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GS Paper: Government Scheme/Policies

  • Centre hikes MGNREGS wages by 2-7% for FY26

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has announced a hike in the wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for the financial year 2025-26, with an increase ranging from 2-7%.

    Wage Revision Under MGNREGS:

    • 2025-26 Wage Hike:
      • Wage increase: 2.33%-7.48%, with ₹7 to ₹26 rise.
      • Haryana records the largest hike of ₹26, bringing the wage to ₹400 per day (highest in India).
    • Wage Calculation:
      • Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).
    • Previous Hikes:
      • Goa had the largest hike of 10.56% in 2024-25.
      • Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand had the smallest at 3.04%.

    About MGNREGS

    • The MGNREGS, launched in 2005, guarantees 100 days of wage employment annually for rural households.
    • It provides a legal right to work, focusing on unskilled manual labour.
    • Unique Features:
      • 100 days of employment for rural households, with adult members volunteering for unskilled work.
      • If employment isn’t provided within 15 days, an unemployment allowance is paid.
      • Work must be offered within 5 km of the applicant’s residence.
      • The Centre funds 100% of unskilled labour costs, 75% of skilled labour and materials, and 6% of administrative costs.
    • Key Provisions under MGNREGS
      • Rural households are entitled to 100 days of employment. Additional days are allowed during natural calamities or for Scheduled Tribe households.
      • Citizens can conduct social audits to ensure transparency, with all records open to public scrutiny.
      • Worksites must provide crèches, drinking water, and first aid.
      • Workers more than 5 km from the worksite receive a travel allowance of 10% of the wage rate.

    Recent Challenges surrounding MGNREGS:

    • Delayed Payments: ₹11,423 crore owed for wages and administrative costs as of January 2025, with workers facing delays of weeks or months.
    • Inadequate Wage Rates: Wage rates are not linked to inflation, with the highest wage for 2024-25 at ₹374 in Haryana, below the national minimum wage.
    • Technological Challenges: Issues with Aadhaar-based payments and mobile monitoring systems have led to non-payment or misdirected funds.
    • Budget Constraints: Budget allocations have decreased from 0.4% of GDP in FY22 to 0.2% in FY25, impacting workdays and payments.
    • Social Audit Irregularities: Irregular audits by Gram Sabhas raise concerns about accountability and transparency.

     

    [UPSC 2011] Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”?

    (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households

    (b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households

    (c) Adult members of households of all backward communities

    (d) Adult members of any household

     

  • [pib] PM’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors (PM-YUVA 3.0)

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, launched the PM-YUVA 3.0 (Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors) on 11th March 2025.

    About the PM-YUVA Scheme

    • PM-YUVA 3.0 was launched on 11th March 2025, building upon the success of the first two editions, which focused on themes like national movement and democracy.
    • It is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, aimed at mentoring young authors below the age of 30.
    • The scheme’s objectives include fostering a new generation of writers who can explore topics such as:
      • Contribution of the Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
      • Indian Knowledge System
      • Makers of Modern India (1950-2025)
    • Background:
      • PM-YUVA 1.0 (2021): Focused on India’s National Movement & unsung heroes.
      • PM-YUVA 2.0 (2022): Focused on Democracy and Constitutional Values.
    • The scheme was designed to promote reading, writing, and book culture in India while showcasing Indian literature and heritage globally.
    • The National Book Trust (NBT), India, is the implementing agency responsible for executing the scheme.
    • The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to empower youth, develop creative leaders, and encourage capacity building in India’s younger generation.

    Important Features of PM-YUVA 3.0

    • An All-India Contest will be held through MyGov from 11 March 2025 to 10 April 2025.
    • 50 authors will be selected across three themes.
    • Evaluation of proposals will be completed by April 2025, and the final list of selected authors will be announced between May-June 2025.
    • Each selected author will receive a ₹50,000 monthly scholarship for six months, totaling ₹3 lakh per author.
    • Authors will also receive a 10% royalty on successful publications of their books.
    • Books created under the scheme will be published by the National Book Trust and translated into other Indian languages, promoting literary exchange and supporting the vision of ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’.
    • Applicants who have qualified for PM-YUVA 1.0 and PM-YUVA 2.0 are not eligible for this edition.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements :
    1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
    2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
    3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) Scheme

    Why in the News?

