferghana Valley.
    • Tensions in this enclave date back to the Soviet era but have intensified since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
    • The enclave is nestled in the mountainous terrain of the Ferghana Valley, near the Zeravshan Range.
    Chardara Reservoir and Lake Arnasai Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas discussed in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • The negotiations occurred primarily in the late 1990s, with Kazakhstan securing a neck of land that provided a direct transport connection to the rest of the country.
    • The region is characterized by flat plains and agricultural land surrounding the reservoir and lake.
    • The Chardara Reservoir is fed by the Syr Darya river.
    Osh City and Osh Volost Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas that were contentious during the national delimitation in the Soviet period, particularly in the 1920s.
    • They were included in the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast despite a high percentage of Uzbek residents who opposed this inclusion.
    • The area is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Fergana Range.
    Isfara Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • A narrow, densely populated valley straddling the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, disputes in this region often stem from territorial claims, resource allocation, and control of strategic points such as border crossings and water sources.
    • Tensions have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges, and is known for its agricultural productivity.
    Batken Region Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • Located in southern Kyrgyzstan, bordered by Tajikistan to the south and Uzbekistan to the west, disputes in this region are primarily related to territorial claims, control of strategic areas, and occasional clashes between border communities.
    • Tensions have been particularly notable since the mid-1990s.
    • The region is characterized by rugged mountain terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges.
    Karakalpakstan Uzbekistan
    • An autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, disputes in this region are mainly related to water scarcity, ecological degradation, and the socio-economic impact of the shrinking Aral Sea.
    • Tensions over these issues have escalated since the mid-20th century.
    • Karakalpakstan is characterized by flat, arid plains and is situated adjacent to the shrinking Aral Sea.
    Caspian Sea Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
    • The world’s largest inland body of water bordered by Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, disputes often revolve around issues such as maritime boundaries, resource exploration rights, and environmental conservation.
    • Negotiations over the status of the Caspian Sea and its resources have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The Caspian Sea is characterized by its vast expanse of water and surrounding coastal regions.

  • India delivers first batch of BrahMos to Philippines

    Why in the news?

    India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.

    India- Philippines Brahmos Deal

    • In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
    • This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
    • Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.

    About BrahMos Missiles

    Development:

    • BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
    • The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
    • The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.

    Capabilities:

    • BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
    • Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
    • It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
    • It has two stages:
    1. First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
    2. Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.

    Warhead:

    • Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
    • Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.

    Variants and Range 

    • The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
    • A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
    • Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
    • Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.

    Strategic Implications of the move

    • This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
    • The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Explained: A short history of Iran-Israel ties and why they soured after 1979

    Why in the news? 

    Iran has said that its April 12 attacks on Israel were in response to Israeli war jets targeting an Iranian consulate in Syria earlier this month, leading to the death of its senior military commanders.

    Context:

      • The Iran-Israel relationship has not always been as fraught as it is today. Iran was one of the first countries in the region to recognise Israel after its formation in 1948. It was only after 1979 that their diplomatic ties ended.
    • Iran–Israel Relations: This can be studied through four major phases: 
      • Ambivalent (1947-1953);
      • Friendly (1953-1979);
      • Worsening (1979-1990);
      • Open Hostility (1991-present);

    1953 to 1979 Iran–Israel Relations:

    • From 1953 to 1979, during the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the relationship between Iran and Israel was relatively friendly.
    • Iran recognized Israel as a sovereign state in 1950, making it the second Muslim-majority country to do so after Turkey.
    • Despite occasional tensions, Iran and Israel engaged in significant economic, political, and military cooperation during this period. This cooperation extended to various sectors and included joint projects.
    • Iran supported Israel during conflicts with Arab nations, indicating a level of alignment in their geopolitical interests.
    • One notable joint project between Iran and Israel was the construction of the Trans-Israel oil pipeline, showcasing the depth of their cooperation, particularly in the economic sphere.

