💥Mains Ready By December. Smash Mains & Smash PYQ Admissions Open
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

GS Paper: GS3-21.Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.

  • [2nd December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Research security should be a national priority

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on ‘Cyber Security’ (in 2022), and ‘Maritime Secuirty’ (2021).

    India ranks fourth globally in defense spending, behind only the United States, China, and Russia in terms of military budget allocation. To maintain its ranking and achieve its development objectives by 2047, India must invest more in research frameworks.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the critical importance of enhancing research security, by taking an example of the United States as a means to protect national interests while fostering innovation and international collaboration. This content can be used as a successful case study to represent in your mains examination.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the US Government has come up with defense and security developments, particularly in the form of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) new TRUST framework.

    • Research security has emerged as a pressing concern in the context of India’s national security too, particularly as global collaborations in science and technology increase.

    What measures are being implemented to enhance research security in India?

    The MeitY is developing infrastructure for advanced R&D in cybersecurity to promote indigenous skills and capabilities.

    • Technology Security Initiative with the UK: India has partnered with the United Kingdom to launch the Technology Security Initiative (TSI). This focuses on emerging technologies across sectors like telecommunications, semiconductors, AI, and biotech.
    • National Cyber Security Policy 2013: It serves as a comprehensive framework for enhancing the protection of India’s cyberspace by encouraging R&D in cyber security to develop technologies tailored to national needs. This framework has set up mechanisms like the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to address cyber threats
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDPB) 2023: It includes the passage of the legislative measures, which aim to establish regulations for data processing entities to safeguard personal data and enhance privacy.
    CASE STUDY:

    The TRUST Framework (U.S.)The NSF has introduced the Trusted Research Using Safeguards and Transparency (TRUST) framework to assess grant proposals for potential national security risks. This initiative is designed to protect taxpayer investments in research while promoting beneficial international collaborations. The framework comprises three branches:
    1. Personnel Assessment: Evaluating active personnel appointments and positions.
    2. Compliance Monitoring: Identifying instances of noncompliance with disclosure requirements.
    3. National Security Considerations: Incorporating foreseeable national security risks into research assessments.

    Rebecca Keiser, head of the NSF’s Office of Research Security Strategy and Policy, emphasized that while it is essential to mitigate risks, the U.S. must continue to lead in science and innovation without succumbing to an overly cautious compliance culture.

    Why is research security essential for national defense?

    • Protection Against Foreign Influence: Foreign governments and entities often seek to exploit academic research for military and strategic advantages.
      • This exploitation can manifest in various forms, including intellectual property theft, sensitive data, and technological innovations. 
      • The Department of Defense (DoD) has highlighted concerns regarding foreign interference that jeopardizes the integrity of National research, necessitating robust security measures to safeguard against these threats.
    • Safeguarding National Interests:  Research contributes significantly to national defense capabilities and technological advancements.
      • The National Science Foundation (NSF) emphasizes that maintaining a secure research environment is crucial for fostering innovation while mitigating risks associated with foreign influence and espionage.
    • Enhancing Readiness and Capability: Defense research provides insights into emerging technologies and potential threats, allowing for informed decision-making regarding national defense strategies.
      • As noted in various reports, a decline in defense-related research funding can adversely affect a nation’s ability to respond to evolving security challenges.
    • Compliance with Legislative Mandates: Recent legislative initiatives, such as the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 and National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33), mandate that federal funding agencies implement research security programs to protect federally funded research from foreign interference.
      • These policies require institutions receiving significant federal funding to certify that they have established effective research security measures. 

    What are the challenges faced by Security Research Frameworks in India?

