Differentiated Banks – Payment Banks, Small Finance Banks, etc.

What are Digital Banking Units (DBU)?

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Why in the News?

In October 2022, 75 Digital Banking Units were launched across remote districts to commemorate India’s 75th Independence Day, but their momentum has declined from past 2 years.

About Digital Banking Units (DBUs):

DBUs are specialized, fixed-location banking hubs designed to deliver a wide range of digital financial services using modern infrastructure.
They operate in both self-service and assisted modes, offering customers 24/7 access to banking in a paperless, secure, and cost-effective environment.
The RBI permits commercial banks with digital banking experience to establish DBUs in Tier I to Tier VI cities, without prior approval unless restricted.
- RRBs, payment banks, and local area banks are not eligible.
In October 2022, as part of India’s 75th independence anniversary, 75 DBUs were launched across 75 remote districts to promote financial inclusion and bring banking services closer to citizens in semi-urban and rural areas.

Services and Features:

DBUs offer digital services such as account opening, internet and mobile banking kits, debit and credit card applications, and UPI QR-based merchant solutions.
Customers can apply online for retail loans, MSME loans, and government-sponsored schemes, with the entire process—from application to disbursal—handled digitally.
Each DBU operates independently from existing branches and must follow RBI guidelines, including housing in separate premises with automated-only cash services.
They are equipped with interactive teller machines, cash recyclers, document upload systems, and video KYC facilities.
A senior bank executive is appointed as Chief Operating Officer (COO) to manage each unit.

Benefits Offered:

DBUs offer a convenient, paperless banking experience, reducing the need to visit traditional branches.
They support inclusive banking by expanding access to financial services in underserved regions.
Customers in remote areas benefit from both automated and assisted service options.
For banks, DBUs help optimize costs while improving service delivery and outreach.

[UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements in respect of the digital rupee:

1. It is a sovereign currency issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in alignment with its monetary policy. 2. It appears as a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet. 3. It is insured against inflation by its very design. 4. It is freely convertible against commercial bank money and cash.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 4*

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

Dirang Geothermal Project

Prelims Only | Geography | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

Why in the News?

The Centre for Earth Sciences and Himalayan Studies (CESHS) has successfully drilled India’s first geothermal production well in Dirang, located in Arunachal Pradesh’s West Kameng district.

This could potentially make Dirang the first geothermal-powered town in the country.

What is Geothermal Energy?

Geothermal energy is derived from heat stored in the Earth’s interior, primarily from the decay of radioactive elements.
It can be utilised for electricity generation, heating, and industrial applications.
It is considered a renewable energy source as the Earth continuously generates heat.

About Dirang Geothermal Project:

This project in West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, is the first successful geothermal drilling site in Northeast India.
It is led by CESHS under the Arunachal Pradesh Department of Science and Technology, with support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
It is a medium-to-high enthalpy zone (~115°C), with a fault between quartzite and schist, enabling efficient, low-impact drilling.
The site was selected after two years of geochemical and structural surveys, and can support applications like agricultural drying, space heating, and controlled storage.
International partners include the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Geotropy ehf (Iceland), and Guwahati Boring Service for execution.

India’s Geothermal Landscape:

The Geothermal Atlas of India (2022) identifies 381 thermally anomalous sites across the country.
India has an estimated geothermal potential of 10,600 MW, enough to power over 10 million homes.
Geothermal energy offers base load power, unlike intermittent solar and wind sources.
The first operational plant was a 20 kW binary cycle pilot in Manuguru, Telangana, developed by SCCL.
A 25 MW project in Khammam remains stalled due to tariff issues with the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission.
In Puga Valley, Ladakh, ONGC resumed work in 2024 on a 1 MW pilot plant, after a 2022 hot water leak raised safety concerns.
In Dholera, Gujarat, geothermal energy is used for cooking and air conditioning at a temple, showing direct-use feasibility.
India has signed MoUs with Iceland (2007) and Saudi Arabia (2019), and included geothermal energy in the 2023 RETAP agreement with the United States.

