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GS Paper: GS2-18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

  • What is UN Democracy Fund?

    democracy

    Central Idea: The article provides an explanation of the UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF), its history and objectives, as well as the involvement of India and the United States in its establishment.

    Why in news?

    • There is a controversy surrounding the fund’s support for NGOs funded by George Soros, who is on a watchlist in India.
    • He had alleged the Adani turmoil will weaken Indian politics and lead to a “democratic revival” in the country.

    What is UN Democracy Fund?

    • The UNDEF was established in 2005 with an initial contribution of $10 million each from the United States and India.
    • Its aim is to support projects that strengthen the voice and participation of civil society, promote human rights, and encourage the development of democratic institutions and processes.
    • It is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member states and is governed by an advisory board composed of 16 members representing different regions of the world.

    Role in promoting democracy and civil society

    • UNDEF’s mission is to support projects that strengthen the voice and participation of civil society, promote human rights, and encourage the development of democratic institutions and processes.
    • The fund solicits and receives up to 3,000 proposals from NGOs around the world each year.
    • An advisory board considers these proposals and recommends proposals for approval by the Secretary-General.
    • Between 30 to 50 projects are chosen every year, and in 15 rounds of funding so far, UNDEF has supported over 880 two-year projects in more than 130 countries.

    India’s involvement in the governance of UNDEF

    • India has been a member of the UNDEF advisory board since the fund’s inception.
    • The board is composed of 16 members representing different regions of the world, and it includes the eight largest member state contributors and six other states to reflect diverse geographical representation, including one “small island” and developing states.
    • It also has two individual members and two CSOs.
    • The CSOs currently serving on the board include CIVICUS and Transparency, Accountability and Participation Network.

    India’s involvement in the establishment of UNDEF

    • India played a key role in the establishment of UNDEF as it was one of the founding members of the fund.
    • In 2005, India’s then PM, Manmohan Singh, and US President George W. Bush announced the US-India Global Democracy Initiative, which included support for the UNDEF.
    • India has contributed to the fund on several occasions since its inception, although its contributions have decreased in recent years.

    Contradictions with UNDEF

    • India’s relationship with UNDEF has been marked by contradictions.
    • While India has supported the fund and contributed to it, it has also put George Soros on a watchlist in India while UNDEF has no objections to the fund giving grants to NGOs funded by Soros.
    • This underscores a contradiction between the imperatives of the Modi government’s high table diplomacy and its domestic political ideology.
    • It requires only Delhi to deploy a soft touch in the former while playing hardball at home for domestic audiences.

    India’s contribution so far

    • India has contributed to UNDEF on several occasions since its inception, although its contributions have decreased in recent years.
    • India gave $5 million to the fund in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2011, but no contribution was made in 2007 and 2010.
    • The contributions began dipping from 2012, with the amount being $4.71 million that year.
    • In 2014, India slashed its funding, contributing only $200,000 that year and in 2015.
    • In 2016, it was a mere $50,000, and no contribution was made in 2017.
    • In 2018 and 2019, India was back with $100,000, and in 2020, 2021 and 2022, it gave $150,000.

     

  • Finland Joining NATO and its Implications

    Central Idea

    • The induction of Finland into NATO is a significant setback for Russia and President Vladimir Putin, as it has long been neutral in Moscow’s conflict with the West. The move has doubled Finland’s frontier with Russia and has implications for global governance of the Arctic region.

    Induction of Finland into NATO

    • The recent induction of Finland into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a significant development that has strategic implications for Russia and the Arctic region.
    • Finland has traditionally been neutral in the prolonged conflict between Moscow and the West.
    • Its inclusion in NATO is seen as a major setback for Russia and President Vladimir Putin, who has cited NATO’s expansion closer to Russia’s borders as a justification for aggression against Ukraine.

    What is the North Atlantic Treaty? 

    • North Atlantic Treaty, often referred to as the Washington Treaty, states the parties to the treaty seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area.
    • The signatories affirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and express their desire to live in peace with all people and governments, the treaty states.

    Background

    • Finlandisation: Finland’s neutrality during the Cold War made Finlandisation a part of the global diplomatic lexicon, referring to a small nation’s political deference to its larger neighbor.
    • Russia’s policies in the neighbourhood: Many of Finland’s small European neighbors have been at the receiving end of Russia’s muscular regional policies over the past decade.
    • Ukraine invasion: The Ukraine invasion has confirmed their worst fears, and they are seeking protection from the US and NATO.

    Russia’s Response

    • Countermeasures: Unsurprisingly, Moscow has responded to Finland’s inclusion in NATO by promising countermeasures.
    • Encroachment on national interest: Dmitry Peskov, a Kremlin spokesman, called NATO’s inclusion of Finland an encroachment on our security and on Russia’s national interests.
    • Monitoring: Moscow will be watching for any NATO military deployments in Finland.

    Why does Russia fume over NATO?