    Union Education Minister comment accusing the Tamil Nadu government of being “dishonest” in implementing the PM SHRI scheme caused disruption in the Lok Sabha.

    What is the PM-SHRI Scheme?

    About  
    • Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2022 to upgrade 14,500 schools as model institutions for NEP 2020 implementation.
    • Objective: To create inclusive, nurturing schools with modern infrastructure, holistic education, and competency-based learning.
    Implementation From 2022-23 to 2026-27. After this, states/UTs will maintain the benchmarks achieved. 

    Funding Pattern:

    1. 60:40 (Centre: State/UTs with legislature, except J&K).
    2. 90:10 for Northeastern & Himalayan States, J&K.
    3. 100% Central funding for UTs without legislature. States must sign an MoU with the Centre to participate.
    Key Features
    • Holistic learning: Focus on communication, collaboration, critical thinking. Experiential, inquiry-driven, learner-centred pedagogy.
    • Modern facilities: Smart classrooms, Computer Labs, Integrated Science Labs, Vocational Labs, Atal Tinkering Labs.
    • Green initiatives: Water conservation, waste recycling, energy efficiency.
    • Competency-based assessments linked to real-life applications.
    Eligible Schools Schools managed by Central/State/UT Governments & local bodies. Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) & Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) (non-project, with permanent buildings).

    School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) ensures performance evaluation & institutional excellence.
    Selection Process Challenge Mode (3-stage process):

    • Stage-1: Signing MoU with the Centre.
    • Stage-2: Identifying eligible schools using UDISE+ data.
    • Stage-3: Schools compete to meet selection criteria, verified by States/UTs/KVS/JNV.

    Final selection by Expert Committee headed by the Education Secretary.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] What is the purpose of ‘Vidyanjali Yojana’?

    1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.

    2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.

    3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only

     

  • [6th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Over-centralisation threatens federal health policy

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Welfare State, primary health structure (2021), and Public health system (2015).

    The Supreme Court’s judgment in Dr. Tanvi Behl vs Shrey Goyal (2025), striking down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions, changes India’s medical education policy. While promoting merit, it overlooks how these reservations support State public health needs and may discourage States from investing in government medical colleges, weakening their healthcare systems.

    Today’s editorial discusses domicile-based reservations, which is useful for writing answers in UPSC Mains GS Paper 2 on Governance, especially regarding State policies and public health challenges.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The ruling that ended domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions ignores the practical challenges of managing public health.

    What are Domicile-based reservations? 

    • Domicile-based reservations are quotas in educational institutions or government jobs reserved for individuals who are permanent residents of a particular State or region. These reservations aim to address local needs, ensure regional representation, and retain skilled professionals within the State.
    • For example, in Tamil Nadu, a portion of post-graduate medical seats is reserved for candidates who have completed their medical education in the State.

    What are the key arguments made by the Supreme Court in striking down domicile-based reservations?

    • Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court held that domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions violate Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law. Example: It argued that restricting access to medical seats based on domicile status is discriminatory against equally qualified non-local candidates.
    • Primacy of Meritocracy in Higher Education: The judgment emphasized that merit should be the primary criterion for post-graduate medical admissions to ensure the best candidates receive specialist training. Example: It relied on Pradeep Jain vs Union of India (1984), where the Court discouraged domicile-based quotas, stating that such policies dilute academic standards in advanced medical training.
    • Uniform and Centralized Medical Education Framework: The Court favored a national, merit-based system to maintain uniformity in medical admissions across States and prevent fragmentation. Example: It pointed to central institutions like AIIMS and PGIMER, which follow a centralized selection process without domicile reservations, ensuring open competition for all candidates.

    Why is domicile-based reservation considered crucial for State-level?

