Category: Burning Issues

Why this? SC called to address extra-legal demolitions like ‘Bulldozer justice’ at a pan-India level. We have drawn a chronology of SC judgments from 1978 to 2024 so you get comfortable with legal concerns. However, the quick revision table for Legal Principles & Bulldozer violations is the most important takeaway. You can use it for any other form of ‘extra-legal’ justice.

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UPSC Syllabus Anchoring:

1.⁠ ⁠GS1: Indian Society: Communalism, Urbanization, their problems, and remedies. 

Note4Students: Understand “Bulldozer Justice” and analyse societal inequalities and communal conflicts in urban contexts. Make value added notes on social challenges and remedies.

Microtheme: Emerging Urban Issues

2.⁠ ⁠GS2: Polity, Governance, Constitution, and Social Justice: Separation of Powers, Fundamental Rights, Issues related to Poverty and Hunger

Note4Students: Link governance actions to constitutional safeguards, addressing state overreach and rights violations. Strengthen arguments on constitutional rights, governance, and judicial checks.

Microtheme: Local Self-government, Government Schemes and Policies

3.⁠ ⁠GS3: Economy, Development, Security: Government Policies and Interventions

Note4Students: Enhance your critique of urban developmental interventions and their socio-economic consequences.

Microtheme: Climate Change Impact, Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Preparedness

4.⁠ ⁠GS4: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethics in Public Administration, Conflict of Interest, Transparency, and Accountability, Case Studies

Note4Students: Build your practical, ethical reasoning in governance-related case studies and dilemmas. Explore ethical dilemmas in public administration, focusing on fairness, accountability, and integrity in governance decisions.

Microtheme: Social influence and persuasion, Attitude for Individuals, Probity in Governance

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What is bulldozer justice?

The practice where authorities demolish properties, often bypassing due process and legal procedures. While it is used to curb illegal constructions or encroachments, it raises concerns about constitutional rights, fairness, and the rule of law. The lack of judicial oversight in such actions undermines principles like due process, natural justice, and equal protection under the law.

Critics argue that bulldozer justice disproportionately impacts marginalized communities and violates Article 14 (equality before the law) and Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) of the Indian Constitution. On the other hand, supporters see it as a swift and effective response to lawlessness and encroachments.

Opinions of Supreme Court:

1. Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978): SC ruled that executive actions must be fair, just, and reasonable.
2. Municipal Corporation of Ludhiana vs Inderjit Singh (2008): SC held that no demolition can occur without notice and a hearing to the occupant, even in cases of illegal construction.
3. Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985): SC stated that eviction without due process violates the right to livelihood under Article 21.
4. Punjab and Haryana HC on Nuh Demolitions (2023): The HC stopped the demolitions citing lack of due process and concerns of ethnic targeting.
5. Supreme Court bench comprising Justices Bhushan R Gavai and KV Viswanathan (2024):
   1. Condemned the practice of demolishing properties based solely on accusations or convictions of individuals, stressing the importance of due process and natural justice.
   2. Emphasized that even in cases of unauthorized construction, demolitions must follow proper legal procedures, underscoring the need for fairness and lawful action.
   3. Called for the formulation of nationwide guidelines to ensure uniformity in demolition practices across all states, preventing arbitrary actions by authorities.

Legal Principles violated by Bulldozer Justice:

Legal Principles	Quick Explanation	Violation by Bulldozer Justice
Due Process of Law	Law requires fair treatment and legal procedures before action.	Demolitions without legal procedure.No judicial oversight or recourse.
Right to Property	Individuals have the right to own and protect property under the law.	Properties demolished without notice.No legal backing for actions taken.
Equality Before Law (Article 14)	All individuals must be treated equally by the law.	Marginalized groups targeted.Inconsistent application of law.
Rule of Law	Law must govern the actions of both citizens and authorities.	Arbitrary state actions.Legal frameworks bypassed by local authorities.
Right to Shelter	Every person has the right to adequate housing and protection.	People left homeless.No rehabilitation or alternative shelter provided.
Natural Justice	Fairness in legal processes with an opportunity to be heard.	No fair hearings before demolition.No opportunity to defend or appeal.
Separation of Powers	Clear division between judicial, executive, and legislative powers.	Municipal authorities exceed powers.Judiciary’s role in oversight bypassed.
Proportionality Principle	Government actions must be proportionate to the offense committed.	Collective punishments via demolitions.Excessive response to minor or alleged offenses.

What should be done?

1. UN Guidelines: The United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement (2019) provide humanitarian directives, yet court rulings have been inconsistent and piecemeal which needs a comprehensive approach.
2. Exceptional Circumstances: Demolitions should only occur in exceptional cases and must adhere strictly to established legal processes.
3. Need for Proposed Phased Procedures:
   1. Pre-Demolition Phase: Provide a reasoned notice with details on land records and resettlement plans, allowing adequate time for responses.
   2. During Demolition Phase: Requires the presence of neutral government officials during demolitions.
   3. Rehabilitation Phase: Need to establish a swift mechanism for affected persons to challenge demolition decisions and seek remedies such as compensation and restitution.

Back2Basics

Justice

Justice is the maintenance of what is just and fair. In the modern state, justice implies ensuring and protecting minimum rights and entitlement for all.

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” – Martin Luther King Jr.

“A democracy cannot thrive where power remains unchecked and justice is reserved for a select few. Ignoring these cries and failing to respond to this movement is simply not an option — for peace cannot exist where justice is not served.” – John Lewis

Types of Justice:

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Context

The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, was passed by the Lok Sabha. It seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Background

• The Indian Forest Act, 1927, was enacted to consolidate the laws related to forests, forest land, and wildlife protection, It provides for the protection and management of forest resources.
• Post-Independence, under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, reserved and protected forests were designated, but some forested areas were ignored, and non-forest lands were misclassified as forest.

• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, enacted for heightened forest protection and to oversee forest land use and aimed to address the issues of indiscriminate felling of forests.
• It prohibits the felling of forests for any non-forestry use without prior clearance by the central government, aiming to ensure the sustainable management of forest resources.
• In the 1996 Godavarman case, the Supreme Court expanded the purview of the FCA, 1980 by interpreting the meaning of forest as its dictionary definition.
• In June 2022, amendments were proposed allowing developers to raise plantations on non-FC Act applicable land.

Interpretation of forest land: T.N. Godavarman vs. Union of India Judgment (12 December 1996)

• The term forest land is interpreted broadly and inclusively.
• The court ruled that forest includes all statutorily recognized types, regardless of designation.
• The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 applies to all forests, no matter their ownership or type.

The Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Environment, and Forests (2019) suggested

• Pressure on forest land has increased.
• Ease of diverting forest land for non-forest purposes.
• Expanding forest activities are permitted on forest land.