    • NATO’s expansion: Russia views NATO’s expansion into Eastern Europe as a threat to its security and influence in the region. The alliance’s decision to accept former Soviet republics and Warsaw Pact members as members is seen by Russia as a direct challenge to its strategic interests.
    • Military exercises: Russia has also expressed concern over NATO military exercises in the region, which it sees as a provocation and a show of force. NATO’s decision to station troops and equipment in Eastern Europe has also been criticized by Russia.
    • Missile defense system: Russia has been particularly critical of NATO’s missile defense system, which it sees as a threat to its own nuclear deterrence capabilities. Russia argues that the system is designed to neutralize its strategic weapons and that it undermines global strategic stability.
    • Ukraine and Georgia: Russia has accused NATO of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine and Georgia, two former Soviet republics that are seeking closer ties with the West. Russia sees NATO’s support for these countries as an attempt to encircle and contain Russia.

    Implications for India and the Arctic region

    • Real punch to the Western alliance in the Nordic region: Finland has maintained a small but capable armed force that is well-trained and resilient, and its inclusion in NATO adds real punch to the Western alliance in the Nordic region.
    • High north is commercial attraction: As the Arctic ice cap melts amidst global warming, the high north has become attractive commercially and contested geopolitically.
    • India is an observer of the Arctic Council: India is an observer of the Arctic Council that seeks to promote wide-ranging cooperation in the polar north.
    • China raising profile in the Arctic: The militarisation of the high north appears inevitable as Finland and Sweden turn from neutrals to Western allies and China raises its profile in the Arctic in partnership with Russia.
    • Global governance: This might make global governance of the Arctic region increasingly problematic

    Conclusion

    • The induction of Finland into NATO is a significant development in the ongoing conflict between Russia and the West. The move has implications for the Arctic region, which is attracting global attention due to the melting of the Arctic ice cap. As a stakeholder in the region, India must closely monitor developments and prepare for any geopolitical consequences.

    Mains Question

    Q. In light of Finland’s recent inclusion in NATO, discuss the strategic implications for the Arctic region and India. India as a stakeholder in the region and what steps can India take to prepare for potential geopolitical consequences?

  • International Water Action Conference and Voluntary Commitments

    Conference

    Central Idea

    • The International Water Action Conference held by the United Nations in March 2023, which resulted in over 670 commitments from various governments, multilateral institutions, businesses, and non-governmental organizations to address water security issues. There are implications of these commitments which needs to be examined the challenges associated with achieving universal, safe, affordable, and equitable access to water in line with SDG 6.

    The Water Action Conference and its objective

    • First UN conference on freshwater: The Water Action Conference held in March 2023 was the first UN conference on freshwater in almost 50 years.
    • Aims to advance water agenda and achieve SDG 6: The conference aimed to review the Water Action Decade 2018-2028, which aims to advance the water agenda and achieve SDG 6, sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

    Themes of the conference

    The Conference has five themes that support the SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework:

    1. Water for Health: Access to ‘WASH’ (Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene) including the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
    2. Water for Sustainable Development: Valuing water, the water-energy-food nexus and sustainable economic and urban development.
    3. Water for Climate, Resilience and Environment: Source to sea, biodiversity, climate, resilience and disaster risk reduction.
    4. Water for Cooperation: Transboundary and international water cooperation, cross sectoral cooperation and water across the 2030 Agenda.
    5. Water Action Decade: Accelerating the implementation of the objectives of the Decade for Action, including through the UN Secretary-General’s Action Plan.

    Conference

    What is Water Action Decade (2018–2028)?

    • In December 2016, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the resolution International Decade (2018–2028) for Action Water for Sustainable Development to help put a greater focus on water during ten years.
    • It aims to advance the water agenda by energizing existing programs and projects and inspiring water action to achieve the 2030 Agenda, in particular, Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), which envisions the sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
    • The initiative focuses on promoting action-oriented partnerships to improve water resources management, water-use efficiency, and access to safe drinking water and sanitation services. The Decade aims to create a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences, promoting innovation, and building capacity for sustainable water management.

    The International Water Action Agenda and commitments made

    • International Water Action Agenda: The conference resulted in the international Water Action Agenda, to which over 670 commitments were made by governments, multilateral institutions, businesses, and non-governmental organizations to address water security issues.
    • Commitments are voluntary: Nearly 164 governments and 75 multilateral organizations made commitments, but these commitments are voluntary and legally non-binding.

    Implications of commitments made

    • The commitments embodied in the Water Action Agenda must be scrutinized to see whether they will yield universal, safe, affordable, and equitable access to water that is consistent with SDG 6.
    • Meeting this target by 2030 will require capital expenditures of $114 billion per year.
    • The recurring operations and maintenance for basic water and sanitation service (WASH) costs are estimated to rise from about $4 billion to over $30 billion per year by 2030.

    Conference

    Challenges associated with achieving SDG 6

    • Funding: Funding from regional, national, and international sources prioritizes new water infrastructure rather than water maintenance services, resulting in decreased service for water customers.
    • Investment: The investment required would require valuing water, which in turn requires robust water measurement and accounting.
    • Limitations: There are serious limitations in our knowledge about the volume, flux and quality of water in lakes, rivers, soils and aquifers. There are huge gaps in water usage data.

    India’s commitments and challenges

    • India made two significant commitments at the conference:
    1. An investment of $240 billion in the water sector and
    2. Efforts to restore groundwater levels.
    • However, groundwater extraction in India increased from 58% to 63% between 2004-17, further exacerbated by climate change resulting in intermittent rainfall, which further undermines the recharge potential.
    • The revised Groundwater Bill 2017 vests State groundwater boards with creating laws, managing water allocation and other relevant issues.
    • The State boards are understaffed, and lack in expertise and prioritizing socio-political conflicts over groundwater resources.

