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GS Paper: Intellectual Property Rights

  • Tamil Nadu Adds Five New GI-Tagged Products 

    Why in the News?

    Five traditional products from Tamil Nadu have received the Geographical Indications (GI) tag, highlighting the State’s rich textile, agricultural, and handicraft heritage. With these additions, Tamil Nadu now has 74 GI-tagged products, one of the highest in India. Applications were filed by IPR attorney P. Sanjai Gandhi on behalf of the concerned associations.

    Newly Awarded GI Products (2025)

    Woraiyur Cotton Sari

    • Region: Woraiyur & Manamedu (Tiruchirappalli district)
    • Material: Cotton yarn sourced from Coimbatore & Rajapalayam
    • Dyes: From Jayamkondam
    • Features:
      • Light-weight, soft handloom cotton
      • Known for intricate designs and distinct regional weaving patterns
    • Significance: Represents age-old weaving traditions on the banks of the Cauvery River.

    Kavindapadi Naatu Sakkarai (Jaggery Powder)

    • Region: Kavindapadi, Erode district
    • Raw Material: Sugarcane from fields irrigated by the Lower Bhavani Project canal
    • Process:
      • Mechanically crushed
      • Cane juice slowly evaporated
      • No chemical additives → retains natural minerals
    • Importance: Major jaggery powder supplier for Tamil Nadu; valued for purity and aroma.

    Thooyamalli Rice

    • Meaning: “Thooya” (pure) + “Malli” (jasmine) — named for its fragrance
    • Type: Traditional samba-season paddy, duration 135–140 days
    • Application: Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board, supported by NABARD Madurai Agri Business Incubation Forum
    • Features:
      • Long-duration rice variety
      • High nutritional value
      • Aromatic and suitable for traditional dishes

     Namakkal Makkal Pathirangal (Soapstone Cookware / Kalchatti)

    • Region: Namakkal district
    • Material: Soft soapstone carved into cooking vessels
    • Cultural Roots: Used in South India for centuries; retains heat and enhances flavour
    • GI History:
      • First application by Tamil Nadu Handicrafts (Poompuhar) withdrawn (2019)
      • Final successful application submitted in 2022 by:
        • Namakkal Stone Products Manufacturers
        • MSME Technology Development Centre – IP Facilitation Centre

     Ambasamudram Choppu Saman (Wooden Toys)

    • Region: Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli district
    • Tradition: Over 200 years old (origin in the 18th century)
    • Craft: Handcrafted wooden miniature toys such as:
      • Kitchen utensils
      • Tables, chairs
      • Household play items
    • Wood Used:
      • Manjal Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba)
      • Teak
      • Rosewood
    • Significance: Traditional children’s play items that promote creativity and fine motor skills.

    About GI (Geographical Indications) 

    • A GI tag is a sign used on products with a specific geographical origin, possessing qualities/ reputation due to that origin.
    • Governed by:
      • Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999
    • Validity: 10 years, can be renewed
    • India’s first GI: Darjeeling Tea
    Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status? (2015)

    (1) Banaras Brocades and Sarees

    (2) Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

    (3) Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [1st December 2025] The Hindu OpED: India needs research pipelines

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2024] What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.

    Linkage: India’s weak research pipelines, unpredictable R&D funding, and poor industry-university linkages directly explain why patent filings do not translate into commercialization, making this PYQ highly relevant for GS-III themes of IPR, innovation ecosystem, GERD gaps, and research-industry translation.

    Mentor’s Comment

    India stands at a decisive moment where research capacity, funding predictability, and university-industry linkages.  It will determine whether it becomes a global knowledge leader or remains a low spender on R&D. This translates a critical national issue, India’s missing research pipelines, into a structured UPSC Mains-ready analysis.

    Introduction

    India’s ambition to innovate and lead in emerging technologies is constrained by irregular research outlays, limited campus-industry linkage, low GERD (0.65% of GDP), and absence of predictable pipelines that convert lab innovations into products, patents, and industry deployment. In sharp contrast, countries that succeeded, such as the U.S., China, and advanced economies, matched corporate R&D efforts with stable campus-strengthening investments, enabling a steady rise in innovation intensity. India now aims to transition from isolated research islands to structured, industry-driven, multi-university research pipelines.

    Why in the News? 

