GS Paper: GS3-06.Storage, transport and marketing of Agricultural produce and issues and related constraints

The draft National Food Security (Amendment) Bill, 2026 proposes to link Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) entitlements to household size, opening a new phase in India’s food security debate. The reset exposes a triple tension: correcting the inequity of a flat household ration without reducing existing foodgrain access, while building a pathway from cereal security toward nutrition security amid a rising burden of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.

What is the National Food Security Act, 2013?

1. Definition: The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) legally guarantees subsidised foodgrains to a large share of the population through the Public Distribution System, treating food as a legal entitlement rather than welfare.
2. Coverage design: It allows coverage of up to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population, split into Priority Households and Antyodaya Anna Yojana households.

What is the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) category?

1. Definition: AAY covers the poorest of the poor households and provides a flat 35 kg of foodgrains per household per month, regardless of household size.
2. Contrast: Priority Households instead receive 5 kg of foodgrains per person per month, a per-head rather than per-household entitlement.

Why does the flat AAY entitlement create inequity?

1. Small households protected: The flat 35 kg shields smaller and highly vulnerable families, such as a widow or an older person living alone.
2. Large households squeezed: A seven-member AAY household receives only 5 kg per person and an eight-member household about 4.4 kg, below the Priority Household entitlement.
3. The distortion: Support per person falls as household size rises, inverting the intended pro-poor design.

What does the draft amendment propose?

1. Per-person formula: The draft proposes 7 kg of foodgrains per person, capped at 35 kg per household.
2. Winners and losers: It would reduce support for households with one to four members by 20% to 80%, leave those with five or more members unchanged, and give no AAY household any additional foodgrain.
3. The design flaw: By reducing rather than raising any allocation, it corrects inequity by levelling down.

Why does the proposal risk reducing existing access?

1. Tamil Nadu illustration: The State reports that 15.75 lakh of its 18.64 lakh AAY households, or 84.5%, have fewer than five members.
2. Allocation cut: The proposal would reduce the State’s monthly AAY allocation from 65,261 tonnes to 42,040 tonnes, a fall of about 35.6%.
3. Composition matters: A smaller household may include a person with a disability, a widow or an older person living alone, so headcount alone is a poor proxy for need.

Why must coverage, not just the formula, be reformed?

1. Outdated ceiling: The NFSA’s 81.35-crore beneficiary ceiling remains based on Census 2011, though about 80 crore people currently receive free foodgrains.
2. Coverage erosion: Against an estimated population of 146.4 crore in 2025, the ceiling covers only 55.6% of people.
3. Recalculation needed: The ceiling should be recalculated when Census 2027 figures become available, with accessible inclusion and appeal mechanisms in the interim.

Why is grain alone not nutrition security?

1. Uneven child nutrition: NFHS-6 (2023-24) found stunting among under-fives fell from 35.5% to 29.3%, but wasting barely moved from 19.3% to 19.0% and underweight from 32.1% to 31.8%.
2. Diet inadequacy: Only about 15% of children aged six to 23 months receive a minimally adequate diet.
3. Double burden: The ICMR-India Diabetes study estimated 101 million Indians had diabetes and 136 million had prediabetes in 2021.
4. Life-course risk: Maternal undernutrition and low birth weight raise the risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

Should the PDS cereal basket be blamed for diabetes risk?

1. Not a direct cause: Foodgrain entitlement should not itself be equated with diabetes risk.
2. The real concern: A predominantly cereal-based basket, combined with diets already high in carbohydrates and low in protein, can reinforce dietary imbalance.
3. Evidence: A 2025 ICMR-INDIAB study of 18,090 adults found carbohydrates supplied 62.3% of daily energy and protein 12%, with the highest carbohydrate intake carrying 30% higher odds of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
4. Millets caution: Replacing refined cereals with whole-wheat or millet flour was not linked to lower risk when the carbohydrate share stayed high, so more grain or millets alone is not a complete nutrition policy.

How can diets be diversified without cutting cereals?

1. Balanced target: The ICMR-NIN 2024 guidelines recommend cereals and millets provide at most 45% of energy, with more from pulses, milk, nuts, vegetables and fruits.
2. What the PDS can do: The PDS can best supply affordable, shelf-stable foods, with States supported to offer pulses, local rice, wheat, millet choices and healthy edible oils.
3. Procurement link: Local production and consumption should guide supply chains and effective Minimum Support Price procurement for pulse, millet and oilseed growers.
4. Programme convergence: Sustained investment should link the PDS, Anganwadi services and Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM POSHAN), providing eggs, milk or suitable alternatives where feasible.
5. Separate budgeting: Dietary diversification must be separately budgeted, not financed by reducing cereal entitlements, against a food subsidy allocation of Rs 2,27,629 crore in the 2026-27 Union Budget.
6. Phased pilots: Additions should be tested through State pilots assessing consumption, dietary diversity, anaemia, glycaemic risk, wastage and exclusion.