Table: The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023

Provisions	New Clause	Prior Clause	Reforms	Concerns
New name	Jan Vishwas	None		Sanskrit terminologies has been criticized
Include more types of Land	2 types of land 1. Land declared as forest under Indian Forest Act, 1927. 2. Land notified as forest after the 1980 Act was enforced. *Excludes land converted to non-forest use before December 12, 1996.	Acts previously applied primarily to notified forest land or land declared a forest.	Broadens the Act’s applicability to various types of forest lands.	Possible deforestation issues due to the exemption of land converted before 1996.
Exempted Categories of Land	1. Forest land near borders for strategic linear projects for national security. 2. land along a rail line or a public road maintained by the government providing access to a habitation, or to a rail, and roadside amenities.	The previous rules did not specify these exemptions, and the Act primarily focused on preventing large-scale deforestation.	Encourages specific activities by providing exemptions for them	Impact on forest cover, particularly in regions with high biodiversity and forest cover, like the North-eastern states.
Assignment/Leasing of Forest Land	The Bill extends the requirement for prior approval from the central government to assign forest land to any entity, whether government-owned or not.	Previously, this requirement primarily applied to non-government entities.	Government-owned and controlled entities now require prior approval from the central government, with specified terms and conditions.	Concerns could arise if the central government does not effectively monitor and enforce, potentially leading to unsustainable use of forest land.
Permitted Activities in Forest Land	The Bill expands the list of permitted activities in forest land, including: – Establishing zoos and safaris. – Eco-tourism facilities. – Silvicultural operations (enhancing forest growth). – Other purposes specified by the central government.	Previously, the Act had a more limited list of activities, mainly focused on forest management.	The inclusion of new activities broadens the scope of what can be done in forest land.	Impact on wildlife and forest ecosystems, especially if new activities lead to habitat disruption and degradation.
Power to Issue Directions	The Bill grants the central government the authority to issue directions for the implementation of the Act to any authority or organization recognized by the central, state, or union territory governments.	The previous rules did not explicitly provide for the central government’s power to issue such directions.	This Amendment gives the central government a more direct role in overseeing the Act’s implementation and can help address potential challenges in coordination.	Ensuring effective implementation of the Act’s provisions, potentially leading to delays or inefficiencies if not managed effectively.

Way Forward

• Conduct comprehensive assessments of proposed Amendments’ impacts on forests and biodiversity.
• Engage in meaningful consultations with diverse stakeholders for transparency and inclusivity.
• Prioritize conservation efforts in ecologically sensitive regions and biodiversity hotspots.
• Implement sustainable development practices to minimize forest degradation.
• Strengthen institutional capacity for effective forest management and regulation enforcement.

Context

There is a global race to develop and manufacture clean energy technologies. In Aug 2021: National Hydrogen Energy Mission was Launched. In Apr 2022: India’s first 99.999% pure green hydrogen plant was commissioned by Oil India in Jorhat, Assam. In Jan 2023: Cabinet approved National Green Hydrogen Mission.

What is Green Hydrogen?

Green hydrogen(GH2) is Hydrogen(H₂) produced by splitting water(H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen(O₂) using renewable electricity.

In comparison, Grey hydrogen is traditionally produced from methane (CH4) releasing CO₂, a GHG. Blue hydrogen is similar to Grey Hydrogen with the additional technologies necessary to capture the CO₂.

Mission Objectives

To make India the global hub of GH2 production

Expected Outcomes by 2030

• 5 MMT per annum production capacity
• ~125 GW renewable energy capacity addition.
• Over Rs. 8 lakh crores in total investments
• Create over 6 lakh jobs in the industry
• Abate ~50 million metric tonnes of annual GHGs.
• Reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs. 1 lakh crore.

Mission Components

• Demand Creation through exports and domestic utilization
• Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) program – includes 2 financial incentives (1)Manufacturing of electrolyzers (2)GH2 production.
• Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilization of H₂ will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership(SHIP): Public-private partnership framework for R&D will be facilitated under the Mission.
• A robust Standards and Regulations framework will be also developed.
• R&D projects will be goal-oriented, time-bound, and suitably scaled up to develop globally competitive technologies.
• The Mission will support pilot projects in emerging end-use sectors and production pathways.
• A coordinated skill development programme will also be undertaken under the Mission.

Significance

• Meet Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) targets under the 2015 Paris Agreement. India’s commitment to reducing its emission intensity by 33–35% from 2005 levels by 2030.
• India’s commitment to move from a fossil and import-dependent economy to a net-zero economy by 2070 as stated in 2021 CoP in Glasgow.
• Become energy independent by 2047.
• India imports over 40% of its primary energy requirements, worth over USD 100 billion/year.
• ability to replace fossil fuels in those sectors and uses that until now were more difficult to decarbonize. Eg. Heavy industries, transportation, etc.

How is GH2 produced?

1. Generation of renewable energy: done using various renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
2. The generated electricity is then used in an electrolyser, an electrochemical device that facilitates the electrolysis process. Electrolysers consist of two electrodes immersed in water, separated by an electrolyte.
3. Electric current is passed through the water, which causes a chemical reaction.
4. At the cathode (negative electrode), water molecules gain electrons and are reduced, forming hydrogen gas (H₂). At the anode (positive electrode), water molecules lose electrons and are oxidized, producing oxygen gas (O₂). The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then separated.
5. The purified H₂ gas can be stored and transported for various applications

Challenges

• Commercial viability: The price per kilogram of green hydrogen has to reduce to a benchmark of $2/kg. At these prices, GH2 can compete with natural gas.
• High cost of production: More expensive than producing hydrogen from any fossil fuel. Needs electrolyzers to be built on a large scale.
• Energy intensive: requires a huge amount of electricity.
• Storage and transportation: due to its high inflammability, either very high pressures or very high temperatures are required, both with their technical difficulties.
• Lack of infrastructure: production, storage, and distribution of GH2 which includes a lack of refueling stations and pipelines for transporting hydrogen.
• Low user acceptance and social awareness.

Way forward

• To reduce the production cost of GH2 it is necessary to increase the capacity to generate renewable energy sources in India.
• Need to develop infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of GH2 -hydrogen refueling stations, pipelines, and storage facilities.
• Implement regulatory incentives, such as tax credits and subsidies to promote the use of GH2 in India.
• Deploy demonstration projects and pilot programs.

Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder

• An important source of energy since it has zero carbon content in contrast to hydrocarbons that have a net carbon content in the range of 75–85 percent.
• Highest energy content by weight and the lowest energy content by volume.
• As per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6 % of total energy consumption by 2050.

How can hydrogen be used?

H2 can be used in 2 ways- It can be burnt to produce heat or fed into a fuel cell to make electricity.

• Fuel cell  Mobility: Hydrogen electric cars and trucks.
• Container ships powered by liquid ammonia made from hydrogen.
• ‘Green steel’ refineries burn hydrogen as a heat source rather than coal
• Hydrogen-powered electricity turbines can generate electricity at times of peak demand to help firm the electricity grid.

Color spectrum of Hydrogen

Grey Hydrogen	Methane or coal	CO2, CO	Industrial feedstock, various processes	Low (Harmful emissions)
Black/Brown Hydrogen	Black (bituminous) or brown (lignite) coal	CO2, CO	Industrial feedstock	Low (Harmful emissions)
Blue Hydrogen	Steam reforming process with carbon capture and storage	Captured CO2	Industrial feedstock	Moderate (Reduced emissions)
Green Hydrogen	Surplus renewable energy (solar, wind)	None (Only water vapor)	Transportation, power generation, various processes	High (No emissions)
Turquoise Hydrogen	Methane pyrolysis	Solid carbon	Power generation, industrial processes	High (No emissions)
Pink Hydrogen	Electrolysis powered by nuclear energy	None (Only water vapor)	Transportation, power generation, various processes	High (No emissions)

References

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen-expert-explains-benefits/

https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1673581748609.pdf

https://www.mercomindia.com/india-green-hydrogen-pilot-projects-2030-target

3-day Intl Conference https://icgh.in/

Central Idea

• India, with its extensive coastline, faces the challenge of cyclones, which can cause significant destruction.
• The recent landfall of Cyclone Biparjoy showcases India’s appraisable preparedness and mitigation efforts.
• This article discusses various aspects of cyclones, their types, impacts, and management measures in India.