    Facts for prelims

    Initiative Objective
    Jal Shakti Abhiyan, 2019 Ensure water conservation and management in 255 water-stressed districts across India
    Atal Bhujal Yojana, 2019 Improve groundwater management and promote community-based groundwater management
    Namami Gange Project, 2014 Clean and rejuvenate the Ganges river and address pollution through treatment of sewage and industrial effluents
    Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, 2014 Improve sanitation and cleanliness across the country and promote hygiene practices
    Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana. 2015 Improve irrigation efficiency and increase water use efficiency in agriculture
    National Water Mission, 2011 Ensure sustainable water management and water security in the country and improve water use efficiency
    National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM), 2012 Map the aquifers across the country and develop a groundwater management plan
    Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), 2009 Enhance soil and water conservation practices in rainfed areas and promote the development of rainwater harvesting structures to enhance groundwater recharge

    Conference

    Conclusion

    • The international Water Action Conference resulted in over 670 commitments to address water security issues. These commitments are voluntary and legally non-binding, but they are expected to inspire collective political will to address the many water challenges.

    Mains Question

    Q. What is Water action decade? Discuss the challenges associated with achieving universal, safe, affordable, and equitable access to water in line with SDG 6.

  • Finland to join NATO Military Alliance

    NATO Secretary-General said that Finland will become the 31st member of the military alliance.

    What is the North Atlantic Treaty?  

    • North Atlantic Treaty, often referred to as the Washington Treaty, states the parties to the treaty seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area.
    • The signatories affirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and express their desire to live in peace with all people and governments, the treaty states.
    Establishment April 4, 1949
    Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
    Membership 30 member countries, including the United States, Canada, and most of Europe
    Objective Collective defense against external aggression and the preservation of peace and security
    Article 5 Collective defense clause which states that an attack on one member is an attack on all members
    Military Commanders Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT)
    Main Decision-Making Body North Atlantic Council (NAC)
    Funding Contributions from member countries, based on a cost-sharing formula
    Partnerships NATO has partnerships with several countries and international organizations, including Australia, Japan, South Korea, and the United Nations
    Criticisms Criticized for its role in the Cold War and for its intervention in conflicts outside of Europe, such as the war in Afghanistan

    What is the process for securing NATO membership?  

    Process for Securing NATO Membership Description
    Establishment of consensus Member countries establish consensus about a country’s potential membership.
    Invitation to join Membership Action Plan (MAP) Applicant countries may be invited to join MAP. This provides preparatory advice, assistance, and practical support tailored to their specific needs. It concludes with the formal timetable for the completion of prerequisite reforms.
    Annual feedback report NATO draws an annual report providing feedback to the aspirant country about its progress in their annual national programmes, and identifying areas for further action.
    Confirmation of intent NATO experts and representatives of the invited countries meet in Brussels to obtain formal confirmation of the invitee’s willingness and ability to meet the political, legal, and military obligations and commitments of NATO membership.
    Issue of letter of intent The applicant country issues a formal letter of intent to NATO, confirming the obligations and commitments of the organization.
    Necessary amendments and ratification The necessary amendments are made to make the invitee a party to the Washington Treaty, followed by ratification of the applicant country’s constitutional protocols for facilitating membership.
    Acceding to the Treaty Secretary-General calls the potential new members to accede to the North Atlantic Treaty. This is after all NATO members notify their acceptance to the government of the United States, the depository of the Washington Treaty, about the applicant.
    Membership confirmed Following the invitee depositing their instruments of accession with the US State Department, the applicant becomes a member of NATO.

     

    The MAP obligations

    Chapter Issues identified
    Political and Economic Settle disputes peacefully, promote human rights and democracy, refrain from force, contribute to collective defence, establish civilian control of armed forces
    Defence Improve military capabilities, participate in Partnership for Peace Programme, contribute to collective defence planning, ensure interoperability
    Resources Allocate sufficient budget resources, contribute to NATO’s common-funded activities
    Security Ensure security of sensitive information in adherence to NATO security policy
    Legal Scrutinize domestic law for compatibility with NATO rules and regulations

     

    Current applicants and members  

    Year New Members
    Formation: 1949 Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, US
    1952 Greece, Turkey
    1955 West Germany
    1982 Spain
    1999 Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
    2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
    2009 Croatia, Albania
    2020 North Macedonia

     

    Why does Russia fume over NATO?

    • NATO’s expansion: Russia views NATO’s expansion into Eastern Europe as a threat to its security and influence in the region. The alliance’s decision to accept former Soviet republics and Warsaw Pact members as members is seen by Russia as a direct challenge to its strategic interests.
    • Military exercises: Russia has also expressed concern over NATO military exercises in the region, which it sees as a provocation and a show of force. NATO’s decision to station troops and equipment in Eastern Europe has also been criticized by Russia.
    • Missile defense system: Russia has been particularly critical of NATO’s missile defense system, which it sees as a threat to its own nuclear deterrence capabilities. Russia argues that the system is designed to neutralize its strategic weapons and that it undermines global strategic stability.
    • Ukraine and Georgia: Russia has accused NATO of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine and Georgia, two former Soviet republics that are seeking closer ties with the West. Russia sees NATO’s support for these countries as an attempt to encircle and contain Russia.