    India’s research ecosystem is under scrutiny because GERD remains stagnant at 0.65% of GDP, despite corporates like Tata Motors, Dr. Reddy’s, Reliance, Sun Pharma and Bharat Electronics posting strong R&D numbers in FY24. A major contrast is visible: India has global-scale labs and talent but lacks predictable, industry-linked research pipelines, unlike countries that institutionalised grant mechanisms, co-funded platforms, and competitive university partnerships. This mismatch between capability and structure is now a policy priority and a turning point for India’s innovation ambitions.

    What global benchmarks reveal about successful research ecosystems?

    1. Stable research outlays: Countries that scaled innovation kept firm-level R&D spending steady for years; they aligned CSR-type funding to predictable pipelines supporting labs and doctoral cohorts.
    2. Corporate-university integration: The U.S. NSF’s Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers and Semiconductor Research Corporation link firms with competitive research consortia.
    3. High corporate R&D leadership: Firms like Meta invested ~$44 billion in 2024; Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, IBM and Microsoft anchor multibillion-dollar R&D programmes.
    4. Translation into partnerships: U.S. universities booked ~$692 billion of domestic R&D payments; ratio of industry contracting rose sharply in 2022.

    Where does India stand in corporate R&D performance?

    1. High-intensity corporate R&D: Tata Motors posted ₹44,381 crore revenue and ₹29,398 crore R&D in FY24 (6.7% intensity).
    2. Sectoral R&D patterns: Sun Pharma invested 6.7%; Dr. Reddy’s spent ₹2,29 billion (8.2% of sales).
    3. Strategic spending: Bharat Electronics Ltd. invested 2.64% of turnover; Reliance Industries spent over ₹4,100 crore on R&D in FY24-25.
    4. Emerging partnerships: Marlabs Research Park hosts more than 200 companies near faculty labs, creating a daily flow of industry ideas.

    What structural gaps weaken India’s research pipeline?

    1. Low GERD-to-GDP ratio: GERD at 0.65% of GDP remains below advanced economies.
    2. Irregular funding cycles: HEIs face unpredictable, short-term grants; lack of multi-year financial visibility disrupts research continuity.
    3. Weak measurable outcomes: Absence of instruments like patent targets, standards contributions, and milestone-linked funding.
    4. Fragmented labs: Universities operate as isolated research islands instead of multi-university shared platforms.

    What policy directions does the article propose?

    1. Three-year R&D-to-sales norms: Electronics, pharma, defence and space firms must agree on rising year-on-year ratios supported by market-linked export expectations.
    2. Shared campus facilities: Co-funded platforms where industry uses HEI labs for multi-year projects with open data deliverables.
    3. Deadline industry-relevant KPIs: Universities must maintain structured performance indicators tied to outcomes.
    4. Credit for collaborative research: Benefit firms that hire PhDs, invest in accredited labs, or co-supervise doctoral research.
    5. Strengthening university research culture: Indian universities sit near dynamic markets; they must channel their knowledge traditions into technology breakthroughs.

    How can India build future-ready research pipelines?

    1. Predictable funding architecture: Move from ad-hoc grants to structured multiyear timelines and tendered project pipelines.
    2. National mission pipelines: Semiconductor Mission’s startup and research integration via IDEX and AIMTOP serve as replicable templates.
    3. Multi-university shared centres: These can pool equipment, modernise test instruments, and convert research into measurable outputs.
    4. Industry-ready researchers: Create dual-track PhD programmes aligned with corporate rotations, job assignments, and real field tasks.
    5. Publicise R&D metrics: Annual reporting by listed companies on R&D intensity and HEI contributions to enhance transparency.

    Conclusion

    India possesses the labs, talent and markets, yet the absence of predictable research pipelines denies it the innovation momentum achieved by global peers. With structured outlays, measurable outputs, co-funded facilities, multi-university centres, and industry-linked doctoral programmes, India can transform research from a sporadic activity into a national innovation supply chain. This shift is essential for scaling Indian R&D and creating sustained technological competitiveness.

  • Recently awarded GI Tags

    Why in the News?

    The Geographical Indications (GI) Registry under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry granted GI recognition to multiple traditional products across India, including Ambaji Marble (Gujarat), Panna Diamond (Madhya Pradesh), and Lepcha Instruments (Sikkim).

