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GS Paper: GS3-23.Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas – Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.

  • Government plans unification of port security regulations- sovereign entity to oversee private ports while CISF will regulate 80 ports

    Why In The News?

    The government has designated CISF as the security regulator for 250+ seaports to strengthen coastal security.

    1) New Security Framework:

    • Sovereign Entity at Seaports: Government to deploy CISF as a sovereign security force at private cargo-handling ports for a uniform security system.
    • Initial Coverage: CISF to regulate 80 major export-import seaports for access control, cargo screening, and seafront patrolling.
    • Phase-wise Expansion: Remaining 170 seaports will be brought under CISF in stages.
    • ISPS Code Role: CISF designated as the Recognised Security Organisation under the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code.

    2)Framework for Seaport Security in India:

    • International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code:
      India’s port security system aligns with the mandatory global ISPS Code, introduced after 9/11 to protect ships and port facilities from terrorism and other maritime threats.
    • Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) as Security Regulator:
      The Government of India has recently designated the CISF as the Recognised Security Organisation (RSO) for ports, marking a major reform to strengthen and standardise port security across the country.

    3)Challenges to Port Security:

    • Non-Standardised Security Framework:
      • Security at many non-major ports historically lacked uniformity and expert oversight.
      • Heavy dependence on private security agencies or local police resulted in inconsistent standards.
    • Transnational & Non-Traditional Threats:
      • Maritime terrorism remains a persistent risk.
      • Smuggling and drug trafficking, with ports often used for large narcotics consignments.
      • Cyberattacks targeting port IT systems and critical infrastructure.
    • Infrastructure & Manpower Gaps:
      • Difficulty in ensuring uniform, high-quality security infrastructure across 250+ ports.
      • Significant manpower shortages: CISF requires 800-1,000 personnel per major seaport and has requested 10,000 additional personnel for initial deployment.
    • Coastal Vulnerabilities:
      • Large stretches of coastline remain open, poorly monitored, or unguarded.
      • Absence of a sovereign security force at private ports has created long-standing security gaps.
    • Identified Gaps in Official Reviews:
      • Coastal security flagged as a priority for discussion at the Director Generals of Police (DGP) Conference, attended by the Prime Minister.
      • The 2023 MHA guidelines highlighted major deficiencies and recommended comprehensive improvements.

    4) Committee Recommendations:

    • Committee Findings: A 2024 Joint Committee (CISF + Director General Shipping) conducted gap analysis and proposed corrective measures.
    • Hybrid Security Model: Core security functions to be handled by CISF, while State Police/private agencies manage non-core duties.

    5)About CISF:

    • Overview: CISF is a Central Armed Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, headquartered in New Delhi; motto: “Protection and Security.”
    • Establishment:
      • Formed in 1969 through the CISF Act, 1968 with three battalions.
      • Declared an Armed Force of the Union after the 1983 amendment.
      • Expanded into a multi-skilled force with 188,000+ personnel.
      • Provides security to 359 establishments nationwide.
    • Organisation Structure:
      • Headed by a Director-General (IPS), assisted by an Additional DG.
      • Divided into seven sectors: Airport, North, North-East, East, West, South, Training.
      • Has a dedicated Fire Service Wing.
    • Functions:
      • Secures critical infrastructure: nuclear and space facilities, airports, seaports, power plants.
      • Protects Delhi Metro, Parliament Complex, heritage monuments, and major government buildings.
      • Responsible for airport security since 2000 (post IC-814 hijacking).
      • Provides VIP security to designated protectees.
      • Trained in disaster management (floods, earthquakes, cyclones).
      • Operates India’s largest Fire Protection Service among CAPFs.
      • Post-2008 Mumbai attacks, expanded to private sector security.
      • Functions as a compensatory cost force, billing clients for services.
    [UPSC 2023] With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements:

    1. Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government.

    2. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in maintenance of internal security.

    3. To prevent infiltration on the international border/coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some States.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) All three (d) None

     

  • India-Pakistan tensions put strain on struggling Western Border Districts

    Why in the News?

    Most western border districts, except in Gujarat, had little or no growth in exports and saw slow poverty reduction. Now, recent tensions and shelling between India and Pakistan are hurting the economy in these 22 districts.

    What causes slower poverty reduction in border districts?

    • Geopolitical Tensions and Hostile Neighbours: Constant threats such as cross-border shelling along the LoC disrupt livelihoods, infrastructure, and public services. Eg: In Jammu & Kashmir, border districts face frequent disruptions due to tensions with Pakistan, limiting economic stability and job opportunities.
    • Limited Economic and Industrial Activity: Border districts often lack a strong industrial base or service sector, leading to low income-generation and underemployment. Eg: In Rajasthan and Punjab, several border districts showed slower poverty reduction than State averages due to stagnant economic growth.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor roads, communication networks, and market access hinder economic integration and development. Eg: Eastern States like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland face challenges due to remote terrain and limited connectivity, contributing to persistent poverty.
    • Declining Development Fund: Post-pandemic, central funding under schemes like the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) has declined sharply. Eg: After FY20, both western and eastern border areas experienced reduced support, slowing poverty reduction efforts.
    • Landlocked and Isolated Geography: Many border districts, especially in the Northeast, are landlocked and rely on external transport hubs, limiting local trade and economic activity. Eg: In Assam, 75% of border districts had a slower decline in poverty than the State average between 2015–16 and 2019–21.