[UPSC 2013] Consider the following: (1). Electromagnetic radiation (2). Geothermal energy (3). Gravitational force (4). Plate movements (5). Rotation of the earth (6). Revolution of the earth

Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None*

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

India rolls over $50M Treasury Bill to help Maldives

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Mobilization Of Resources

Why in the News?

India extended critical financial assistance to the Maldives by rolling over a $50 million Treasury Bill, continuing its support under a government-to-government arrangement since 2019.

About Treasury Bill:

A T-Bill is a short-term debt instrument issued by the GoI through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
They are part of Government Securities (G-Secs) and are used to raise short-term funds.
They are zero-coupon securities, meaning they do not carry periodic interest payments.
Instead, they are issued at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity.
They were first introduced in India in 1917.
They are ideal for investors seeking safety and liquidity over short periods.

Features of the T-Bills:

Tenures Available: 91-day, 182-day, and 364-day maturity periods.
Issued at a Discount: T-Bills are sold at a lower price than their face value. The return (yield) is the difference between purchase price and face value.
Minimum Investment: Starts at ₹25,000, and in multiples of ₹25,000 thereafter.
Zero-Coupon Nature: No interest payments during the tenure. Investors earn via the discounted purchase price.
Risk-Free Investment: Backed by the Government of India, making it virtually risk-free.
High Liquidity: Due to short tenure, T-Bills can be easily converted to cash.
Auction Mechanism: Sold through competitive and non-competitive bidding at RBI auctions.
Taxable Gains: Returns are treated as short-term capital gains and are taxable.
Sensitive to Inflation: Fixed returns can be impacted by rising inflation, reducing real returns.

[UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements:

1.The Reserve Bank of India manages and services GoI Securities but not any State Government Securities.

2.Treasury bills are issued by the GoI and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.

3.Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Asteroid YR4 might miss the Earth

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

Why in the News?

Asteroid YR4, discovered in December 2024 via Chile’s ATLAS telescope, was first thought to threaten Earth but was later ruled out. Scientists now focus on its potential Moon impact in 2032.

Asteroid YR4 might miss the Earth

About Asteroid 2024 YR4:

Asteroid 2024 YR4 was discovered in December 2024 by the ATLAS telescope located in Chile.
It is a near-Earth asteroid (NEA) whose orbit brings it within 1.3 AU (Earth-Sun distances) of Earth.
It is estimated to be 65 metres wide, roughly the size of a 10-storey building.
Initially, it was suspected to have a 3.1% chance of impacting Earth in 2032, triggering NASA’s highest-ever asteroid impact alert.
Subsequent tracking ruled out an Earth impact but indicated a 3.8% chance of hitting the Moon on December 22, 2032.
A Moon impact would create a 500 to 2,000-metre-wide crater and release energy 340 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.
Despite being smaller than the 140m threshold for “potentially hazardous asteroids,” its unusual trajectory drew global scientific attention.
Scientists continue to observe YR4, including during a close approach in 2028, to refine its orbital predictions.

Back2Basics: ATLAS Telescope

ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System) is a NASA-funded early warning project for detecting small near-Earth objects (NEOs).
It is developed and operated by the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy.
As of 2025, ATLAS operates five telescopes in Hawaii, South Africa, Chile, and the Canary Islands.
Each telescope has a 0.5-meter Wright-Schmidt design, a 1-meter focal length, and a 110 MP CCD detector with a 7.4° field of view.
The system scans 20,000 square degrees of sky three times per night and provides 1–3 week warnings for asteroids 45–120 meters wide.
In addition to asteroids, ATLAS also discovers supernovae, comets, dwarf planets, and variable stars.

[UPSC 2011] Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only* (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

IAF spokesperson quotes Ramcharitmanas

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Why in the News?

India’s briefing on Operation Sindoor was opened with lines from poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar and concluded with a reference to the Ramcharitmanas (by Tulsidas) by the IAF spokesperson.

About Tulsidas:

Tulsidas, born as Ram Bola Dubey, was a Brahmin poet-saint believed to have been born in Rajapur (present-day Banda district, Uttar Pradesh).
He composed the Ramcharitmanas on the banks of the Ganga in Varanasi.
Writing began on Ram Navami in 1574, and the composition was completed over the following years.
Tulsidas lived during the time of Emperor Akbar, and some sources suggest he had contact with Abdurrahim Khan-e-Khanan, son of Akbar’s general Bairam Khan.