     

     

  • UK to join Asia-Pacific Trade Treaty

    trade

    UK has agreed to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a trade pact based around the Pacific Rim, as it seeks to build ties around the world after leaving the European Union.

    Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

    • CPTPP is a free trade agreement (FTA) that was agreed in 2018 between 11 countries – Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam.
    • Britain will become the 12th member, and the first to join since the partnership since its inception.
    • The agreement was originally proposed as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2005, with the goal of creating a free trade area that would cover 12 countries, including the US.
    • However, the US withdrew from the agreement in 2017, prompting the remaining 11 countries to renegotiate the deal and create the CPTPP.

    Economic prospects

    • CPTPP countries approximately has a combined GDP of 11 trillion pounds ($13.6 trillion) once Britain joins, or 15% of global GDP with UK membership.
    • It does not have a single market for goods or services, and so regulatory harmonisation is not required, unlike the European Union, whose trading orbit Britain left at the end of 2020.

    Key trade objectives of CPTPP

    • The CPTPP is designed to reduce tariffs and promote economic integration among its members.
    • It aims to eliminate tariffs on more than 95% of goods traded between member countries, and to provide greater market access for services and investment.
    • The agreement also includes provisions on intellectual property, labor, and environmental standards.

    How much does Britain trade with CPTPP?

    • British exports to CPTPP countries were worth 60.5 billion pounds in the twelve months to end-Sept. 2022.
    • Membership of the grouping will add another 1.8 billion pounds each year in the long run, and possibly more if other countries join.

    Key benefits to be reaped by UK

    • Exporters could benefit from CPTPP membership even when trading with countries where there is a bilateral FTA.
    • To benefit from preferential tariffs, exporters must demonstrate a product as a sufficient proportion of “locally” sourced parts.
    • Rules of origin under rolled-over post-Brexit free trade agreements with Japan, Mexico and Canada, for instance, allow exporters to count EU inputs as “local”.
    • However, under CPTPP, inputs from CPTPP members can usually be considered local, giving exporters another option if it is beneficial.

    Geopolitical considerations: China Factor

    • While the long-term benefit for Britain’s economy is set to be modest, Britain has other reasons for joining the bloc.
    • UK will get a veto on whether China joins the treaty. Beijing had applied to become a member of the bloc in September 2021.

     

  • Saudi Arabia set to become SCO member

    saudi-sco

    Saudi Arabia’s cabinet decided to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, as Riyadh builds a long-term partnership with China despite US security concerns.

    What is SCO?

    • The SCO is primarily a geopolitical and security organisation with limited infrastructures to pursue economic integration.
    • The group accounts for about one-third of the world’s land and exports trillions of dollars annually.
    • It is governed by consensus, which limits the scope of major cooperation between its member states.
    • It also functions more as a venue for discussion and engagement where high-level dignitaries from across the region can gather to confer, rather than an alliance like the EU, whose members have a common currency, or NATO.

    Its establishment

    • The SCO was founded in June 2001 by the leaders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia and China.
    • The genesis of the grouping can be traced back to the post-soviet era in 1996 when these countries, termed ‘Shanghai Five’, came together
    • Earlier, it focused on regional security to work on regional security, reduction of border troops, and terrorism.
    • Its particular focus has been on “conflict resolution”, which provided early successes between China and Russia, and then within the Central Asian Republics.

    Structure of SCO

    • The organisation has two permanent bodies —
    1. SCO Secretariat based in Beijing and
    2. Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent.
    • The SCO Secretary-General and the Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO RATS are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a term of three years.
    • But the venue of the SCO council meetings shifts between the eight members (including India and Pakistan).

    Members of SCO

    • Apart from the above-mentioned countries— Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia and China.
    • India and Pakistan are also members of this organisation, both included in 2017.
    • The SCO also has four observer states — Afghanistan, Belarus , Iran and Mongolia — which may be inducted at a later date.
    • And “Dialogue Partners” —Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey Egypt, Qatar as well as Saudi Arabia.

    Main goals

    The main goals of the SCO, as adopted in its Charter in St. Petersburg in 2002, is:

    1. Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states;
    2. Promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research and technology and culture, as well as in education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, and other areas;
    3. Making joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region; and
    4. Moving towards the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order.”

    Why did Saudi Arabia join SCO?

    • Saudi Arabia could benefit in several ways, such as increased trade and economic cooperation with member states, particularly with China and Russia.
    • It could also gain a stronger voice in regional security issues and access to the SCO’s anti-terrorism framework.
    • Additionally, Saudi Arabia could help the organization expand its influence in the Middle East and increase its strategic weight in global affairs.
    • This is definitely a result of straining its ties with Washington.

     

  • India’s WTO Challenge on MSP Programs for Food Grain

    wto

    Central idea: India has been criticized at the World Trade Organization (WTO) for not adequately addressing questions raised by members regarding its Minimum Support Price (MSP) programs for food grain, particularly rice.