    GI Tag/Product

    Details
    Ambaji White Marble (Gujarat)

    		 • Known for pure white color, high calcium content, and durability
    • Sourced from Ambaji Shaktipeeth, Banaskantha
    • Used in Dilwara Temples and Ayodhya Ram Temple
    • Applied by Ambaji Marbles Quarry and Factory Association
    • Contains calcium oxide and silicon oxide, enhancing strength
    • Exported for temple use in USA, New Zealand, and UK
    Panna Diamond (Madhya Pradesh)

    		 • Application by Collectorate (Diamond Branch), Panna
    • Features a light green tint and weak carbon line
    • Managed by NMDC’s Diamond Mining Project
    • Supported by Padma Shri Rajni Kant (GI Man of India)
    • Enhances traceability, authenticity, and export potential
    Sikkim Lepcha Tungbuk

    		 • Traditional three-string musical instrument of Lepcha tribe
    • Holds cultural and spiritual importance in Lepcha music
    • GI granted on Nov 5, 2025 under Musical Instrument category
    Sikkim Lepcha Pumtong Pulit

    		 • Bamboo flute central to Lepcha folk traditions
    • Symbol of Lepcha cultural identity and heritage
    • Preserves traditional instrument-making and youth cultural continuity
    Kannadippaya (Kerala)

    		 • Traditional bamboo mat crafted by Kerala artisans
    • Recognized for eco-friendly material and handwoven design
    • Boosts rural cooperative income and craft heritage branding
    Apatani Textile (Arunachal Pradesh)

    		 • Handwoven by Apatani tribe of Ziro Valley
    • Features geometric motifs and natural dye usage
    • Represents sustainable tribal textile craftsmanship
    Marthandam Honey (Tamil Nadu)

     

    		 • Produced in Kanyakumari district
    • Known for unique floral aroma, high medicinal value
    • Supports local beekeeping and biodiversity-based livelihoods
    Bodo Aronai (Assam)

    		 • Traditional handwoven scarf of the Bodo community
    • Symbol of honor, identity, and ceremonial respect
    • Made using handspun cotton/silk with tribal patterns
    Bedu & Badri Cow Ghee (Uttarakhand)

    		 • Produced from indigenous hill cow breeds
    • Known for nutritional richness and purity from high-altitude regions
    • Promotes mountain organic economy and heritage dairy products

     

    [UPSC 2018] Consider the following pairs:
    Craft. Heritage of
    1. Puthukkuli shawls Tamil Nadu
    2. Sujni embroidery Maharashtra
    3. Uppada Jamdani saris Karnataka
    Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3*

     

  • [pib] GI Tagged Indi and Puliyankudi Limes 

    Why in the News?

    The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has facilitated India’s first air export of GI-tagged Indi Lime and Puliyankudi Lime to the UK.

    [pib] GI Tagged Indi and Puliyankudi Limes 

    About Indi Lime:

    • Origin: Cultivated predominantly in Vijayapura district, Karnataka.
    • GI Tag: Granted in 2023, becoming India’s second lime variety to obtain a GI certification after the Assam Lemon.
    • Characteristics:
      • Renowned for its zesty aroma, balanced acidity, high juice yield, and thin rind.
      • Possesses a distinctive tangy-sweet flavor and rich oil content that enhances its culinary and medicinal appeal.
    • Cultivation Conditions:
      • Thrives in semi-arid climates and black cotton soils of northern Karnataka.
      • Largely cultivated using traditional, organic farming practices.
    • Economic Importance:
      • Vijayapura district contributes around 58% of Karnataka’s total lime production.
      • Widely used in food, traditional medicine, and cultural practices, reflecting the region’s agricultural heritage.

    About Puliyankudi Lime:

    • Origin: Cultivated in Puliyankudi (Tenkasi district), Tamil Nadu, often termed the “Lemon City of Tamil Nadu.”
    • GI Tag: Officially registered in April 2025.
    • Characteristics:
      • The Kadayam variety is noted for its thin peel, strong acidity, high juice content (~55%), and ascorbic acid levels (34.3 mg/100g).
      • Exhibits an intense aroma and distinct tanginess, making it highly prized in both domestic and international markets.
    • Cultivation Conditions:
      • Grown in red loamy soils under tropical climatic conditions, maintaining traditional horticultural methods.
    • Significance: A rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants, supporting immunity, digestion, and metabolic health.
    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees 2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma 3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for FAO

    Why in the News?