    Why are exports stagnant in most border districts except Gujarat?

    • Lack of Industrial and Export Ecosystem: Most border districts lack industrial clusters, export-processing zones, and supply chain infrastructure, which hampers export activity. Eg: Border districts in Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir contribute only 0.3% to India’s total exports, showing minimal export potential.
    • Geopolitical and Security Constraints: Tensions with neighboring countries and border insecurities restrict cross-border trade and deter investment in export-oriented industries. Eg: Frequent cross-border shelling along the LoC in J&K and Rajasthan affects trade operations and discourages private sector involvement.
    • Gujarat’s Strategic Advantage and Policy Support: Gujarat benefits from a coastal location, developed infrastructure, and proactive industrial policies, enabling strong export growth. Eg: Border districts in Gujarat increased their export share from 1.9% in FY22 to 3% in FY24, in contrast to stagnation elsewhere.

    Which border districts performed better economically?

    • Gujarat is the  only western border State where all border districts saw a faster decline in poverty than the State average.
    • Eg: export share from border districts rose from 1.9% (FY22) to 3% (FY24) — indicating successful economic activity.

    Why did the government’s support to border areas decline?

    • Reallocation of Resources Post-Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic shifted national priorities toward healthcare, urban welfare, and fiscal recovery, resulting in reduced focus on border-specific programmes. Eg: Post FY20, schemes like the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) faced budget cuts as funds were redirected to pandemic-related needs.
    • Security-Centric Approach Over Development: In sensitive regions, the government adopted a more security-focused strategy, often at the cost of developmental spending in border districts. Eg: In J&K and Punjab, heightened defence and surveillance measures took precedence, sidelining economic initiatives and local development schemes.
    • Administrative and Logistical Challenges: Border areas, especially in the Northeast, face issues like difficult terrain, poor connectivity, and limited administrative reach, deterring consistent support. Eg: In Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, implementation hurdles led to underutilization of allocated funds, reducing the impact of central schemes.

    Way forward: 

    • Targeted Development & Infrastructure Boost: Prioritise region-specific infrastructure (roads, logistics hubs, digital connectivity) and promote border-based industrial clusters to generate employment and improve trade potential.
    • Revive and Expand BADP with Integrated Planning: Strengthen the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) with post-pandemic funding revival, and ensure convergence with state schemes for holistic socio-economic upliftment of border districts.

    Mains PYQ:

     [UPSC 2024] Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme.

    Linkage: The security problems along the border, such as India-Pakistan tensions and cross-border shelling, as seen in the “India’s Border Districts”. It also explores how development programmes address these issues, directly linking security challenges with economic and development concerns in border regions. It clearly connects border tensions with the economic struggles in these areas.

  • Defence funds decline, BRO gets backing 

    Why in the News?

    Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has allocated ₹6.22 lakh crore for the Defence Ministry for 2024-25, matching the amount presented in the interim Budget in February.

    Budgetary allocation for different sectors 

    • Border Roads Organisation (BRO): The BRO received a significant increase in funding, with an allocation of ₹6,500 crore, aimed at improving border infrastructure and promoting socio-economic development in border areas.
    • Indian Coast Guard: The allocation for the Indian Coast Guard is ₹7,651.8 crore, which is 6% lower than the revised estimates for FY24. Of this, ₹3,500 crore is designated for capital expenditure to enhance maritime capabilities.
    • Innovation in Defence: An additional ₹400 crore has been allocated for innovation in defence through the Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) scheme, aimed at engaging startups and MSMEs in developing indigenous defence technologies.
    • Overall Allocation Breakdown: The allocation for the Defence Ministry includes 27.66% for capital expenditure, 14.82% for revenue expenditure, 30.66% for pay and allowances, 22.7% for defence pensions, and 4.17% for civil organizations under the Defence Ministry.

    Marginal Capex Push

    • Slight increase in capital expenditure: The budget reflects a marginal increase in capital expenditure, focusing on strengthening the capabilities of the armed forces and enhancing domestic procurement.
    • Strategic infrastructure development: The increased allocation to the BRO and the Coast Guard indicates a strategic push towards improving infrastructure in border areas and maritime security, though the overall capital push remains modest.
    • Focus on Indigenous solutions: The emphasis on domestic capital procurement and innovation through the iDEX scheme aims to bolster self-reliance in defence technology, fostering a more robust Indigenous defence industry.
    • Long-term strategic goals: The allocations are aligned with long-term strategic goals, including enhancing operational preparedness and infrastructure development in sensitive regions, although the overall growth in capital expenditure may be viewed as conservative.
    • Balancing defence needs with budget constraints: While the budget seeks to address critical defence needs, the slight reduction in the overall percentage of the budget allocated to defence suggests a balancing act between defence priorities and other pressing social and economic needs.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Focus on Indigenous Production: The government should further promote indigenous production capabilities by increasing investments in research and development, and by providing incentives for domestic manufacturers to produce advanced defence technologies.
    • Strengthen Infrastructure Development: The need for continued emphasis on infrastructure projects, particularly in border areas, should be prioritized to enhance national security and socio-economic development, ensuring that allocations are effectively utilized for maximum impact.

