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GS Paper: Schemes For Vulnerable Sections

  • How the armed forces can be prepared for transgender personnel

    US seeks to learn from allies' experience about transgender troops | LGBTQ+ rights | The Guardian

    Central idea

    The central idea revolves around advocating for the gradual and thoughtful inclusion of transgender individuals in the armed forces. By drawing parallels with successful women integration, proposing protected roles initially, and emphasizing social awareness, the approach aims for a balanced, transparent, and inclusive transformation within the military, recognizing and addressing historical discrimination.

    Key Highlights:

    • Growing Acceptance: People are becoming more accepting of transgender folks, which is a positive change. Society is starting to understand the importance of including everyone, regardless of their gender identity.
    • Recognizing Challenges: We’re acknowledging that transgender individuals have faced a tough time with discrimination, stigma, and fewer opportunities. This recognition is crucial in addressing historical disadvantages.
    • Legal Steps in India: India has taken legal steps, like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act in 2019, to protect transgender rights. This shows a commitment to making things better since a significant judgment in 2014.
    • Armed Forces Proposal: There’s a suggestion to include transgender individuals in the armed forces. This proposal comes from the realization that they’ve been at a disadvantage and need proactive help to be part of every aspect of life.
    • Stepwise Integration Approach: The idea is to include transgender individuals gradually, just like how women’s roles in the armed forces expanded step by step. This way, we can be sure that we’re ready and set up for their inclusion.
    • Learning from Women’s Inclusion: We’re learning from how women were included in the armed forces. By doing this, we hope to avoid problems and make the integration process smooth and successful.
    • Roles for Transgender Personnel: Transgender individuals might start with roles in medical services and staff positions. Initially, these roles will be more protected to ensure they feel comfortable and respected.
    • Social Awareness Emphasis: There’s a suggestion to make the armed forces more aware of societal justice and the discrimination faced by transgender individuals. This change in mindset is vital for a successful integration.

    Key Challenges:

    • Societal Prejudices: A challenge is dealing with society’s biases within the armed forces. Overcoming these biases is crucial for creating an inclusive environment.
    • Balancing Inclusion with Discipline: We need to be careful about how inclusion might affect the strong discipline and camaraderie in the armed forces. Balancing inclusion with maintaining teamwork is a tricky but necessary challenge.
    • Infrastructure Support: Developing the needed support for transgender individuals is important. This includes making sure the armed forces are ready and equipped for their inclusion.
    • Dignity Concerns: We’re aware of concerns about respecting the dignity and self-respect of transgender individuals. To address this, there’s a proposal for more protected roles initially.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Camaraderie and Discipline: The armed forces have strong bonds based on trust and teamwork. Keeping these bonds intact while embracing diversity is a challenge.
    • Sensitization Road Map: We’re planning a roadmap to sensitize the armed forces at all levels. This means we want everyone to understand and accept the realities of discrimination.
    • Competence and Capabilities: Transgender individuals should be accepted based on their skills and abilities. Competency and capability are what matter most.
    • Sheltered Appointments: Initially, there’s a proposal for more protected roles to make sure transgender individuals feel secure and respected.
    • Aide-de-Camp: Imagining a capable transgender officer in a prestigious role shows the positive impact they can have on perceptions and acceptance.
    • Gradual Integration: Just like how women were gradually included, we’re looking at a step-by-step approach for transgender integration.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • NALSA Judgment as a Legal Milestone: In 2014, there was a significant decision recognizing and protecting transgender rights. This decision set the stage for later legal measures.
    • Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019): In 2019, India took legislative steps to protect transgender rights. These measures show a commitment to making things better.
    • Success of Women in Armed Forces: We’re looking at the achievements of women in the armed forces as a guide for including transgender individuals. Learning from past successes helps us avoid problems.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Acknowledging Historical Discrimination: We’re recognizing that a big change is needed in the armed forces’ way of thinking. This acknowledgment sets the stage for real change.
    • Calibrated Approach to Integration: We’re emphasizing the importance of careful planning and a step-by-step approach. This ensures that inclusion happens smoothly.
    • Learning from Women’s Inclusion: We’re learning from how women were included in the armed forces. This shows a readiness to apply lessons from one integration process to another.
    • Impact on Discipline and Camaraderie: We’re considering how inclusion might affect the unique bonds within the armed forces. This balance is crucial for a successful integration.
    • Recognizing Importance of Social Awareness: We’re identifying the need for the armed forces to understand societal justice. This change in mindset is vital for true and lasting change.

    Way Forward:

    • Advocating Wider Discussions: We’re suggesting more discussions and debates within the armed forces. This ensures that everyone’s perspective is considered.
    • Gradual Expansion of Roles: We’re advocating for more roles based on abilities and merit. This ensures that everyone gets opportunities based on their skills.
    • Involvement of Transgender Community: We’re suggesting that the transgender community should be part of decision-making. This makes sure their views are central to the integration process.
    • Establishing Social Awareness Strategy: We’re emphasizing the need for a strategy to make the armed forces more aware. This ensures that everyone understands and accepts the need for change.
    • Transparent and Just Process: We’re highlighting the importance of openness and fairness in the integration process. This ensures that the process is respectful and just for everyone involved.