    India has expressed serious concerns over proposed changes to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)—popularly known as the Plant Treaty.

    About the Plant Treaty, 2001:

    • Adoption: It was adopted by the FAO on 3rd November 2001 and came into force in 2004.
    • Purpose: It governs the Multilateral System (MLS) for the access and benefit-sharing of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA).
    • Key Features:
      • Coverage of Crops: The MLS currently includes 64 essential food crops and forages listed in Annex I, which together meet around 80% of the world’s plant-based food needs.
      • Access Mechanism: Access to these genetic materials is provided for research, breeding, and training purposes through a Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA).
      • Benefit-Sharing Approach: The Treaty incorporates monetary and non-monetary benefit-sharing mechanisms, with a focus on supporting biodiversity in developing countries.
      • IP Restrictions: It prohibits any intellectual property claims over the raw genetic materials accessed under the system.
      • Recognition of Farmers’ Rights: It affirms farmers’ rights, such as the protection of traditional knowledge, equitable benefit-sharing, and participation in national decisions about PGRFA use and conservation.
    • India’s Participation: India is a signatory and active participant and implements the Treaty alongside domestic legislation like the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001.

    Proposed Amendments:

    • Objective: The upcoming proposal aims to expand the scope of the MLS to include all PGRFA, not just those in Annex I.
    • New Inclusions: The expansion would bring in indigenous varieties, non-commercial crops, and community-protected heirloom seeds under the MLS framework.
    • Impact on India’s Obligations: If passed, the amendment would mandate countries like India to share all plant germplasm through the existing SMTA process.
    • No Change in Benefit Terms: The amendment retains current benefit-sharing mechanisms, which critics argue are often non-monetary or merely symbolic.
    • Concerns over IP Rights: The broadened scope may lead to intellectual property loopholes if traditional seeds are repackaged or genetically altered.
    • Allegations of Biopiracy: Critics argue the proposal enables “backdoor biopiracy”, especially of the Global South’s rich seed diversity.

    India’s Concerns:

    • Loss of Seed Sovereignty: India fears it will lose discretion over which seeds to share, weakening its ability to protect unique plant biodiversity.
    • Undermining of Farmers’ Rights: The proposal might override the rights granted to farmers under the Plant Treaty and India’s PPV&FR Act, which view them as custodians of seed heritage.
    • Erosion of National Authority: The expansion could violate Articles 10 and 11 of the Treaty, which grant countries sovereign control over their genetic resources.
    • Violation of Federal Principles: The lack of consultation with States is seen as a breach of India’s federal structure, as agriculture is a State subject under Schedule VII of the Constitution.
    • Marginalization of Biodiversity Boards: The role of State Biodiversity Boards may be diminished, despite their importance in regulating local germplasm and community rights.
    • Lack of Equitable Returns: India argues that the global system offers little real benefit, raising doubts about fairness and justice in benefit-sharing.
    [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:

    1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

    2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.

    3. The World Heritage Convention. Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Kumbakonam Vetrilai Betel Leaf gets GI Tag

    Why in the News?

    The Kumbakonam Vetrilai (betel leaf or paan leaf) has received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag from the Government of India.

    About Kumbakonam Vetrilai

    • Cultivation: It is grown in the Thanjavur region, especially in Kumbakonam, Thiruvaiyaru, Papanasam, Thiruvidaimarudur, and Rajagiri.
    • Characteristics: The leaf is heart-shaped, dark to light green, with a strong aroma and pungent taste, thanks to the fertile Cauvery basin soil.
    • Cultural Importance: It is a main ingredient in paan, a popular post-meal chew in South Asia.
    • Harvest: The first-year yield, called maaruvethalai, produces the largest and longest-lasting leaves (6–7 days shelf life); Farmers hand-pick leaves, working from early morning until late night due to the labour-heavy process.

    Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years and can be renewed.

     

    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    (1) Banaras Brocades and Sarees (2) Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma (3) Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • GI Tags Awarded in April 2025

    Why in the News?

    Recently, several Geographical Indication (GI) tags have been awarded to unique products, enhancing their protection in the market and giving them a platform for global recognition.