Understanding Cyclones

Cyclones are large-scale air masses characterized by low atmospheric pressure at their center, creating a violent whirl in the atmosphere that moves from the ocean towards the coasts.

Types of Cyclones

1. Tropical cyclones: These weather systems occur within the tropics, characterized by winds exceeding ‘Gale Force.’ They are powered by heat from the sea and driven by easterly trades and temperate westerlies.
2. Extratropical cyclones: These develop in the mid and high latitudes beyond the tropics.
3. Polar cyclones: Occurring over Polar Regions, these cyclones are particularly strong during the winter season.
4. Meso-Cyclones: Vortices of air within convective storms, accompanied by thunderstorms.

Cyclogenesis: The Process of Cyclone Formation

Cyclogenesis refers to the development and strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere in the tropics. Certain favourable conditions contribute to cyclogenesis:

1. Warm sea surface temperature (above 26–27°C) and associated warming.
2. High relative humidity in the atmosphere.
3. Atmospheric instability promoting the formation of vertical cumulus clouds.
4. Low vertical wind shear that prevents heat transfer from the area.
5. Location at least 4–5 degrees latitude away from the equator in the intertropical convergence zone.

Tropical cyclones are characterized by heavy rainfall, violent winds, and storm surges that have a significant impact on human and animal life.

How are Cyclones named?

• Naming Authorities: Cyclones are named by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) located in different regions worldwide. The IMD is responsible for naming cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
• Collaboration among Nations: Nations in a specific region collaborate to name cyclones. In 2000, a group of nations including Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand decided to name cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region. Five more countries were added in 2018: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen.
• Selection of Names: The Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia Pacific (ESCAP) finalizes the list of names. Member countries submit suggestions, and names are chosen to reflect cultural, social, or geographical significance.
• List of Names: The IMD released a list of 169 cyclone names in April 2020, including suggestions from member nations. These names are used sequentially as cyclones develop in the region.
• Naming Process: When a cyclone forms and meets the naming criteria, the responsible authority assigns the next name from the list. This name is used in official communications and advisories related to the cyclone, aiding in identification and tracking.
• Importance of Naming: Naming cyclones facilitates easy reference, communication, and awareness about their development, intensity, and impacts. It ensures effective dissemination of information among meteorological agencies, media, and the general public.

Classification of Tropical Cyclones in India

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies tropical cyclones as per their intensity:

1. Depression: Winds up to 51 kmph.
2. Deep Depression: Winds between 52 and 61 kmph.
3. Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 62 and 88 kmph.
4. Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 89 and 117 kmph.
5. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 118 and 166 kmph.
6. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 167 and 221 kmph.
7. Super Cyclonic Storm: Winds exceeding 221 kmph.

Most Vulnerable Area: Bay of Bengal Region

Cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal are typically more intense than those in the Arabian Sea due to geographical factors:

• The Arabian Sea region experiences winds directed towards the Arabian Peninsula, leading to efficient heat dissipation and relatively cooler waters, unfavourable for cyclone formation.
• The shape of the landmasses surrounding the Bay of Bengal slows down and weakens winds, resulting in less efficient heat dissipation and continuous warm water surfaces.
• The presence of rivers like the Ganga and the Brahmaputra adds warm moisture to the Bay of Bengal, fueling cyclone intensification.
• The east coast’s characteristic shape attracts cyclones, and the Coriolis effect causes their movement in a northwest and anti-clockwise direction.
• The flat plains of the east coast offer little resistance to winds and incoming cyclones.

India and Cyclones

• India’s long coastline of 7,516 km makes it exposed to approximately 7% of the world’s tropical cyclones.
• The Bay of Bengal is the primary source of cyclones, with a ratio of 4:1 compared to the Arabian Sea.
• The frequency of cyclones in the North Indian Ocean Basin peaks during May-June and October-November.
• Cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal often produce higher storm surges, impacting the east coast of India and Bangladesh.

Impacts of Cyclones

Cyclones have various detrimental effects, including:

• Damaging structures, infrastructure, and crops due to high-velocity winds.
• Storm surges causing loss of life, property damage, erosion, and reduced soil fertility.
• Disruption of livelihoods, particularly for coastal communities dependent on fishing.
• Health complications and diseases due to flooding and lack of access to essential services.
• Psychological impacts, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, among affected populations.

Devastating Cyclones in India

Several devastating cyclones have struck India since 1990, including the Odisha cyclone in 1999, cyclones Phailin in 2013, and HudHud in 2014. These cyclones caused significant loss of life and property.

Cyclone Management in India

Effective cyclone management requires a focus on preparedness, mitigation, response, and capacity development:

1. Early Warning Systems: India utilizes various observational systems and the Indian Meteorological Department for accurate forecasts and warnings.
2. Mitigation Measures: Structural measures include building cyclone shelters, maintaining infrastructure, and constructing embankments. Non-structural measures involve implementing coastal regulation guidelines and preserving natural bio-shields.
3. Response Measures: These encompass relief, rescue, evacuation planning, restoring essential services, and rehabilitation efforts.
4. Awareness Generation and Capacity Development: Promoting awareness at various levels, conducting mock drills, training response forces, and enhancing institutional capacity are essential.

Challenges in Cyclone Management in India

Despite progress, India faces several challenges in cyclone management:

• Insufficient emphasis on prevention rather than management.
• Vulnerability of the coastal population, particularly the poor and marginalized.
• Lack of coordination between stakeholders and local bodies.
• Inadequate early warning techniques and poor building practices.
• Limited preparedness of state disaster response forces.
• Lack of awareness among the population leading to chaotic responses.
• Ineffective regulation of coastal zones due to population pressure and corruption.
• Lack of coordination among local communities during search and rescue missions.

Transforming Cyclone Response: The Odisha Model

• Odisha, a coastal state in India, has been plagued by frequent cyclones for decades.
• However, through years of learning and strategic interventions, the state has achieved a remarkable transformation in its disaster management response.
• At the forefront of this change is Officer Pradeep Kumar Jena (IAS), who has played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and minimizing the impact of cyclones.

This case study delves into the key aspects of Odisha’s disaster management approach and highlights the valuable lessons that other cyclone-prone states can learn from their experiences.

Key Findings:

Learning from past experiences: Every cyclone is unique, and Odisha has recognized the importance of analyzing previous disasters to improve its response mechanisms continually. After each cyclone, comprehensive evaluations are conducted to identify areas for improvement and refine disaster preparedness strategies.

Preparing for multiple challenges: In 2020, Odisha faced the dual challenges of cyclone Amphan and the COVID-19 pandemic. With no prior knowledge of managing a cyclone during a pandemic, the state had to adapt quickly. By converting school and college buildings into shelters and implementing strict guidelines, they successfully prevented the spread of the virus and managed the cyclone without any casualties.

Prioritizing vulnerable populations: Odisha’s proactive approach includes identifying and addressing the needs of vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women. During Cyclone Fani, immediate measures were taken to evacuate pregnant women to district and sub-divisional hospitals. This practice has become a standard procedure, ensuring the safety of both mothers and newborns.

Effective coordination and community involvement: A collective effort involving communities, district collectors, and the government has been instrumental in Odisha’s success. The state’s disaster management model emphasizes reaching affected areas promptly, with block headquarters reached within 24 hours, gram panchayats within 48 hours, and all villages within 72 hours. This swift response helps minimize destruction and save lives.