  • Maratha reservation: Why everyone wants a ‘sarkari naukri’ in New India

    Central idea 

    The article explores the paradox of a “New India” emphasizing private enterprise while various communities express a strong desire for state involvement. It delves into caste-based demands, the significance of the state as a safe haven, and the challenges arising from unchecked markets and weakened labour laws.

    Key Highlights:

    • Caste-based Demands: Yadav men in Gurugram seek the creation of an “Ahir regiment,” while Marathas in Maharashtra demand reservations.
    • Skill Development: Skill development programs aim to prepare youth for private sector jobs, but a Dalit youth in Ranchi desires government jobs for the respect they offer.
    • State’s Significance: Despite the emphasis on private enterprise in “New India,” many still seek social and economic mobility facilitated by the state.
    • Arbitrary State Action: The perception of an overweening state, especially in curbing perceived enemies, leads people to consider the state as a safe haven.
    • Regulation and Market: Expansion of private enterprise is accompanied by the state’s neglect of regulating the market, exposing vulnerabilities of the less privileged.
    • Labour Laws: Weakening labour laws favors private sector employers, making state jobs more appealing due to higher respectability and security.

    Challenges and Concerns:

    • Arbitrary State Actions: Fear of arbitrary state actions undermines the idea of a free and open society.
    • Market Unchecked: Lack of market regulation exposes vulnerable individuals to the excesses of the private sector.
    • Weakened Labour Laws: Dilution of labour laws jeopardizes decent working conditions and job security.

    Analysis:

    • Desire for State Involvement: Despite the push for a market-led society, people prefer the state for security and protection against arbitrary actions.
    • State’s Responsibility: The state’s retreat from regulating the market has shifted the balance, making state jobs more attractive.
    • Contradictions in New India: The narrative of private enterprise coexists with a strong desire for state involvement, indicating contradictions in the idea of “New India.”

    Key Data:

    • Skill India Programme: Launched in 2015 with the aim to train 402 million people by 2022.
    • 2015 Budget Allocation: Rs 5,040 crore allocated for skill development.
    • 11th Five Year Plan: (2007-2012) Witnessed the formulation of programs for skill development.

    Key Terms:

    • Ahir Regiment: Demands for a caste-specific army regiment by the Yadav community in Gurugram.
    • Skill Development Centres (SDCs): Private-run centers providing training in various domains.
    • Maratha Reservations: Ongoing demand for reservations by the Maratha community in Maharashtra.
    • New India: Characterized by the emphasis on private enterprise and entrepreneurial spirit.

    Way Forward:

    • Balanced State Involvement: Find a balance where the state ensures security without impinging on individual freedoms.
    • Market Regulation: Reinstate appropriate regulations to protect vulnerable individuals from market excesses.
    • Labour Laws: Reevaluate and strengthen labour laws to ensure decent working conditions and job security.
    • Public Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of a balanced relationship between the state and private enterprise.
    • Inclusive Policies: Implement inclusive policies that address the concerns of different communities and promote social and economic mobility.

  • Baiga Tribal group gets habitat rights in Chhattisgarh

    baiga

    Central Idea

    • The Baiga Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) recently became the second community in the state to receive habitat rights, following the Kamar PVTG in Chhattisgarh.
    • Habitat rights recognition marks a crucial step towards preserving the culture, livelihoods, and heritage of these indigenous groups.

    Baiga PVTG

    • The Baiga are an ethnic group found in central India primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
    • The largest number of Baiga is found in Baiga-chuk in Mandla district and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.

    Understanding Habitat Rights

    • Significance: Habitat rights recognition bestows upon the concerned community various rights over their customary territory, encompassing habitation, socio-cultural practices, livelihood means, ecological knowledge, and protection of natural and cultural heritage.
    • Empowering Communities: These rights empower PVTG communities by safeguarding their traditional livelihoods and ecological knowledge, thereby promoting their development.
    • Coordination: Habitat rights facilitate the convergence of government schemes and initiatives across departments, fostering the holistic development of PVTG communities.

    Legal Framework

    • Forest Rights Act: Habitat rights for PVTGs are granted under Section 3(1)(e) of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, commonly known as the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
    • Definition of Habitat: As per Section 2(h) of FRA, habitat encompasses customary habitats and other habitats within reserved forests and protected forests, catering to the needs of primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities.
    • Protection from Developmental Activities: While habitat rights do not convey ownership, they require consent and consultation with the gram sabha (village council) for any developmental activity. These rights also offer legal protection under various laws.

    Habitat Rights as a Protective Measure

    • Legal Safeguards: Habitat rights serve as an additional layer of legal protection against activities that may harm the habitat or livelihood of PVTGs.
    • Administrative Resolution: If developmental activities threaten habitat rights, the tribal community can raise the issue with the administration under the Forest Rights Act, potentially seeking legal recourse.

