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GS Paper: GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

  • Maya OS: Everything you need to know

    maya os

    Central Idea

    • The Defence Ministry is taking a significant stride towards bolstering its cybersecurity by introducing an indigenous operating system named Maya OS.
    • This move aims to replace Microsoft’s Windows OS on all ministry computers, ensuring enhanced protection against cyberattacks.

    Understanding Maya OS

    • Origin and Purpose: Maya OS is a homegrown operating system developed by the Union Ministry of Defence.
    • Name’s Significance: Maya OS draws its name from the ancient Indian concept of illusion, signifying the deceptive appearance of reality.
    • Open-Source Framework: Maya OS leverages the Ubuntu platform, embracing open-source principles by utilizing free and publicly available software. This approach enhances transparency, community collaboration, and customization possibilities.
    • Chakravyuh Feature: Maya OS introduces the Chakravyuh feature, an end-point anti-malware and antivirus software. It acts as a protective layer between users and the internet, thwarting unauthorized access attempts and safeguarding sensitive data.

    User Interface and Features

    • Familiar Interface: Maya OS offers a user-friendly interface, mirroring the familiar look and feel of Windows, thereby ensuring a comfortable user experience.
    • Application Compatibility: The OS supports commonly used software like Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, AutoCAD, and more, enabling a seamless transition for users.
    • Enhanced Security: Maya OS incorporates features such as cloud storage, encryption, digital signatures, and biometric authentication to fortify security measures.

    Development Journey

    • Initiation in Response to Threats: The development of this OS commenced in 2021, prompted by the rise in cyberattacks targeting India’s critical infrastructure and defence systems.
    • Collaborative Efforts: A collaborative effort involving experts from various government agencies like DRDO, C-DAC, and NIC, along with Indian software companies and academic institutions, contributed to the development of Maya OS.
    • Swift Progress: The development of Maya OS was accomplished within 6 months, reflecting the dedication and expertise of the collaborative teams.

  • BPaL Trial yields 85% TB Cure Rate

    tb

    Central Idea

    • The interim results of a randomized phase-3/4 trial conducted in India to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of BPaL Regimen, an all-oral, short-course treatment are promising.
    • BPaL is administered for individuals with pre-XDR TB or treatment-intolerant/non-responsive MDR pulmonary TB

    What is BPaL?

    • The trial uses only three drugs—Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid (BPaL).
    • The treatment duration is only 26 weeks, contrasting with the conventional 18-month treatment involving eight to nine tablets per day.

    Trial Outcomes

    • It offered a significantly reduced number of tablets per day, resulting in better treatment adherence and improved outcomes.
    • Approximately 70% of the trial participants have completed the 26-week treatment, with a cure rate exceeding 85%.
    • In comparison, the cure rate for conventional treatment for DR-TB is 60-65% even with strict adherence.

    Treatment Superiority

    • Advanced TB Cases: The trial participants had advanced TB affecting both lungs, yet the cure rate was above 85%, demonstrating the superiority of the BPaL short-course therapy.
    • Importance of Early Diagnosis: Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment with the three-drug regimen can lead to even better outcomes for patients with pre-XDR TB.

    Issues with the treatment

    • Three to four trial participants experienced serious adverse effects, but these were either managed or occurred too late in the disease’s progression to be helped.
    • Some cases of mild adverse effects caused by linezolid included a drop in haemoglobin and platelet counts, as well as neuropathy (tingling sensation and numbness in the legs).

    TB Menace in India

    • Total TB Cases: In 2021, there were approximately 21.3 lakh (2.13 million) reported TB cases in India.
    • Incidence Rate: The incidence rate of TB in India in 2021 was 210 cases per lakh population.
    • Drug-Resistant TB: The number of drug-resistant TB cases in India declined from around 1.49 lakh in 2015 to 1.19 lakh in 2021.
    • Government Initiatives: To combat TB, India has set the target of eliminating the disease by 2025, and various initiatives have been implemented, including active case finding, screening, and improved access to diagnostic tests and treatment.