  • A dark message to Delhi from Kangla Fort

    A dark message to Delhi from Kangla Fort - The Hindu

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses a significant event in Manipur where Meitei legislators, through a public oath at Kangla Fort, endorsed a six-point agenda with communal overtones, targeting the ‘Kuki’ community. This act, influenced by an armed militia called Arambai Tenggol, reflects a departure from constitutional duties and raises concerns about the legitimacy of elected representatives in a democratic state. The piece warns against the dangers of a radical agenda and highlights the potential parallels with historical incidents like the Bhindranwale episode in Punjab.

    Key Highlights:

    • Meitei legislators endorse a six-point agenda with communal overtones, targeting the ‘Kuki.’
    • The oath-taking event at Kangla Fort is orchestrated by the armed militia, Arambai Tenggol.
    • The agenda includes abrogating agreements, implementing NRC with 1951 as the base year, constructing a border fence, replacing Assam Rifles, removing ‘Kuki’ from Scheduled Tribe list, and relocating ‘Kuki refugees.’
    • The omission of ‘disarmament’ from the agenda raises concerns about the armed militia’s influence.

    Key Challenges:

    • The event reflects a departure from constitutional duties by elected representatives.
    • The influence of an armed militia on democratic processes raises questions about the legitimacy of the Indian state.
    • The communal overtones in the agenda may deepen the emotional, demographic, and territorial divide.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Shumang Leela: Traditional form of theatre in Manipur.
    • Kangla Fort: The symbolic and traditional seat of power in Manipur.
    • Arambai Tenggol: An armed militia influencing Meitei legislators and pushing a radical agenda.
    • Bhindranwale Moment: Reference to the radicalization and armed conflict in Punjab during the 1980s.

    Key Quotes:

    • “Legislators lost Tagore’s dream of ‘clear stream of reason’ and a fearless mind.”
    • “Elected representatives…pliable and can be blackmailed under duress.”
    • “Armed militia chose Kangla Fort to revive Meitei indigenous tradition, culture, and religion.”

    Key Examples/References:

    • The six-point agenda and its potential impact on the vulnerable Kuki-Zomi-Hmar groups.
    • The involvement of Arambais in violent attacks against Kuki-Zomi-Hmar villages.
    • The parallels drawn with the radicalization of youth in Punjab under Bhindranwale.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • The Arambai Tenggol retains control over a significant amount of arms and ammunition.
    • The communal agenda may lead to increased tensions between communities.
    • The armed militia’s influence raises concerns about the democratic process in Manipur.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The legislators’ omission of ‘disarmament’ suggests a compromise with the armed militia’s agenda.
    • The article warns against the potential consequences of allowing an armed militia to influence state decisions.
    • The communal overtones in the agenda are criticized for undermining democratic and constitutional principles.

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasize the need for elected representatives to uphold constitutional duties.
    • Advocate for dialogue and peaceful resolution to address the concerns of different communities.
    • Strengthen mechanisms to prevent the influence of armed militias on democratic processes.

    In conclusion, the article highlights the concerning events in Manipur, where elected representatives endorse a communal agenda influenced by an armed militia. It urges a recommitment to constitutional duties, warns against radicalization, and suggests a path forward through dialogue and democratic principles.

  • Arun Prakash writes: Indian Navy in a threatening Red Sea

    Greece to join US-led coalition to protect Red Sea shipping from Houthis | Houthis News | Al Jazeera

    Central idea 

    The central idea focuses on the Houthi threat to Red Sea shipping, emphasizing the importance of navies and diplomatic efforts to maintain stability in the Indian Ocean. Historical trade warfare context and the need to address challenges like drone warfare underscore the urgency in safeguarding international trade routes. India’s proactive role and diplomatic leverage play a crucial role in ensuring regional stability.

    Key Highlights:

    • Houthi rebels, post the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel, pose a threat to Red Sea merchant-shipping traffic.
    • Alfred Mahan’s emphasis on navies as a means to protect foreign trade and commerce for national prosperity.
    • Indian Ocean’s vital role in global economy with 1,00,000 annual merchantmen, carrying 80% of the world’s oil.
    • Indian Navy’s proactive role as a “preferred security partner” in maintaining good order at sea.

    Key Challenges:

    • Rising threat to Red Sea shipping by Houthi rebels affecting global trade.
    • Historical instances of trade warfare impacting security and prosperity.
    • Critical choke points in the Indian Ocean vulnerable to interdiction by states, pirates, and terrorists.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Choke points: Narrow passages in the Indian Ocean constricting shipping traffic.
    • Tanker war: Strategy targeting merchant ships to impact trade, as seen in the Iran-Iraq conflict.
    • Flag state: State in which a ship is registered, exercising exclusive jurisdiction over vessels.