    Determining Habitats

    • Procedure: Habitat determination is based on comprehensive guidelines issued by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) in 2014. Coordination among four state-level departments—Forest, Revenue, Tribal, and Panchayati Raj—is crucial.
    • Consultation: Traditional tribal leaders are consulted to assess cultural practices, traditions, and livelihoods. The government corroborates this information before officially declaring a habitat.

    Back2Basics: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)

    Definition Tribal communities with declining population, low literacy, pre-agricultural tech, and economic backwardness.
    Habitat Inhabit remote areas with poor infrastructure and limited administrative support.
    Vulnerability Highly vulnerable due to small numbers and lack of socio-economic development.
    Number 75 such groups identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
    Origin of the Concept
    Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) Identified inequality in development among Scheduled Tribes.
    Fourth Five Year Plan Created a sub-category within Scheduled Tribes to identify lower development groups.
    Sub-Category Name Change Renamed “Primitive tribal group” to “Particularly vulnerable tribal group” in 2006.
    Features of PVTGs
    Characteristics Pre-agricultural lifestyle, hunting and gathering, zero/negative population growth, low literacy.
    Criteria Any one criterion makes a group a PTG, later renamed PVTG by the Indian government.

     

  • What is the Vishwakarma scheme, launched for those engaged in traditional crafts and skills

    What’s the news?

    • On September 17, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the PM Vishwakarma scheme in New Delhi on the occasion of Vishwakarma Jayanti.

    Central idea

    • Recently launched, the PM Vishwakarma scheme, introduced during his Independence Day speech a month earlier, aims to support traditional craftsmen and economically marginalized communities, especially the OBC, while also serving as a strategic move ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.

    About Vishwakarma

    • Vishwakarma, a revered figure in Hindu mythology, is regarded as the divine architect of the gods, a master craftsman, and a divine carpenter.
    • He is celebrated as the patron deity of workers, artisans, and artists, responsible for crafting the gods’ weapons, cities, and chariots.
    • The scheme takes its name from this emblematic figure, symbolizing the recognition and empowerment of skilled laborers.

    What is the Vishwakarma scheme?

    • The Vishwakarma scheme is a new government initiative fully funded by the central government and has a budgetary allocation of Rs 13,000 crore.
    • The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills, often passed down through generations within their families.
    • This includes artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, masons, laundry workers, barbers, and others engaged in traditional crafts and skills.
    • The scheme has ambitious coverage goals, aiming to support five lakh families in the first year and eventually reaching 30 lakh families over five years.
    • It also seeks to integrate Vishwakarmas into both domestic and global value chains.

    Eligibility Criteria

    • Workers engaged in traditional crafts and skills are eligible.
    • Emphasis is placed on individuals facing specific challenges, such as:
      • Lack of access to modern tools and equipment.
      • Absence of professional training for their work.
      • Geographical distance from markets relevant to their craft.
      • Limited availability of capital for investment in their trade.
    • The scheme particularly targets marginalized and socially backward communities, including the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups.
    • Eligible individuals may include those who have acquired their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships. Top of Form

    Benefits offered by the Vishwakarma Scheme

    • Free Registration: Vishwakarma workers can register for free through Common Services Centers using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal.
    • Recognition: Workers will receive recognition through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
    • Skill Upgradation: The scheme offers both basic and advanced training to improve the skills of artisans.
    • Toolkit Incentive: Artists will receive a toolkit incentive of ₹15,000
    • Collateral-Free Credit: Workers can avail of collateral-free credit support up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.
    • Digital Transactions Incentive: The scheme provides incentives for digital transactions and offers marketing support.
    • Toolkit Booklet: To keep artisans informed about new technologies in their field, a toolkit booklet has been released in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video elements.
    • Additional benefits: Other benefits include a stipend of Rs 500 for skill training and Rs 1,500 to purchase modern tools.

    Common challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills

    • Lack of Access to Modern Tools and Equipment: Many professionals in traditional crafts may not have access to modern tools and equipment, limiting the efficiency and quality of their work.
    • Limited Professional Training: Traditional artisans often learn their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships, which may not provide formal professional training, potentially resulting in outdated techniques.
    • Limited Capital for Investment: Traditional craftsmen may face difficulties in securing capital for purchasing materials, tools, or expanding their businesses, which can constrain their growth.
    • Inadequate Recognition and Marketing: Traditional artisans may struggle with marketing and promoting their products effectively, leading to challenges in reaching a broader customer base.
    • Competition from Mass Production: The rise of mass-produced goods can threaten traditional artisans who produce handcrafted items, impacting their livelihoods.
    • Skills Preservation and Succession: Ensuring the preservation of traditional skills and passing them on to the next generation can be a challenge, as younger generations may not always be interested in pursuing these crafts.
    • Financial Insecurity: Irregular income patterns common in traditional crafts can lead to financial instability, especially due to seasonal demand or market fluctuations.