About the Ramcharitmanas:

Ramcharitmanas was written in the 16th century in the Awadhi dialect and is spoken across Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya regions.
It is a retelling of Valmiki’s Ramayana in a vernacular language accessible to the common people.
It is divided into seven chapters (Kand), covering Lord Ram’s life from birth to his coronation.
It is referred to simply as “Ramayan” across the Hindi heartland.
It is regarded as the holiest text in the Indo-Gangetic region.
Geeta Press (Gorakhpur) has reportedly sold nearly 7 crore copies.

[UPSC 2002] Who among the following was the first Bhakti saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his message?

Options: (a) Dadu (b) Kabir (c) Ramananda* (d) Tulsidas

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Gold’s Cosmic Origins from Magnetar Flares

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

A new study by Columbia University, suggests that the universe may have an alternate mechanism for producing gold — not just in neutron star collisions, as previously believed, but also in magnetar flares.

Gold's Cosmic Origins from Magnetar Flares

What are Magnetars?

Magnetars are a rare type of neutron star with immensely strong magnetic fields, among the most powerful in the universe.
They are formed when a massive star collapses during a supernova, leaving a highly dense stellar core.
Due to magnetic instability, magnetars sometimes release intense flares of X-rays and gamma rays.
These flares can be millions of times stronger than typical solar flares.
A magnetar’s magnetic field is estimated to be about a thousand times stronger than that of ordinary neutron stars.

r-Process in a Magnetar Flare:

The r-process (rapid neutron-capture process) forms heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium by rapidly attaching neutrons to atomic nuclei.
It was earlier believed to occur mainly in neutron star mergers.
In a 2024 study, scientists analysed a 2004 magnetar flare followed by delayed gamma-ray emissions, recorded by NASA’s Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
The radiation patterns matched those of radioactive decay from r-process elements, suggesting neutron-rich nuclei were produced.
Around 1.9 septillion kilograms of matter was ejected at near-light speeds, marking the first direct evidence of r-process nucleosynthesis in a magnetar flare.

Implications for Gold Formation:

The study shows that magnetar flares may also produce gold and other heavy elements, not just neutron star collisions.
This implies such elements could have formed earlier in the universe than previously believed.
The findings broaden our understanding of the origins of chemical elements in space.
It confirms that multiple astrophysical events contribute to the formation of heavy elements.
It also offers a new perspective on cosmic gamma-ray bursts and ancient stellar compositions.

[UPSC 2012] Consider the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of the universe?

1. Detection of microwaves in space

2. Observation of redshift phenomenon in space

3. Movement of asteroids in space

4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Genetically Modified (GM) crops – cotton, mustards, etc.

Scientists create first ‘Pangenome’ of Asian Rice

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

Chinese researchers has developed a first-of-its-kind rice pangenome by integrating genetic data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties from Asia (similar to the Human Genome Project).

About the Rice Pangenome:

A pangenome includes both the core genes shared by all members of a species and the unique genes found in specific varieties, offering a complete view of genetic diversity.
The rice pangenome was built using data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties across Asia, making it the first comprehensive genomic resource for rice.
Researchers led the project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to explore rice evolution and domestication.
Researchers used PacBio HiFi sequencing and advanced computational tools to detect variations, uncovering 3.87 billion base pairs of genetic material previously missing from the standard rice genome.

Key Findings:

The study identified 69,531 genes, including 28,907 core genes common to all varieties and 13,728 genes unique to wild rice.
About 20% of all genes were exclusive to wild rice, offering potential for trait improvement in cultivated varieties.
The study confirmed that all Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) originated from Or-IIIa, a subgroup of Oryza rufipogon.
Japonica rice was first domesticated in China, while indica rice arose later via hybridization as japonica spread across Asia.
Wild-specific genes were linked to environmental adaptation, phenotypic flexibility, and regenerative traits, offering insights for future crop resilience.
Bridging the genetic gap between wild and cultivated rice could lead to climate-resilient and high-yield varieties.