    Back2Basics:

    XDR TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB)

    Treatment-Intolerant/Non-Responsive MDR Pulmonary TB
    Resistant to most effective first-line and some second-line TB drugs. Patient cannot tolerate prescribed medications or infection does not respond to treatment.
    More dangerous and difficult to treat than MDR TB. Requires exploration of alternative treatment regimens.
    Limited treatment options, higher mortality, and increased transmission risk. Adjustments in drug combinations or dosages may be needed.
    Spreads rapidly, posing a serious public health threat. Crucial to prevent development of extensively drug-resistant strains.
    Requires preventive measures and early diagnosis. Identifying reasons for treatment intolerance and providing support.

     

  • [pib] Hematene Nanoflakes

    hematene

    Central Idea

    • Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of nanoflakes of a material known as hematene, extracted from iron ore.
    • These nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities.

    What is Hematene?

    • Hematene is a novel 2D material that has been derived from hematite (common iron ore).
    • It is a thin, single-layer material with unique properties that make it promising for various applications, especially in the field of optics.
    • Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities, making them valuable for optical limiting applications.
    • The material’s stability and potential for futuristic technologies have garnered significant interest from researchers and scientists.

    How is it made?

    • Hematene is derived from naturally occurring hematite, the mineral form of iron oxide, through a process involving sonication, centrifugation, and vacuum-assisted filtration.
    • With a thickness of just 3 atoms, it exhibits improved photocatalysis efficiency.
    • Being ferromagnetic, like common magnets, it possesses magnetic properties.
    • Notably, it has the exceptional ability to withstand and provide shielding against high laser intensities.

    Applications of Hematene Nanoflakes

    • Optical Limiting: Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional optical limiting capabilities, making them valuable in protecting sensitive optical equipment, such as sensors, detectors, and other optical devices, from high laser intensities.
    • Photodetectors: Hematene’s properties make it suitable for developing high-performance photodetectors, which are used to detect and convert light signals into electrical signals. This application has potential in telecommunications, imaging, and optical communications.
    • Energy Storage: Hematene can be explored for applications in energy storage devices, such as batteries and super-capacitors, due to its unique electronic and electrochemical properties.
    • Optoelectronics: The material’s properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, which involve the interaction of light and electricity, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
    • Photothermal Therapy: Hematene’s ability to withstand and shield against high laser intensities may find applications in photothermal therapy, a medical technique that uses light to treat diseases like cancer.
    • Environmental Applications: Hematene’s stability and potential for use in various environments may make it valuable in environmental applications, such as water purification and pollution control.
    • Sensors: The material’s unique properties may be utilized in developing high-performance sensors for various applications, including gas sensing and environmental monitoring.
    • Catalysts: Hematene’s surface characteristics and electronic properties could be explored for catalytic applications, promoting chemical reactions in various industrial processes.

  • Semicon India 2023: How government’s support and will built the semiconductor industry

    What’s the news?

    • The second edition of Semicon India, hosted by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), comes at a pivotal moment for the global semiconductor industry.

    Central idea

    • As technology advances rapidly and geopolitical landscapes shift, India is determined to foster a thriving domestic ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and emerge as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.

    What is Semicon India?

    • Semicon India is the annual conference organized by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
    • The primary objective of Semicon India is to promote the growth and development of the semiconductor industry in India.
    • It provides an opportunity for the country to demonstrate its capabilities in semiconductor design and manufacturing while fostering networking and knowledge exchange among participants.

    What are Semiconductors?

    • Semiconductors are a class of materials that have unique electrical properties, making them intermediate in conductivity between conductors and insulators. They are a vital component in the manufacturing of various electronic devices and play a crucial role in modern technology.