    Significance of the Vishwakarma Scheme

    • Empowering Traditional Artisans: The Vishwakarma Scheme is significant as it aims to empower and uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen engaged in various trades. It recognizes their importance in India’s cultural and economic fabric.
    • Social and Economic Inclusion: The scheme targets marginalized communities, especially the OBC groups, and provides them with opportunities for skill development and financial support, thereby promoting social and economic inclusion.
    • Preserving Cultural Heritage: By supporting traditional crafts and skills, the scheme contributes to the preservation of India’s rich cultural heritage. It ensures that age-old craftsmanship is not lost to modernization.
    • Recognition and Certification: The scheme provides recognition to artisans through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card, boosting their status and recognition in society.
    • Financial Security: By offering collateral-free credit support and financial incentives, the scheme provides financial security to artisans, helping them invest in their crafts and improve their livelihoods.
    • Digital Integration: Encouraging digital transactions and offering incentives for digital business practices promotes financial literacy and inclusion among traditional artisans.
    • Integration with Global Value Chains: By aiming to integrate Vishwakarmas with domestic and global value chains, the scheme opens up opportunities for artisans to access broader markets and participate in the global economy.

    Conclusion

    • The PM Vishwakarma scheme represents a significant step toward empowering traditional craftsmen by providing them with the tools, training, and financial support they need to thrive in an ever-changing world. As this scheme unfolds, it holds the potential to transform the lives of countless skilled workers and contribute to the nation’s growth and development.

  • Ayushman Bharat expose: How to nudge India’s public health infrastructure

    What’s the news?

    • A recent report has revealed disturbing incidents of deception against poor patients at Safdarjung Hospital (‘Bypassing Ayushman Bharat, doctor at a top government hospital duped patients and made killings on implants).

    Central Idea

    • Designing a government-sponsored health insurance scheme for the poor presents significant challenges, including the issue of information asymmetry between doctors and patients, which may lead to the denial of benefits for the disadvantaged.

    What is Ayushman Bharat?

    • Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat or the National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS), is a flagship government-sponsored health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in September 2018. The primary aim of PMJAY is to provide financial protection and access to quality healthcare to economically vulnerable sections of society.

    Key features

    • Health Insurance Coverage: PMJAY provides health insurance coverage to eligible beneficiaries, especially those belonging to economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income families. It aims to cover around 10 crore (100 million) families across India.
    • Cashless and Paperless Treatment: Under PMJAY, eligible beneficiaries can avail of cashless and paperless treatment in empaneled public and private hospitals across the country. The scheme ensures that beneficiaries are not required to pay for the treatment at the time of hospitalization.
    • Pre-Defined Medical Packages: The scheme offers a comprehensive set of pre-defined medical packages covering various medical and surgical treatments. These packages are designed to provide essential healthcare services, including diagnostics, medicines, and other treatments.
    • Coverage for Pre-Existing Conditions: PMJAY provides coverage for pre-existing illnesses and health conditions from the date of enrollment. This ensures that beneficiaries with existing health conditions can also access healthcare services under the scheme.
    • No Cap on Family Size: There is no restriction on the family size covered under PMJAY. All eligible family members can avail of the benefits of the scheme.
    • Portability: PMJAY is portable across the country, meaning beneficiaries can avail of treatment in any empaneled hospital in any state or Union Territory, irrespective of their place of origin
    • Identification of Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries under PMJAY are identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data and are issued the Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY Golden Card, which serves as proof of eligibility.
    • Online Verification: The scheme employs an online verification process to ensure seamless and efficient identification and validation of beneficiaries.
    • Collaborative Effort: PMJAY is a joint collaboration between the central and state governments, and each state has the flexibility to implement the scheme based on its specific requirements.

    The Incident of deceptive practices at Safdarjung Hospital

    • Misleading Patients: The report reveals that certain doctors deceive patients by providing false information about delays in Ayushman Bharat Clearance. This deceptive tactic aims to divert patients towards private alternatives rather than enrolling them in the PMJAY scheme.
    • Influence of Treating Doctors: The incident highlights the significant role of treating doctors in determining the medical package for patients and whether they are enrolled under the PMJAY scheme.

    Concerns raised over the implementation of government-sponsored health insurance schemes

    • Deceptive Practices: Misinformation about Ayushman Bharat Clearance delays is used as a tactic to divert patients towards private alternatives instead of enrolling them in the PMJAY. Such practices can deprive eligible patients of government-sponsored health insurance benefits and lead to potential financial exploitation.
    • Doctor’s Influence: The treating doctors wield significant influence in determining the medical package for patients and their enrollment in the PMJAY scheme. This discretionary power can create an environment where some doctors prioritize their personal interests, such as financial gains from private channels, over the best interests of their patients.
    • Lack of Active Interest: Although the time taken to settle claims was reasonable, the proportion of settled claims in public facilities was lower compared to private facilities. This points to potential issues in operational dynamics that may hinder the effective implementation of the scheme and limit its benefits for the poor.
    • Inadequate Incentives: The financial incentives provided to doctors in public facilities under PMJAY may not be sufficiently attractive to encourage them to actively participate in the scheme. Some doctors may find greater financial gains through rent-seeking practices with private players, leading to a preference for private alternatives over the government-sponsored scheme.
    • Limited Supporting Staff: The presence of limited supporting staff, such as Arogyamitras, responsible for registering patients under PMJAY, may impact the smooth implementation of the scheme. The Arogyamitras’ remuneration being linked to pre-authorizations rather than claim settlement may result in less emphasis on claim follow-up and documentation.