    • Fragmentation of Efforts: Despite numerous initiatives, India’s approach to cybersecurity remains fragmented, due to insufficient collaboration among various stakeholders that hinder effective implementation of security measures.
    • Shortage of Skilled Personnel: There is a significant gap in the availability of trained cybersecurity professionals. Further, the government’s inability to address emerging threats promptly due to a lack of expertise in critical areas like cyber forensics and incident response.
    • Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure: India’s critical infrastructure, such as power grids and communication networks, is susceptible to cyber-attacks, posing risks to national security. High-profile incidents, like the attempted attack on the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, highlight these vulnerabilities.
    • Evolving Threat Landscape:  The rapid evolution of cyber threats, including advanced persistent threats (APTs) and state-sponsored cyber espionage, complicates the security landscape. APTs have sophisticated attacks that are hard to identify and counteract effectively.

    How can collaboration between researchers and government agencies improve research integrity?

    • Establishing Clear Guidelines and Standards: Collaborative efforts allow researchers and government agencies to develop clear guidelines for ethical research practices. Different governments can provide frameworks that outline expectations for research conduct, helping to prevent misconduct.
    • Enhancing Risk Management: Working together enables a systematic approach to identifying and managing risks associated with research activities.Government agencies can help incorporate security measures into research protocols to mitigate risks related to foreign interference and data breaches.
    • Facilitating Training and Capacity Building: Government partnerships can enhance the training of researchers in best practices for maintaining integrity. Different agencies/stakeholders can offer educational materials and training programs focused on ethical research conduct and compliance with regulations.
    • Encouraging Transparency and Accountability: Collaborative frameworks can include mechanisms for reporting misconduct or conflicts of interest, ensuring issues are addressed promptly.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/research-security-should-be-a-national-priority/article68935590.ece

  • [29th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Armed insurrection to parliamentary politics

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously focused on ‘internal security’ as well as ‘external impacts on the political security’ of India (in 2021).

    India ranked 4th out of 159 countries on the Global Terrorism Index, indicating a high level of internal conflict and the presence of various extremist groups.

    Today’s editorial explores the complex transition of armed groups into formal political entities within democratic frameworks. This content can be used to put the ‘challenges and implications of transformations for broader political security and democratic landscape’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Elections in Sri Lanka highlight a less noticeable trend, where left-wing revolutionary groups, once dedicated to armed struggle, are shifting toward democratic engagement.

    • Some of the most prominent insurgencies, including Nepal’s Maoists, El Salvador’s Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), and certain Marxist-Leninist groups within India, have pursued a new path by entering parliamentary politics.
    • This shift reflects a pragmatic blend of ideological adaptation and responsiveness to changing political realities.
    What are the challenges faced in India due to such groups?

    • Security Threats: The Naxalite groups, which include the CPI-Maoist, have engaged in guerrilla warfare against state forces, leading to thousands of deaths among civilians and security personnel (esp in the “red corridor” across central and eastern India). These groups often establish control over remote areas, providing governance and social services while undermining state authority.
    • Social and Economic Factors: The insurgency is fueled by deep-rooted issues such as poverty, land disputes, and social marginalization of tribal communities and Dalits. The government’s inability to address, this eventually allows the Naxalites to gain support from disenfranchised populations.
    • Political Dynamics: The rise of right-wing politics in India has complicated the landscape for leftist movements. The ruling party’s policies may exacerbate existing tensions and hinder dialogue with Marxist-Leninist groups, making it difficult for the government to pursue peaceful resolutions. The government has launched several military operations, such as Operation Green Hunt, but these operations have often led to retaliatory violence and further entrenching the conflict rather than resolving it.

    What factors contribute to the successful transition of armed groups into parliamentary politics?