    India’s journey in the semiconductor industry

    • Early Efforts: India’s initial forays into the semiconductor sector began with public sector undertakings like Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) and some other labs and institutions attempting to establish a presence in the industry. However, despite promising starts, India faced difficulties in achieving the volume and technology needed for competitiveness.
    • Missed Opportunities: Over the years, India encountered several missed opportunities that hindered its progress in the semiconductor field. One notable example is missing out on the Fairchild Semiconductor fab in the 1960s. Additionally, regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles prevented global semiconductor companies from showing interest in investing in India’s semiconductor manufacturing.
    • Setbacks and Challenges: India’s major VLSI fabrication plant at the Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) in Chandigarh began production before Taiwan’s entry into semiconductor manufacturing. Unfortunately, a massive fire in 1989 led to the closure of the plant for many years, hampering India’s progress in the industry.
    • Government Recognition: The Indian government came to recognize the economic and geopolitical significance of the semiconductor industry. Realizing the importance of achieving semiconductor self-sufficiency, the government launched the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) to bolster the domestic ecosystem and position India as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.

    The birth of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

    • The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) was launched as a significant initiative by the Indian government to bolster the semiconductor industry in the country.
    • It came into existence with a clear vision of nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and elevate India’s position as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
    • The mission’s proactive approach, combined with concrete policy interventions and political will, marks a new chapter in India’s journey in the semiconductor sector.

    The significance of domestic semiconductor manufacturing for India

    • Economic Growth: By manufacturing semiconductors domestically, India can reduce its dependence on imports, save foreign exchange, and contribute to economic growth by generating revenue and employment opportunities.
    • Technological Advancement: Domestic semiconductor manufacturing enhances India’s capabilities in cutting-edge technologies, research, and development. It fosters innovation and facilitates the growth of other technology-driven sectors, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and advanced electronics. This, in turn, can boost India’s competitiveness on the global technology stage.
    • Self-Reliance and Security: Developing a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem ensures continuity in critical industries and safeguards against global disruptions. It also enhances India’s national security, as semiconductors play a vital role in defense and communication infrastructure.
    • Attracting Investment: A strong semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem attracts both domestic and foreign investments. This leads to the establishment of semiconductor fabrication plants, research centers, and collaborations with global technology companies.
    • Fostering Innovation: A thriving semiconductor industry encourages local innovation and entrepreneurship. It provides opportunities for startups and research institutions to develop innovative semiconductor technologies and solutions, positioning India as a global innovation hub.
    • Digital Sovereignty: In an increasingly interconnected and digitally driven world, possessing domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities is vital for digital sovereignty. It allows India to control its critical technology infrastructure and data security, reducing its reliance on foreign technology providers.

    Overwhelming global interest in India as a destination for semiconductor manufacturing

    • Growing Market Potential: India’s large and rapidly growing economy presents a significant market for semiconductor products, attracting global semiconductor companies to establish a presence in the country.
    • Government Support and Vision: The Indian government’s clear vision and commitment to nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem through initiatives like the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) have instilled confidence among global players.
    • Strategic Importance: Policymakers in India recognize the strategic significance of a robust domestic semiconductor industry for economic growth, safeguarding domestic industries, and ensuring national security.
    • Urgency of Semiconductor Self-Reliance: The global semiconductor shortage and disruptions in supply chains have highlighted the urgency of achieving semiconductor self-reliance, making India an attractive location for semiconductor manufacturing.
    • Fiscal Incentives and Regulatory Support: The Indian government’s unprecedented commitment to fiscal incentives and regulatory support has drawn significant interest from semiconductor companies globally.
    • Skilled Workforce: India’s large pool of skilled engineers and technical talent offers an advantageous workforce for semiconductor companies looking to establish operations in the country.
    • Collaboration with Global Partners: Collaborative agreements with countries like the US and Japan in semiconductor development, research, design, and talent development have enhanced India’s appeal as a semiconductor manufacturing hub.
    • Focus on Sustainability: India’s emphasis on sustainable semiconductor manufacturing through green technologies and resource-efficient practices aligns with the global push for environmentally responsible production.
    • Long-term Support and Progress under ISM: The Indian government’s commitment to long-term support for the semiconductor industry, as demonstrated through initiatives like the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme and modernization of facilities, has garnered attention.
    • Potential for Innovation: India’s thriving innovation ecosystem, including startups and research institutions, presents opportunities for collaborative innovation and technological advancements in the semiconductor industry.