Recommendations for other states: To enhance disaster management and response in other cyclone-prone states, IAS officer Pradeep Kumar Jena suggests the following:

1. Develop state-specific disaster response forces in addition to national agencies like NDRF, Army, and Navy.
2. Empower gram panchayats to manage natural disasters effectively by granting certain powers and resources.
3. Build a strong network of trained volunteers who can provide assistance during emergencies.
4. Incorporate long-term planning to ensure adequate resources and infrastructure for disaster resilience.
5. Collaborate with central and state governments to establish disaster-resilient assets that can minimize the impact of cyclones and floods.

Conclusion

To enhance cyclone management in India, there is a need to harmonize national and local disaster institutions, implement risk-proof measures, promote people-centric disaster management, involve the private sector, strengthen research and training, and raise awareness at all levels. Emulating successful models like Odisha’s can contribute to minimizing the impacts of future cyclones.

Central Idea

The four-day visit by Nepal Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal, who prefers to be called ‘Prachanda’ (his nom de guerre) was recently completed.

Hits and Misses of the Visit

[A] Hits

• Revised transit treaty: Nepal securing access to Indian inland waterways is a positive development as it will enhance Nepal’s connectivity and trade options.
• Power export to Bangladesh: The agreement allowing Nepal to export 40 MW of power to Bangladesh through Indian territory and transmission lines opens up new avenues for Nepal’s power sector and strengthens regional energy cooperation.
• Hydropower projects: The collaboration between Nepal and India’s public-sector companies, NHPC and Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, for the development of the Phukot Karnali Hydropower Project and Lower Arun Hydropower Project respectively, indicates cooperation in the renewable energy sector.
• Infrastructure development: The inauguration of the Gorakhpur-Butwal transmission line, the handing over of the Kurthea-Bijapur railway line, and the establishment of integrated checkposts (ICPs) at various border points are positive steps in improving connectivity and facilitating trade between the two countries.
• Petroleum infrastructure cooperation: The signing of an MoU for cooperation in petroleum infrastructure indicates a willingness to enhance collaboration in the energy sector.

[B] Misses

• Power export agreement duration: Nepal’s desire for a 25-year umbrella agreement to export power to India was not met, as only a ten-year agreement in principle was reached. The signing of a formal agreement has been deferred, which may be seen as a disappointment for Nepal.
• Airspace access to Bhairahawa Airport: Nepal’s request for Indian airspace access for commercial flights heading to Gautam Buddha International Airport at Bhairahawa was not fully met. The limited access granted for low-altitude flights is considered uneconomical for commercial jetliners, and Nepal feels India has not honored its earlier commitment to review the matter and facilitate commercial flights.
• Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project: Nepal’s concerns regarding the delay in preparing the detailed project report (DPR) for the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project have not been addressed satisfactorily. Despite repeated agreements to have the DPR ready, the project has remained pending for 26 years.

Row triggered by a Mural in New Parliament

• Interpretation of the Mural and Anger in Nepal: The mural in Nepal’s new Parliament building, interpreted as Akhand Bharat or undivided India, has sparked anger and controversy among Nepali political leaders. Nepali leaders argued that it undermines Nepal’s sovereignty and cultural identity, particularly in relation to Lumbini.
• Historical Tensions, Border Disputes, and Impact on Bilateral Relations: The row over the mural evokes memories of the Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal. Historical tensions and ongoing border disputes contribute to the sensitivity of territorial claims and strain bilateral relations.
• Perception of Political Statement and Sensitivity of Sovereignty: Some view the mural as a political statement, suggesting India’s territorial ambitions and challenging Nepal’s independence. The controversy highlights the sensitivity of issues related to sovereignty and national identity.
• Cultural and Historical Significance: Prachanda himself argued that the mural represents cultural and historical aspects and should be seen as shared heritage rather than a political assertion. Respecting the territorial integrity of neighboring countries is essential.

India Nepal Ties: A Backgrounder

• Ancient ties: The relationship between India and Nepal goes back to the times of the rule of the Sakya clan and Gautama Buddha.
• Cultural relations: From 750 to 1750 AD period saw a shift from Buddhism to Hinduism in Nepal and witnessed widespread cultural diffusion.
• Diplomatic ties: India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal.
• In recent years, India’s relations with Nepal have witnessed some ‘lows’. 

Various facets of India-Nepal ties

(1) Cultural ties

• While enjoying their own peculiarities, both India and Nepal share a common culture and ways of life.
• Religion is perhaps the most important factor and plays a predominant role in shaping the cultural relations between these two countries, marked by a cross country pilgrimage on Char Dham Yatra, Pashupatinath Temple and some Buddhist sites.

 (2) Strategic ties

• Nepal is a buffer state between India and China.
• Several Nepali Citizens are also deployed in Indian defence forces as well. Ex. Gorkha Regiment.

(3) Political ties

• Constitutional turmoil is not new in Nepal. India has played a vital role in the democratic transition in Nepal against the monarch King Gyanendra.
• Nepali Congress (NC) is one of the country’s oldest parties which supports relations with India, but the communist parties show a tilt towards China.

(4) Economic ties

• Nepal is an important export market for India. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner.
• Himalayan rivers flowing through Nepal can be used for hydroelectric power projects which will benefit Border States of UP, Bihar and other adjacent areas.
• Also, Nepal is the largest borrower of Indian Currency in South Asia. Nepal has escalating trade deficit with India.  

(5) Connectivity

• The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship was sought by the Nepali authorities in 1949 to provide for an open border and for Nepali nationals to have the right to work in India.
• The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) in which Nepal is a partner will permit the member states to ply their vehicles in each other’s territory for transportation of cargo and passengers.

(6) Multilateral and Regional Fora

• Both Nepal and India work in tandem in the United Nations, Non-aligned Movement and other international fora on most of the important international issues.
• Both countries have been deeply engaged in the regional and sub-regional frameworks of SAARC, BIMSTEC and BBIN for enhancing cooperation for greater economic integration.

China’s role in Nepal – A matter of concern

• Once considered a buffer state between India and China, Nepal is now showing an inclination towards Beijing.
• China is trying to stimulate and tempt Nepal with multiple aids, economic growth and acquisition.
• China has overtaken India as the largest source of foreign direct investment with the annual development assistance being worth $120 million.

India-Nepal Border Disputes: The Real Spoilsport

India and Nepal share about an 1800 Km long border. There are 2 major border or territorial disputes:

(1) Kalapani

• The Kali River in the Kalapani region demarcates the border between India and Nepal.
• The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and British India (after the Anglo-Nepalese War) in 1816 located the Kali River as Nepal’s western boundary with India.
• The discrepancy in locating the source of the Kali River led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting its own claims.

(2) Susta Region

• It is about 140 sq. km of land in Uttar Pradesh at the Nepal border in the Terai area. India has control of the territory. Nepal claims this territory.
• The change of course by the Gandak River is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.

Issue of Simultaneous floods in Bihar and Nepal

• Some of Nepal’s biggest river systems originate in the Himalayan glaciers which then flow into India through Bihar.
• During the monsoons, these river systems flood causing many problems for Bihar.
• It is a necessity that there is process-driven coordination between the Centre and the Government of Bihar to handle the flooding in Nepal’s Terai and North Bihar (largely the Mithilanchal region).

Why Nepal is Important to India?

• Buffer to China: It acts as a strategic buffer against the aggression of China.
• Pakistan factor: peddling of FICN, drugs and terrorism through the Indo-Nepal border. It makes the cooperation of Nepal important.
• Common culture: There are huge Nepali communities in Darjeeling and Sikkim. Many marital relations across the border exist.
• National Security: There is a lot of interdependence. Gurkha Regiment in Indian Army is known for its valiance.
• Energy Security: Nepal has the potential of 80 GW of hydroelectricity. But only 600 MW potential is realized so far.