    • Internal Cohesion and Leadership: A unified leadership and strong internal cohesion within the armed group are essential for navigating the transition. Leaders who are committed to the political process and can manage internal dissent play a critical role in guiding their groups through the transformation.
    • Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR): The act of disarming can have significant psychological benefits, symbolizing a commitment to peace and civilian life, which is crucial for gaining public trust and acceptance.
      • Successful transitions often involve effective DDR initiatives that facilitate the disarmament of combatants, their demobilization from armed groups, and their reintegration into civilian life.
    • Favorable Peace Agreements: Agreements that include provisions for political participation, power-sharing arrangements, and recognition of the armed group’s role can create pathways for their transformation into political parties.
      • For example, Nepal’s peace process allowed the Maoists to enter mainstream politics after disarming and participating in elections.
    • Timing and Transitional Justice: Implementing transitional justice measures at right time helps address grievances and fosters reconciliation, which is vital for sustaining peace and encouraging political participation.

    How do societal and political perceptions affect the integration of former insurgents into politics?

    • Public Trust and Legitimacy: If society views them as legitimate political actors, it can facilitate their integration. Conversely, if they are seen as threats or remnants of violence, public resistance can hinder their political participation.
      • For Example, in El Salvador, the FMLN’s transition from a guerrilla group to a political party was initially successful due to a peace agreement that garnered public support.
    • Historical Grievances: Societal attitudes towards past injustices can also affect integration. If former insurgents are perceived as having fought against oppression, they may gain sympathy and support. However, unresolved grievances can lead to resentment and opposition.
      • In Iraq, the Sunni population’s disenfranchisement after the fall of Saddam Hussein contributed to ongoing insurgency, as many felt excluded from the new political order.
    • Narratives of Victimhood: Insurgent groups often cultivate narratives of victimhood to justify their actions and garner support. If these narratives resonate with societal sentiments, they can facilitate acceptance into political processes.
      • However, if society perceives these narratives as manipulative or self-serving, it may lead to a backlash against former insurgents.
    • State Response and Governance: If the government adopts an inclusive approach that encourages participation rather than exclusion or repression, it enhances the chances of successful integration. In contrast, heavy-handed state responses can alienate former combatants and push them back towards militancy.
    CASE STUDIES:

    • Nepal: The Maoist party transitioned into a legitimate political entity after a decade-long civil war, aided by a comprehensive peace agreement that included provisions for their participation in governance.
    • Colombia: The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace deal in 2016 that allowed them to transition into a political party. While initially successful, their integration has faced challenges due to ongoing violence and societal skepticism towards their motives.
    • South Sudan: Former SPLA members have struggled with integration into formal politics due to ongoing conflict and societal divisions exacerbated by ethnic tensions.

    Conclusion: The willingness of the government to engage with former insurgents, and the role of external actors—play a crucial role in shaping the environment for successful political participation. For example, Colombia’s FARC’s transition into a political party post-peace agreement illustrates how supportive frameworks can aid integration, while ongoing societal skepticism presents challenges.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/armed-insurrection-to-parliamentary-politics/article68923100.ece

  • China’s ‘Anaconda Strategy’

    Why in the News?

    Taiwanese authorities recently stated that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is using an ‘anaconda strategy’ to put pressure on Taiwan.

    China’s Military Maneuvers around Taiwan

    • China has been steadily increasing its military activities around Taiwan, both by air and sea:
    1. Air incursions into the Taiwan Strait have increased significantly, from 36 incursions in January to 193 in September.
    2. Chinese ships operating around Taiwan has also risen, from 142 in early 2024 to 282 by August.
    • These maneuvers seem designed to wear down Taiwan’s navy and air force, creating constant pressure.

    What is the Anaconda Strategy?

    • The ‘anaconda strategy’ involves a combination of military tactics, psychological pressure, and cyber warfare.
    • The goal is to weaken Taiwan’s defenses and force the island into submission without the need for a full-scale invasion.
    • China’s approach is one of relentless pressure.
    • It is trying to tire out Taiwan and force it into making mistakes, which could then be used as a pretext to launch a blockade.
    • Its ultimate goal appears to be to make Taiwan vulnerable without resorting to direct military conflict, keeping Taiwan’s forces on the defensive.