How does the delivery network enable this reform?

1. Digitised last mile: By the end of 2025, 5.50 lakh of 5.51 lakh fair price shops used electronic point-of-sale devices.
2. Portability: One Nation One Ration Card covered nearly all NFSA beneficiaries, supporting portability and monitoring.
3. Safeguards needed: Systems must include reliable offline alternatives, assisted or doorstep access for people with limited mobility, and a guarantee that authentication failure will not deny entitled foodgrains.
4. Nutrition referral: Fair price shops could carry multilingual receipts and messages and, where feasible, link willing adults to diabetes and hypertension services, with over 1.86 lakh Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and 41.3 crore diabetes screenings recorded by June 2026.

What three safeguards should anchor the reform?

1. No-loss guarantee: Any per-person formula should preserve the existing 35 kg monthly entitlement for every AAY household.
2. Periodic review: The adequacy of the 35 kg ceiling should be reviewed for larger and high-dependency households using consumption, nutritional and fiscal evidence.
3. Separately financed diversification: Dietary diversification must be separately financed and progressively implemented without reducing existing cereal entitlements.

Conclusion

The proposed amendment is an opportunity to correct the inequity of a flat AAY ration, but only if it preserves the 35 kg entitlement, assesses the needs of larger households, and finances a gradual transition toward more diverse and nutritious diets. India’s next food security reform must protect people from hunger while addressing the dietary drivers of diabetes, judged not by tonnes of grain moved but by whether vulnerable families can eat enough, eat healthier and obtain their entitlements with dignity.

Food Security in India (Foundational Context)

1. About: Food security means physical, economic and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for an active, healthy life.
2. Scale: The NFSA covers about 80 crore people through the world’s largest food-based safety net.
3. Progress: The share of households unable to afford the ICMR-NIN recommended diet fell from about 52% in 2011-12 to about 25% in 2023-24, at 25% rural and 21% urban.

Back2Basics: National Food Security Act, 2013

1. Coverage: Up to 75% of rural and 50% of urban population.
2. Entitlement: 5 kg per person per month for Priority Households; 35 kg per household for AAY households.
3. Woman as head: The eldest woman aged 18 or above is the head of household for ration card issuance.
4. Maternity and child benefits: Entitlements for pregnant and lactating women and for children through supplementary nutrition programmes.
5. Grievance redress: State and district-level redress and vigilance mechanisms.

Statutory Framework Governing Food Security

1. Article 21: The right to life, read to include the right to food.
2. Article 47 (DPSP): Duty of the State to raise nutrition levels and the standard of living.
3. National Food Security Act, 2013: Legal entitlement to subsidised foodgrains.
4. Essential Commodities Act, 1955: Regulation of production, supply and distribution of essential commodities.

Government Initiatives for Food and Nutrition Security

1. Public Distribution System: Distribution of subsidised foodgrains through fair price shops.
2. PM POSHAN: Hot cooked meals for schoolchildren.
3. Anganwadi and ICDS: Supplementary nutrition for young children and pregnant or lactating women.
4. One Nation One Ration Card: Portable ration access across States.
5. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana: Free foodgrains scheme scaling the NFSA entitlement.

Key Facts about Food Security

1. PoS coverage: 5.50 lakh of 5.51 lakh fair price shops digitised by end 2025.
2. Diabetes burden: 101 million diabetics and 136 million prediabetics estimated in 2021.
3. Guideline: ICMR-NIN 2024 caps cereals and millets at 45% of dietary energy.

Challenges in Food and Nutrition Security

1. Cereal-heavy basket: High carbohydrate share crowding out protein and micronutrients.
2. Double burden: Coexistence of undernutrition and rising non-communicable diseases.
3. Outdated coverage: Beneficiary ceiling frozen at Census 2011.
4. Exclusion errors: Authentication failures and mobility barriers at the last mile.
5. Fiscal pressure: Large and rising food subsidy bill.
6. Procurement skew: MSP concentrated in rice and wheat over pulses and oilseeds.

Way Forward

1. No-loss safeguard: Legally protect the 35 kg AAY entitlement in any new formula.
2. Update coverage: Recalculate the ceiling on Census 2027 with accessible appeals.
3. Diversify diets: Separately fund pulses, millets and healthy oils in the PDS.
4. Converge programmes: Link PDS, Anganwadi and PM POSHAN for nutrition delivery.
5. Pilot before scale: Test additions through phased State pilots measuring nutrition and fiscal outcomes.

Previous Year Question

[2018] With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements:

1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.

2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.

3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3

(d) 3 only

[2021 GS3 15m] What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India?”