    For Djibouti, It's All About Location

    Key Quotes:

    • “The necessity of a navy… springs from the existence of peaceful shipping…”
    • “The Indian Navy’s self-assigned role of ‘preferred security partner’ in the region.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Eight-year-long Iran-Iraq conflict saw a “tanker war” impacting merchant ships in the Persian Gulf.
    • Houthi rebels launching attacks on US Navy units and merchant shipping in the Bab al Mandab Strait.

    Key Statements:

    • Indian Navy’s commendable alacrity in responding to emergent situations in the Red Sea.
    • US launching operation “Prosperity Guardian” to safeguard Red Sea shipping.

    Key Examples and References:

    • Germany targeting Allied merchant shipping in 20th-century global conflicts.
    • Houthi attacks in the Bab al Mandab Strait affecting merchant ships seeking safe passage.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Importance of maintaining good order at sea for India’s own interest and international commitment.
    • Challenges posed by ongoing Yemeni civil war affecting shipping in the Red Sea.
    • Complexity of the conflict involving Saudi Arabia-Iran proxy clash and multilateral dimensions.

    Way Forward:

    • India leveraging its good standing with Iran and Israel to urge moderation and restraint.
    • Addressing the challenges posed by drone warfare and evolving effective counter-measures.
    • Ensuring diplomatic efforts to prevent the west Asian conflagration from spreading to the Indian Ocean.

  • Why terrorist activity has shifted from Kashmir to Poonch-Rajouri

    Solved] Where is the Pir Panjal Range located?

    Central idea 

    The recent surge in terrorist activity in the Poonch-Rajouri sector challenges the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations. This shift is attributed to the path of least resistance as Kashmir becomes less conducive, prompting a need for a strategic reassessment and adaptation of deployment and operational strategies to address emerging challenges. Transparent investigations into civilian deaths and a balanced approach in public statements are crucial to maintaining public trust and stability in the region.

    Key Highlights:

    • Recent encounters in the Poonch-Rajouri sector challenge the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations.
    • Shift of terrorist activity to Poonch-Rajouri is due to the path of least resistance, with Kashmir facing strong counter-terrorism measures.
    • Dilution of local support, abrogation of Article 370, and focus on Pir Panjal (South) indicate a strategic shift in the region’s dynamics.
    • Questions arise about the redeployment of formations and potential dilution of optimum deployment in the sector.

    Key Challenges:

    • Losses for the Indian Army in recent encounters raise concerns about the effectiveness of current strategies and the need for potential adjustments.
    • Shift in terrorist activity to Poonch-Rajouri poses a challenge to the Army’s counter-terrorism efforts.
    • Allegations surrounding the deaths of three local civilians in suspicious circumstances require thorough investigations and pose a challenge to maintaining public trust.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Poonch-Rajouri sector
    • Counter-terrorism operations
    • Proxy hybrid war
    • Counter-infiltration (CI) and counter-terrorism (CT) grid
    • Article 370
    • Pir Panjal (South)
    • Redeployment
    • Rashtriya Rifles troops

    Key Quotes:

    • “Terrorism is like water; it takes the path of least resistance.”
    • “The abrogation of Article 370 has also made Kashmir less conducive to separatist trends.”
    • “The Indian government’s demonstrated capability for retaliation when an undetermined threshold is crossed will keep Pakistan on tenterhooks.”

    Key Statements:

    • Recent encounters challenge the Indian Army’s historical success in counter-terrorism operations.
    • The strategic shift of terrorist activity to the Poonch-Rajouri sector necessitates a reassessment of deployment and operational strategies.

    Key Examples/References:

    • Shift in terrorist tactics and focus from Kashmir to the Poonch-Rajouri sector.
    • Allegations surrounding the deaths of three local civilians.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Recent encounters in the Poonch-Rajouri sector resulted in more losses for the Army than terrorists.
    • Redeployment of troops from the Jammu sector since May 2020.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Losses in recent encounters raise questions about the effectiveness of the Army’s current strategies.
    • Shift in terrorist activity indicates the need for adaptability in response strategies.
    • Allegations surrounding civilian deaths require transparent investigations to maintain public trust.

    Way Forward:

    • Conduct a thorough review of identified weaknesses in convoy security, vehicle hardening, and reinforcement movements.
    • Adapt drills, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and minor tactics to address current challenges.
    • Ensure transparent investigations into civilian deaths, with suitable disciplinary action if mistakes are identified.
    • Conduct brigade-sized operations in Pir Panjal with drone support, reinforced by strong public outreach to address local sentiments.
    • Maintain a balanced approach in public statements to prevent speculation and unrest, and continue precautionary measures in the Kashmir Valley.

  • Implications of Pakistan’s Internal Unrest for India’s National Security

    Security

    Central Idea

    • The events of May 9, 2023, which saw violent protests and attacks on military installations in Pakistan, are expected to have far-reaching consequences for the country. The repercussions of these developments raise questions about the implications for India’s national security, given the limited influence India has over the situation in Pakistan.