    Here is the list of all the GI tags recently Awarded:

    State Product Name Description
    Meghalaya Ryndia (Meghalaya Handloom Products) Ryndia is an eco-friendly fabric made from Ahimsa Silk by indigenous Khasi, Bhoi, and Jaintia artisans. Known for its durability and luxurious texture, Ryndia is used to make stoles, shawls, and garments with organic dyes from local plants.
    Kerala Kannadippaya A traditional tribal handicraft made from the inner layers of reed bamboo. This mat, known for its reflective pattern, provides a cooling effect in summer and warmth during winter. It is woven by various tribal communities, including the Oorali, Mannan, Muthuva, Malayan, and Kadar tribes, primarily in the Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad districts of Kerala.
    Tamil Nadu Panruti Cashew This cashew variety is celebrated for its mildly sweet, nutty flavor and its crisp yet tender texture. Grown primarily in Panruti, Tamil Nadu, it has a high demand both domestically and internationally, setting it apart from other cashew varieties due to its unique taste and texture.
    Panruti Jackfruit The Panruti jackfruit is a prized agricultural product from Panruti, where commercial cultivation is concentrated. Known for its large size and distinctive flavor, it is available throughout the year, with different varieties ripening at different times. The jackfruit is widely used for making chips, curries, and sweets and has potential for value-added products.
    Chettikulam Small Onion Grown in the Aalathur block of Perambalur district, this small onion variety is an important crop in Tamil Nadu, known for its strong aroma and robust flavor. Over 8,000 hectares in the district are dedicated to small onion cultivation, producing 65,000 to 70,000 tonnes annually. This variety is integral to local cooking and is used in various dishes, offering a unique flavor to regional cuisine.
    Puliyangudi Acid Lime Known as the Lemon City of Tamil Nadu, Puliyangudi produces acid lime that is small to medium-sized (4–6 cm in diameter) with a vibrant green color and thin, smooth skin. The limes are famous for their tangy taste and are widely used in cooking, especially in Southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala, as well as for producing lime juice and lime-based products.
    Virudhunagar Samba Vathal These bright red, spicy sambal chilies from Virudhunagar are renowned for their distinct flavor and are a crucial ingredient in Southern Indian cuisine. They are often used in the oleoresin extraction process, which plays a significant role in the spice industry.
    Ramanadu Chithiraikar Rice A red rice variety from Ramanadu, this rice is known for its ability to keep hunger at bay for hours, making it a staple in many households. The rice is commonly consumed as a hearty porridge and is recognized for its nutritional value and ability to provide long-lasting energy.
    Kumbakonam Betel Leaf Grown in the fertile Cauvery River basin, Kumbakonam Betel Leaf is known for its distinct taste and aroma. It is used in the preparation of paan and as a symbol of hospitality in the region.
    West Bengal Thovalai Flower Garland A handcrafted floral garland made from a mix of white, red, and green flowers, Thovalai Flower Garland is used for festivals and special occasions. It is woven in a mat-like fashion and is celebrated for its artistic beauty.
    Murshidabad Chhanobora This sweet from Murshidabad is made from chhena (curdled milk) and flavored with cardamom. It is known for its smooth texture and distinct taste, being a traditional treat prepared during festivals and significant occasions.
    Bishnupur Motichur Laddu A traditional Bengali sweet laddu, made from finely ground chickpeas, sugar, and ghee. It has a delicate, aromatic flavor and is often enjoyed during festivals like Durga Puja and Diwali. Its historical roots trace back to the Bishnupur region, known for its unique preparation methods.
    Kamarpukur Sada Bode A fried Bengali sweet, Kamarpukur Sada Bode is made from wheat flour, sugar, and ghee. It is an important part of Bengali festivals and local traditions, valued for its crisp texture and sweet, rich taste.
    Malda Nistari Silk Yarn Known for its fine texture, durability, and the intricate traditional weaving techniques used, Malda Nistari Silk Yarn is produced in Malda, Bengal. This silk is highly sought after for its luxurious feel and is used for making high-quality garments.
    Radhunipagal Rice A local variety of rice from Bengal, Radhunipagal is known for its resilient texture and ability to stay filling for extended periods, making it perfect for hearty meals. This rice is a staple in many traditional Bengali dishes.
    Baruipur Guava Baruipur Guava, grown in the fertile soil of West Bengal, is known for its distinct taste and texture. The fruit has a sweet flavor and is used in juices, jams, and desserts.
    Jammu and Kashmir 