    • Retention of Specialist Doctors in Public Health Systems: Domicile quotas ensure that medical graduates trained in State institutions are more likely to serve within the State, addressing local health-care needs. Example: States with severe specialist shortages (e.g., rural Bihar or Odisha) rely on domicile-based reservations to retain medical professionals and improve health outcomes.
    • Alignment of State Investment with Local Workforce Needs: States invest substantial resources in medical education and expect returns through a local medical workforce. Domicile quotas ensure these investments benefit the State’s health infrastructure. Example: Tamil Nadu links domicile-based quotas to mandatory public service, ensuring that doctors trained using State funds serve in government hospitals.
    • Addressing Regional Health Disparities: Domicile reservations help in reducing regional imbalances by ensuring that underserved areas have access to medical specialists who understand local challenges. Example: Northeastern States with limited access to advanced medical care use domicile quotas to maintain a local pool of doctors familiar with tribal and rural health needs.
    • Predictable Medical Workforce Supply: States depend on domicile quotas to create a steady pipeline of medical specialists who can fulfill long-term public health needs. Example: Maharashtra implements domicile-based reservations to ensure consistent recruitment for rural health centers and district hospitals.
    • Incentivizing State Investment in Medical Education: If States cannot ensure that their medical graduates remain local, they may reduce funding for medical colleges, weakening health infrastructure. Example: Without domicile quotas, smaller States like Goa risk losing locally trained doctors to other regions, discouraging future investment in medical education.

    How does the ruling impact State incentives to invest in government medical colleges and public health infrastructure?

    • Reduced Motivation to Fund Medical Education: Without domicile-based reservations, States cannot ensure that doctors trained in government-funded colleges will stay and serve locally. This may discourage future investments in medical education. Example: Odisha may be less inclined to invest in new medical colleges if graduates move to other States for better opportunities.
    • Weaker Public Health Infrastructure: States depend on locally trained doctors to staff public hospitals. Without a guaranteed local workforce, rural and underserved areas may face doctor shortages, weakening health services. Example: Bihar, already struggling with a lack of specialists, could face further shortages in district hospitals due to reduced local retention.
    • Increased Dependence on External Recruitment: The ruling forces States to rely on recruiting doctors from outside, which can be costly, inefficient, and unpredictable, especially in remote regions. Example: Himachal Pradesh may need to import specialists, increasing costs and reducing long-term staffing stability in rural clinics.
    • Discouragement of Regional Policy Innovation: States using service-linked quotas to address local health needs lose a valuable tool to customize their medical education policies. Example: Tamil Nadu’s model, which ties post-graduate seats to public service, could be undermined, reducing the State’s ability to ensure healthcare delivery.
    • Widening Regional Health Inequalities: States with fewer resources will struggle to compete with wealthier regions in attracting and retaining medical professionals, increasing healthcare gaps. Example: Northeastern States like Assam may face a brain drain, making it harder to deliver essential medical care in rural areas.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Policy Framework: Introduce a hybrid model combining merit-based admissions with incentives (e.g., service bonds or rural postings) to retain doctors in underserved areas while upholding constitutional equality.
    • Strengthening National and State Collaboration: Foster State-Centre cooperation to create region-specific policies under the National Medical Commission (NMC) that address local health needs without violating merit-based norms.

  • Centre notifies Unified Pension Scheme for Government Staff

    Why in the News?

    The Finance Ministry has announced the operationalization of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for Central Government employees under the National Pension System (NPS), effective from April 1, 2025.

    Salient features of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)

    • Effective from April 1, 2025.
    • Eligibility: Applicable to Central Government employees with at least 10 years of service.
    • Assured Pension:
      • 50% of average basic pay over the last 12 months before retirement for employees with 25+ years of service.
      • Proportionate benefits for employees with 10–25 years of service.
    • Assured Minimum Pension: ₹10,000 per month for eligible employees.
    • Assured Family Pension: 60% of the pension drawn by the employee prior to their death.
    • Inflation Protection:
      • Pensions indexed to inflation.
      • Dearness Relief (DR) linked to the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW).
    • Government Contribution: Increased to 18.5% of basic pay and DA (up from 14% under NPS).
    • Employee Contribution: 10% of basic pay and DA (same as NPS).
    • Lump Sum Payment:
      • One-tenth of last drawn pay (including DA) for every six months of completed service, in addition to gratuity.
    • Choice of Scheme: Employees can choose between UPS and NPS starting from the upcoming financial year, with the choice being final once made.
    • Beneficiaries: Initially benefits 23 lakh Central Government employees, with potential extension to 90 lakh employees if adopted by state governments.