    Conclusion

    • From missed opportunities to a thriving domestic ecosystem, India’s progress in the semiconductor industry is a global case study in building sectors from scratch through appropriate policy interventions and political will. India is now on track to lead the global race in the semiconductor value chain. The ISM reflects India’s determination to achieve semiconductor self-sufficiency and emerge as a major player in the global semiconductor industry.

    Also read:

    Semiconductor Fabrication in India: Learning from Past Attempts and Embracing Alternate Approaches

  • LVM-3: the ISRO Rocket

    lvm

    Central Idea

    • ISRO is scheduled to launch the Chandrayaan 3 mission on July 14.
    • The mission will be carried out using the LVM-3 configuration.
    • The GSLV is used for heavier payloads and higher orbits, with the most powerful configuration known as LVM-3.
    Soon a comprehensive article about Chandrayaan 3 would be released!

     

    LVM3: Unlocking New Frontiers of Space Exploration

    • Expendable Space Launch Vehicle: LVM3 is an expendable space launch vehicle meticulously crafted by ISRO.
    • Purpose: Its primary objective is to deploy satellites and space objects into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits (GTO).
    • Launch History: ISRO successfully launched the first LVM3 on April 18, 2001, and has accomplished a total of 13 launches to date.
    • Impressive Specifications: With a lift-off mass of 420 tonnes, LVM3 demonstrates its robustness in handling complex missions.

    Stages of LVM3: Powering the Journey to Orbit

    First Stage:

    • S139 Solid Booster: The initial stage of LVM3 features the S139 solid booster, armed with 138 tonnes of propellant.
    • Liquid Strap-on Motors: Additionally, it incorporates four liquid strap-on motors, each carrying 40 tonnes of propellant.

    Second Stage:

    • Liquid Engine: The second stage of LVM3 is equipped with a liquid engine, propelling the vehicle with 40 tonnes of liquid propellant.

    Third Stage:

    • Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS): LVM3 showcases its technological prowess with the indigenously built CUS, capable of accommodating 15 tonnes of cryogenic propellants.

    Back2Basics: Sattelite Launch Vehicles

    slv

  • Mahalanobis in the era of Big Data and AI

    Big Data

    Central Idea

    • Professor P.C. Mahalanobis, the pioneer of statistics in India, left an indelible mark on the field of statistics and survey culture in the country. His contributions, including the establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute, continue to shape the nation’s statistical landscape. As India grapples with the evolving socio-economic dynamics in the post-pandemic era, the absence of Mahalanobis’s expertise is keenly felt. This era, characterized by copious amounts of data, is commonly referred to as the age of Big Data

    *Relevance of the topic*

    • Due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Census 2021 and the related field activities have been postponed.
    • Questions over data quality and delay in releasing surveys has been raised
    • You can use this as case study and examples

    Mahalanobis’s strategy in handling large-scale data

    • Tackling Big Data: Mahalanobis encountered a Big Data challenge when his large-scale surveys yielded substantial amounts of data that required effective analysis for planning purposes. He successfully persuaded the government to procure the country’s first two digital computers in 1956 and 1958 for the Indian Statistical Institute. This accomplishment marked the introduction of computers and their utilization in handling vast amounts of data in India.
    • Embracing Technology: Mahalanobis embraced technology throughout his career. He built simple machines to facilitate surveys and measurements, displaying a keen interest in leveraging technology for data collection and analysis. His adoption of digital computers showcases his progressive approach to incorporating technological advancements into statistical practices.
    • Mathematical Calculations: Mahalanobis’s strategy involved employing complex mathematical calculations to tackle the extensive data generated from surveys. By utilizing digital computers, he aimed to streamline and expedite the process of analyzing large-scale datasets, enabling effective planning and decision-making.
    • Built-in Cross-Checks: Mahalanobis was inspired by Kautilya’s Arthashastra and introduced the concept of built-in cross-checks in his surveys. This approach aimed to ensure data accuracy and reliability, minimizing errors and contradictions in the collected data. These cross-checks were implemented to enhance the quality control of statistical analysis and maintain the integrity of the findings.