    Way forward: Steps to improve operational dynamics

    • Enhancing Doctor Incentives: Reviewing and revising the financial incentives provided to treating doctors could make the PMJAY scheme more attractive and encourage greater participation.
    • Strengthening Arogyamitras’ Role: Linking the remuneration of Arogyamitras to the successful claim settlement and providing necessary support staff can incentivize them to be more proactive in claim documentation and follow-up.
    • Streamlining the Claim Settlement Process: Simplifying and expediting the claim settlement process can encourage public facilities to actively participate in PMJAY, ensuring timely reimbursements and improving their financial viability.
    • Increased Oversight: Implementing regular audits and stringent penalties for fraudulent practices can help curb deceptive activities and enhance transparency and accountability within public facilities.

    Conclusion

    • While the potential of PMJAY has been extensively discussed in the context of private hospitals, the operational dynamics within public facilities have received less attention. A collaborative effort involving doctors, Arogyamitras, and state governments can unleash the true potential of these schemes, contributing to improved health outcomes and greater inclusivity in healthcare services.

    ALso read:

    Digital Birth Certificates to streamline Official Documentation

  • Disability pride month: Disabled persons remain invisible in policy imagination

    Disability

    What’s the news?

    • Disability Pride Month, celebrated every July, serves as a global platform to acknowledge the identities of individuals with disabilities and affirm their rights and visibility.

    Central idea

    • Chief Justice of India, D Y Chandrachud, emphasized the importance of diversity and plurality as the essence of India’s narrative. However, India’s disability law jurisprudence has faced challenges that hindered the narratives and identities of persons with disabilities.

    Challenges in India’s disability law jurisprudence

    • Lack of Reasonable Accommodations: The implementation of policies and approaches by government departments and private institutions often disregarded the need for reasonable accommodations, resulting in the exclusion of persons with disabilities from various aspects of daily life.
    • Inadequate Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: The absence of swift and effective grievance redressal mechanisms has made it challenging for persons with disabilities to seek justice and resolve disputes related to their rights. Bureaucratic red tape further complicated the process, hindering individuals’ ability to voice their grievances.
    • Digital Exclusion: The transition to online platforms and technology-based services during the pandemic exacerbated digital barriers faced by persons with disabilities. The accessibility needs of disabled individuals were often overlooked, preventing them from fully participating in the digital realm and accessing essential services, education, employment opportunities, and information.
    • Inadequate Implementation of Legislation: Although the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, recognized and safeguarded the rights of persons with disabilities, its implementation has been insufficient. Many provisions remain unenforced, limiting the legislation’s effectiveness in ensuring accessibility, rights, and inclusion.
    • Lack of Awareness and Sensitization: Limited awareness and sensitization about disability rights and the unique needs of persons with disabilities contribute to misconceptions, stigma, and discrimination. Addressing this challenge requires efforts to promote awareness and educate the public about disability rights and inclusivity.

    A Growing Concern of Digital Exclusion

    • Accessibility Barriers: Many digital platforms and technologies lack adequate accessibility features, making them inaccessible to individuals with disabilities. Challenges such as non-compliance with accessibility standards, poor user interface design, lack of alternative text for images, and limited compatibility with assistive technologies prevent persons with disabilities from fully utilizing digital services and platforms.
    • Assistive Technology Compatibility: Persons with disabilities often rely on assistive technologies to access and navigate digital content. However, compatibility issues between these assistive technologies and digital platforms can hinder their effectiveness and limit access to information and services.
    • Digital Skills and Awareness: Limited digital skills and awareness among persons with disabilities contribute to their digital exclusion. Some individuals may lack the knowledge or resources to effectively use digital tools or access assistive technologies, further widening the gap between disabled and non-disabled individuals in the digital space.
    • Affordability and Accessibility: The cost of assistive technologies and internet access can be a significant barrier for persons with disabilities, particularly those from marginalized communities. The lack of affordable and accessible technology further exacerbates digital exclusion, hindering their participation in online activities

    How Mission Accessibility is Driving Change?

    • Engaging with Developers: Mission Accessibility proactively engages with developers of digital platforms that are inaccessible to disabled users. By working closely with these developers, they aim to raise awareness about accessibility needs and advocate for necessary changes to ensure inclusivity.
    • Advocacy through Litigation: Mission Accessibility actively pursues change through legal means, including litigation if necessary. They participate in litigation cases, such as the Pathaan litigation, where they advocate for directions to make OTT (Over-The-Top) content accessible for persons with disabilities. Their involvement in such cases brings attention to the accessibility needs of disabled individuals and can result in positive changes.
    • Capacity Building: Mission Accessibility conducts capacity-building workshops for web developers, particularly those working on government websites. By providing knowledge and skills related to creating accessible digital experiences, they empower developers to implement inclusive design practices and make government websites more accessible to persons with disabilities.
    • Collaboration with Government Bodies: Mission Accessibility collaborates with government bodies responsible for accessibility. For example, they work with the office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD) in issuing notices to digitally inaccessible platforms, urging them to make their platforms accessible within a specified timeframe. This collaboration helps drive the adoption of accessibility practices at a systemic level.
    • Promoting Accessibility Audits: Mission Accessibility advocates for accessibility audits of digital platforms and services. By highlighting the importance of involving persons with disabilities in evaluating the accessibility of platforms, they push for thorough assessments that can identify and address accessibility barriers effectively.