     

    		 Kashmir Namda A woolen rug from Kashmir, Namda is known for its thick texture and intricate designs. Traditionally crafted by hand using sheep wool, it is prized for its insulating properties and is a significant part of Kashmir’s textile heritage.
    Kashmir Gabba A traditional woolen product from Kashmir, Gabba is used in home decor and textiles. It is made using local wool and features intricate handwoven patterns.
    Kashmir Willow Bat Kashmir Willow is used for making high-quality cricket bats, known for their lightweight and durable properties, making it a sought-after material for professional cricket bats.
    Kashmir Tweed Kashmir Tweed is a finely woven fabric, made from wool, and is renowned for its warmth and luxury. It has been traditionally used to make winter garments, particularly coats and shawls.
    Kashmir Crewel A hand-embroidered fabric from Kashmir, Crewel features intricate floral designs and is traditionally used in making home textiles like curtains, bedspreads, and cushions.
    Kashmir Chain Stitch A traditional embroidery technique from Kashmir, Chain Stitch is used to create decorative textiles. The embroidery is vibrant, with floral patterns, and is used in making garments and home furnishings.
    Kashmir Shikara The Shikara is a traditional boat from Kashmir used primarily for tourism and transportation in the Dal Lake. It is a symbol of Kashmir’s rich heritage and has been part of the region’s culture for centuries.
    Kashmir Wagguv Wagguv is a traditional handcrafted product from Kashmir, made using local materials and is known for its unique craftsmanship and cultural significance in the region.

     

    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ Status?

    (1) Banaras Brocades and Sarees (2) Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma (3) Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Commerce Ministry sets a target of 10000 GI tags by 2030

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has announced an ambitious target to achieve 10,000 Geographical Indication (GI) tags by 2030.

    About Geographical Indications (GI) Tags

    • A GI is a sign identifying a product as originating from a specific geographical location, possessing qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherently linked to that origin.
    • It is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, effective from September 2003.
    • It is defined under Article 22(1) of the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement.
    • It is managed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
    • GI tags are valid for 10 years and can be renewed upon expiry.
    • Darjeeling Tea was the first product to receive a GI tag in 2004–05.
    • Purpose and Benefits:
      • Protects the identity of unique products linked to specific regions.
      • Promotes economic development, cultural preservation, and export potential.

    Procedural Implementation and Recognition of GI’s:

    • Authority for GI Tags:
      • The Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications.
      • The register for GIs is divided into:
    1. Part A: Registration of GIs.
    2. Part B: Registration of authorized users.
    • Application Process:
      • Applications can be made by individuals, associations of persons, producers, or authorized organizations representing the producers’ interests.
      • Applications must include details about the product’s quality, nature, reputation, geographical environment, manufacturing process, natural and human factors, and a map of the production territory.
    • Scrutiny and Decision:
      • The Registrar conducts a preliminary review for deficiencies, with applicants given one month to address any issues.
      • Accepted applications are advertised in the GI Journal, inviting objections.
      • If unopposed, a certificate of registration is granted.
    • Timeframe:
      • Registration must be completed within 12 months; otherwise, the Registrar may abandon the application after notifying the applicant.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees

    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 only 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [3rd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A case of nothing but patent censorship

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q). Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Q). What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Today’s editorial discusses the limitations and importance of free speech, emphasizing that while individuals have the right to express their opinions without fear of retaliation, this right is not absolute. Key restrictions include defamation, obscenity, and incitement to violence. The article highlights that the government cannot arbitrarily decide what constitutes acceptable speech, as outlined in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. It also notes that free speech serves both instrumental purposes, like fostering better politics, and intrinsic values, such as recognizing individual dignity. However, the government’s attempt to control narratives about its actions can lead to censorship, undermining democratic principles.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Bombay HC ruled against an amendment to the IT Rules, declaring it unconstitutional and upholding free speech rights.