    Minimum Support Price (MSP)

    • MSP is the price at which the government buys crops from farmers to support them against any sharp fall in farm prices.
    • It is announced by the Government of India for 23 crops ahead of each sowing season based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
    • It is an important tool to protect farmers from any sharp fall in farm prices.

     Genesis of the row

    • WTO members such as the US, Australia, Canada, the EU, and Thailand have alleged that India did not provide sufficient responses during consultations.
    • The MSP programs have breached prescribed subsidy limits and are under scrutiny at the WTO argued these countries.
    • With this, India became the first country to invoke the Bali ‘peace clause’ to justify exceeding its 10% ceiling for rice support in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020.

    What is ‘Bali Peace Clause’?

    • India’s minimum support price (MSP) falls under the amber box subsidies category.
    • India has exceeded its limits for amber box subsidies for rice for two consecutive years, which is why it has been challenged at the WTO.
    • The Bali ‘peace clause’ allows developing countries to exceed their 10% ceiling without facing legal action by other members.
    • However, it is subject to numerous conditions, such as not distorting global trade and not affecting food security of other members.
    • India’s MSP programs are subject to the ‘peace clause’, but some WTO members have accused India of habitually not including all required information in its notifications.

    Allegations of Inadequate Reporting by India

    • WTO members have been accusing India of not reporting all public stockholding programs under the ‘peace clause’.
    • Some members have pointed out that India also lacks an adequate monitoring mechanism to ensure that no stocks are exported.
    • India, on the other hand, argues that it is not obligated to notify any public stockholding programs other than for the crop where the subsidy limits were breached.

    Impact on India’s MSP Programs

    • The criticism from WTO members could have an impact on India’s MSP programs for food grain, particularly rice.
    • The conditions set under the ‘peace clause’ could limit India’s ability to exceed the subsidy limits and support its farmers.
    • India may have to provide more detailed notifications and monitoring mechanisms to address the concerns of other members and ensure compliance with WTO regulations.

    Why is India defending its stance on MSPs?

    • India faces several challenges in the agricultural sector, including climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity.
    • The country also has to deal with farmers’ distress due to low prices for their produce, which is why the MSP program was introduced in the first place.
    • The challenge posed by the WTO to the MSP program could further exacerbate the problems faced by Indian farmers.

    Back2Basics: WTO and its Subsidies Boxes

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that is responsible for regulating international trade between nations.

    • Establishment: It was established on January 1, 1995, and currently has 164 member countries.
    • Objective: To ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.
    • Frameworks: Negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, resolving trade disputes between member countries, and monitoring national trade policies.
    • Working principles: Non-discrimination, transparency, and fairness in international trade.

    The WTO has three types of subsidy boxes – green, blue, and amber. Each box represents a different level of trade-distorting subsidies.

    1. Green box subsidies: These subsidies are considered non-trade-distorting and are allowed under WTO rules. They include measures such as research, disease control, and infrastructure development.
    2. Blue box subsidies: These subsidies are considered less trade-distorting than amber box subsidies but can still distort trade to some extent. They include measures such as direct payments to farmers to reduce production, provided that certain conditions are met, such as the use of fixed areas or yields.
    3. Amber box subsidies: These subsidies are considered the most trade-distorting and are subject to reduction commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. They include measures such as price support, input subsidies, and direct payments that are not subject to certain conditions.

     

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  • China’s West Asia policy and Implications for India

    Central Idea

    • China’s increasing involvement in global power dynamics has been propelled by its diplomatic work in West Asia, which has been facilitated by regional states leveraging its influence with Iran. China’s role as peacemaker in the region has given it a significant advantage in global power tussles, especially in the wake of the Saudi Arabia-Iran diplomatic thaw. However, the implications of China’s role in global power dynamics are far-reaching.

    China’s Diplomatic Influence in the Region

    • Saudi Arabia-Iran diplomatic thaw: The diplomatic thaw between Saudi Arabia and Iran has propelled China further into global power tussles. Saudi Arabia and Iran have been in a long-standing rivalry, which has caused instability in the region. However, the recent diplomatic thaw has provided an opportunity for China to expand its influence in the region.
    • China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia: China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia has given it a significant advantage in global power tussles. Beijing has leveraged its influence with Iran to broker peace deals in the region. China’s diplomatic efforts have been largely successful, and it has emerged as a key player in global power dynamics.
    • Implications of China’s role in global power dynamics: China’s diplomatic efforts have put it in a unique position to shape the global order, especially as the United States’ influence wanes. China’s growing influence has also raised concerns among other major powers, who fear that China’s ambitions may threaten their interests.

    India’s Political and Diplomatic Outreach in West Asia

    • Cultural and geographical proximity: India’s outreach in West Asia has been extensive, with a deep cultural history and geographic proximity to the region.
    • Diplomacy and dialogue: India has not commented on the Saudi Arabia-Iran thaw but has always stood for diplomacy and dialogue.
    • India’s official position “No third-party mediation”: Many in West Asia believe that India is in a good position to act as a mediator in the region’s conflicts, but India has baulked at such an idea due to its official position of not supporting third-party mediation on Kashmir with Pakistan.