    Differences between UPS, NPS and OPS (Old Pension Scheme)

    Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) National Pension Scheme (NPS) Old Pension Scheme (OPS)
    Pension Amount 50% of average basic pay over last 12 months; proportional for service <25 years. Market-linked, dependent on contributions and market performance. 50% of last drawn salary, increases with DA hikes.
    Family Pension 60% of employee’s pension after their death. Based on accumulated corpus and annuity plans. Continued benefits to family after retiree’s death.
    Employee Contribution 10% of basic salary. 10% of basic salary. None; entirely government-funded.
    Government Contribution 18.5% of basic salary. 14% of basic salary. Entire cost borne by the government.
    Inflation Indexation Linked to AICPI-IW. Not applicable (market-linked returns). Indexed; pension increases with DA hikes.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?

    (a) Resident Indian citizens only

    (b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only

    (c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments

    (d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004

  • Union cabinet extends National Health Mission for another 5 years

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved the extension of the National Health Mission (NHM) for an additional five years(2025 to 2030).

    What are the new Components of the NHM and initiatives launched?

    • Digital Health Initiatives: The U-WIN platform was launched in January 2023 to improve vaccination tracking for pregnant women, infants, and children, expanding to 65 districts across 36 states/UTs by the end of FY 2023-24.
    • Expanded Healthcare Programs: NHM has overseen the launch of initiatives such as the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission and the Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign, enhancing disease control efforts.
    • Strengthening Human Resources: The NHM has focused on increasing healthcare personnel, engaging over 1.2 million additional healthcare workers across various roles since its last extension.

    What are the key achievements of the National Health Mission during its previous tenure?

    • Reduction in Maternal and Child Mortality:
      • Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Declined from 130 per lakh live births in 2014-16 to 97 per lakh in 2018-20 (25% reduction).
      • Under-5 Mortality Rate: Decreased from 45 per 1,000 live births in 2014 to 32 in 2020 (75% decline).
      • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reduced from 39 per 1,000 live births in 2014 to 28 in 2020. India is on track to achieve the SDG targets for maternal, child, and infant mortality before 2030.
    • Healthcare Workforce Expansion: The NHM facilitated the engagement of approximately 2.69 lakh additional healthcare workers in 2021-22 alone, contributing to improved healthcare delivery.
    • Disease Control Improvements: Enhanced surveillance and control measures for diseases like tuberculosis have led to a decrease in incidence rates, contributing to overall public health improvements.

    What are the financial implications and commitments associated with the NHM’s extension?

    • Budgetary Allocation and Funding Structure: The National Health Mission (NHM) continues based on recommendations from the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) and fixed spending limits. While the mission has been extended, its budget is reviewed regularly to ensure efficient use of resources.
      • For funding, most states share costs with the central government in a 60:40 ratio, while northeastern and hilly states follow a 90:10 pattern. This setup ensures states have enough funds to implement health programs effectively.
    • Performance-Based Funding: The NHM rewards states with additional funds for improving key health outcomes like maternal and child health. This encourages states to enhance their healthcare systems.
      • Local committees, such as Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKS), also receive untied funds, giving them the flexibility to directly address patient needs and improve services.
    • Commitment to Health Targets: By 2025, the NHM aimed to achieve specific health goals, including reducing the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to 90, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 23, and the Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) to 23. Achieving these targets will require consistent investment in health infrastructure, workforce training, and community programs.
      • The government is also focused on tackling broader factors affecting health, such as nutrition and disease prevention while improving access to healthcare for disadvantaged groups.

    What are the challenges? 

    • Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many Primary Health Centres (PHCs) lack essential diagnostic tools, medical equipment, and sanitation facilities. PHCs in remote areas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh often face electricity and water supply shortages, limiting their ability to deliver quality care.
    • Shortage and Distribution of Healthcare Workforce: Despite adding 1.2 million healthcare workers, there remains a shortage of specialists such as gynaecologists, anaesthetists, and paediatricians in rural areas. Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh struggle to staff CHCs with specialized doctors.
    • Financial Constraints and Inefficient Fund Utilization: Delays in fund disbursement and underutilization of allocated budgets hinder the implementation of key initiatives. Northeastern states like Nagaland and Manipur faced challenges in utilizing NHM funds due to inadequate financial planning and monitoring mechanisms.