    Striving for Dignity and Rights of persons with disabilities through Project RPwD Generation

    • Accessing Spaces: Project RPwD Generation works towards ensuring that persons with disabilities have equal access to public spaces. They aim to eliminate physical barriers and promote inclusive infrastructure to create an environment that is accessible to all individuals.
    • Housing: The project focuses on addressing the housing needs of persons with disabilities. They strive to advocate for accessible and inclusive housing options, including barrier-free housing and the inclusion of accessibility features in housing policies.
    • Education: Project RPwD Generation emphasizes inclusive education opportunities for persons with disabilities. They work to ensure that disabled individuals have access to quality education by advocating for accessible learning environments, reasonable accommodations, and inclusive practices in schools and educational institutions.
    • Employment: The project aims to promote equal employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. They advocate for inclusive workplace policies, reasonable accommodations, and initiatives that foster diversity and inclusion in the workforce. Their efforts focus on eliminating discrimination and barriers to employment faced by disabled individuals.
    • Rights Enforcement: Project RPwD Generation actively works towards the effective enforcement of the rights of persons with disabilities. They engage in strategic litigation, if necessary, to protect and uphold the rights of disabled individuals when they are violated. This includes taking legal actions to address instances of discrimination, lack of accessibility, or denial of rights.
    • Grievance Redressal: The project places importance on strengthening grievance redressal mechanisms to ensure that disabled individuals have access to high-quality and swift justice. They aim to improve the accessibility and efficiency of the grievance redressal process, allowing persons with disabilities to effectively address their grievances

    Way forward

    • Strengthening the Legal Framework: Enhancing the existing legal framework related to disability rights and accessibility is crucial. This includes ensuring that legislation, such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, is effectively implemented, enforced, and updated as needed. Continuous evaluation and improvement of legal provisions can drive institutional change.
    • Developing Clear Procedures: Establishing clear procedures and guidelines for institutions regarding accessibility and inclusion is essential. This can include creating accessibility standards, design guidelines, and protocols for reasonable accommodations.
    • Capacity Building and Training: Conducting training programs and capacity-building initiatives for government officials, private sector employees, educators, and service providers can raise awareness about disability rights and accessibility requirements.
    • Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaboration between government bodies, civil society organizations, disability rights activists, and experts in the field of accessibility.
    • Accessibility Audits and Monitoring: Regular accessibility audits and monitoring of institutions, including government departments, private organizations, and digital platforms, can ensure compliance with accessibility standards.
    • Promoting Inclusive Technology: Encouraging the development and adoption of inclusive technologies is crucial for digital inclusion. Institutions should prioritize accessibility in their technological solutions, ensuring that digital platforms, websites, and applications are designed with universal design principles and meet accessibility standards.
    • Public Awareness and Sensitization: Conducting awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to foster a more inclusive and accepting society is essential. Promoting positive attitudes towards disability, debunking misconceptions, and encouraging empathy and understanding will contribute to the overall inclusivity of institutions.

    Conclusion

    • As Disability Pride Month encourages us to celebrate the identities of persons with disabilities, it is imperative to recognize the challenges they face and work towards transformative change. By embracing an inclusive mindset, pursuing systemic reforms, and implementing institutional solutions, we can create a society that respects and upholds the rights of all individuals. Let us take pride in our progress while striving for a future where disability does not hinder one’s ability to fully participate in society.

    Also read:

    Promoting Inclusive Cities through Innovative Technology and ICT

  • Family Courts: Need for Expansion and Reforms

    Central Idea

    • Mumbai’s only family court, inundated with divorce applications and family disputes, showcases a range of emotions and highlights the need for additional family courts to better address these complex and sensitive issues.

    The Nature of Family Court Cases

    • Mostly divorce cases: Common grounds for divorce include domestic violence, adultery, and dowry, but absurd reasons can also be found among the cases.
    • Other issues and counselling: Family courts handle not only divorce cases but also maintenance, child custody, and alimony cases, with judges first suggesting counseling for couples seeking to end their marriages.
    • Emotional scenes: Family courts witness heightened emotions, such as anger, blame, heartbreak, relief, and joy, as people struggle with the consequences of broken relationships.
    • Inequal treatment: Instances of inequality in the judicial system are evident, with influential individuals sometimes receiving preferential treatment.
    • Role of technology and empathy: During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-custodial parents sought to maintain contact with their children through video calls.
    • For instance: A lactation room was recently inaugurated at the Bandra family court to provide a refuge for women with infants amidst child custody and divorce proceedings.