    • It emphasized that while misinformation is a concern, any regulatory measures must align with constitutional rights, particularly Articles 14 and 19, which protect equality and freedom of speech.
    Constitutional Provisions on Free Speech:

    • Free speech in our legal system is based on the principle that the state should not decide what expressions are acceptable.
    • Article 19(2) of the Constitution outlines specific restrictions, such as defamation and national security.
    • The right to free speech, guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a), is essential for informed political discourse and recognizes citizens’ dignity and autonomy.

    What did the IT Rules (2021) say?

    • Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the new Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 imposes strict obligations on internet intermediaries, such as service providers and social media platforms.
    • If the government’s “Fact Check Unit” labels any reporting about its activities as false, these companies must take steps to avoid hosting that content.
    • Failing to comply could result in losing their “safe harbor” protection from legal liability under the IT Act, 2000, which safeguards free expression.
    • Section 79 of the IT Act provides a legal shield for intermediaries (safe harbour), such as social media platforms, by protecting them from liability for content posted by third parties, as long as they take reasonable steps to comply with the law.

    Various views presented through the ‘Petition and Response’:

    • According to the Petitioners’ argument, Rule 3(1)(b)(v) breaches protections for free speech and the State wrongly claims authority to define “fake” information, ignoring less intrusive solutions.
    • However, the Union Government responded that the law is not coercive and that intermediaries can contest safe harbor losses. While no Constitutional protections are given for false information, regulation of online expression is within government powers.
    • As per the Judicial opinion, Rule 3(1)(b)(v) is ultra vires, vague, overbroad, and chilling to free speech. Further, the loss of safe harbour does not threaten free expression.

    Present Issue over the Intermediaries and Safe Harbour

    • On Intermediaries: Under Rule 3(1)(b)(v), if the government’s “Fact Check Unit” informs an intermediary that certain information about the government is ‘false’, the intermediary faces a difficult choice: they can either remove the flagged content or defend the user’s right to express their opinion, risking their safe harbour protection in the process.
      • Here, the intermediaries often prioritize their business interests over the user rights.
      • They may choose to remove content rather than risk losing their legal protections, effectively sacrificing users’ freedom of expression for their own safety.
    • On Safe Harbour: Intermediaries can lose the protection under Section 79 of the IT Act if they are aware of illegal activities occurring on their platforms or receive notifications from government agencies about such activities.
      • Platforms like Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and WhatsApp serve primarily as hosts for user-generated content.
      • They do not create this content themselves, which allows them to promote free speech without bearing the same responsibilities as traditional publishers.
    • Its limitations: True free speech depends on various factors, including access to resources and social dynamics, which can hinder individuals from expressing themselves fully.

    Conclusion: While free speech can be reasonably limited, there is no constitutional basis for restricting false or misleading information. The government’s attempt to control narratives about its actions represents censorship and undermines democratic principles, as recognized by the Bombay High Court.

  • Nagaland’s King Chilli Festival

    Why in the News?

    The village of Seiyhama in Nagaland hosted the 3rd edition of the Naga King Chilli Festival, celebrating the importance of the Naga king chilli, one of the world’s hottest chillies.

    About Naga King Chilli

    • The Naga King Chilli, also known as Raja Mircha or Bhut Jolokia, is one of the world’s hottest chillies, with heat levels exceeding 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU).
    • It is primarily grown in the Northeast Indian states of Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • In 2006, it was certified by the Guinness World Records as the hottest chilli in the world, a title it held for several years.
    • In 2008, it received a GI tag, recognizing its unique origin and significance in the global spice market.
    • The chilli has a heat range of 800,000 to 1,041,427 SHU, making it significantly hotter than common chillies like the jalapeño, which has a SHU of 2,500 to 8,000.
    • Benefits offered:
      • Rich in capsaicin, it is known for its pain-relieving properties and potential health benefits, such as boosting metabolism, promoting heart health, and relieving pain and inflammation.
      • Traditionally, the chilli has been used to preserve food in Nagaland’s hot, humid climate, helping to extend the shelf life of food and reduce waste.
    • Cultivation:
      • The chilli is grown in bamboo groves using ancient cultivation methods.
      • Farming begins in December or January, with peak harvests in August and September.
      • Approximately 150 households in Seiyhama village, Nagaland, cultivate the Naga King Chilli, with the annual harvest reaching 14,000 kg, valued at ₹70 lakh.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees

    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 only 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3