    Other Unconventional Strategies used by China:

    • Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: A confrontational and assertive style of diplomacy used by Chinese officials, characterized by aggressive rhetoric and nationalistic stances, often aimed at defending China’s interests and countering foreign criticism.
    • Gray-Zone Tactics: A set of covert strategies that fall between war and peace, including actions like cyberattacks, propaganda, and incremental territorial gains, aimed at advancing a nation’s goals without triggering a full-scale military conflict.
    • Salami Slicing: A strategy where small, incremental actions are taken over time to achieve a larger goal without triggering a strong reaction. It is often used to gain control or advantage bit by bit, avoiding immediate confrontation.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] The US is facing an existential threat in the form of a China that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union. Explain.

    [2017] “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour.

  • Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh

    Why in the News?

    • In a significant anti-Naxal operation, nine Maoists were killed by security forces in the forests along the border of Chhattisgarh’s Dantewada.
      • This operation was part of ongoing efforts to eliminate Naxalite influence in the region.

    Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada

    • Dantewada, a district in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India, is known as a hotbed of Naxal (Maoist) insurgency. 
    • The region has seen numerous anti-Naxal operations over the years due to its dense forests, rugged terrain, and the presence of significant Naxalite (Maoist) cadres.

    Important security operations against Naxalism:

    Details
    Operation Greyhounds 1989 – Ongoing: A specialized anti-Naxal force created to combat Naxal insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
    Operation Green Hunt 2009 – Ongoing: To flush out Naxalite insurgents in the “Red Corridor ” from their strongholds.
    Operation Thunderstorm 2010: To target Naxal cadres in the dense forest regions of Lalgarh, West Bengal.
    Operation Octopus 2014: To clear Maoist influence from the Sukma district of Chhattisgarh.
    Operation All Out 2015 – Ongoing: To launch coordinated offensive operations against Naxalites in Jharkhand and Bihar.
    Operation Samadhan 2017 – Ongoing: A comprehensive strategy to combat LWE by addressing both security and developmental issues.
    Operation Prahar 2017 – Ongoing: To eliminate top Maoist leaders and dismantle support networks in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.
    Operation Monsoon 2018: To target Maoist groups during the monsoon season when their activities are restricted.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.

  • How do Assam’s Foreigners Tribunals function? 

    Why in the news? 

    On July 5, the Assam government instructed the Border wing of the State police not to refer cases of non-Muslims who entered India illegally before 2014 to the Foreigners Tribunals (FTs).

    About Foreigners Tribunals: 

    • Foreigners Tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies established to determine if a person staying illegally in India is a “foreigner” or not.
    • They were set up under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, enacted by the central government under the Foreigners Act, 1946.
    • Initially, only the central government could set up these tribunals. But a 2019 amendment empowered district magistrates in all states and UTs to establish Foreigners Tribunals.
    • The tribunals have the powers of a civil court to summon witnesses, require document production, and examine evidence.

    Decision-Making Process of Foreigners Tribunals:

    • Referral: Individuals suspected of being foreigners are referred to FTs by local authorities or border police. This referral can be based on various factors, including lack of documentation or doubtful voter status.
    • Notice Issuance: Upon receiving a reference, the FT issues a notice to the person alleged to be a foreigner. This notice is served in English or the state’s official language.The person has 10 days to respond to the notice and an additional 10 days to submit evidence supporting their claim of citizenship.
    • Submission of Evidence: The individual must present evidence to prove their Indian citizenship. This may include documents like birth certificates, school certificates, land records, or other official records.
    • Verification: The tribunal examines the documents and evidence provided, and may call witnesses or seek additional information if necessary.
    • Hearing: The FT has the authority to summon and examine the individual on oath, and to require the production of additional documents. The tribunal operates with certain powers of a civil court.
    • Judgment: If the evidence provided is deemed insufficient to prove citizenship, the individual may be declared a foreigner. If evidence is adequate, the person is recognized as an Indian citizen.
    • Detention and Deportation: If declared a foreigner and unable to appeal successfully, the person may be sent to a detention center (transit camp) for deportation.