Major irritants in bilateral ties

• Nepali nationalism and Anti-India sentiments: Anti-India Sentiment in Nepal is largely politically motivated as it is wrongly perceived as India’s backing to Monarchy.
• China factor: Nepal’s assent for the ‘One Belt One Region’ (OBOR) initiative of China is viewed by India with suspicion. It has been slowly fallen prey to China’s inroad debt trap policy.
• India’s perception of Nepal: The reality is that India has ignored the changing political narrative in Nepal for far too long.
• Open borders: The issue of open borders has also been a point of debate in Nepal in recent years- Nepalese people argue that India is benefiting more from it than Nepal.
• Madhesis Issue: Madhesis share extensive cross-border ethnic and linguistic links with India. India’s involvement in Nepali politics and the upsurge in Madhesi have deep roots in history and unless resolved.

Way Forward

• Dialogues: In the best spirit of friendship, Nepal and India should restart the water dialogue and come up with policies to safeguard the interests of all those who have been affected on both sides of the border.
• Investments: TheBilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) signed between India and Nepal needs more attention from Nepal’s side.
• Sensitization: The onus is on India to rethink on a long-term basis how to recalibrate its relationship with Nepal provided Nepal should not ignore its relations with India.
• Strengthening Economic Ties: The power trade agreement needs to be such that India can build trust in Nepal.

Q. Despite having historic affinity, India-Nepal relations has deteriorated in recent times and need to be strengthened. Critically examine.

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Central Idea

• With over 280 people dead and more than 900 injured, the triple train crash in Odisha’s Balasore is one of India’s worst train tragedies.
• Two express passenger trains and a freight train were involved in a “three-way accident” near a small station.
• One train collided into a stationary freight train, causing its coaches to flip over to a third track and derailing an incoming train.
• Preliminary reports indicate that signal failure was the cause of the accident.

Causes of the accident

There are four major causes of train accidents in India: 

1. Derailment 
2. Level crossing accidents
3. Collisions
4. Fire

There are many unanswered questions on what exactly led to this deadly multiple-train collision. We however try to ascertain some legacy issues in Indian Railways safety.

• Signal Failure: Preliminary reports indicate that the accident was caused by signal failure. This suggests that there may have been a failure or malfunction in the signalling system, leading to a breakdown in communication or incorrect signals given to the trains involved.
• Colliding into Stationary Freight Train: One of the trains involved in the accident collided into a stationary freight train. The cause of this collision could be attributed to factors such as failure to adhere to signal instructions, human error, or a failure in braking systems.
• Coaches Flipping Over to Third Track: Due to the collision, the coaches of the train that collided with the stationary freight train flipped over and moved onto a third track. This suggests a significant impact and force exerted during the collision, potentially indicating excessive speed, braking failures, or structural vulnerabilities.
• Derailment of Coming Train: The collision and subsequent flipping of coaches onto a third track caused an incoming train to derail. The derailment could be attributed to the obstruction on the tracks, leading to loss of control and the train veering off its intended path.

A glimpse of Railway Mishaps in India

Railway accidents in India have been caused by various factors, including:

Factor	Causes	Examples
Human Error	Mistakes or negligence by railway staff, such as train drivers, signal operators, or maintenance workers	Errors in signalling Misjudgment of distances Improper maintenance practices Ex. Failure to follow safety protocols, like the 2010 West Bengal train derailment due to sabotage by Maoist rebels.
Track Defects	Poorly maintained tracks with defects like fractures, misalignment, or subsidence	Lack of regular inspection Inadequate maintenance Ex. Delayed repairs, such as the 2017 Pukhrayan train derailment caused by track defects leading to the deaths of over 140 passengers.
Equipment Failure	Malfunctioning or faulty equipment, including locomotives, coaches, wagons, or signalling systems	Poor maintenance Aging infrastructure   Manufacturing defects, Ex. 2019 Bikaner train fire caused by a faulty transformer in the power car.
Level Crossing Accidents	Collisions between trains and road vehicles at level crossings	Unmanned or poorly managed level crossings Lack of proper warning systems Ex. 2018 Kushinagar accident where a school van was hit by a train at an unmanned level crossing.
Overloading and Overspeeding	Overloading of trains beyond capacity and exceeding speed limits	Ex. 2016 Kanpur train accident caused by an overloaded train derailing due to excessive speed.
Extreme Weather	Heavy rains, fog, or extreme temperatures Landslides, floods, or falling debris	Ex. 2020 Kozhikode train derailment caused by heavy rain and landslides.
Communication and Signalling Failures	Malfunctioning or misinterpretation of communication systems	Signalling equipment malfunctions Miscommunication between train operators and control centers Ex. 2015 Diva-Sawantwadi train collision due to a communication failure.
Operational Errors	Improper routing , Incorrect switching, Lack of situational awareness	2014 Gorakhpur train accident caused by improper switching resulting in a collision.
Security Threats	Acts of terrorism, vandalism, or sabotage targeting railway infrastructure or trains	Ex. 2005 Jaunpur train bombings orchestrated by terrorists.
Maintenance and Inspection Failures	Inadequate maintenance practices, delayed inspections, or insufficient adherence to safety standards	Ex. 2018 Amritsar train accident caused by inadequate inspection leading to a collision with a Dussehra event crowd.

Key stats

[A] Train Collisions and Other Incidents

• Collisions accidents are rare: On average, train collisions have accounted for approximately 4.7% of all train accidents in the past two decades.
• Derailments are frequent: Other incidents such as derailments, level crossing accidents, fires, and miscellaneous events occur at a significantly higher frequency than train collisions.

[B] Declining Trend in Total Train Accidents

• Steady decline:  In the year 2001-02, there were 415 train accidents, which has significantly decreased to 34 incidents by the year 2021-22.
• Pandemic impact: The number of accidents further decreased to 59 in 2018-19 and 21 in 2020-21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic but has since risen again in 2021-22, although remaining below pre-pandemic levels.

[C] Passenger Fatalities and Injuries

• Lesser fatalities: The highest recorded figures occurred in the year 2005-06, with 315 passengers losing their lives and 627 sustaining injuries.  In 2018-19, 16 passengers were killed, and 86 were injured in train accidents.
• Zero deaths during COVID: In the consecutive years of 2019-20 and 2020-21, no passenger deaths were recorded, although 73 passengers sustained injuries.
• Cost to exchequer: The cumulative compensation payout from 2017-18 to 2021-22 stands at less than Rs 14 crore.