    Factors attributed to the Pakistan’s Internal Unrest

    • Political Turmoil: Pakistan has witnessed political instability over the years, with frequent changes in government and power struggles among political parties. The arrest of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and the subsequent protests by PTI activists have added fuel to the political turmoil, leading to further unrest.
    • Dissatisfaction with Governance: Widespread dissatisfaction with governance, corruption, and economic challenges have fuelled public discontent. High levels of poverty, unemployment, inflation, and inadequate public services have contributed to frustrations among the population, especially the youth.
    • Military Interference: The history of military intervention and its influence on civilian affairs in Pakistan has created a complex power dynamic. The perception of the military’s meddling in political matters has raised concerns about democratic processes and civilian control over governance.
    • Radicalization and Extremism: Pakistan has been grappling with the rise of radicalization and extremist ideologies within certain segments of society. Militant groups, such as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and sectarian organizations, pose a significant threat to stability. Their ability to exploit social unrest and ideological divisions further exacerbates internal tensions.
    • Socio-economic Disparities: Pakistan faces significant socio-economic disparities, with a large portion of the population living in poverty and lacking access to basic necessities. Economic inequalities, coupled with ethnic and regional grievances, contribute to social unrest and political instability.
    • Ethnic and Sectarian Divisions: Pakistan is a diverse country with various ethnic and sectarian groups. Historical grievances, competition for resources, and political marginalization of certain groups have led to tensions and sporadic violence.

    Internal Dynamics within the Pakistani Army

    • Leadership Disputes: In recent years, there have been instances of discord between political leaders and successive army chiefs, including the prolonged discord between former Prime Minister Imran Khan and two successive chiefs. These leadership disputes have highlighted potential fissures within the army’s leadership and raised questions about unity and loyalty within its ranks
    • Perceptions of Political Support: There have been perceptions that support for political actors, such as Imran Khan, exists at various levels within the army. While initial perceptions suggested that support for Khan was mainly concentrated in the middle and lower ranks and among retired service personnel. These perceptions add complexity to the army’s internal dynamics and raise concerns about its role in political affairs.
    • Influence on Civilian Affairs: The Pakistani army has a long history of interfering in civilian affairs and exerting influence over the country’s political processes. This interference has often been seen as undermining democratic institutions and civilian control over governance.
    • Institutional Cohesion: The recent events, such as the attacks on military installations and the subsequent arrests have tested the army’s unity and revealed potential fault lines within the Pakistan Army set up.

    Implications for National Security of India

    • Regional Stability: The events of internal unrest in Pakistan can have spillover effects on regional stability. A political and economic meltdown leading to widespread chaos and social unrest in Pakistan can create a volatile environment in the region. India shares a long and sensitive border with Pakistan, and any instability in its neighbor directly affects India’s security interests.
    • Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal: The internal unrest and potential vulnerabilities within the Pakistani army raise questions about the safety and security of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. The risk of extremist elements or terrorist organizations gaining access to nuclear components or fissile material could have severe implications for the entire region, including India.
    • Potential for Terrorist Exploitation: The presence of numerous terrorist organizations within Pakistan, such as Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), creates a fertile ground for extremist elements to exploit situations of chaos and instability.
    • Escalation of Cross-Border Tensions: In the past, during periods of internal instability, Pakistan has attempted to divert attention and rally support by escalating tensions with India. Any provocative actions or attempts to divert attention from internal issues could lead to increased border tensions, posing risks to regional stability.
    • Impact on Counterterrorism Efforts: If internal unrest in Pakistan leads to a weakening of the country’s institutions and security apparatus, it could hamper the effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts.
    • Humanitarian and Refugee Concerns: A political and economic meltdown in Pakistan could result in a significant humanitarian crisis, including a large influx of refugees across the border into India. This could strain resources and infrastructure in border areas, creating additional security challenges for India.

    Way ahead

    • Strengthening Governance and Institutions: Efforts should be made to strengthen democratic institutions, enhance transparency, and promote good governance. This includes addressing issues of corruption, improving public service delivery, and ensuring the rule of law.
    • Counterterrorism Measures: Pakistan needs to accelerate its efforts to counter terrorism effectively. This includes robust intelligence gathering, coordination among security agencies, and targeted operations against terrorist networks. Enhancing border security and cooperation with neighboring countries, including intelligence sharing, can help in curbing cross-border terrorism.
    • Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities: Addressing socio-economic disparities and promoting inclusive development are essential to undermine the appeal of radical ideologies. This involves investing in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and job creation to uplift marginalized communities.
    • Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties: While ensuring national security is crucial, it should be done in a manner that respects civil liberties, human rights, and the rule of law. Striking a balance between security measures and preserving individual freedoms is essential for maintaining societal harmony and preventing further radicalization.

    Conclusion

    • The internal unrest in Pakistan following the violent events implications for both Pakistan’s national security and India’s interests. The security of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, the potential influence of terrorist organizations, and the internal dynamics within the Pakistani army are critical considerations. In light of these developments, India must exercise caution and adopt a prudent approach, focusing on regional stability and maintaining a cautious stance rather than embracing triumphalism.