India’s Contribution:

Rice is India’s staple food and the main monsoon crop, grown from June to September.
In 2024–25, India produced a record 220 million tonnes of rice over 51,000 hectares, with an average yield of 4.2 tonnes per hectare.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed two genome-edited rice varieties — Samba Mahsuri and MTU 1010 — known for higher yields and drought resistance; these are currently under testing.

[UPSC 2001] Assertion (A): Scientists can cut apart and paste together DNA molecules at will, regardless of the source of the molecules. Reason (R): DNA fragments can be manipulated using restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases.

Options: (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A * (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT a correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is fasle but R is true

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

Delhi Morphological Ridge

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location
Why in the News?

The Supreme Court notified civic officials of allegedly violating its 1996 directive in the M.C. Mehta vs Union of India case (1996) by approving a private housing project in Delhi’s ecologically sensitive Morphological Ridge area.

About Delhi Morphological Ridge:
- The Delhi Ridge is the northern extension of the ancient Aravalli Range, stretching approximately 35 km from Tughlaqabad to Wazirabad, along the Yamuna River.
- It is composed mainly of quartzite rock, is over 1.5 billion years old, and significantly older than the Himalayas.
- It functions as Delhi’s green lungs, aiding in carbon sequestration, temperature regulation, and air pollution reduction.
- It acts as a natural barrier against desert winds from Rajasthan and supports rich biodiversity, making Delhi one of the world’s most bird-rich capitals.
- It is divided into four zones: Northern Ridge, Central Ridge, South-Central Ridge, and Southern Ridge.
- Key conservation areas include the Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park and the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary.
Land Use Regulation in the Ridge:
- Although the area shares ecological features with the Delhi Ridge, it is NOT officially notified as forest land, but it enjoys judicial protection.
- A 1966 directive prohibits any NON-forest use or encroachment without court approval.
- Any change in land use must be cleared by the Ridge Management Board (RMB) and the Supreme Court-appointed Central Empowered Committee (CEC).
- The area is mapped using data from the Delhi Forest Department and the 2006 Seismic Zonation Map.
- Formal notification as a Reserved Forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, is pending due to the absence of ground-truthing.
- In revenue records, it is often marked as “gair mumkin pahad”, meaning uncultivable rocky hill.
- The terrain is ecologically fragile, with shallow soil and rocky outcrops, making it unsuitable for construction.
[UPSC 2001] The approximate age of the Aravalli range is-

Options: (a) 370 million years (b) 470 million years (c) 570 million years (d) 670 million years
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Indian Missile Program Updates

BrahMos: the ‘Fire and Forget’ Stealthy Cruise Missile

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

brahmos

Why in the News?

The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile has garnered global attention as it was reportedly used for the first time in a combat scenario during Operation Sindoor.

About the BrahMos Missile:

BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia through BrahMos Aerospace.
The name is derived from the Brahmaputra River (India) and the Moskva River (Russia).
It is one of the world’s fastest cruise missiles, reaching speeds up to Mach 3.
It was first successfully tested on June 12, 2001, from Chandipur, Odisha.
It is a ‘fire and forget’ missile, requiring no further guidance after launch.
It can be launched from land, sea, air, and submarine platforms.
It has been inducted into the Indian Navy (2005), Army (2007), and Air Force (2017).
Key Features:
- Classified as a stand-off weapon, it can be launched from a safe distance, avoiding enemy defences.
- The original range was 290 km, now extended to 350–400 km, with future variants targeting 800 km and hypersonic speeds (Mach 5).
- It offers high accuracy, extended seeker range, and 9 times more kinetic energy than subsonic missiles.
- It operates in all weather conditions, day or night, and strikes both land and sea targets with precision.

Anatomy of the BrahMos Missile:

BrahMos is a two-stage missile with advanced propulsion and stealth capabilities.
The first stage is a solid-propellant booster that accelerates the missile to supersonic speed.
The second stage uses a liquid-fuelled ramjet engine to sustain high-speed cruise up to Mach 3.
The ramjet is an air-breathing engine that combines liquid fuel with incoming air for efficient thrust.
It features stealth technologies, such as low radar cross-section and special materials.
The missile can cruise at up to 15 km altitude and descend to 10 metres in the terminal phase for pinpoint accuracy.
It supports multiple launch platforms, including mobile launchers, naval ships, Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft, and submarines.