Measures to Prevent Railway Accidents

	Explanation
Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK)	Introduced in 2017-18 with a corpus of ₹1 lakh crore for five years, RRSK aims to replace, renew, and upgrade critical safety assets, with an annual outlay of ₹20,000 crore.
Advanced sensors upgradation	Adoption of technological advancements in safety aspects of coaches and wagons, including Modified Centre Buffer Couplers, Bogie Mounted Air Brake System (BMBS), improved suspension design, and Automatic fire & smoke detection system in coaches.
Transition to LHB Coaches	Replacement of conventional ICF design coaches with LHB (Linke Hofmann Busch) design coaches for Mail/Express trains in a phased manner, offering enhanced safety features.
GPS-based Fog Pass Device	Provision of GPS-based Fog Pass devices to loco pilots in fog-affected areas, enabling them to know the exact distance of approaching landmarks like signals and level crossing gates, enhancing safety during foggy conditions.
Modern Track Structure	Utilization of modern track structures, including Prestressed Concrete Sleepers (PSC), 60 KG or higher Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) rails, fanshaped layout turnout on PSC sleepers, and Steel Channel Sleepers on girder bridges during primary track renewals.
Long Rail Panels	Manufacture of long rail panels of 260 M/130M length to minimize the number of Aluminothermic joints in the track, reducing the chances of rail-related accidents.
Provision of Thick Web Switches (TWS)	Equipping important routes of Indian Railways with Thick Web Switches (TWS) to expedite their provision and enhance safety.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD) Testing	Conducting USFD testing on rails to detect flaws and ensure timely removal of defective rails, thereby enhancing safety.
Train Protection and Warning System (TPWS)	Installation of TPWS based on European Technology ETCS Level-1 in specific sections to prevent accidents caused by human errors like Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD) or over speeding.
Auxiliary Warning System (AWS)	Implementation of AWS, an ATP system, in the Mumbai suburban section of Central Railway and Western Railway covering a total of 413 RKMs.
Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)	Development of TCAS, an ATP system, in association with three Indian manufacturers, with extensive field trials and safety validation completed. The system has been approved for developmental order in specific sections.

KAVACH: Achieving Zero Incidents

• KAVACH is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed to enhance safety in Indian Railways.
• It is designed to prevent accidents and ensure the smooth operation of trains.
• It is a Safety Integrity Level 4 (SIL-4) certified technology with the probability of error being one in 10,000 years. 
• On March 4, 2022, a successful trial was conducted between the Gullaguda–Chitgidda Railway stations of South Central Railway.
• It initiated the automatic braking system and halted the locomotives 380 metres apart. 

Some of the highlighted features of KAVACH include:

1. Prevention of Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD): KAVACH helps prevent trains from crossing red signals and ensures adherence to signal instructions.
2. Continuous Movement Authority Update: The system provides real-time updates on movement authority, displaying signal aspects in the Driver Machine Interface (DMI) or Loco Pilot Operation cum Indication Panel (LPOCIP).
3. Automatic Braking for Prevention of Overspeeding: KAVACH automatically initiates the braking system if the train exceeds the prescribed speed limits, preventing accidents caused by overspeeding.
4. Auto Whistling at Level Crossing Gates: The system activates automatic whistle sounds when approaching level crossing gates, ensuring timely alerts to pedestrians and road users.
5. Prevention of Collision between Locomotives: KAVACH helps prevent collisions between two locomotives equipped with the system, adding an extra layer of safety.
6. SoS Messages in Emergency Situations: In case of emergencies, KAVACH facilitates the sending of distress messages or SoS signals, enabling prompt response and assistance.
7. Centralized Live Monitoring: The system allows for centralized live monitoring of train movements through a Network Monitor System, providing real-time information on train positions and ensuring effective management.

Could KAVACH have prevented the Odisha accident?

• KAVACH could have potentially prevented the Odisha accident, but it’s important to note that KAVACH was not available on the route where the accident occurred.
• KAVACH, with its automatic braking, signal adherence, and collision prevention capabilities, could have detected the situation and initiated appropriate actions to prevent or minimize the impact of the accident.
• However, since it was not implemented on that particular route at the time, it was not able to play a role in preventing the incident.

A matter of Deliberate Ignorance: Says CAG

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) highlighted several issues regarding various train incidents in its 2022 report titled “Derailment in Indian Railways.” Here are some key points from the report:

• Institutional Problems: The CAG’s analysis of railway accidents between 2017 and 2021 suggests that the problem lies within the railway institution itself rather than individual errors. The report states that maintenance activities were managed with staffing vacancies and minimal outsourcing, impacting the quality of maintenance.
• Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK): The report mentions the railway safety fund introduced in 2017-18, but it states that funds allocated for track renewals were not effectively utilized. Non-priority areas received a significant portion of the funds, while the allotment for track renewal declined over the years, leading to a decline in safety-related works.
• Need for technical overhaul: The report attributes derailments to factors like defects in wheel diameter and defects in coaches/wagons. It also mentions accidents caused by the incorrect setting of points and other mistakes in shunting operations.
• Basic maintenance: As the government focused on the high-profile launches of Vande Bharat trains, railway infrastructure was crying out for funds for basic maintenance, said the CAG report.
• Issues with goods train: More than 3.30 lakh wagons were passed without approval after repairs in workshops and terminal yards compromising with rail safety. According to railway data from 2016-17 to 2020-21, the average speed of goods trains has halved due to excessive unnecessary stoppages at loading-unloading points.

Key recommendations by Anil Kakodkar Committee

The Ministry of Railways had appointed a High-Level Safety Review Committee under the chairmanship of Dr Anil Kakodkar to review the safety of the Indian Railways and recommend improvements. The report was submitted in February 2012.

• Creation of a Railway Safety Authority: The Committee suggests the establishment of a statutory Railway Safety Authority with sufficient powers to oversee and regulate safety on the railways, independent of the Railway Board.
• Restructuring of RDSO: The Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) should be restructured for greater empowerment, enabling it to embrace emerging technologies effectively. Additionally, the Committee proposes the creation of a Railway Research and Development Council (RRDC) directly under the government.
• Adoption of Advanced Signalling System: The entire trunk route length of 19,000 km should be equipped with an Advanced Signalling System, similar to the European Train Control System, within five years. The estimated cost for this implementation is Rs 20,000 crore.
• Elimination of Level Crossings: All Level Crossings, both manned and unmanned, should be eliminated within five years. This target would require an estimated expenditure of Rs 50,000 crore. The Committee expects that this investment will be recovered within 7-8 years through savings in maintenance costs and improved train operations.
• Switch to LHB Design Coaches: The Committee recommends switching from the ICF design coaches to the safer LHB design coaches. This transition is expected to cost Rs 10,000 crore over the next five years.
• Safety Infrastructure Maintenance: The Committee suggests investing approximately Rs 20,000 crore in the maintenance of safety-related infrastructure.
• Financial Investment: The Committee recommends a total financial investment of Rs 1,00,000 crore over a five-year period to address the current safety and infrastructure challenges.

Way forward

• Implement recommendations: Act on the recommendations of the Anil Kakodkar Committee, including creating a Railway Safety Authority, restructuring RDSO, adopting advanced signalling systems, eliminating level crossings, and transitioning to safer LHB coaches.
• Strengthen maintenance: Focus on regular inspection and maintenance of tracks, coaches, and infrastructure, addressing backlogs and improving overall conditions.
• Embrace technology: Invest in advanced sensors, GPS-based systems, and automatic fire detection to enhance safety features in coaches and wagons.
• Ensure safety oversight: Establish an independent regulatory body to monitor and enforce safety standards, ensuring accountability and adherence to protocols.
• Allocate adequate funds: Prioritize safety expenditure, effectively utilize funds like the Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh, and regularly review funding to meet evolving safety requirements.
• Learn from international best practices: Collaborate with experts and organizations to gain insights and expertise from countries with exemplary railway safety records.
• Promote a safety culture: Foster a safety-first mindset through awareness campaigns, training programs, and public outreach initiatives.

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Context

• Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on Sunday (28^th May 2023) unveiled the plaque to mark the inauguration of the much-awaited new Parliament building and dedicated it to the service of the Nation.
• In this context, this edition of the Burning Issue will elaborate on this news from multiple dimensions including the issues that surrounded it.