    Advantages of Big Data

    • Improved Decision-Making: Big Data analytics provides organizations with valuable insights and patterns derived from vast amounts of data. These insights support data-driven decision-making, enabling organizations to make informed and evidence-based choices that can lead to improved outcomes.
    • Enhanced Customer Understanding: Big Data allows organizations to gain a deeper understanding of their customers. By analyzing large and diverse datasets, businesses can identify customer preferences, behavior patterns, and trends, enabling personalized marketing strategies, product development, and customer experiences.
    • Operational Efficiency: Big Data analytics can optimize operational processes by identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement. By analyzing data from various sources, organizations can streamline workflows, reduce costs, and enhance productivity.
    • Innovation and New Product Development: Big Data insights can drive innovation and the development of new products and services. By analyzing market trends, consumer demands, and competitive landscapes, organizations can identify opportunities for innovation and create products tailored to specific market needs.
    • Fraud Detection and Security: Big Data analytics can help in detecting and preventing fraudulent activities. By analyzing patterns and anomalies in data, organizations can identify potential fraud or security breaches in real-time, reducing financial losses and protecting sensitive information.
    • Personalized Marketing and Customer Experience: Big Data enables targeted and personalized marketing campaigns. By analyzing customer data, organizations can segment their audience, deliver customized messages, and create personalized experiences that resonate with individual customers.
    • Improved Healthcare and Public Health: Big Data analytics has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. By analyzing patient data, medical records, and clinical research, healthcare providers can make better diagnoses, develop personalized treatment plans, and identify public health trends for proactive interventions.

    key challenges associated with Big Data

    • Data Quality and Integrity: Ensuring the quality and integrity of Big Data can be a significant challenge. Data may contain errors, inconsistencies, and biases, which can adversely affect the accuracy and reliability of analyses and insights.
    • Data Privacy and Security: The vast amount of data collected and stored in Big Data systems raises concerns about privacy and security. Safeguarding sensitive information and preventing unauthorized access or data breaches require robust security measures and compliance with privacy regulations.
    • Data Storage and Management: Storing and managing large volumes of data can be complex and costly. Big Data requires scalable and efficient storage solutions, including distributed storage systems and cloud-based platforms. Managing data across various sources and formats also poses challenges.
    • Data Processing and Analysis: Processing and analyzing massive datasets in a timely manner can be computationally intensive and time-consuming. Traditional data processing tools and techniques may not be suitable for handling Big Data, requiring the use of specialized frameworks, algorithms, and infrastructure.
    • Data Integration and Interoperability: Integrating and making sense of diverse data sources can be challenging due to differences in formats, structures, and semantics. Ensuring interoperability and data integration across systems and platforms is crucial for deriving comprehensive insights from Big Data.