    Way forward: 

    • Infrastructure and Workforce Enhancement: Strengthen PHC and CHC infrastructure with essential facilities and ensure equitable distribution of healthcare specialists through targeted incentives, training, and deployment programs in underserved areas.
    • Efficient Fund Utilization: Streamline fund disbursement processes, enhance financial planning, and implement robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure optimal use of allocated budgets, particularly in resource-constrained regions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

    Why in the News?

    Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) has completed 10 years on January 22, 2025. As of November 2024, over 4.1 crore SSY accounts have been opened, highlighting the scheme’s success and its role in fostering inclusivity and progress.

    About Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY):

    • Launched on January 22, 2015, under Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Campaign.
    • It is a small deposit scheme by the Ministry of Finance for a girl child
    • Over 4.1 crore accounts opened as of November 2024.
    • Aims and Objectives:
      • To meet the education and marriage expenses of a girl child.
      • Promote financial independence and secure futures for girl children.

    Criteria and Provisions:

    • Eligibility: For girl children under 10 years; max 2 accounts per family (exceptions for twins/triplets).
    • Deposits: Minimum: ₹250; Maximum: ₹1.5 lakh annually; deposits for 15 years.
    • Withdrawals:
      • Partial: Up to 50% after age 18 or completion of 10th standard for education.
      • Full: Allowed for marriage (minimum age 18).
    • Interest Calculation: Monthly on the lowest balance; credited annually.
    • Premature Closure: Allowed for medical emergencies or death of guardian.
    • Interest: ate of interest 9.2% Per Annum (wef 1-4-2015), calculated on yearly basis, yearly compounded.
    • Tax Benefits: Quarterly rates compounded annually; investments and returns are tax-free under Section 80C.

    Structural Mandate and Implementation

    • Managed by guardian till age 18; account matures in 21 years.
    • Can be opened/transferred at post offices or banks.
    • Early closure for marriage requires proof of age and marriage documents.

    PYQ:

    [2014] What is/are the facility/facilities the beneficiaries can get from the services of Business Correspondent (Bank Saathi) in branchless areas?

    1. It enables the beneficiaries to draw their subsidies and social security benefits in their villages.
    2. It enables the beneficiaries in the rural areas to make deposits and withdrawals.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission?

    Why in the News?

    The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), a flagship initiative launched during the NDA-1 government, has lost prominence in this year’s list of electoral promises and accomplishments.

    What are smart cities? 

    • The Government of India defines smart cities as urban areas that provide core infrastructure, ensure a decent quality of life, promote a clean and sustainable environment, and utilize smart solutions for inclusive development.

    What are the two major aspects of the Smart Cities Mission?

    • Area-Based Development (ABD): This includes three components:
      • Redevelopment: Transforming existing urban areas.
      • Retrofitting: Improving infrastructure in underdeveloped areas.
      • Greenfield Development: Creating new urban spaces with modern infrastructure.
    • Pan-City Solutions: These involve applying smart solutions across the entire city, enhancing services through technology and improving overall urban management and governance.

    Why did the implementation of smart cities bypass local government? 

    • Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Model: The SCM employed a governance structure that relied heavily on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which were set up as limited companies under the Companies Act.
      • This model often sidelined local elected councils, as SPVs were typically led by bureaucrats or representatives from multinational corporations, limiting local government involvement in decision-making processes.
    • Top-Down Approach: Critics argue that the SPV model was too top-down, lacking alignment with the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which emphasizes decentralized governance. This disconnect resulted in many cities objecting to the governance structure, as it did not adequately reflect the needs and demands of local populations.
    • Competitive Selection Process: The selection of cities was based on a competitive process that did not account for the diverse urban realities across India. This approach led to an exclusionary scheme where only small portions of cities were targeted for development, often ignoring broader community needs and existing urban dynamics.
    • Limited Local Engagement: The mission’s design did not prioritize citizen participation or local stakeholder engagement effectively, which is crucial for understanding and addressing unique urban challenges. This lack of engagement contributed to projects that did not resonate with the actual needs of residents.