Inaugurating new Parliament

• The inauguration began with traditional prayers. PM Modi held traditional prayers with the priests of all major religions followed in India. He then lit a traditional lamp inside the parliament.
• The Prime Minister also installed the sacred ‘Sengol’ in the Lok Sabha chamber, right next to the Speaker’s chair. Mr. Modi was handed over the historic ‘Sengol’ by Adheenams before it was installed in the new Parliament building.
• He also released a special commemorative postage stamp and a ₹75 coin to mark the inauguration of the new Parliament building.

About the Sengol

• Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
• Derived from the Tamil word Semmai, meaning Righteousness, Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance and holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.
• The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
• It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence

The Old Parliament Building

History:

• The idea of constructing a permanent building for the Indian Parliament was conceptualized during the British colonial era. At the coronation of George V as Emperor of India on December 12, 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker were appointed as the chief architects for designing the new administrative center.

Construction:

• The construction of the Parliament Building began in 1921 and was completed in 1927. The building is designed in the Indo-Saracenic architectural style, which combines elements of Indian and Islamic architecture with European influences. The foundation stone was laid by the Duke of Connaught on 12th February 1921.

Architectural Features:

• The old Parliament Building is an imposing circular structure with a diameter of 170 feet (52 meters) and a height of 144 feet (44 meters). It consists of three main sections: the Lok Sabha, The Rajya Sabha and the Central Hall.
• The Lok Sabha (House of the People), is where the elected representatives gather. The Rajya Sabha, known as the Council of States, represents the states and union territories of India.
• The building features a dome at its center, which is its most prominent architectural element. The dome is inspired by the Ashoka Chakra, a prominent symbol in Indian art and culture. It is surrounded by colonnaded corridors and has several intricately designed arches and columns. The interior of the Parliament Building showcases exquisite artwork, including murals and sculptures.

Significance:

• The Parliament Building holds immense historical and political significance. It has witnessed crucial moments in India’s history, including the framing and passing of significant legislation, the making of the constitution, debates on important national issues, and the address of the President of India at the commencement of each parliamentary session.
• The building is an important landmark and a symbol of India’s democracy. It stands as a reminder of India’s struggle for independence and its commitment to democratic governance.

Challenges and Limitations of the Old Parliament House

• Space Limitations: As the demands of governance have grown and evolved, the available space has become insufficient to accommodate the increasing number of staff, offices, and facilities required to support the functioning of the legislature. This space constraint has led to multiple additions and retrofits, such as the Parliament Annexe and the Parliament Library, but they have not fully addressed the need for modern and adequate facilities.
• Infrastructure Constraints: The installation of additional wiring for computers, air conditioners, and security gadgets has cluttered the building and affected its aesthetic appeal. Safety concerns have necessitated measures like safety nettings in the Chambers and Central Hall to prevent the risk of falling tiles and plaster.
• Technological Obsolescence: With rapid technological advancements, the old Parliament House struggles to meet the technological needs of the modern era. The building lacks state-of-the-art facilities for audio-visual communication, simultaneous interpretations in multiple languages, and efficient information management systems limiting the ability to leverage modern tools for improved legislative output.
• Functional Limitations: The cramped working spaces, lack of dedicated facilities for MPs, and inadequate access to necessary resources and reports hinder the ability of legislators to perform their duties effectively. These functional constraints can hamper productivity and limit the quality of discussions and debates within the legislative body.
• Historical Significance: While the old Parliament House holds historical significance and represents the journey of independent India, it also reflects a bygone era. The old building’s colonial-era architecture may not be best suited to symbolize India’s present and future ambitions.
• Therefore, In 2012, a committee was established by the then Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar to explore options for a new parliament building while considering the stability of the old structure. As a result, numerous proposals have been put forth to replace the existing Parliament complex with a new building.
• In 2019, the Government of India initiated the Central Vista Project, which encompasses various other endeavors such as renovating the Kartavya Path and constructing a new residence and office for the Prime Minister.

Features of The New Parliament Building

• Architect of the project: The chief architect of the Central Vista Project, which includes the new parliament building, is Bimal Patel.
• A digitized copy of the Indian Constitution: has been kept at the constitutional hall. The hall also houses a Foucault’s Pendulum which demonstrates the rotation of the earth.
• Larger legislative chambers: The new complex will have larger legislative chambers. Based on India’s national bird peacock, the new Lok Sabha will have thrice the current seating capacity at 888 seats, while there will be 348 seats for Rajya Sabha, which is based on the Lotus theme – the national flower. The new complex will have larger committee rooms, equipped with the latest technology and purpose-design spaces to enhance efficiency.
• Platinum-rated green building: With a focus on energy efficiency, the new complex is a “platinum-rated green building” and showcases India’s “commitment towards sustainable development.” It will also host many regional artworks to promote the diverse cultural heritage of the country.
• Divyang friendly: To promote inclusivity, the new Parliament complex is also ‘divyang-friendly’. It also features a central lounge to complement the open courtyard and is meant for members to interact. The open courtyard has the national tree ‘Banyan’ as well.

How the New House is Equipped for the Future?

• Spacious and Accessible: The new building offers increased space compared to the old Parliament House, allowing for better movement and functionality. It is designed to accommodate the growing number of MPs and staff, ensuring a more comfortable and accessible environment for all.
• State-of-the-Art Technology: The new Parliament House is equipped with the most updated technology, enabling seamless communication and information sharing among lawmakers. It provides advanced audio-visual communication features, ensuring effective interaction and collaboration during debates and discussions.
• Simultaneous Interpretation: The new building is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for simultaneous interpretation. This enables MPs to communicate and understand proceedings in their preferred languages, promoting inclusivity and facilitating effective participation from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
• E-Library and Digital Resources: The new Parliament House offers access to e-library and digital resources, providing lawmakers with easy and instant access to important reports, documents, and research materials. This promotes informed decision-making and enhances the capacity of legislators.
• Energy Efficiency: The new building prioritizes energy efficiency through the use of sustainable design elements and eco-friendly systems. It incorporates renewable energy sources, efficient lighting, and climate control systems, reducing energy consumption and minimizing the ecological footprint.
• Visitor Facilities: The new Parliament House includes publicly accessible museum-grade galleries and a Constitution Hall that showcase India’s democratic history. These spaces serve as educational resources for visitors, offering a deeper understanding of the country’s democratic values and principles.
• Future Expansion: The new Parliament House is designed to accommodate future expansions and requirements. As the complex grows and evolves, provisions have been made to ensure that each member will have dedicated spaces for interacting with constituents, fostering closer engagement and representation.

New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency

• Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
• Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
• Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.

Is the boycott by opposition parties justified?

YES

• Earlier, opposition parties had declared a boycott of the inauguration of the new parliament building. Declaring their intention to boycott the inauguration of the new Parliament, 19 Opposition parties — including the Congress — had issued a joint statement saying that there was no value in a new building when the “soul of democracy has been sucked out from the Parliament.”

NO

• On the flip side, Constitutional experts feel that the opposition parties have raised an unnecessary controversy. They say neither the Constitution nor any rule prescribes the inauguration of Parliament or any of its parts by any particular authority.
• In fact, they say that the speaker has control over the Parliament estate and s/he should decide who to be invited to inaugurate the building.
• There are precedents to prove it. Earlier also, the Parliament annex and library were inaugurated by PMs. The PM is the head of the government. The President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the PM.