    India’s Relations with Iran

    • India’s relations with Iran have been impacted by sanctions and difficulties in fastening or upscaling developmental activities at Chabahar Port.
    • India’s economic relations with Iran have suffered due to sanctions and India’s efforts to build closer ties with the US by promoting talks with Iran over the latter’s nuclear program.
    • Strategic interests in Iran for India remain palpable, especially in light of the return of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan and Russia’s war against Ukraine.

    China’s influence and impact on India’s relations in the region

    • China’s capacity to influence Iran: China’s growing economic and political influence in Iran could potentially give it leverage over Iran’s foreign policy decisions, especially with regard to its relations with India. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has also been a major factor in shaping China’s relations with Iran, and India’s decision not to join the initiative has limited its economic ties with Iran.
    • Russia and middle east: China’s increasing collaboration with Russia in the Middle East, particularly in Syria, is also a cause of concern for India. Russia’s closer military cooperation with Iran, coupled with its drifting towards China, could potentially create a power bloc in the region that may not be aligned with India’s interests.
    • Peacemaker in West Asia: China’s efforts in brokering a diplomatic thaw between the two countries could potentially lead to a reduction in tensions in the region. While this could be seen as a positive development, it could also impact India’s interests in the region, particularly given its close ties with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

    New Delhi’s need to readjust its positions in the region

    • India’s historic ties with Iran and its strategic interests in the region make it imperative for India to maintain strong ties with Iran.
    • India will also need to balance its relations with other regional players, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which have been key partners in India’s energy security and economic growth.
    • India may also need to explore new avenues for economic engagement with Iran, given the limitations posed by sanctions and China’s growing presence in the region.

    Conclusion

    • China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia still needs to play out, but its influence on the region and global politics has implications for India’s relations with Iran. Given China’s growing influence in West Asia, India will need to reassess its position in the region and adjust its foreign policy accordingly.

    Mains Question

    Q. Discuss the impact of China’s growing diplomatic influence in West Asia on India’s relations with Iran and other regional players. How should India readjust its positions in the region to maintain its strategic interests?

     

     

     

  • Changing Geopolitical Landscape and India’s Diplomacy

    Geopolitical

    Central Idea

    • The changing geopolitical landscape, characterized by realignments and recalibrations among major powers, demands nimble, flexible, and open-ended diplomacy from India, as it faces the challenges posed by the deepening partnership between Russia and China.

    Geopolitical

    Changing geopolitical landscape

    1. Geopolitical Churn overview:
    • Japan’s Prime Minister Fumio Kishida aims to elevate Indo-Pacific partnership with India.
    • Chinese President Xi Jinping visits Moscow to consolidate the Eurasian alliance with Russian leader Vladimir Putin.
    • Recalibration of relations among major middle powers, such as the thaw between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
    • Such events signify the ongoing realignment of major powers in the world.\
    1. Realignment and Dealignment:
    • The breakdown of the post-Cold War world order has accelerated due to Russian aggression against Ukraine and the conflict over Taiwan.
    • Countries are adapting to the breakdown of the old order at different speeds and with varying senses of urgency.
    • Some trends in the geopolitical landscape are enduring, while others represent short-term adjustments.
    1. Middle East Dynamics:
    • Saudi-Iran rapprochement could be tactical or strategic, but the regional powers have some room for bargaining with both Russia-China and the West.
    • Domestic crises in Turkey and Iran might encourage them to scale down their foreign policy adventurism.
    1. East Asia Developments:
    • The recent summit between South Korea and Japan marked the first meeting between the two leaders in nearly twelve years.
    • The volatile domestic politics of South Korea and its deep economic relationship with China make the regional dynamic uncertain.
    • India needs to navigate this shifting regional landscape with agile diplomacy.
    1. Russia-China Partnership:
    • The deepening partnership between Russia and China poses challenges for India.
    • Different perspectives on how this partnership might affect India-Russia relations.

    Geopolitical

    Significance of Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s visit to India

    • Strengthening the Strategic Partnership: The visit helps to reaffirm and expand the strategic partnership between India and Japan, which is crucial for maintaining peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. Both countries share common concerns about China’s growing influence and assertiveness, and the visit highlights their commitment to working together to address these challenges.
    • Enhancing Defense Cooperation: Kishida’s visit to India provides an opportunity for both countries to discuss ways to enhance defense cooperation, including joint military exercises, defense technology transfers, and collaboration on defense research and development. This collaboration could help both countries build their capabilities to address regional security challenges.
    • Expanding Economic Ties: The visit offers an opportunity to further expand trade and investment relations between India and Japan, which are already robust. Both countries can explore new areas of economic cooperation, such as infrastructure development, technology collaboration, and supply chain diversification, thereby reducing their dependence on China.
    • Focus on Connectivity and Infrastructure: Japan has been actively involved in major infrastructure projects in India, such as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor and high-speed rail projects. Kishida’s visit could lead to further collaboration in connectivity initiatives, both within India and across the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Collaboration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Both India and Japan are committed to addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. Kishida’s visit can help strengthen cooperation in areas such as clean energy, low-carbon technologies, and climate-resilient infrastructure.
    • People-to-People Exchanges: The visit can also contribute to enhancing people-to-people exchanges between India and Japan, such as academic exchanges, cultural programs, and tourism promotion, which can foster greater understanding and goodwill between the two nations.