    Role of Border Police:

    • Detection and Referral: The Assam Police Border Organisation is responsible for detecting illegal foreigners and referring suspicious cases to FTs.
    • Patrolling and Defence: They patrol the India-Bangladesh border, work with the Border Security Force, and maintain a second line of defense.
    • Monitoring: They monitor people settled in riverine and char (sandbar) areas.
    • Cases of ‘D’ Voters: They refer cases of ‘D’ (doubtful) voters to FTs as directed by the Election Commission of India.
    • NRC Appeals: People excluded from the NRC can appeal to the FTs through this wing to prove their citizenship.

    Challenges and Criticisms:

    • Supreme Court Rulings: The Supreme Court has overturned FT orders citing grave miscarriages of justice, such as the wrongful declaration of a deceased farmer, Rahim Ali, as a foreigner.
    • Corruption and Malpractice: Observations have been made about corruption within the system, with allegations of notices being improperly served.

    Conclusion: Need to Implement stricter oversight and auditing of Foreigners Tribunals to ensure fairness and adherence to legal procedures. Regular reviews and monitoring can help prevent corruption and malpractice, ensuring that notices are properly served and tribunal processes are transparent.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • What is Maharashtra’s new bill to combat Naxalism in urban areas?   

    Why in the News? 

    The Maharashtra state government has introduced a comprehensive new legislation – Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPC) Bill, 2024,  to address the growing incidence of Naxalism in urban areas.

    • The Maharashtra government claims that Naxalism is no longer limited to remote rural areas, but has now spread its influence to urban centers through “frontal organizations”.
    • The government argues that existing laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) and Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act are not sufficient to effectively control these urban Naxal organizations.

    Key provisions drafted under the MPSC Bill, 2024:

    Declaration of Unlawful Organizations The bill empowers the state government to declare any organization as “unlawful” under Section 3. 

    An advisory board of three qualified individuals (current/former/qualified High Court judges) will review such decisions as per Section 4.
    Definition of Unlawful Activities The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” (Section 2(f)(i)), “interference with law administration and public servants” (Section 2(f)(ii)), and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” (Section 2(f)(iv)).
    Cognizable and Non-Bailable Offences All offences under this law will be cognizable and non-bailable, and will be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector as per Section 9.
    Punishments
    • Members of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 10)
    • Non-members Contributing or Aiding Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 2 years and fines up to Rs 2 lakh (Section 11)
    • Management or Promotion of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 12)
    • Committing, Abetting, or Planning Unlawful Activities: Imprisonment up to 7 years and fines up to Rs 5 lakh (Section 13)
    Seizure and Forfeiture The District Magistrate or Commissioner of Police can notify and take possession of any place used for unlawful organization activities (Section 14). The government can also forfeit money and assets intended for unlawful organizations (Section 15).
    Legal Review An advisory board must review the declaration of unlawful organizations within six weeks and submit a report within three months (Section 4). The High Court can review government actions through revision petitions (Section 7).

     

    Why it is being seen as a threat to civil liberty:

    • Vague Definitions of Unlawful Activities: The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad and vague terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” in Section 2(f)(i) and (iv).
    • Excessive Powers Granted to the State: The bill allows the state government to unilaterally declare an organization as “unlawful” without adequate judicial oversight in Section 3. It also empowers District Magistrates and Police Commissioners to grant permission for prosecution, bypassing the courts in Section 9.
    • Threat to Civil Liberties and Press Freedom: The bill’s broad provisions in Sections 2(f) and 8 could be used to criminalize activities such as reporting on administrative failures or the plight of citizens, as seen in other states with similar laws. This poses a threat to press freedom and the right to freedom of expression.
    • Lack of Transparency and Public Consultation: The bill was tabled hastily, with the draft not made available for public scrutiny and objections, as noted by civil society members.