    Post 1979 Iran–Israel Relations:

    • After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran became a religious state, with a significant shift in its foreign policy and worldview.
    • Iran, under the new regime, viewed Israel as an occupier of Palestinian land and referred to it as “Little Satan.” This represented a significant departure from the previous regime’s stance.
    • Iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini, also labeled the United States as the “Great Satan” and saw both Israel and the US as interfering in the region’s affairs.
    • Iran sought to expand its influence in the region, challenging traditional powers such as Saudi Arabia and Israel, both of which were US allies.
    • Initially at odds with pan-Arabism championed by leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser, Iran’s relations with Arab countries, such as Egypt, warmed after Nasser died in 1970.
    • The signing of an accord between Iran and Iraq in 1975, which included Iran’s agreement to cease support for Kurdish-Iraqi separatists, led to a temporary easing of hostility between the two nations.
    • These shifts in Iran’s foreign policy and its improved relations with neighboring countries, as well as Iraq, led to a decrease in Israel’s strategic importance to Iran.

    India’s Stance:

    • India’s Neutral Stance: India has adopted a neutral stance on the conflict between Iran and Israel, emphasizing the importance of peace and stability in the region.
    • Strategic Partnership with Israel: Despite its neutral stance, India maintains a strategic partnership with Israel, characterized by significant military and economic ties, including a substantial trade volume of around $7.5 billion.
    • Cultural and Linguistic Ties with Iran: India also has cultural and linguistic ties with Iran, along with strategic economic interests, such as the Chabahar port project, which connects India to Central Asia through Iran.
    • Focus on Citizen Safety: India’s primary focus amidst the escalating conflict is ensuring the safety and well-being of its citizens, with approximately 10,000 Indian nationals in Iran and an additional 18,000 in Israel.

    Conclusion: Iran-Israel ties, once friendly, soured post-1979 due to Iran’s religious revolution. India maintains neutrality, balancing strategic partnerships with both nations while prioritizing citizen safety amid escalating tensions.

  • [12 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In poll season, the perils of scorching bilateral ties

    [12 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In poll season, the perils of scorching bilateral ties

    Mains PYQ Relevance: 

    Q The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.(UPSC IAS/2018)

    Q “Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples.(UPSC IAS/2016)

    Note4Students: 

    Mains:  Bilateral ties

    Mentor comments: In the contemporary era of populism, an unwritten maxim dictates that “all geopolitics is local,” shaping policymaking worldwide. Consequently, leaders often craft foreign policies with a keen eye on domestic political ramifications, aiming not only to avoid negative impacts but even to secure additional voter support. However, it’s unusual for general elections to become entangled with foreign policy matters to the extent seen in the upcoming elections in India.

    Let’s learn

    —

    Why in the news? 

    The upcoming 2024 elections in India are making headlines due to the significant impact they may have on the country’s foreign policy.

    Raising Geopolitical issues in the General Election:

    • The recent statements by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar calling into question the 1974 India-Sri Lanka agreement. 
    • Not only did they both  criticize former Prime Ministers and their party for the decision to recognise Katchatheevu island as part of Sri Lankan territory, but the External Affairs Minister also went on to say that a “solution” must be found for the continuing “situation” Tamil Nadu fishermen find themselves in as a result of the agreement.

    Credibility could take a hit:

    • Reputation as an Interlocutor: Any move by New Delhi to reopen or revise international agreements, especially those recognized by bodies like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), could call into question India’s reliability and credibility as a diplomatic partner.  
    • Impact on Negotiations: Renegotiating or revising agreements, such as the maritime boundary settlement with Bangladesh or the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh, could complicate ongoing negotiations and strain diplomatic relations with partner countries.  
    • Precedent Setting: The actions taken by India regarding the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan serve as a precedent. Despite threats and calls for renegotiation, the treaty remains intact.
      • This indicates the challenges and complexities involved in revising established agreements, underscoring the potential ramifications for India’s credibility.
    • Long-Term Consequences: Any perceived inconsistency in India’s approach to international agreements may have long-term consequences for its diplomatic standing and ability to effectively engage in multilateral negotiations.  