The way forward: Preparing for New Challenges

• Embracing Technological Advancements: The world is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology. The Parliament should adapt to these changes by harnessing digital tools, promoting e-governance initiatives, and leveraging innovations like machine learning and artificial intelligence.
• Legislative Reforms: Regular review and reform of existing laws and procedures are crucial to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in a dynamic environment. Parliamentarians should actively engage in legislative reforms, focusing on updating outdated laws, streamlining processes, and addressing emerging issues.
• Capacity Building: Members of Parliament should be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle complex policy challenges. Training programs, workshops, and knowledge-sharing platforms can help enhance their understanding of diverse subjects, enabling them to make informed decisions and contribute effectively to lawmaking.
• Embracing Innovation and Research: Encouraging research and evidence-based policymaking can lead to more informed and effective legislative outcomes. Parliament should foster collaborations with research institutions, think tanks, and experts to access reliable data, analysis, and innovative solutions to address emerging challenges.

Conclusion

• The new parliament building symbolizes the journey of our Parliament from its past to the future, shaping the concept of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. As the fountainhead of people’s hopes and aspirations, particularly the younger generations, the new Parliament House will serve as a lighthouse guiding us toward the ambitious journey of building Ek Bharat, and Shrestha Bharat. It is an opportunity for serious introspection, aiming to make our parliamentary conduct more efficient and productive.

Q. Discuss the physical challenges faced by the Indian Parliament in fulfilling its role as a representative and legislative body and the measures taken to address them. (150 words)

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Context

• Recently, The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has successfully completed the third G20 Tourism Working Group meeting, held from 22nd to 24th May 2023 in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
• In this context, this edition of the burning issue will discuss this meeting, the G20 grouping, its work and achievements and failures.

About G20 and its Tourism working group

• What: The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. It brings together the world’s major advanced and emerging economies.
• When: The G20 was created in response to both the financial crises that arose in a number of emerging economies in the 1990s and to a growing recognition that some of these countries were not adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance.
• Who are the members? The G20 comprises 19 countries and European Union. The Countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK, and USA.
• India, under its G20 Presidentship, has created the Tourism working group to promote tourism and hold significant discussions on tourism during its presidentship period.

About the Srinagar Summit

• 3^rd G20 Tourism Working Group Summit: The Srinagar summit is actually the 3^rd G20 Tourism Working Group Summit. The first summit was held at Rann of Kutch and the second is Darjeeling. This meeting would take forward discussions from the previous G20 Tourism track meeting held at Rann of Kutch and Darjeeling in 2023.
• 5 priority areas: India’s G20 Tourism Working Group has identified five priority areas viz. Green Tourism, Digitalization, Skills, Tourism MSMEs and Destination Management, for our Presidency.
• Achievement of SDGs: All the priorities were welcomed and endorsed by participating G20 delegates in the previous meeting. Under the broad theme of “Travel for LiFE”, the G20 Tourism track is working to further the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals through green, inclusive and resilient tourism development.
• G20 members would submit their suggestions in writing by 26th May, 2023 which will form part of the final draft of the roadmap prepared in consultation with UNWTO that will be presented at the 4th Tourism Working Group Meeting to be held in Goa in June followed by the tourism declaration at the Ministerial Meet.

Significance of holding summit in Srinagar

• Strategically located: This G20 summit is very significant as Jammu & Kashmir is strategically located. It is bordered by China and Pakistan, with volatile borders of LoC and LAC.
• Urban transformation: The G20 Summit preparations in Srinagar have resulted in urban transformation of the city such as the newly redeveloped Polo market which has been praised by G20 delegates also.
• Showcasing New Kashmir: Kashmir in Western media is generally shown in a state of turmoil that tarnishes the image of India. Therefore, organizing a Global event like this in Kashmir will help India showcase a different picture of Kashmir to the world.
• Promoting tourism and craft: Kashmir is home to a number of crafts and beautiful landscapes. Such a meeting will help promote Kashmir’s art and craft as well as tourism in the state. For example, the Ministry of Tourism gave Paper Mache Box, Kashmir saffron, Kawa cups etc. as souvenir to G20 delegates.

Outcomes of the Summit

• The event saw the ‘Launch of Travel for LiFE Programme’ to encourage citizens to make conscious use of tourism resources through responsible tourism practices during their travels.
• The draft ‘National Strategy on Film Tourism’ was unveiled which will provide a roadmap for harnessing the role of films in promoting tourist destinations.
• Impact of Film Tourism: A panel discussion with G20 member countries including Spain, Singapore, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Brazil and India. The panel deliberated upon the impact of Film Tourism on economic benefits and its role in promoting the destination globally.
• Discussion on the 2nd draft of the Goa Roadmap for tourism as a vehicle for achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
• There are two key deliverables of the Tourism Working Group, which are GOA Roadmap for tourism as a vehicle for achieving sustainable development goals and G20 Tourism Ministers’ Declaration.

A boycott by China and Saudi Arabia

• China has said it will not attend, citing its firm opposition “to holding any kind of G20 meetings in the disputed territory”
• Similarly, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye have also decided to stay away from the meeting.

Overall significance of the G20 Group

Achievements

• It brought increased participation of emerging countries in global issues. It helped provide a platform for developing countries to interact with developed nations and become part of the global decision-making process.
• The improvement in the regulations of the economies whose problems led to the crisis and the creation of safety nets to prevent problems in the future.
• The G20 also specifically helped to provide emergency funds during the 2008 crisis and plays an important role in financing development.

Shortcomings of the Group

• No permanent secretariat: Simultaneously, the informal structure of the G20, with a rotating chair and no permanent secretariat, means that agendas are determined each year by the chair and so can swing widely, and formal mechanisms to monitor follow-through on countries’ public commitments are weak.
• Considered Bias: The G20 is composed of 20 large and important economies. This creates a situation in which small countries have to follow their big brothers, in order to survive.
• Failed to live up to the expectations: Finance ministers and heads of state now come to the table with their hands tied, their positions determined in advance by their governments and a formal script that precludes meaningful and creative compromises.
• More showoff and less efficient: Meetings have become talkfests and photo opportunities. The willingness to come together in the hostile environment of late 2008 and early 2009 has entirely dissipated. The G20 agenda utterly fails to break with the tired, broken policies of the free market.
• Lack of consensus: At recent summits, countries have struggled to reach a unified consensus—the hallmark of previous iterations of the conference—as the interests of high- and low-income economies continue to diverge.

Way forward

• Enhance inclusivity: Expand the representation of countries to include emerging economies, developing nations, and regions that are underrepresented. This broader participation will provide a more comprehensive perspective and ensure that the G20 reflects the diversity of the global economy.
• Strengthen cooperation: Foster greater cooperation and collaboration among G20 members by encouraging open dialogue, knowledge sharing, and joint problem-solving. This could involve establishing working groups on specific topics and providing platforms for regular discussions.
• Support international trade: Promote free and fair trade by reducing barriers, avoiding protectionist measures, and advancing negotiations on trade agreements. Encouraging open markets and fair competition can stimulate economic growth and benefit all participating countries.
• Follow up on commitments: Ensure that commitments made during G20 meetings are followed through and implemented effectively. Establish mechanisms for monitoring progress and holding member countries accountable for their commitments.

Conclusion

• The successful conclusion of the meeting in Kashmir with more than 60 attendees is a testimony of India’s international might and powerful diplomacy.
• However, the overall effectiveness of the grouping is still questionable. Thus, there is a need to strengthen the group by making it more inclusive and outcome-oriented.

Q. What is G-20? Discuss its mandate. How does it affect India’s geopolitical interests in context of the recent summit held at Srinagar? (250 Words)

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