    What has happened to the mission in Shimla?

    • Project Value and Status: The ongoing projects in Shimla are valued at approximately ₹150 crore and are still in the early stages of construction. Key initiatives include the assembly flyover and various parking facilities, with tenders currently being processed.
    • Funding: The Union Government has allocated a total of ₹500 crore to Shimla under the SCM, with two installments of ₹98 crore still pending. The overall budget for the mission in Shimla is ₹750 crore, which includes a contribution of ₹250 crore from the state government.
    • Unfinished Projects: Despite the extension, several projects remain incomplete, including those at IGMC, Auckland, and Vikas Nagar. Additionally, construction for the bus stand parking area has not yet commenced.

    What are the achievements of Smart City Mission?

    • Project Completion: As of December 2024, 91% of the total projects under the SCM have been completed, with 7,380 out of 8,075 projects finalized. This reflects significant progress in urban development initiatives across 100 selected cities.
    • Investment and Infrastructure: The mission has seen an investment of approximately ₹1,47,704 crore. Key areas of focus include infrastructure development, governance improvements, and social services such as housing, transport, education, and healthcare.
    • Technological Integration: All 100 smart cities have established Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), which utilize data analytics and emerging technologies like AI and IoT to manage urban services more effectively. These centres played crucial roles during the COVID-19 pandemic by functioning as operational hubs.
    • Public Safety Enhancements: Over 84,000 CCTV cameras have been installed for enhanced surveillance, along with emergency call boxes and public address systems to improve public safety.
    • Solid Waste Management: The mission has improved solid waste management practices in over 66 cities through technology integration, enhancing efficiency in waste collection and management.
    • Mobility Improvements: The development of smart roads and cycle tracks has been a significant focus, with over 1,740 kilometres of roads constructed or improved under the mission.

    What are the challenges related to  Smart City Mission?

    • Disparity in Performance: While some cities have exceeded their project targets significantly, others have struggled to meet even basic completion goals. Reports indicate that 66 out of the 100 cities have not met their physical targets as of January 2023, highlighting a stark disparity in performance across regions.
    • Limited Impact on Quality of Life: Critics argue that despite substantial investments, there has been little improvement in fundamental quality-of-life issues for citizens, such as access to clean water and affordable housing. The mission’s focus on high-tech solutions has sometimes overshadowed pressing social needs.
    • Financial Constraints: Many local governing bodies face challenges in raising funds for projects due to financial limitations and resistance from citizens regarding user charges for services provided under the mission. This has hindered project execution in several cities.
    • Implementation Delays: A significant number of projects remain incomplete or are stuck at various stages due to bureaucratic hurdles and lack of coordination among stakeholders involved in the SCM.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Decentralized Governance: Empower local governments by aligning the SCM governance model with the 74th Constitutional Amendment. Involve elected councils and local stakeholders in planning, implementation, and decision-making to ensure projects reflect community needs and realities.
    • Enhance Financial and Technical Capacities: Provide cities with access to sustainable funding mechanisms, including better public-private partnership models, while building technical expertise for efficient project execution and addressing socio-environmental challenges comprehensively.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI- TTP)

    Why in the News?

    The Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) is set to expand to seven major Indian airports starting January 16, 2025, ensuring seamless and expedited immigration processes for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.

    About the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI- TTP)

    • Launched under the ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision, it aims to establish world-class immigration facilities and enhance international mobility.
    • The Bureau of Immigration, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the nodal agency responsible for implementing the programme.
    • It was initially introduced on June 22, 2024, at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI).
    • It is targeted at Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders in its first phase and will eventually include foreign travelers.
    • Phase-Wise Implementation:
      • Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
      • Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travelers.
    • The program is free of cost during its initial implementation phase.
    • By 2025, the program will be operational at 21 major airports across India.

    Features of the Program

    • Operates through e-gates or automated border gates for faster processing.
    • Travelers scan their boarding pass and passport, followed by biometric authentication, to complete the process.
    • Enrollment is completed through an online portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in), where applicants upload their details and required documents.
    • Membership is valid for a maximum of 5 years or until the passport’s validity, whichever comes first.
    • Applicants must ensure their passport has a minimum six-month validity at the time of registration.
    • White-listed trusted travelers undergo faster clearance while maintaining security standards.