    Value addition

    The deepening partnership between Russia and China in recent years

    • Shared Interests: Both Russia and China have an interest in creating a multipolar world and countering Western dominance. They often share similar perspectives on international issues and work together in organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS.
    • Economic Ties: China has become Russia’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching over $110 billion in 2020. Both countries have been working to strengthen their economic cooperation in sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and technology.
    • Energy Cooperation: Russia is a major exporter of natural resources like oil and gas, and China is the world’s largest energy consumer. The two countries have signed numerous agreements on energy cooperation, including the construction of pipelines and joint development of natural gas projects.
    • Military Collaboration: Russia and China have increased their military cooperation in recent years, conducting joint military exercises and sharing defense technologies. Russia has been a significant arms supplier to China, helping to modernize the Chinese military.
    • Political Support: Both countries have supported each other on the international stage, often backing each other’s positions in the United Nations and other international forums. For instance, China has supported Russia’s stance on issues like Crimea and Syria, while Russia has backed China on issues related to Hong Kong and Taiwan.
    • Response to Western Sanctions: In the face of Western sanctions imposed on Russia due to its actions in Ukraine, the partnership with China has become increasingly important for Moscow. China has provided economic support to Russia, helping to mitigate the impact of these sanctions.
    • The US Factor: The United States’ strategic pivot to the Indo-Pacific and its efforts to counter China’s rise have pushed Beijing closer to Moscow. Likewise, strained US-Russia relations have led Moscow to seek stronger ties with Beijing.

    Russia and China axis: Implications for India

    • Strategic Concerns: A closer Russia-China alliance could potentially undermine India’s strategic interests, as both countries are India’s neighbors and have had historical disputes with it. A stronger partnership between Russia and China could complicate India’s efforts to maintain a balance of power in the region.
    • Impact on India-Russia Relations: India has traditionally enjoyed a strong relationship with Russia, especially in defense cooperation. However, Russia’s growing ties with China could potentially affect this relationship, as Moscow may prioritize its partnership with Beijing over New Delhi.
    • Influence in the Indo-Pacific: A stronger Russia-China partnership could challenge India’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region, where both countries are trying to expand their presence. This might lead to increased competition and tensions between India and the Russia-China alliance.
    • Security Challenges: Increased military cooperation between Russia and China might pose security challenges for India, as it could result in a more assertive and capable China in the region. This could also affect India’s efforts to maintain a stable security environment along its borders.
    • Multilateral Forums: India’s role in multilateral forums such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) might be impacted by the Russia-China partnership. India may find it challenging to pursue its interests in these forums if both countries work together to promote their shared goals.
    • Diplomatic Balancing Act: India will need to navigate a delicate diplomatic balancing act as it seeks to maintain strong ties with both Russia and the US, while also pursuing closer relations with countries in the Indo-Pacific region to counter China’s rise.
    • Economic Implications: India’s trade and investment relations with Russia and China could be affected by the evolving geopolitical situation. India might need to diversify its economic partnerships to minimize the risks associated with the Russia-China alliance.

    India’s diplomacy in response to the changing geopolitical landscape

    • Act East Policy: India has strengthened its focus on East and Southeast Asia, both economically and strategically, through the Act East Policy. This approach aims to deepen India’s engagement with the ASEAN countries, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, promoting regional connectivity, trade, and investment while also addressing shared security concerns.
    • Indo-Pacific Strategy: Recognizing the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region, India has been actively participating in regional forums and partnerships, such as the Quad (comprising India, Japan, Australia, and the United States). This strategy aims to maintain a rules-based order, ensure freedom of navigation, and promote regional stability in the face of China’s growing influence.
    • Balancing Relations with Major Powers: India has been navigating its relationships with major powers, such as the United States, Russia, and China. While India has strengthened its strategic partnership with the US, it also maintains its long-standing ties with Russia, despite Moscow’s growing closeness to Beijing. At the same time, India seeks to manage its complex relationship with China, balancing cooperation on regional and global issues with competition and strategic rivalry.
    • Neighbourhood First Policy: India has been prioritizing its relationships with its immediate neighbors in South Asia, focusing on enhancing connectivity, economic integration, and people-to-people exchanges. This policy aims to foster regional stability, counterbalance China’s growing influence, and promote India’s leadership role in the region.
    • Multilateralism and Global Governance: India has been actively participating in and seeking reforms in global governance institutions, such as the United Nations, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. India’s bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council reflects its ambition to play a more significant role in shaping global norms and addressing shared challenges, such as climate change, sustainable development, and international terrorism.
    • Economic Diplomacy: India has been leveraging its economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, promote its exports, and diversify its supply chains. By engaging with various regional trade blocs and negotiating bilateral trade agreements, India aims to integrate itself more closely with the global economy and enhance its economic competitiveness.

    Conclusion

    • As the geopolitical landscape continues to shift and evolve, India needs to adapt its diplomacy to navigate the changing dynamics effectively. The deepening partnership between Russia and China requires India to reassess its strategic relationships and adopt a flexible approach in dealing with both traditional and emerging partners.

    Mains Question

    Q. India-Japan relations have witnessed a significant transformation in recent years. Discuss the strategic significance of the bilateral partnership and also evaluate the challenges in further strengthening the relationship.