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  • Tourism Potential In Border States

    Central Idea

    • India has tremendous tourism potential in its border states, which remains largely untapped due to the remoteness of locations and difficulty of access. The government has made unprecedented efforts to build border infrastructure and announced plans to open villages along the northern border for tourists under the Vibrant Villages Programme. However, encouraging tourism in these areas requires promoting hubs of civilian presence, building necessary infrastructure, and conducting feasibility studies to ensure sustainable development.

    What is Vibrant Villages Programme?

    • Improve infrastructure in villages along India’s border with China: The Vibrant Villages program is a government initiative aimed at improving infrastructure and creating job opportunities in villages situated along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
    • Overview: The program involves a significant allocation of funds, i.e., Rs 4,800 crore, to upgrade 633 villages situated in five states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Under the programme, residential and tourist centres will be constructed.
    • Objectives of the program: The program aims to enhance the living conditions of the people residing in the border areas and improve the security situation along the LAC with China.
    • Expected Benefits: The Vibrant Villages program aims to provide better facilities like schools, 24×7 electricity, and more 4G telecommunication towers in the border areas to match what is available in settlements across the LAC.
    • Strategy to enhance security: The Vibrant Villages program is part of the broader Indian government strategy to enhance security along the border with China. The investment in developing infrastructure and creating job opportunities is a crucial step towards improving the living conditions of the people in the border areas and enhancing the security situation along the LAC with China.
    • Program is modelled after Chinese actions on LAC: The program is modelled after the Chinese military and civilian authorities’ actions on their side of the LAC to build permanent population settlements along the border.

    Tourism potential in Border areas

    1. Karakoram:
    • Regular motorcycle expeditions should be organised for civilians in cooperation with India’s major motorcycle manufacturers. Areas such as the Saser Kangri massif could be explored for mountaineering expeditions by small experienced teams in tandem with the armed forces and the Indian Mountaineering Federation.
    1. Areas around Pangong Lake:
    • The area around Pangong Lake and Chushul is a delight for photographers and birdwatchers. In the Changthang wildlife sanctuary, there are wetlands and a thriving population of the Kiang, a wild ass.
    • Lhari Peak is sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists.
    • The Demchok area is home to several hot springs that are popular for naturopathy cures.
    • The nearby villages of Tsaga, Koyul and Hanle can also be further developed.
    • Tourism can be promoted in the Tso Moriri lake area, with a particular focus on home stays.
    1. Mana Pass and Niti Valley in Uttarakhand:
    • It is one of the world’s highest vehicle-accessible passes.
    • The village of Mana is rich in mythology, believed to be the gateway to heaven, and is situated near popular destinations like Hemkund and the Valley of Flowers and the revered Badrinath shrine is located nearby.
    • Tourists can enjoy sailing on the Deo Tal Lake near Mana, while skiing enthusiasts can make use of the nearby slopes. Mount Kamet and other peaks in the Nilang-Jadang valley are also ideal for mountaineering expeditions.
    1. Tourism Potential in Sikkim:
    • In Sikkim, the region around Doka La is ripe for tourism.
    • Pedong, Nathang Valley, Zuluk, Kupup, Baba Harbhajan Mandir and the Yak Gold Course, the highest golf course in the world, are nearby.
    • Conducted tours, including trekking expeditions up to Batang La, could be a start.
    1. Bum La Pass in Arunachal Pradesh
    • In the eastern sector, the Bum La Pass in Arunachal Pradesh is already a well-established tourism hub.
    • There is scope to bring in more tourists all the way up to Zero Point, the site of border personnel meetings with China.
    • Publicity should be given to the memorial built there in honour of Subedar (Baba) Joginder Singh, who was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra for outstanding bravery in the battle near Tongpen La during the India-China war in 1962.
    • Nearby, the Pangateng and Sangetsar lakes are picturesque.
    • Expeditions on the lines of NIMAS’s Winter Bailey Trekking Expedition could attract international tourists to Tawang and the interiors of the State

    What measures should be taken to promote commercial activity in India’s remote border areas?

    1. Transition from Military to Tourism in Remote Areas:
    • Encourage Commercial Activity:
    • Prioritize Tourism
    • Build Infrastructure for Tourism
    1. Developing Border Areas for Sustainable Growth:
    • Establish Civilian Hubs and Home Stays
    • Allocate Border Area Development Programme Funds
    • Install Vital Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Sources

    Conclusion

    • While developing border areas for security is crucial, conducting feasibility studies before implementing tourism projects is equally important to ensure sustainability. Unplanned construction violates norms and harms the Himalayan belt, so promoting sustainable infrastructure that benefits the local economy is necessary.

    Mains Question

    Q. India’s Border Areas have Tremendous Tourism Potential, but it remains largely untapped due to remoteness and accessibility. What measures should be taken to promote commercial activity in India’s remote border areas?