    Key Challenges with Indian Government: 

    • Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and the NRC: The implementation of the CAA, which excludes Muslims and is seen as discriminatory by neighboring countries like Bangladesh, has the potential to strain diplomatic ties.
      • Additionally, fears over the subsequent implementation of the NRC and the potential designation of hundreds of thousands of people from Bangladesh as stateless citizens could further escalate tensions with Dhaka.
    • China Factor: The ongoing standoff with China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) raises concerns, particularly regarding China’s occupation of land since April 2020.
    • Canada Factor: Allegations of transnational killings by Indian agencies, including the trial of an Indian national in the United States for an alleged assassination plot and Canada’s claims of Indian involvement in the killing of a Sikh community leader, have sparked international attention and scrutiny.
    • Pakistan Factor: Pakistan has sought to align its claims of Indian involvement in killings with cases in the U.S. and Canada, further complicating diplomatic relations between the two countries.

    Way Forward: 

    • Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC): Engage in transparent dialogue with neighboring countries, especially Bangladesh, to address concerns about the discriminatory nature of the CAA and potential implications of the NRC.
    • Standoff with China: Prioritize diplomatic channels to de-escalate tensions and seek peaceful resolutions to territorial disputes along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
    • Alleged Transnational Killings: Cooperate with international investigations to transparently address allegations of transnational killings, ensuring adherence to legal procedures and respect for human rights.
    • Pakistan’s Allegations: Maintain diplomatic composure and refute baseless allegations through evidence-based responses, avoiding escalation of tensions.

    Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/in-poll-season-the-perils-of-scorching-bilateral-ties/article68054471.ece

  • [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) 
    Q) In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (UPSC CSE 2013) 

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Places in News; India and Sri Lanka;

    Mains: Bilateral Issues; India and Sri-Lanka;

    Mentor comments: India and Sri Lanka both are close neighbors with historical, political, social, and religious similarities. Simultaneously, both are in disputes on certain issues. The Katchatheevu issue is a long-standing dispute between India and Sri Lanka regarding the ownership and use of the Katchatheevu Island, which is strategically located in the Palk Strait. The island was historically owned by the Ramanad Kingdom of Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu before Indian independence. In 1974, India recognized Sri Lanka’s ownership of the island under a conditional agreement, which has been a point of contention, especially for Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu. We need to discuss this issue as the central government has attempted to address these issues, but the dispute remains unresolved.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    In a Public meeting, Tamil fishermen criticized the ceding of Katchatheevu Island. They highlighted the Indian fishermen being shot by the Sri Lankan Navy. 

    Background Story:

    • Despite the historical claims and disputes, the Katchatheevu issue was formally addressed in 1974 when India signed an agreement to demarcate the boundaries, leading to the cession of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka. 
    • This decision has been a point of contention as follows:
      • Tamil Nadu’s perspective: The root cause of the problem is a conflict of interests. On the one side are the two governments which do not want to reopen the issue of Katchatheevu. 
      • Indian fishermen’s perspective: The Indian fishermen will not easily give up a means of livelihood that they have enjoyed for several years.
    Two interrelated issues for India and Sri Lanka should be kept in mind:

    Sanctity of Bilateral Agreements: The unilateral scrapping of a bilateral agreement will have profound consequences not only on India-Sri Lanka relations but also with several of India’s other neighboring countries. Bilateral agreements have their sanctity and cannot be scrapped based on the whims and fancies of every party in power.

    Siamese Twin Game: The Centre should be urged to take immediate steps to ensure the livelihood of fishermen on both sides of the Palk Strait. It would be unwise to attempt to create a Berlin Wall in the Palk Strait. What afflicts one will affect the other.