    Significance  

    • Reduces immigration clearance time, providing a hassle-free travel experience for international travelers.
    • Biometric authentication ensures identity verification, reducing risks of fraudulent entries.
    • Travelers can bypass regular queues, making the process more convenient and seamless.
    • Comparable to the Global Entry Program in the United States, it aligns India’s immigration services with international standards.

    PYQ:

    [2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:

    1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
    2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
    3. A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3
    (d) 2 and 3

  • Envisioning India as a global skill supplier

    Why in the News?

    In an address, the Prime Minister expressed hope that India’s skilled workforce would make a significant impact in the global job market.

    What factors contribute to India’s potential as a leading global supplier of skilled workers?

    • Demographic Advantage: India has a large and youthful population, with approximately 554 million individuals aged between 15 and 64 years, providing a substantial workforce to meet global demands for skilled labour.
    • Government Initiatives: The Indian government has launched various programs aimed at enhancing skill development, such as the Skill India Programme, which allocates significant budgetary resources for training youth and creating internship opportunities in collaboration with major companies.
    • Growing Global Demand: There is an increasing demand for skilled workers in sectors like IT, healthcare, construction, and logistics across regions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Europe, and North America due to demographic shifts and technological advancements.
    • International Agreements: India has entered into multiple bilateral agreements with countries like Japan and France to facilitate the mobility of skilled workers, which enhances its position in the global labour market.

    How is India preparing its workforce to meet global skill demands?

    • Skill Training Programs: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship is committed to providing future-ready skills training that aligns with global standards.
      • This includes initiatives for vocational training through a network of over 15,000 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) across the country.
    • Curriculum Development: There is a focus on integrating globally relevant skills into educational curricula. This involves reorienting skill programs at International Skill Centres to address the specific needs of destination countries.
      • The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes a holistic approach to education that includes critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy.
    • Real-Time Skill Forecasting: India is encouraged to utilise data analytics to assess job vacancies and skill needs in real-time, allowing for a more responsive approach to skill development that aligns with international labour market demands.
    • Customised Training Initiatives: The development of short-term skill training programs tailored for specific countries helps prepare Indian workers for international job markets effectively.

    What are the initiatives taken by the Government for skill development in India?

    • Skill India International Centers (SIIC): Establishes training aligned with international standards, promotes global partnerships and enhances employability abroad.
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Offers industry-relevant training with 119 new-age skill courses, focusing on global standards and certifying over 1.42 crore individuals.
    • National Skill Development Mission (NSDM): Provides a unified framework for quality skill development across sectors, aligning with global requirements for international job opportunities.
    • National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS): Facilitates practical on-the-job training aligned with global industry practices to prepare workers for international markets.
    • Skill India Digital Hub: A digital platform launched in 2023, offering online resources for vocational training, fostering global skill recognition and accessibility.
    • Skill Loan Scheme: Provides financial support for skill training, enabling wider access to globally aligned, high-quality training programs.

    What challenges does India face in becoming a global skill hub?

    • Fragmented Policy Structure: India’s current policy framework for international labour mobility is fragmented and lacks comprehensive strategies based on robust data. The existing data primarily covers low-skilled workers, limiting effective policy formulation.
    • Inadequate Data on Migration Trends: The reliance on limited data sources for tracking migrant labour outflows hampers the ability to create evidence-based policies that can effectively address the needs of both Indian workers and foreign employers.
    • Underutilisation of Return Migrants’ Skills: There is a significant gap in effectively reintegrating return migrants into the Indian labour market. The skills acquired abroad are often not recognized or accredited, leading to lost opportunities for both the individuals and the economy.
    • Quality of Skill Development: While there are numerous initiatives underway, there remains a need to elevate the quality of skill development programs to meet international standards, ensuring that Indian workers are competitive in the global market.

    Way forward: 

    • Unified Skill Mobility Policy: Implement a comprehensive, data-driven national framework for international labour migration, emphasizing skill forecasting, certification, and seamless reintegration of return migrants.
    • Global Standards Alignment: Upgrade skill development programs to meet international benchmarks, incorporating customised training for destination-specific needs and emerging global industries.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)