    Big Data

    Way forward: Mahalanobis’s potential approach to Big Data and AI

    • Embrace Technological Advancements: Following Mahalanobis’s lead, it is crucial to embrace the latest technological advancements in handling Big Data. Continuously explore emerging technologies, such as advanced analytics tools, cloud computing, and distributed computing frameworks, to efficiently process and analyze large-scale datasets.
    • Foster Statistical Expertise: Cultivate statistical expertise to navigate the complexities of Big Data. Invest in training programs and educational initiatives to develop a skilled workforce capable of extracting insights and interpreting the vast amounts of data generated. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration, involving statisticians, technologists, domain experts, and policymakers.
    • Ensure Data Integrity and Quality: Establish robust data governance frameworks to ensure the integrity and quality of Big Data. Implement built-in cross-checks, validation processes, and quality control measures to enhance data accuracy, reliability, and transparency. Adhere to ethical guidelines to safeguard privacy, prevent bias, and address fairness in AI and Big Data applications.
    • Encourage Ethical AI and Big Data Practices: Promote ethical AI and Big Data practices by integrating principles such as transparency, fairness, and accountability. Develop guidelines and regulations that address potential biases, discrimination, and privacy concerns. Foster a culture of responsible data use and continuous evaluation of AI systems to mitigate risks and ensure positive societal impact.
    • Foster Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Approaches: Promote collaboration across disciplines, sectors, and organizations to leverage diverse expertise in tackling Big Data challenges. Foster partnerships between academia, industry, and government entities to encourage knowledge sharing, research collaboration, and the development of innovative solutions.
    • Invest in Capacity Building and Education: Invest in educational programs and initiatives to build a skilled workforce capable of harnessing the potential of Big Data and AI. Promote data literacy and provide training opportunities to empower individuals and organizations to effectively collect, analyze, and interpret data. Support research and development in the field of AI and Big Data to drive innovation.
    • Inform Evidence-based Decision-making: Advocate for evidence-based decision-making by integrating data-driven insights into policy formulation and resource allocation. Encourage policymakers to leverage Big Data analytics to understand societal trends, make informed decisions, and address pressing challenges effectively.

    Conclusion

    • Professor P.C. Mahalanobis’s legacy as a statistical luminary remains relevant in the age of Big Data and AI. His unique combination of perfectionism, tireless dedication, and visionary leadership positions him as an ideal candidate to handle vast amounts of data and embrace technological advancements for the betterment of humanity and national development. As India’s statistical landscape continues to evolve, the absence of Mahalanobis’s expertise and guidance is keenly felt

    Also read:

    Remembering P C Mahalanobis

     

  • Nearing the launch of Chandrayaan-3 Mission

    chandrayaan

    Central Idea

    • India’s upcoming moon exploration mission, Chandrayaan-3, is set to launch in mid-July.
    • In a significant decision, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to retain the names of the lander and rover from the previous mission, Chandrayaan-2.

    Chandrayaan-3 Mission

    • Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface.
    • It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.
    • The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit.
    • The propulsion module has Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study the spectral and Polari metric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.

    Retaining the Names: A Tribute to Chandrayaan-2

    • ISRO Chairman confirmed that the names Vikram and Pragyan will be carried over to the Chandrayaan-3 mission.
    • This decision pays homage to the 2019 Chandrayaan-2 lunar adventure while symbolizing India’s commitment to its space exploration legacy.

    Overcoming Past Challenges: Learning from Chandrayaan-2:

    • The Chandrayaan-2 mission faced setbacks when the lander-rover configuration, along with the payloads, was lost during a failed soft landing attempt.
    • Undeterred by the previous mission’s outcome, ISRO announced its plans for Chandrayaan-3, aiming for a successful lunar landing.

    Mission Details: Exploring the Moon’s Surface and Atmosphere

    • Chandrayaan-3 will be launched aboard the LVM3 rocket from Sriharikota using a propulsion module.
    • The lander-rover configuration will be transported to a 100-km lunar orbit by the propulsion module.
    • The Vikram lander module will deploy Pragyan, which will conduct in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface.

    [A] Scientific Payloads: Unravelling Lunar Mysteries

    1. Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA): Studying the moon’s ionosphere and atmosphere.
    2. Chandra’s Surface Thermo physical Experiment (ChaSTE): Analyzing the thermal characteristics of the lunar surface.
    3. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): Investigating seismic activities on the moon.
    4. LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA): Enabling precise measurements of the lunar distance.

    [B] Rover Payloads

    1. Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Analyzing the elemental composition of the lunar surface.
    2. LASER Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): Studying the elemental abundance and characteristics of lunar rocks.

    [C] Propulsion Module Payload:

    • Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): Collecting data related to Earth’s habitability.

    Conclusion

    • India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission signifies the nation’s determination to explore the moon further and overcome past challenges.
    • By retaining the names Vikram and Pragyan, ISRO honors its space program’s pioneers while embarking on a new lunar adventure.