    Why Family courts were established?

    • Family courts were established to provide a forum for speedy settlement of family-related disputes, emphasizing non-adversarial conflict resolution and promoting conciliation.

    What are the challenges faced by Family courts in India?

    • Backlog of cases: One of the most significant challenges faced by family courts in India is the backlog of cases. Family disputes are often complex and require a significant amount of time to resolve, which results in long waiting periods for litigants.
    • Lack of infrastructure: Many family courts in India lack adequate infrastructure, such as courtrooms, staff, and equipment, which makes it difficult to manage cases efficiently.
    • Shortage of judges: There is a shortage of judges in family courts, leading to delays in the disposal of cases.
    • Low awareness: Many people in India are not aware of the role and functions of family courts, which often leads to confusion and delays in the resolution of disputes.
    • Socio-cultural factors: In many cases, socio-cultural factors such as patriarchy, gender discrimination, and dowry-related issues pose significant challenges to family courts in India.
    • Limited jurisdiction: Family courts in India have limited jurisdiction and can only hear certain types of cases related to family disputes. This can result in some cases being heard by multiple courts, leading to delays and confusion.

    The Need for Expansion and Reform in Family Courts: A Case of Mumbai’s family court

    • With over 5,000 divorce cases pending in Mumbai’s family court, frivolous applications and counter-applications add to the pendency of cases and negatively impact children.
    • The current seven judges at Mumbai’s family court are insufficient to handle the caseload, and the promise of 14 additional family courts in Mumbai, along with one each in Thane and Navi Mumbai, is a much-needed and welcome move.

    Conclusion

    • Mumbai’s family court reveals the complexity and emotional intensity of family disputes, and the urgent need for additional family courts to better address these sensitive issues. Expanding the number of family courts will help ensure that more families receive the support and resolution they need during these challenging times.

    Mains Question

    Q. Establish the purpose of Family courts. Discuss the challenges faced by family court in India.

     

     

  • Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?

    The Union Budget 2023-24 has provided to launch the Pradhan Mantri PVTG (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group) Development Mission in order to saturate the PVTG families and habitations with basic facilities.

    What is the budgetary announcement about?

    • The Pradhan Mantri PVTG Mission will be launched as part of ‘Reaching The Last Mile’, one of the seven Saptarishi priorities enlisted in this year’s Budget.
    • More details are awaited for this new.

    Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)

    • There are certain tribal communities who have declining or stagnant population, low level of literacy, pre-agricultural level of technology and are economically backward.
    • They generally inhabit remote localities having poor infrastructure and administrative support.
    • These groups are among the most vulnerable section of our society as they are few in numbers, have not attained any significant level of social and economic development.
    • 75 such groups have been identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

    Origin of the concept

    • The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) stated that within Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.
    • During the fourth Five Year Plan a sub-category was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups that considered to be at a lower level of development.
    • This was created based on the Dhebar Commission report and other studies.
    • This sub-category was named “Primitive tribal group”.

    Features of PVTGs

    • The features of such a group include a:
    1. Pre-agricultural system of existence
    2. Practice of hunting and gathering
    3. Zero or negative population growth
    4. Extremely low level of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups
    • Groups that satisfied any one of the criterion were considered as PTG.
    • In 2006 the government of India proposed to rename “Primitive tribal group” as Particularly vulnerable tribal group”.

     

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:

    1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
    2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
    3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
    4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

    Which of the statements given above are correct? (CSP 2019)

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1, 2 and 4

    (d) 1, 3 and 4

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”v4aaz3vlmy” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • In news: Affordable Rental Housing Complexes

    A Parliamentary panel has asked the government to clarify how many of the 66 proposals received under the Affordable Rental Housing Scheme launched for the urban poor, especially migrant workers, during the COVID-19 pandemic have been approved by their respective local urban bodies.

    Affordable Rental Housing Scheme

    • AHRC is a sub-scheme under PM Awas Yojana – Urban.
    • Under the scheme, existing vacant government-funded housing complexes will be converted in ARHCs through Concession Agreements for 25 years.
    • The concessionaire will make the complexes livable by repair/retrofit and maintenance of rooms and filling up infrastructure gaps like water, sewer/ septage, sanitation, road etc.
    • States/UTs will select concessionaire through transparent bidding.
    • Complexes will revert to ULB after 25 years to restart next cycle like earlier or run on their own.

    Beneficiaries of the scheme

    • A large part of the workforce in manufacturing industries, service providers in hospitality, health, domestic/commercial establishments, and construction or other sectors, labourers, students etc. who come from rural areas or small towns seeking better opportunities will be the target beneficiary under ARHCs.

    Benefits of AHRCs

    • Usually, these migrants live in slums, informal/ unauthorized colonies or peri-urban areas to save rental charges.
    • They spend a lot of time on roads by walking/ cycling to workplaces, risking their lives to cut on the expenses.
    • ARHCs will create a new ecosystem in urban areas making housing available at affordable rent close to the place of work.
    • Investment under ARHCs is expected to create new job opportunities.
    • ARHCs will cut down unnecessary travel, congestion and pollution.