    The Quest for a Peaceful Solution:

    To solve this present issue there are two solutions:

    • Firstly, getting back to the island of Katchatheevu on lease in perpetuity (Tin Bigha) in reverse. India could use the island and the surrounding waters for fishing. However, this can uphold the sovereignty of Sri Lanka. 
    • Secondly, to allow Indian fishermen to fish in Sri Lankan waters up to 5nm. There was a precedent to this. Under the 1976 Agreement, Sri Lankan fishermen were permitted to fish near the Wadge Bank, near Kanniyakumari, for 3 years. 
    • While the TN regional governments accepted these suggestions, the greatest obstacle was the Centre refusing to reopen the issue.

    Introduction of ‘Trawling’:

    • Bottom trawling is a fishing method that involves scouring the sea bed for fish, pulling in a variety of marine life, including coral and seaweed.
      • This method of fishing destroys spawning grounds and the marine ecosystem, depleting future catches.
    • While it is banned in Sri Lanka, it continues to be practiced in India, causing damage to the sea bed and reducing fish availability on the Indian side of Palk Bay. 
    • This has led Indian fishermen to enter Sri Lankan waters in search of fish, causing conflict with Sri Lankan Tamil fishermen who use traditional forms of fishing.
    • India’s image may suffer if Sri Lanka takes the ICJ case against India.

    The Need for Bold Decisions:

    • Working on the Palk Bay:  It can work as a bridge between India and Sri Lanka. India can convert contested territory to a common heritage.
      • The government of India needs to ban all fishing equipment which are banned in Sri Lanka. Further, we should work to ensure that fishermen can equitably enjoy the rich marine wealth. 
    • Encourage joint ventures: Both governments need to encourage the Tamil fishermen of both countries to meet, form cooperative societies, and venture into deep-sea fishing.
      • Such joint ventures will also help repair the damage Indian fishermen have caused to the livelihood of their Tamil counterparts. 

    Conclusion: Every challenge provides an opportunity. The problems in Palk Bay can be solved only if we start thinking outside the box. 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/katchatheevu-demands-thinking-outside-the-box/article68051227.ece

  • India secures Rights to operate Sittwe Port in Myanmar

    Why in the news?

    • After Chabahar, India has gained the rights to operate a second overseas port, Sittwe, in Myanmar.
    • This development is part of the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project, which aims to provide alternate connectivity from the eastern coast of India to the northeastern states through the Sittwe port.

    About India Ports Global (IPGL)

    • The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has approved a proposal for India Ports Global (IPGL) to take over the operations of the entire port located on the Kaladan River.
    • IPGL is a company 100% owned by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
    • It is a joint venture between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) and Deendayal Port Trust (Erstwhile Kandla Port Trust).
    • It was created and incorporated in January 2015 under the Companies Act, 2013, as per directions of Ministry of Shipping (MoS), for development of ports overseas.
    • The MoS has presently assigned IPGL the task of equipping and operation of container/multi-purpose terminals at Chabahar Port in Iran.

     

    About Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port, located in the Rakhine State of Myanmar, is a crucial component of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • It has been developed under a framework agreement between India and Myanmar for the construction and operation of a multimodal transit transport facility on the Kaladan River.
    • It is a deep-water port serving as a maritime gateway, enhancing trade and connectivity between India and Myanmar.

    Significance of Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port is part of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • The project aims to connect the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Myanmar by sea.
    • It further link Sittwe Port to Paletwa in Myanmar via Kaladan river waterway, and connect Paletwa to Zorinpui in Mizoram through a road component.
    • This link will not only offer an alternative route for shipping goods to the northeastern states, but will significantly reduce the cost and distance from Kolkata to Mizoram and beyond.
    • It will also reduce dependency on the Siliguri Corridor, known as the chicken’s neck, which is squeezed between Bhutan and Bangladesh.