     

  • What are Lab-Grown Diamonds (LGDs)?

    lab grown diamond ldg

    Central Idea

    • During PM Modi’s state visit to the US, he presented First Lady Jill Biden with a 7.5-carat lab-grown diamond as a gift.
    • Lab-grown diamonds, also known as LGDs, have gained popularity in recent years due to their ethical and environmental advantages over mined diamonds.
    The diamond, a gift for First Lady Jill Biden, was gifted in a papier mache box. “Known as kar-e-kalamdani, Kashmir’s exquisite papier mache involves sakthsazi or meticulous preparation of paper pulp and naqqashi, where skilled artisans paint elaborate designs,” a statement from the MEA said.

    What is Lab-Grown Diamond (LGD)?

    • Lab-grown diamonds are diamonds created using technology that simulates the natural geological processes of diamond formation.
    • Unlike diamond simulants, such as Moissanite or Cubic Zirconia, LGDs possess the same chemical, physical, and optical properties as natural diamonds.

    Ethical and Environmental Advantages

    • LGDs are considered socially and environmentally responsible alternatives to mined diamonds.
    • Their production avoids the socially exploitative aspects of diamond mining and reduces the environmental impact associated with traditional mining practices.

    Characteristics of gifted diamond

    • Carat Weight: The diamond weighs 7.5 carats. Carat weight refers to the size and weight of the diamond, with one carat equal to 200 milligrams.
    • Origin: The diamond is created in a laboratory using advanced technology and does not come from natural diamond mining.
    • Certification: The diamond has been certified by the Gemological Lab, IGI (International Gemological Institute). Certification ensures that the diamond meets industry standards for quality and authenticity.
    • Cutting and Polishing: The diamond is expertly cut and polished to enhance its brilliance and visual appeal. The precise craftsmanship and attention to detail result in a well-cut and faceted diamond.

    Methods of LGD Production

    (A) High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) Method:

    • This common method involves subjecting a diamond seed, typically made of graphite, to extreme pressures and temperatures to transform it into a diamond.
    • HPHT requires heavy presses capable of generating immense pressure (up to 730,000 psi) and temperatures exceeding 1500 degrees Celsius.

    (B) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Explosive Formation:

    • CVD involves the deposition of carbon atoms onto a diamond seed using a gas mixture, resulting in the growth of a diamond layer.
    • Explosive formation, known as detonation nano-diamonds, utilizes explosive reactions to create tiny diamond particles.

    Properties and Applications of LGDs

    • Optical Properties and Durability: LGDs possess similar optical dispersion to natural diamonds, giving them the characteristic sparkle. Their durability makes them suitable for industrial applications, such as cutters and tools.
    • Enhanced Properties and Industrial Uses: LGDs can have their properties enhanced for specific purposes, such as high thermal conductivity and negligible electrical conductivity. These properties make LGDs valuable for electronics, acting as heat spreaders for high-power laser diodes and transistors.

    Impact on the Diamond Industry

    (A) Sustainable Growth in the Jewellery Industry

    • As natural diamond reserves decline, LGDs are gradually replacing mined diamonds in the jewelry sector.
    • The production processes for LGDs, including cutting and polishing, align with established practices in the diamond industry.

    (B) India’s Diamond Industry

    • The rise of LGDs is unlikely to significantly impact India’s diamond industry, which specializes in polishing and cutting diamonds.
    • India’s established diamond industry can continue to thrive while incorporating LGDs as part of its offerings.

    Commercial LGD Production in India: InCent-LGD

    • In the Union Budget 23-24, a 5-year research grant was announced for an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) with the aim of encouraging the development of LGD machinery, seeds, and recipes.
    • It would establish the India Centre for Lab Grown Diamond (InCent-LGD) at IIT Madras.
    • The primary aim of InCent-LGD is to provide technical assistance to domestic industries and entrepreneurs, fostering indigenous manufacturing of Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) systems.
    • The project seeks to expand the Lab-Grown Diamond (LGD) business by offering affordable technology to start-ups, creating employment opportunities, and boosting LGD exports.