    Potential for Misuse and Abuse: Given the vague definitions in Section 2(f) and excessive powers granted to the state in Sections 3, 8 and 9, the bill has a high potential for misuse and abuse against political opponents, activists, and journalists, turning Maharashtra into a “police state”.

    Way forward: 

    • Consultative Process: The Maharashtra government should engage in a consultative process with legal experts, civil society organizations, and stakeholders to refine the bill’s provisions, ensuring they align with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
    • Safeguarding Rights: Introduce safeguards such as judicial oversight in the process of declaring organizations unlawful, ensuring that fundamental rights like freedom of expression and assembly are protected while addressing legitimate security concerns effectively.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q  Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (2022)

  • [28th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reasi and the ‘years-old’ issue of cross-border terror 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggests measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Q  Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of the prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations. (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Mentor comment: Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals. It disrupts societal peace, spreads fear, and causes loss of lives and property. Combating terrorism requires global cooperation, robust intelligence, and addressing underlying issues like poverty, inequality, and political instability to prevent radicalization and promote peace.

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    • The Reasi terrorist attack on June 9 coincided with PM Narendra Modi’s third-term swearing-in.
    • This attack is reminiscent of the May 23, 2014, attack on the Consulate General of India (CGI) in Herat, Afghanistan, just before Modi’s first swearing-in.

    Terrorism: A Continuing Challenge

    • Potential links to Pakistani terrorist groups: The Reasi attack’s potential links to terrorist groups in Pakistan underscore a 35-year ongoing threat in J&K.
    • Inspiration from Afghan Jihad: Inspired by the Afghan Jihad, Pakistan believed similar tactics could pressure India in Kashmir.
    • Early 1990s developments: The Indian state and its security forces took time to develop effective counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism strategies in the early 1990s.

    Pakistan’s Commitment to the ‘Terror Cause’

    • Support from Pakistan Army and leaders: The Pakistan Army and political leaders like Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto supported J&K separatism through terror.
    • Bhutto’s stance in 1994: Benazir Bhutto refused to engage in talks with India in 1994 unless India addressed J&K on Pakistan’s terms, leading to no dialogue during her tenure.
    • Sharif’s 1997 initiative: Nawaz Sharif, during his second term as Prime Minister in 1997, sought a structured dialogue with India focusing on humanitarian issues and conflict resolution, with J&K as a priority.

    India’s Diplomatic Approach

    • Mid-1990s confidence: By the mid-1990s, India combined force with political activity, holding J&K Assembly elections in 1996.
    • Resolution through Simla Agreement: India aimed to resolve the external J&K issue peacefully through the Simla Agreement of 1972.
    • Pakistan’s use of Islamist non-state actors: Pakistan’s use of Islamist non-state actors to promote terrorism nullified the constraints of the Simla Agreement, making terrorism a strategic issue for India.

    Composite Dialogue and Pakistan’s Intransigence

    • 1998 bilateral composite dialogue: In 1998, India and Pakistan agreed on a composite dialogue, including ‘terrorism and counter-narcotics’ as key issues.
    • Pakistan’s reluctance: Pakistan’s reluctance to address India’s concerns on terrorism persisted, as it viewed the calibrated use of terrorist groups as part of its security doctrine.
    • Continued use of terrorism: Despite the efforts of Prime Ministers Vajpayee, Manmohan Singh, and Modi, Pakistan continued using terrorism as a tool against India.

    Challenges with Diplomatic Solutions

    • Public opinion in India: Public opinion in India often favored military action after major terrorist attacks.
    • Post-2008 Mumbai attack: After the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attack, Dr. Manmohan Singh opted for global diplomatic support rather than military action.
    • Post-2001 Parliament attack: After the 2001 Parliament attack, the A.B. Vajpayee government mobilized the armed forces but refrained from war due to assurances from Pakistan’s President Pervez Musharraf.