    Back2Basics: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

    PMAY-Urban

    The PMAY- Urban Programme launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), in Mission mode envisions provision of Housing for All by 2022. The Mission seeks to address the housing requirement of urban poor including slum dwellers through following programme verticals:

    • Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a resource
    • Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy
    • Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private sectors
    • Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction /enhancement.

    PMAY-Rural

    • In pursuance to the goal – Housing for all by 2022, the rural housing scheme Indira Awas Yojana has been revamped to Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin and approved during March 2016.
    • Under the scheme, financial assistance is provided for construction of a pucca house to all houseless and households living in dilapidated houses.
    • It is proposed that one crore households would be provided assistance for construction of pucca house under the project during the period from 2016-17 to 2018-19.
    • The scheme would be implemented in rural areas throughout India except for Delhi and Chandigarh. The cost of houses would be shared between the Centre and States.

     

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  • Social Empowerment, The Mandal Way

    mandal

    Context

    • The social justice discourse in modern India can be traced to the initiatives of social revolutionaries such as Jyotiba Phule, Savitribai Phule, Shahu Maharaj and Periyar, B.R. Ambedkar during colonial rule. But the Mandal politics completely changed the social empowerment of depressed classes.

    What is the Mandal way?

    • The Mandal Commission: The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to “identify the socially or educationally backward classes” of India.
    • To address Caste based discrimination: It was headed by B.P. Mandal, an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness.
    • Recommendation of Other backward classes: In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs (“Other backward classes”) identified on the basis of caste, social, economic indicators made up 52% of India’s population, the commission’s report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.
    • What Constitution of India says: As per the Constitution of India, Article 15 (4) states, “Nothing in this Article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any provision for the advancement of any socially or educationally backward classes of citizens or for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes”. Hence the Mandal Commission created a report using the data of 1931 census which was last caste wise census and extrapolating same with some sample studies.
    • Affirmative action taken: VP Singh was accused of using the Mandal Report which was ignored by the Janta government. It was a social revolution and affirmative action. Earlier 25% population of India which is SC ST was covered and now more than 50% of Other Backward Class came under reservation.
    • Witnessed violent protest: The youth went for massive protest in large numbers in the nation’s campuses, resulting in many self-immolations by students.
    • What is Mandal 2.0: In 2006, reservations were extended to OBC candidates in institutionsof higher learning popularly known as MandalII.

    mandal

    How mandal politics empowering the social groups?

    • Helped to ensure the brotherhood: “Fraternity” as enshrined in the ‘Preamble’ of the Constitution, entails instilling confidence and camaraderie in the all communities. Reservations raised the hope of OBC communities to actively become the part of Government functionaries.
    • Increased spending on socially backward group: Public spending is considered a reliable way to measure development. Governments can choose to distribute their limited resources in either economic or social sectors. Economic sectors, like industry, ports, highways, etc., generally support economic growth by attracting private investment. Social sectors like education, healthcare, and social security promote the welfare of the masses. Influential theories in social science argue that working-class coalitions support social welfare (Acemoglu and Robinson 2006, Rueschemeyer et al. 1992). In the Indian context, OBC and SC politicians should be expected to support social spending.
    • Increased sensitivity towards backward classes: It is found that places with higher OBC political representation in combination with higher OBC reservation in the bureaucracy are more likely to spend more in social sectors.
    • Removing the elite culture: Appointment of lower caste officials at the local level can help in breaking down long-established upper-caste patronage networks and hence potentially reduce ‘elite capture’ of government programmes.
    • Built confidence and empowerment: According to IAS officer from Bihar cadre Lower castes would not have dared to enter the office of the DM (district magistrate) or BDO (block development officer). They thought that if they said something, they would be punished. That changed. Now they have the confidence to raise their voice against the DM. They don’t know if their job will get done, but they can enter his office without fear.”

    mandal

    What are the issues with reservation?

    • Statistics: The central list of OBC has 2,633 entries. According to the commission, many of the 2,633 entries comprise several classes, communities and sub-communities, etc, which means the total number of individually named classes/castes in the central list is between 5,000 and 6,000.
    • Skewed benefits: 25 per cent of the reservation benefits were availed of by communities listed in 10 entries of the central list. Another 25 per cent were availed of by communities listed in another 38 entries.
    • Few communities never got the benefit: The commission also found that 20 per cent of the communities, listed in 983 entries, could not avail of any benefits. Those in another 994 had a share of just 2.68 per cent.
    • 1% but 50% reservation: Just about 40 of 5,000-6,000 castes/communities among the OBCs (other backward classes) — which constitute less than 1 per cent — have cornered 50 per cent of the reservation benefits in admissions to central educational institutions and recruitment to central services, a panel constituted by the government has found.

    mandal

    Conclusion

    • Reservation is definitely an affirmative action to end the social discrimination. But it cannot continue forever. It’s high time that we should strictly enforce the creamy layer categorisation both in OBC and SC, ST reservations.

    Mains Question

    Q.How reservation helps in social empowerment of backward class? Describe the powers and functions of National Commission for backward class in India.

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