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  • UNSC: India’s Remarkable Tenure

    Central idea

    • India’s two-year stint in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) was unprecedented, with a focus on maritime security, terrorism, UN peacekeeping, reformed multilateralism, and the Global South. India served as the Chair of three important UNSC Committees, made efforts to bring conflicting parties on the same page, and raised important issues like religiophobia.

    India’s tenure in the UNSC from 2020 to 2022

    1. Focus on Priorities:
    • Clear priorities upon entering the Council in January 2021
    • Priorities include maritime security, terrorism, UN peacekeeping, reformed multilateralism, and the Global South
    • India elected Chair of three important UNSC Committees
    1. India’s Role in Maritime Security:
    • Prime Minister of India chaired a UNSC meeting on maritime security
    • Presidential Statement issued was the first comprehensive document on maritime security
    • Document referenced UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as international law setting out the legal framework
    • Statement called for freedom of navigation, anti-piracy measures, and combating terror and transnational crime at sea
    1. Conflicts on the Agenda:
    • Old conflicts festered and new conflicts arose, including Myanmar, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Mali, Syria, Palestine, Yemen, Haiti, Libya, and the Sahel, as well as Ukraine
    • The Council stood polarised and unable to act decisively
    • India attempted to bring the Council together on these issues
    1. India’s Involvement in Myanmar:
    • Military takeover in Myanmar occurred in February 2021
    • Permanent-5 were pulling in opposing directions while ASEAN counselled caution
    • India shares a nearly 1,700 kilometre-long border with Myanmar and it was crucial to stop violence, bring in stability and ensure democratic processes went forward
    • India ensured balanced and comprehensive Council pronouncements, which culminated in a resolution on Myanmar (adopted under India’s presidency) in December 2022.

    India’s Impact on the UNSC: Steadfast Diplomacy in the Face of Global Challenges

    1. India’s role in Afghanistan Crisis:
    • India steered negotiations resulting in UNSC Resolution 2593 for benchmarks in Afghanistan, including stopping cross-border terrorism, protecting rights of women and minorities, ensuring an inclusive government, and providing humanitarian assistance.
    • India maintains a firm position on the Taliban upholding these benchmarks.
    1. India’s stance on Ukraine Conflict:
    • India’s independent stand calling for dialogue and peace during the Ukraine conflict resonated with many developing countries.
    • India spoke out against unilateral sanctions on oil, food, and fertilizers.
    • As the conflict spilled over into India’s G-20 Presidency, India is now launching an initiative to convert its proactive position into action.
    1. India’s focus on counter-terrorism:
    • As Chair of the UNSC Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC), India brought the CTC meeting to India in October 2022.
    • India attempted to list terrorists under UNSC Resolution 1267 sanctions but was thwarted, however, the proposal to list Abdul Rehman Makki, Deputy Amir/Chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba was approved by the UNSC, with India as a proposer.

    India on peacekeeping

    • Largest contributor including women: India has been the largest contributor of UN peacekeepers, including as a pioneer in women peacekeeping.
    • UNITE Aware technology platform: Its launching of the UNITE Aware technology platform to strengthen real-time protection of peacekeepers is to be noted.
    • Calling for accountability for crimes against peacekeepers: In August 2021, India piloted the first UNSC resolution by India in more than five decades, calling for accountability for crimes against peacekeepers. India also gifted two lakh vaccines to all UN peacekeepers.

    Facts for Prelims: The UNITE Aware technology platform

    • Developed by India: The UNITE Aware technology platform is a system developed by India in collaboration with the United Nations to enhance the safety and security of peacekeepers deployed in conflict zones.
    • Real time ground situation: It is a real-time situational awareness system that uses advanced technologies such as satellites, drones, and geospatial tools to provide up-to-date information on the ground situation to peacekeeping forces.
    • Mobile app: The system also includes a mobile app that allows peacekeepers to report incidents and receive alerts in real-time.
    • Help to make informed decisions: The platform is designed to help peacekeepers make informed decisions and respond effectively to emerging threats, thereby reducing the risks to their safety and security.

    On other important issue

    1. Climate change:
    • India’s focus on the developing world, especially Africa and West Asia, was enhanced, given their close historical relations.
    • In December 2021, India thwarted a move by the West to wrest climate change from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change-led process and bring it under the ambit of the UNSC, where the P-5 are also major historical polluters.
    • The draft resolution was defeated in the Council when India and Russia voted against.
    • A change in the climate change architecture would have shut out the voice of the Global South, especially Small Island Developing States.
    1. Contemporary issues:
    • India also raised the issue of a contemporary form of religiophobia in the Council when, while condemning phobia against Abrahamic religions, it forcefully put forth the need to combat rising hate crimes and phobias against non-Abrahamic religions as well.
    • With hate crimes being fuelled abroad by vested interests, India’s stand needs to be robustly taken forward.

    Conclusion

    • India’s Presidency led to a discussion on urgent Council reform, highlighting India’s strong performance and the need for its permanent presence at the horseshoe table.

    Mains Question

    Q. India’s tenure in the United Nations Security Council from 2020 to 2022 was marked by its focus on several important priorities and its involvement in various global issues. Evaluate India’s performance.

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