    Pre-emption and Military Action

    • Post-Pulwama attack in 2019: After the Pulwama attack in 2019, India launched the Balakot aerial strike and announced a doctrine of pre-emption.
    • 2016 surgical strikes: Earlier, limited force was used in surgical strikes following the Uri attack in 2016. However, ambiguity remains regarding the threshold for military action.

    International Recognition and Diplomatic Efforts

    • Major powers’ recognition: Major powers recognize Pakistan’s use of terrorism against its neighbors.
    • Plausible deniability: Despite plausible deniability, Pakistan’s actions are increasingly unsustainable.
    • Evidence linking attacks to Pakistani groups: India has provided evidence linking Pakistani terrorist groups to various attacks, but Pakistan has failed to act.
    • Post-Reasi attack emphasis: After the Reasi attack, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized the need to address cross-border terrorism and its escalation risks between nuclear-armed countries.

    Conclusion

    • Strengthening Intelligence and Border Security: Enhance coordination among intelligence agencies for early detection of threats, and invest in advanced surveillance technologies. Implement stricter border controls using drones, sensors, and biometric systems to prevent terrorist infiltration and smuggling of weapons.
    • International Cooperation and Counter-Radicalization: Collaborate with global allies to share intelligence and counter-terrorism strategies, while engaging in diplomatic efforts to pressure countries harboring terrorists. Develop community outreach programs to counter extremist ideologies and promote education and awareness campaigns that emphasize tolerance and peace.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/reasi-and-the-years-old-issue-of-cross-border-terror/article68341431.ece

  • UNODC World Drug Report 2024: Key Highlights

    Why in the News?

    • Global drug users reached 292 million in 2022, marking a 20% increase over the past decade. The report was released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

    About UNODC

    Aspect Details
    Global Role Leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime, responsible for implementing the UN’s lead programme on terrorism.
    Headquarters Vienna, Austria.
    Establishment Formed in 1997 through the merger of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention.
    Functions 1. Educate people about the dangers of drug abuse.

    2. Strengthens international action against illicit drug production and trafficking.

    3. Improves crime prevention and assists with criminal justice reform.

    4. Supports States in ratifying and implementing legal instruments against terrorism.
    Funding Relies mainly on voluntary contributions from governments.
    India and UNODC India works closely with UNODC on multiple fronts, including drug control, crime prevention, and anti-terrorism measures.

     

    Cannabis Use: An Overview  

    According to the WHO, cannabis is a generic term for the various psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa. Following are the derived products of Cannabis:

    • THC: The major psychoactive constituent in cannabis is Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
    • Marijuana (Ganja): The Mexican term is frequently used to refer to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.
    • Hashish: Refers to unpollinated female cannabis plants.
    • Cannabis Oil (Hashish Oil): A concentrate of cannabinoids obtained by solvent extraction of the crude plant material or resin.

    International Laws Regulating Cannabis

    • Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND): The CND founded in 1946, is the UN agency mandated to control substances under global drug control conventions.
    • 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs: Cannabis has been on Schedule IV, the most dangerous category, since the convention’s inception.
      • Despite being on Schedule IV, many jurisdictions have legalized cannabis for medicinal and recreational use.
      • Over 50 countries now allow medicinal cannabis programs, and recreational use has been legalized in Canada, Uruguay, and 15 US states.

    Indian Context: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS), 1985

    • Illegalization: The Act illegalizes any mixture of charas and ganja, or any drink prepared from them.
    • Legal Exceptions: The law does not ban the use of seeds and leaves of the cannabis plant if these are not mixed with other parts of the plant. For example, bhang, commonly consumed during the Holi festival, and chutney made from cannabis seeds are not illegal.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
    2. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
    3. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
    4. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2 and 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     [2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same?

  • Enemy Agents Ordinance: Strict Measures for Militant Assistance in J&K

    Why in the News?

    • J&K Director General of Police stated that individuals assisting militants in J&K should be tried under the Enemy Agents Ordinance, 2005.