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  • Vibrant Villages Programme Gets An Upgrade

    Villages

    Central Idea

    • The Indian government has recently announced a significant allocation of funds to improve infrastructure and living conditions in villages along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. Under a “Vibrant Villages” programme, the government will spend Rs 4,800 crore for infrastructure development and to provide livelihood opportunities in the areas bordering China.

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    What is Vibrant Villages Programme?

    • Improve infrastructure in villages along India’s border with China: The Vibrant Villages program is a government initiative aimed at improving infrastructure and creating job opportunities in villages situated along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
    • Overview: The program involves a significant allocation of funds, i.e., Rs 4,800 crore, to upgrade 633 villages situated in five states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Under the programme, residential and tourist centres will be constructed.
    • Objectives of the program: The program aims to enhance the living conditions of the people residing in the border areas and improve the security situation along the LAC with China.
    • Expected Benefits: The Vibrant Villages program aims to provide better facilities like schools, 24×7 electricity, and more 4G telecommunication towers in the border areas to match what is available in settlements across the LAC.
    • Strategy to enhance security: The Vibrant Villages program is part of the broader Indian government strategy to enhance security along the border with China. The investment in developing infrastructure and creating job opportunities is a crucial step towards improving the living conditions of the people in the border areas and enhancing the security situation along the LAC with China.
    • Program is modelled after Chinese actions on LAC: The program is modelled after the Chinese military and civilian authorities’ actions on their side of the LAC to build permanent population settlements along the border.

    Villages

    What is the upgraded plan?

    • Over a third of allocation towards road infrastructure in border areas: The plan is to upgrade 633 villages in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Over a third of the allocation will go towards road building in the border areas. A new 4.1 km all-weather tunnel will connect Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh making troops movement easier.
    • Sports and tourism for livelihood opportunities: Tourism and sporting activities are being planned in these areas to provide livelihood opportunities for local people.
    • New battalions of ITBP to deploy on border: Further, the government will spend Rs 1,800 crore to raise seven new battalions of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) that means 9,000 personnel chiefly deployed along India’s borders with China alongside the Army.

    What are the concerns for India?

    • National Security: India has long been concerned about China’s territorial claims and military build-up in the region. The development of Chinese villages along the LAC is viewed by India as a part of China’s broader strategy to strengthen its position in the region, which could pose a threat to India’s national security.
    • Military and Strategic Concerns: India is concerned that the villages built by China along the LAC have a dual purpose, i.e., they serve as civilian settlements as well as military outposts. These villages, therefore, give China an edge in terms of strategic advantage and troop deployment in the region.
    • Incursions and Border Disputes: China has been carrying out frequent incursions into Indian territory in the region, leading to increased tensions between the two countries. The development of Chinese villages along the LAC raises concerns that these could be used as bases for future incursions into Indian territory.
    • Environmental and Ecological Concerns: India has expressed concerns over the environmental impact of China’s development of villages along the LAC, as these areas are ecologically sensitive and prone to landslides, flash floods, and earthquakes. The construction of infrastructure such as roads, tunnels, and buildings can have a severe impact on the environment and ecosystem of the region.

    What are the challenges for developing villages along the LAC?

    • Harsh Terrains: The areas along the LAC are characterized by high-altitude terrain, rugged mountains, and harsh weather conditions. These factors pose significant challenges to the construction of infrastructure and provision of services in these regions.
    • Security Concerns: The LAC border region has been the site of numerous border disputes and conflicts between India and China. Developing villages in this region requires addressing security concerns to ensure the safety of local people and government infrastructure.
    • Environmental Impact: The development of infrastructure and facilities in the border regions could have an adverse impact on the environment, including the degradation of natural habitats and the loss of biodiversity. Mitigating these impacts is necessary for sustainable development in these regions.
    • Cooperation from Local Communities: The success of the Vibrant Villages program depends on the cooperation of local communities in the border regions. Building trust and collaboration with these communities is crucial to the program’s success.

    Conclusion

    • China’s incursion in Arunachal Pradesh highlights the present danger that India faces along the LAC with China. India can no longer afford to waste time as the PLA determines when and where to inflict harm on the country. Developing infrastructure and building vibrant villages is an essential step towards enhancing security and better living conditions in the border areas. Steps taken so far in the right direction however, India requires a more comprehensive defence strategy with an all-of-government approach to ensure its territorial integrity.

    Mains question

    Q. What is Vibrant Villages Programme? Discuss the challenges for developing villages along the LAC?

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  • Drugs in the valley: Pakistan’s new weapon to finance terrorism

    valley

    Context

    • With arms and terror infiltration becoming difficult, Pakistan has now resorted to peddling drugs to degenerate the youth of Jammu and Kashmir. Narcotics, Pakistan’s new weapon to finance terrorism within the Valley, has been dubbed the biggest challenge confronting Jammu and Kashmir by Police Chief Dilbag Singh.

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    Background: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism and its impact

    • The culture of violence implemented through constant financial and strategic support to the insurgency in the Kashmir Valley by Pakistan by training and infiltrating weapons and militants impacted society in many ways.
    • Pakistan-backed terrorism destroyed the centuries-old socioeconomic and sociocultural fabric of society.
    • The deaths, mass exodus of Pandits, and increased unemployment eroded the composite way of life and increased boredom, depression, and anxiety among the masses.