    Economic significance of LGDs

    • The Gems and Jewellery sector contributes approximately 9% to India’s total merchandise exports and plays a crucial role in the economy.
    • LGD have emerged as a notable technological development in the industry, finding applications not only in jewellery but also in sectors like computer chips, satellites, 5G networks, defense, optics, and thermal & medical industries.
    • The global LGD diamond market, valued at $1 billion in 2020, is expected to grow rapidly, reaching $5 billion by 2025 and surpassing $15 billion by 2035.

  • In news: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantations (HSCT)

    stem cell

    Central Idea: A celebrity couple publicly announced that they had chosen to preserve her baby’s cord blood just a few days before her baby girl was born.

    What is Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)?

    • What is it? : HSCT is a medical procedure used to treat various disorders affecting the blood, immune system, and metabolism.
    • Source of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Hematopoietic stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different blood cell types, can be obtained from sources such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.
    • Autologous, Allogeneic, and Haploidentical Transplantation: HSCT can involve the use of the patient’s own stored cord blood (autologous), stem cells from a compatible donor (allogeneic), or partially matched stem cells from a family member (haploidentical).
    • Procedure Steps: HSCT involves the destruction or suppression of the patient’s abnormal or deficient hematopoietic cells, followed by the infusion of healthy stem cells.
    • Commonly Treated Conditions: HSCT is commonly used to treat conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune system disorders, and metabolic disorders.

  • Kamala Sohonie: First Indian Woman to earn PhD

    kamala

    Central Idea

    • On June 18, the Google Doodle commemorated Kamala Sohonie on her 112th birth anniversary.
    • Kamala Sohonie, the first Indian woman to earn a PhD in a scientific discipline, made significant contributions in the field of nutrition and fought against malnutrition among tribal children.
    • Despite facing gender bias, including from Nobel laureate CV Raman, Sohonie left a lasting impact on Indian science.

    Who was Kamala Sohonie?

    • Kamala Sohonie (nee Bhagvat) was born on June 18, 1911, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Her father and uncle were chemists who had studied at the Tata Institute of Sciences (now IISc, Bengaluru).
    • Sohonie graduated in 1933 with a BSc degree in Chemistry and Physics from Bombay University, topping the merit list.

    Encounter with CV Raman

    • Sohonie faced rejection from CV Raman when she applied for an MSc degree at IISc.
    • Determined, she confronted Raman and challenged him to allow her admission.
    • Raman reluctantly agreed but imposed several conditions, including probation and restrictions on her status as a student.

    Academic Achievements and Work

    • Sohonie completed her course with distinction and secured admission to Cambridge University, where she completed her PhD in just 14 months.
    • Her research focused on potatoes, leading to the discovery of the enzyme ‘Cytochrome C’ and its role in cellular respiration.
    • Returning to India, Sohonie served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Lady Hardinge College, New Delhi.
    • She worked at the Nutrition Research Lab, Coonoor, and the Royal Institute of Science in Mumbai, studying various food items to identify their nutrients.

    Contribution to Nutrition and Social Impact

    • Sohonie’s notable work revolved around ‘neera,’ a palm extract drink recommended by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first President.
    • She demonstrated that ‘neera’ was a rich source of Vitamin C and other nutrients, making it beneficial for the health of malnourished tribal children and pregnant women.
    • Sohonie also collaborated with the Aarey Milk project to improve milk quality.
    • Beyond her scientific endeavors, she played a vital role as a founding member of the Consumer Guidance Society.

    Personal Life and Legacy

    • In 1947, Sohonie married MV Sohonie, an actuary, and the couple resided in Mumbai.
    • Kamala Sohonie’s accomplishments broke barriers and inspired future generations of women in science.
    • Her resilience against gender bias and remarkable contributions to nutrition and consumer protection remain an enduring legacy.