    Also read about China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)

    Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

    • It connects the seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar, by sea.
    • In Myanmar, the project links Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
    • The project is being funded by the Indian government and is aimed at reducing the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km.
    • It was initially scheduled to be completed by 2014.
    • The project is affected by Chin conflict, Rohingya conflict, and militant groups such as Arakan Army and Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
    • There are different sections of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which combines multi-modes of transport, including sea, river, and road routes.
    1. Sea Route: It includes- Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route, Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jetty river boat route, Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town, Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar, and the Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India.
    2. Road: This project will complement the river-road route of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Myanmar-Mizoram.
    3. Railway: It has the Sittwe-Kyaukhtu railway in Myanmar, Kyaukhtu-Zorinpui in Myanmar, and the Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)-Sairang railway in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, an initiative of six countries, which of the following is/are not a participant/ participants?

    1.    Bangladesh

    2.    Cambodia

    3.    China

    4.    Myanmar

    5.    Thailand

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) 1, 2 and 5

  •  Katchatheevu | What is the controversy all about?

    Why in the news? 

    Katchatheevu Island, a disputed stretch in the Palk Strait, was ceded to Sri Lanka during late PM Indira Gandhi, through an agreement.

    • Fifty years later, PM Modi, has mounted an attack on the Congress and DMK for ‘callously’ giving it away to Sri Lanka.

    About the Katchatheevu  Island:

    • Katchatheevu is an uninhabited area in the Palk Strait, between India and Sri Lanka.  It was created due to volcanic eruption in the 14th century and is comparatively youthful in the realm of geological chronology.
    • Historically, it was controlled by the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka in the medieval period.
    • However, in the 17th century, control passed to the Ramnad zamindari based out of Ramanathapuram, about 55 km northwest of Rameswaram.
    • The Island became part of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj. But in 1921, both India and Sri Lanka, at the time were British colonies and claimed Katchatheevu to determine fishing boundaries.
    • A British delegation from India challenged this, citing ownership of the island by the Ramnad kingdom. This dispute was not settled until 1974.

    Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement of 1974:

    • In 1974, the Indian government, led by Indira Gandhi at the time, endeavored to definitively resolve the maritime border between India and Sri Lanka.
    • As a component of this arrangement, termed the ‘Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime agreement’, Katchatheevu was relinquished to Sri Lanka.
    • During this period, it was perceived that the island held minimal strategic significance, and relinquishing India’s claim over it was anticipated to foster stronger relations with its southern neighbor.
    • Limitations of the Agreement of 1974:
      • Issue of fishing rights: The 1974 agreement failed to address the issue of fishing rights. Sri Lanka interpreted the access of Indian fishermen to Katchatheevu as being restricted solely to activities such as resting, drying nets, and visiting the Catholic shrine, without the requirement of a visa.
      • The issue concerning EEZ: Further agreement was reached between the two countries, prohibiting fishing within each other’s Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).
      • However, the proximity of Katchatheevu to the edges of both countries’ EEZs left unresolved questions regarding fishing rights, contributing to ongoing uncertainty.

     

    India’s stand on the Kachchatheevu issue:

    • August 2013: The Union government informed the Supreme Court that the question of reclaiming Kachchatheevu from Sri Lanka did not arise because no Indian territory was ceded to Sri Lanka. Moreover, it was historically disputed territory between British India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and the matter was settled through agreements in 1974 and 1976.
    • December 2022: The Union government reiterated the stance, emphasizing that Katchatheevu lies on the Sri Lankan side of the India-Sri Lanka International Maritime Boundary Line as per the agreements. Additionally, it mentioned that the matter was under judicial consideration in the Supreme Court.

    Conclusion: The recent mention of Katchatheevu by Prime Minister Modi ahead of elections in Tamil Nadu highlights its contentious nature. To address fishermen’s issues, diplomatic dialogue and legal clarity are crucial.

    Mains PYQ

    Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organizational, technical, and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • Preventing a China-Taiwan conflict

    Why in the News?