    Enemy Agents Ordinance: An Overview

    • It was first issued in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of J&K, the ordinance remains in effect.
    • The ordinance mandates death or rigorous imprisonment for life, or imprisonment up to 10 years with a fine for aiding the enemy or engaging in actions detrimental to Indian military operations.
    • Its Evolution:
      • Post-Partition Incorporation: The ordinance was retained as a law in J&K post-1947 and amended over time.
      • Changes Post-2019: Following the repeal of Article 370, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act retained the Enemy Agents Ordinance and other security laws while replacing many state laws with Indian laws, such as the Indian Penal Code.

    Trial Procedures under the Ordinance

    • Special Judge Appointment: Trials are conducted by a special judge appointed by the government in consultation with the High Court.
    • Legal Representation: Accused individuals can only engage a lawyer if permitted by the court.
    • No Appeal Provision: Verdicts can only be reviewed by a High Court judge chosen by the government, with the decision being final.
    • Publication Bar: Unauthorized disclosure or publication of trial information is punishable by imprisonment up to two years, fine, or both.

    Notable Application of the Ordinance

    • Notable Cases: Many Kashmiris have been tried under the ordinance, including Maqbool Bhat, the founder of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, who was hanged in Tihar Jail in 1984.
    • Current Context: The Enemy Agents Ordinance continues to be a critical tool in addressing militant assistance in J&K, reflecting the stringent legal measures in place to maintain security.

    PYQ:

    [2019] The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-Islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs.

    [2019] Indian government has recently strengthen the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations.

  • Philippines hails BrahMos Missiles as a ‘game changer’

    Why in the News?

    • The BrahMos cruise missiles so inducted are termed a “game changer” by the Philippines envoy. The missiles provide credible defence and deterrent capabilities to the Philippines’ armed forces.

    About BrahMos Missiles

    • BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
    • The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
    • The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.

    Capabilities:

    • BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
    • Launched from: submarines, ships, aircraft, or land.
    • It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
    • It has two stages:
    1. The first stage comprised a solid-fuel rocket booster and
    2. The second stage comprises a liquid-fueled ramjet. ( because it provides the capability to manoeuvre and increase the range of missiles)

    Warhead:

    • Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
    • Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.

    Variants and Range 

    • The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
    • A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
    • Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
    • Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.

    India-Philippines Relations: A quick recap

    • Context: 2023 marked the 75th anniversary of bilateral relations between India and the Philippines.
    • Equipment Transfers: These agreements facilitated government-to-government procurement of defence material and equipment.

    Details of the BrahMos Deal

    A MoU on defence cooperation was signed in 2006, reinforced by a 2017 MoU on defence industry and logistics cooperation.

    • Contract Details: In January 2022, the Philippines signed a $375 million deal with India for three batteries of shore-based anti-ship BrahMos missiles.
    • First Export Customer: The Philippines became the first export customer for the joint India-Russia venture.
    • Delivery Milestone: The first batch of missiles was delivered in April 2024.
    • Boost to India’s Defence Export: This deal marks India’s first overseas export of the BrahMos, showcasing India’s growing defence industry capabilities.

    Bilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation

    • Trade Milestone: In 2023, bilateral trade crossed the $3 billion mark for the first time, with a trade balance in India’s favour.
    • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): Ongoing negotiations for a PTA aim to enhance trade balance and diversification.
    • Trade Partnerships: India is among the top 15 trade partners for the Philippines.

    Modernisation of the Philippines Armed Forces

    • Phase-3 Modernisation: The Philippines armed forces are in phase-3, termed Horizon-3, of their modernisation programme.
    • Focus Areas: They are looking at acquiring ships, aircraft, and radars, and enhancing Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
    • Strategic Goals: Aiming to defend entitlements and secure their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) against China over its claims for the South China Sea.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to the Agni-IV Missile,

    which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3