    How Pakistan’s designs are failing?

    • Pakistan-sponsored terrorism is at an all-time low in Jammu and Kashmir, three years after the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A.
    • The number of active militants has fallen from 250 by the end of 2019 to just over 100 by January 2023.
    • Security agencies have tried hard to achieve zero terror activities within the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and busted 146 terror modules created by Pakistan in 2022.
    • As a result, Pakistan’s design to create a culture of violence in the Valley endorsed by self-serving and incestuous political elite under the guise of autonomy for the last 30 years is failing.

    valley

    Drug strategy of Pakistan in Kashmir

    • Strategy serves dual purpose for Pakistan: Now, with the people of Kashmir increasingly relinquishing terrorism and a culture of violence, the drug strategy serves dual purposes for Islamabad. One, to attack the core of the social well-being, and two, to finance terrorism within the Valley.
    • Constant infiltration of drugs in the valley: There is a constant infiltration of drugs by Pakistan via the Valley’s Kupwara and Baramulla districts, less-used other drugs such as brown sugar, cocaine, and marijuana are also readily available within the Valley and even in parts of Jammu.

    valley

    Drug addiction in Kashmir

    • Valley is slowly becoming a drug hub: The Kashmir Valley is slowly becoming a drug hub in Northern India, having more than 67,000 drug abusers, of which 90 percent are heroin addicts, using more than 33,000 syringes daily.
    • Emerged as country’s top drug affected region: With 2.5 percent of the population using drugs, Kashmir has emerged as the country’s top-drug-affected region, ahead of Punjab, where 1.2 percent of the population is reportedly addicted to drug abuse.
    • Residents affected: In November 2022, the state-level narcotic coordination committee meeting chaired by the Chief Sectary revealed that at least six lakh residents were affected by drug-related issues in Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Increasing crime rate: Increasing on average, INR 88,000 are spent by a drug abuser in the Valley yearly, increasing Kashmir’s crime rate.

    Reasons for this situation

    • Collapse of age-old social discipline: A significant reason for such an alarming situation is the near-total collapse of the Valley’s age-old informal social discipline and control mechanisms enforced by village elders.
    • Attack on cultural core: Pakistan’s nefarious attack on the Valley’s cultural core has rendered this traditional mechanism of social control ineffective.
    • Few contributes in social degradation: The village elders have also often worked hand-in-glove with Pakistan’s evil designs by remaining silent and endorsing the societal degradation.

    valley

    Jammu and Kashmir police and war against drugs

    • Security agencies have trained their focus on drug peddlers: Security agencies in Jammu and Kashmir are known for anti-terror operations. They have successfully created a synergy with the local administration to sabotage Pakistan’s activities and allied forces within the Valley. With Pakistan-sponsored insurgency receding, the security agencies have trained their focus on drug peddlers.
    • Security agencies in action: In 2022, under Narcotic Drugs Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, the police registered 1,021 cases and arrested 1700 drug peddlers, including 138 notorious peddlers. During the same time, the security agencies seized enormous quantities of contraband, including 212 kilograms of charas, 56 kilograms of heroin, 13 kilograms of brown sugar, 4.355 tonnes of poppy straw and 1.567 tonnes of fukki.
    • Busted narco terror modules: The security agencies also busted many narco-terror modules and arrested 36 persons with huge catches of drugs, arms, ammunition, and money.
    • Investigation revealed drugs smuggled from Pakistan: In December 2022, police busted a Pakistan-based narcotics module and arrested 17 persons, including five police officials and some political activists. Investigations revealed that over five kilograms of narcotics valued at INR 5 crore were smuggled from Pakistan in three months.
    • Launched Nasha-Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: The local administration has also launched the Nasha-Mukt Bharat Abhiyan an initiative started by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on 15 August 2020 to eradicate the menace of drug addiction in 272 districts across India. This programme has conducted large-scale awareness programmes in colleges, universities, and within communities.

    Way ahead

    • The Kashmiri society needs to have an internal interlocution and take a serious look at Pakistan’s policies to foment trouble, especially through narco-terrorism.
    • Kashmir’s elders and religious leaders through mosques need to get involved in the war against drugs and guide the youth to engage meaningfully with the spate of developmental activities undertaken by the national and Union territory government following the abrogation of Article 370.
    • The government should also initiate and enable public-private partnerships, where local police, military, paramilitary, and citizen bodies act in harmony to make Kashmir free of narco-terror and Pakistan-implemented culture of violence.

    Conclusion

    • With arms and terror infiltration becoming difficult, Pakistan has now resorted to drug trafficking to destroy Kashmir’s youth. Creating a working synergy between Kashmir’s traditional and formal social control system can go a long way in addressing the drug menace.

    Mains question

    Q. With arms and terror infiltration becoming difficult, Pakistan has now resorted to drug trafficking to destroy Kashmir’s youth. Discuss.

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