    India, with growing national interests, faces entanglements in disputes like Taiwan. While China claims Taiwan, India is unlikely to engage militarily, focusing on safeguarding its economic and security interests.

    Context:

    • The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) recently achieved an unprecedented third consecutive term in Taiwan’s legislative elections, defying China’s threats and hostilities.
    • Taiwan’s legislative assembly faces a unique scenario with no clear majority for the first time in twenty years, which complicates policymaking and interactions with China.

    Three reasons for Indian Government to maintain the Status quo:

    • Firstly, India is interested in maintaining the current state, wherein Taiwan operates as a self-governing territory without asserting independence.
    • Secondly, Chinese aggression against Taiwan would be catastrophically costly for India. A recent Bloomberg study estimates that the costs of a conflict would amount to over 10% of global GDP. India’s economy would suffer a greater shock than the U.S. economy and its most valuable sectors, from electronics to pharmaceuticals, would run dry of components and materials.
    • Thirdly, if China wins, it could become more confident and expand its influence, possibly reaching the Indian Ocean. This could pose significant challenges to India’s strategic interests and territorial integrity, potentially leading to increased tensions, especially in Arunachal Pradesh.

    Scope for Indian Government:

    • Utilize International Law: India can leverage international legal frameworks to advocate for peaceful resolutions and oppose aggression against Taiwan.
    • Narrative Building: India can shape narratives against aggression, highlighting the risks and consequences of military conflict.
    • Diplomatic Coordination: India can work with other nations to coordinate diplomatic efforts aimed at dissuading China from military action.
    • Economic Measures: India can undertake economic de-risking measures to minimize vulnerabilities and reduce dependence on China like economic relations with other countries
    • Information Operations: India can engage in information campaigns to support the Taiwanese people and raise awareness about the situation.
    • Military Support: India can support U.S. forces in the Indian Ocean, enhancing deterrence capabilities and signalling commitment to regional stability.

    Conclusion: India, prioritizing economic and security interests, maintains the Taiwan status quo. To prevent conflict, it leverages international law, builds narratives against aggression, coordinates diplomacy, and considers economic diversification while supporting regional stability.

    Mains PYQ

    Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. ( UPSC IAS/2014)

  • China to develop strategic Hambantota Seaport

    Why in the News?

    Sri Lanka’s PM said that China has pledged to develop the island nation’s strategic Hambantota Seaport and the capital’s airport after talks with his counterpart in Beijing.

    About Hambantota Seaport

    • The Hambantota Seaport, also known as the Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port, is a deep-sea port.
    • It is situated on the southern coast of Sri Lanka and lies strategically along major international shipping routes, particularly connecting Asia with Africa and Europe.
    • The construction of the Hambantota Seaport began in 2007 and was completed in multiple phases in November 2010.
    • Sri Lanka in a controversial move signed an agreement in 2017 wherein a Chinese state-owned enterprise, acquired a 70% stake in the port on a 99-year lease.

    How does this port benefit China?

    • The port is anticipated to assume a crucial role within China’s Belt and Road initiative (BRI), aiming to connect ports and roadways spanning from China to Europe.
    • BRI’s foundation lies in a network of harbors worldwide, positioning China to challenge the United States as the foremost maritime superpower.
    • The port forms part of China’s ‘string of pearls’ strategy, potentially encircling India and accommodating its military vessels.

     

    PYQ:

    2022: Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news?

    1. It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.
    2. China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
    3. A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
    4. Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Which of the following statements regarding important seaports in Asia are correct?

    1. Port of Singapore is the world’s busiest transshipment port and a major hub for global shipping.
    2. Port of Shanghai, located in China, is the busiest container port in the world.
    3. Port of Colombo in Sri Lanka serves as a major transshipment hub in the Indian Ocean region.
    4. Port of Yokohama, situated in Japan, is the largest port in terms of cargo tonnage handled annually.

    Select the correct option:

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2, and 3 only
    4. All of the above