Key Weapons and Systems used by India in Operation SINDOOR:

Type	Name	Features & Role in Operation SINDOOR
Air-Launched Missile	SCALP (Storm Shadow)	Long-range missile launched from Rafale jets; used for deep strikes on terror camps with minimal collateral damage.
Precision-Guided Bomb	HAMMER	Modular weapon with 15–70 km range; delivered from aircraft to hit mid-range targets with high accuracy.
Surface-to-Air Missile	Akash	Indigenous system that can engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously; intercepted enemy drones and missiles.
Air Defence System	SAMAR	Rapid-response missile system for low-flying threats like UAVs and drones; bolstered India’s layered air defence.
Anti-Drone System	D-4 (Detect, Deter, Destroy)	Uses radar, jammers, and laser weapons to disable or destroy hostile drones and UCAVs.
Loitering Munition	SkyStriker	Kamikaze drone that hovers over targets before striking; used for precision attacks on enemy assets.
Satellite Systems	Cartosat, RISAT, EOS Series	Provided real-time surveillance and intelligence for target tracking and mission planning.
Navigation System	NavIC	India’s satellite-based navigation system; enabled sub-metre precision for missile and drone targeting.
Anti-Aircraft Gun	Upgraded L-70 (Bofors)	Equipped with radar and auto-tracking; used to shoot down low-flying drones in conflict zones.

[UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:

1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.

2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

[pib] 20th Session of UN Forum on Forests (UNFF20)

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Why in the News?

India participated in the 20th session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF20) held at the UN Headquarters, New York, reaffirming its commitment to the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) 2017–2030.

About United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):

UNFF was established in 2000 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
It aims to promote sustainable forest management and global forest policy coordination.
It holds annual sessions at UN Headquarters:
- Technical discussions in odd years
- Policy-level dialogues in even years
It has universal membership — includes all UN Member States and relevant forest-related agencies.
India is a founding member and plays an active role in shaping forest policies.
The UN Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) is the guiding framework for achieving global forest goals by 2030.
The 19th UNFF Declaration secured high-level political commitment for forest conservation.

Key Highlights of UNFF20:

India reaffirmed its commitment to Voluntary National Contributions (VNCs) under the UNSPF (2017–2030).
It reported an increase in forest and tree cover to 25.17% of its geographical area.
National efforts included the Aravalli Green Wall, a 7.86% rise in mangrove cover, 1.55 lakh hectares afforested under the Green India Mission, and 1.4 billion seedlings planted under the Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam campaign.
India invited countries to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) for big cat conservation.
It urged support for outcomes of the Country-Led Initiative (CLI) on forest fire management held in Dehradun (2023).
In a high-level panel, India presented findings on carbon sequestration, water services, biodiversity, and tools like System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA).
It stressed the need to mainstream ecosystem valuation in forest policy.

[UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct?

1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014.

2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests.

3. It is a legally binding international declaration.

4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies, and indigenous communities.

5. India was one of the signatories at its inception.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Options: (a) 1, 2, and 4* (b) 1, 3, and 5 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 5

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Type: Prelims Only

Why in the News?

About Digital Banking Units (DBUs):

Services and Features:

Benefits Offered:

Why in the News?

What is Geothermal Energy?

About Dirang Geothermal Project:

India’s Geothermal Landscape:

Why in the News?

About Treasury Bill:

Features of the T-Bills:

Why in the News?

About Asteroid 2024 YR4:

Back2Basics: ATLAS Telescope

Why in the News?

About Tulsidas:

About the Ramcharitmanas:

Why in the News?

What are Magnetars?

r-Process in a Magnetar Flare:

Implications for Gold Formation:

Why in the News?

About the Rice Pangenome:

Key Findings:

India’s Contribution:

Why in the News?

About Delhi Morphological Ridge:

Land Use Regulation in the Ridge:

Why in the News?

About the BrahMos Missile:

Anatomy of the BrahMos Missile:

Key Weapons and Systems used by India in Operation SINDOOR:

Why in the News?

About United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):

Key Highlights of UNFF20: