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GS Paper: GS1-07.Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.

  • Solar, a game changer in women’s empowerment 

    Why in the News?

    Rooftop solar (RTS) can transform India’s energy landscape by providing a sustainable, decentralized, and affordable solution for rising electricity needs and could empower consumers (women and other sections of society) toward greater self-reliance.

    How does solar energy contribute to women’s economic empowerment?

    • Income Generation and Financial Independence: Solar technology enables women to generate income directly, especially in rural areas where traditional energy sources are scarce or costly.
      • For instance, solar-powered pumps have empowered women salt farmers in Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch, who, after shifting from diesel to solar, saw a 94% income boost and lower CO₂ emissions.
    • Employment Opportunities: The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, employing around 4.9 million people in 2022, has been particularly impactful for women, who make up about 40% of its workforce.
    • Empowerment Programs: Initiatives like Barefoot College in India and Solar Sister in Africa train women as solar engineers. These programs enhance skills, improve self-reliance, and create employment in remote communities.

    What are the broader social implications of women’s involvement in the solar sector?

    • Community Well-being and Social Development: Women’s participation in the solar sector promotes local economic growth and strengthens social structures.
    • Leadership and Decision-Making: When women lead or actively participate in renewable energy projects, they often advocate for inclusive policies and better community engagement.
    • Gender-Sensitive Energy Policies: Women’s involvement highlights the need for energy policies that address the unique needs of women, improving both economic participation and social inclusion.

    What challenges do women face in the renewable energy sector, and how can these be addressed?

    • Access to Training and Financing: Women often face limited access to training and funding.
      • Overcoming these barriers requires accessible, affordable training programs in solar technology, as well as microfinance schemes specifically for women-led renewable energy projects.
    • Gender Bias and Occupational Segregation: The renewable energy sector, like many others, is affected by gender biases that can limit women’s roles to lower-level positions.
      • To address this, it’s important to promote women’s leadership and equal opportunities through gender-sensitive hiring practices and mentorship programs.
    • Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Energy access policies frequently lack a gender perspective, which limits their reach and inclusiveness.
      • Integrating gender-focused policies in energy and rural development sectors can enhance the socio-economic impacts of solar energy for women.

    Conclusion: Governments should integrate gender-focused policies within renewable energy frameworks, ensuring accessible financing options and training programs specifically for women. Microfinance schemes and subsidies for women-led solar projects can foster broader participation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • [17th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The battle cry for justice in the ‘City of Joy’

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q)  To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: “Karmanye Vadhikaraste Ma Phaleshu Kadachana” – This shloka (Bhagavad Gita 2.47) emphasizes duty and accountability, reminding leaders that their actions should serve the public good without selfish motives.

    The Kolkata rape case has ignited a significant justice movement, centered around the brutal rape and murder of a junior doctor at RG Kar Medical College. The tragic incident occurred on August 14, 2024, leading to widespread public outrage.

    On September 5, thousands switched off their lights from 9 PM to 10 PM as a symbolic gesture of frustration over the government’s inaction. Protesters formed human chains along major roads, uniting diverse groups including doctors, nurses, and students under a common cause reflecting a collective demand for justice and safety. Prominent figures from different fields have joined the movement, amplifying its visibility and urgency.

    Is this the first time in India that we are facing such an issue?

    In today’s editorial, we will be studying how one cause can impact the overall social being of humans.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The brutal rape and murder of a young doctor in Kolkata has ignited widespread protests, revealing deep-seated anger and frustration among citizens regarding safety and justice for women in the city.

    • Kolkata, known as the “City of Joy,” has recently transformed into a battleground for justice following a tragic incident that shook the community from the core.
    Ongoing People-Government Dynamics in Kolkata:

    • Junior doctors are on a hunger strike demanding “Justice for RG Kar” with a 10-point charter. Thousands demonstrated during cultural festivals like ‘Durga Pooja’, showing solidarity with the doctors.
    • The movement largely involves middle and upper-middle-class citizens grown without political party leadership, highlighting fears about safety and educational aspirations.
    • Despite recent support for the state government, citizens are now demanding accountability from the government.

    What are the Socio-economic impacts of such movements?

    • Socio-economic Decline: The state’s investment and GDP share has steadily decreased, with a precarious employment situation worsened by corruption.
      • The movement reflects growing discontent over economic decline and threats to upward mobility in West Bengal.
    • Corruption: Allegations of corruption in R. G Case linked to the murder case suggest a corrupt syndicate within the health system. There is also evidence that the state and local government schemes are manipulated to maintain loyalty to the ruling party.
    • Public Sentiment and Trust issues: People don’t need political parties to intervene now, they just need justice and freedom to move independently and access education securely.
      • Even the minority sections of Muslims are also victims of the corrupt practices of state government, but the powerful secular alternative is still lagging.
    • Question on Recruitment process: Rampant corruption has eroded fairness in government job recruitment, highlighted by the arrest of the former Education Minister in a scam.
    • Question on Justice System: The concept of justice has become a focal point for citizens expressing their grievances against systemic corruption and unfairness.

    Initiatives taken by the Judiciary:

    The Supreme Court initiated proceedings on its suo-moto cognizance due to the gravity of the incident, despite the case being under the Calcutta High Court’s jurisdiction.

    • On Governance: The Court expressed dissatisfaction with the West Bengal government’s “tardy” progress in implementing safety measures.
      • A 10-member National Task Force was established to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals across India.
    • On Privacy: It reiterated that no intermediary should disclose the victim’s information, aiming to protect her family’s privacy.
    • On Accountability: The Court highlighted concerns over police procedural delays, questioning why the post-mortem was conducted before an FIR was registered and calling for accountability in handling such serious cases.

    Way Forward: The nexus between social issues and justice in Kolkata underscores a critical moment where public outcry against systemic failures is challenging state governance. The ongoing protests reflect a broader demand for accountability, safety, and social justice, signaling potential shifts in both public sentiment and political dynamics.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-battle-cry-for-justice-in-the-city-of-joy/article68761902.ece

  • [27th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The heavy shackles of fear and vigilance

    [27th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The heavy shackles of fear and vigilance

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
    Q What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC IAS/2019)
    Q ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC IAS/2018)
    Q Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Mentor comment: The brutal rape and murder of a woman doctor in Kolkata has reignited discussions about women’s safety in India. This incident highlights the pervasive violence women face, including sexual harassment and domestic abuse, while also emphasizing the often-overlooked psychological impacts of such violence. Despite the immediate physical consequences drawing public attention, the long-term psychological effects remain largely unaddressed and difficult to measure.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the News?

    The brutal rape and murder of a woman doctor in Kolkata has reignited discussions on the long-term psychological effects remain largely unaddressed and difficult to measure.

    What are the Psychological impacts of violence on women in India?
    • Mental Health Disorders: Women who experience violence are at a higher risk of depression, anxiety, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), and suicidal tendencies.  A significant percentage of women about 12% report severe psychological distress linked to domestic violence.
    • Substance Abuse: Many women resort to alcohol or drugs as coping mechanisms, often accompanied by feelings of shame and low self-esteem.
    • Health Disorders: Victims may develop eating disorders, sleep disturbances, and psychosomatic symptoms, manifesting psychological trauma as physical ailments.
    • Long-term Effects: Chronic stress, loss of trust, and ongoing fear significantly impair women’s quality of life and social engagement.

    An ingrained state of Alertness within women:

    Women in India often live in a constant state of alertness due to inadequate societal and state protection. This heightened awareness becomes ingrained and is often perceived as normal, which results in the following aspects:

    • Impacts on Freedom: The need to assess threats restricts women’s freedom to explore, take risks, and enjoy simple pleasures, affecting career choices and personal relationships.
    • Intergenerational Effects: The burden of vigilance is passed from mothers to daughters, reinforcing the notion that women are solely responsible for their safety.
    • Dissonance in Living: Women face a conflict between advocating for empowerment and adapting their behaviors for safety, creating a disparity between how they live and how they wish to live.

    Impact on Society

    • When women prioritize safety over exploration, they are denied the full spectrum of human experiences, depriving society of their potential contributions.
    • Due to this, the emotional strain, psychological fatigue, and loss of joy and freedom that women carry are significant and often unrecognized.
    • Acknowledging the burden of perpetual vigilance as a form of violence, it is essential for creating an equitable society where everyone can live, thrive, and contribute equally, free from safety concerns.
    Most Disadvantaged Section: Marginalized women face intensified discrimination and greater dangers due to intersecting factors of caste, class, and religion, often lacking institutional support and navigating environments rife with exploitation and abuse, unlike their more privileged counterparts.

    How can we redefine Safety to Prioritize Women’s Freedom and Empowerment?

    • Shift the Burden of Safety: The responsibility of a safe environment should lie with society and the state.
    • Invest in Gender-Sensitive Infrastructure: Developing safe and accessible public transportation systems is crucial for women’s mobility and economic empowerment. It includes well-lit streets, secure waiting areas, and the presence of female staff and security personnel.
    • Improve Legal Frameworks and Implementation: Laws and policies must be aligned with international standards. This requires capacity building for law enforcement, the judiciary, and service providers, as well as legal literacy programs for women.
    • Challenge Harmful Gender Norms: Addressing patriarchal attitudes and gender stereotypes, is crucial for creating a more equitable society. This involves engaging men and boys in gender equality initiatives, promoting positive masculinities, and challenging the normalization of violence against women.
    • Increase Women’s Participation in Decision-Making: Need to increase women’s representation in leadership roles in government, civil society, and community-based organizations.

    Conclusion: Women should not have to choose between their safety and their freedom. State and societal measures should not restrict women’s freedom any further under the guise of ensuring safety.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-heavy-shackles-of-fear-and-vigilance/article68569659.ece

  • [26th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reality of reel life, exploitation as a structural problem

    [26th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reality of reel life, exploitation as a structural problem

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
    Q What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC IAS/2019)
    Q An apparel manufacturing company having a large number of women employees was losing sales due to various factors. The company hired a reputed marketing executive, who increased the volume of sales within a short span of time. However, some unconfirmed reports came up regarding his indulgence in sexual harassment at the work place. After sometime, a woman employee lodged a formal complaint to the management against the marketing executive about sexually harassing her. Faced with the company’s indifference in not taking cognizance of her grievance, she lodged an FIR with the Police. Realizing the sensitivity and gravity of the situation, the company called the women employee to negotiate. In that she was offered a hefty sum of money to withdraw the complaint and the FIR and also give in writing that the marketing executive is not involved in this case. Identify the ethical issues involved in this case: what options are available to the women employee? (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Mentor comment: India faces significant challenges regarding sexual harassment and violence against women, deeply rooted in societal norms and systemic issues. Despite legislative measures like the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013, the prevalence of sexual violence remains alarmingly high. Justice K. Hema Committee report, released by the Kerala government on August 19, 2024, highlights severe issues of sexual exploitation and gender discrimination faced by women in the Malayalam film industry. Initially submitted in 2019, the report reveals a culture of harassment, including the “casting couch” phenomenon, where women are pressured to exchange sexual favors for roles. It also addresses inadequate facilities and the absence of basic rights for women in the industry. 

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news?

    The Justice K. Hema Committee report has sparked significant public debate and led to calls for reforms, including the establishment of an Internal Complaints Committee to address issues of sexual exploitation and gender discrimination faced by women effectively.

    What does the Report say on Culture of Assault?

    • On Sexual Assault and Consent: Instances of sexual assault are not isolated events but are rooted in societal practices that undermine women’s autonomy and consent.
      • The National Crime Records Bureau reported 31,516 cases of rape in India in 2022, indicating a significant prevalence of sexual violence against women.
      • The Justice Hema Committee report emphasizes that rape is a manifestation of a culture that views women as objects rather than individuals with rights.
    • On Workplace Harassment: The Vishaka guidelines established in 1997 aimed to protect women from workplace harassment, leading to the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, which mandates the formation of Internal Complaints Committees (ICC).
      • The report argues that ICCs are inadequate for the film industry due to potential biases and influence from abusers, advocating for an independent government forum to address these issues.

    Lack of registration of crimes vs. Question on the Principle of Survivor Anonymity:

    • Nipun Saxena vs Union Of India (2018): The SC explained the importance of penalization of the disclosure of the name and the identity of the survivors of sexual offenses as mandated in Section 228A of the IPC, which is now reiterated in Sect 72 and 73of the BNS.
      • The provision’s objective is to protect survivors from hostile discrimination and future harassment.
    • Puttaswamy Judgement (2017): The Right to Privacy is integral to the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution. Further, our criminal justice system initiates prosecution against the accused on behalf of the victim but it becomes quite difficult to prove a crime without the victim’s cooperation.
    • Right to Livelihood: Survivors fear potential retaliation from the abuser and the rest of society, in terms of refusal to give them work, and being branded as ‘problem-makers’.
    CASE STUDY – #MeToo Movement:The accusations against Harvey Weinstein in 2017 sparked the global #MeToo movement, highlighting issues of sexual harassment and assault in various industries.

    Need for Structural Reforms:

    • Acknowledgment of Challenges: The report aims to empower Indian women by raising awareness about workplace discrimination.
      • The findings in the Hema Committee report should lead to significant structural reforms in the Malayalam film industry, with government leadership being crucial.
    • Comprehensive Solutions Required: Issues such as inadequate sanitation and workplace bias must be thoroughly studied and addressed to improve conditions for women.
      • The report emphasizes the unique difficulties faced by women in lower-tier roles in the film industry, beyond just lead actresses.

  • The issue of institutional violence, addressing it   

    Why in the News?

    India’s election had 642 million voters, mostly women, but few candidates focused on women’s safety, failing to address the pervasive institutional violence that millions of survivors endure daily.

    Gender-based Violence: Prolonged and Institutional 

    • Judicial and Police Challenges: A significant barrier to justice is the perception among police officers that complaints of gender-based violence are often baseless as per the report published in 2019 by J-PAL, a global policy think tank.
      • Survivors frequently encounter a judicial process that is lengthy and traumatizing, which perpetuates a cycle of violence and silence.
    • Silence Among Survivors: Many women endure violence in silence due to societal stigma and fear of further victimization. 
      • National Crime Records Bureau reported 405,861 cases of crimes against women in 2021, including 32,033 cases of rape. However, these figures are believed to represent only a fraction of the actual incidents due to underreporting driven by societal stigma and fear of retaliation

    Problems in Rural India

    • Caste and Gender Dynamics: In rural areas, the dominance of male and upper-caste individuals in local governance (panchayats) creates additional barriers for women seeking justice.
      • The socio-cultural norms often discourage women from reporting violence, as divorce and legal recourse are rarely options available to them.
    • Access to Justice: The backlog of court cases (estimated at 40 million) disproportionately affects survivors from marginalized communities, making it even more difficult for them to seek redress.

    Strong laws: 

    • The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961: Made giving and receiving dowry a crime
    • The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013: Introduced new offences like stalking, voyeurism, and acid attacks
    • The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005: Defines domestic violence and provides legal recourse for survivors.

    Issue of Weak Implementation of Law: 

    • Ineffective Enforcement: Despite having strong laws, the enforcement is often inadequate. For example, there are approximately 40 million pending court cases in India, leading to significant delays in justice.
    • Corruption and Indifference: Corruption within law enforcement and the judiciary hampers the implementation of laws. Police officials may exhibit insensitivity towards marginalized communities, leading to a lack of trust in the system.
    • Administrative Fragmentation: The structure of local governance, particularly through panchayats, is often disempowered and fragmented. This limits their capacity to address local issues effectively, as they lack the necessary funds and authority to implement programs that meet community needs.
    • Lack of Coordination: Multiple departmental organizations operate separately, leading to a lack of coordinated action.
      • For instance, local officials may be unable to address pressing community issues due to rigid departmental mandates that do not align with the actual needs of the population.
    • Inadequate Resources and Training: Many implementing organizations suffer from inadequate staffing and lack of expertise.
      • For example, while there may be a sufficient number of government personnel, they often lack the necessary training and resources to execute their duties effectively.
    • Cultural and Societal Barriers: Societal attitudes and stigma surrounding issues like gender-based violence can lead to underreporting and a reluctance to seek help.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Law Enforcement Training: Need to implement comprehensive training programs for police and judicial personnel focused on gender sensitivity, trauma-informed responses, and the legal rights of survivors.
    • Empower Local Communities: Engage community leaders and organizations to create support networks for survivors of gender-based violence. This can include establishing helplines, counseling services, and safe spaces for women to seek help without fear of stigma or retaliation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (2016)

  • What is the Hema Commission Report?

    Why in the News?

    • A single bench of the Kerala High Court has stayed the release of the Justice Hema Commission report.
      • The report investigated women’s working conditions in the Malayalam film industry.

    About the Assault that Exposed the Deep Gender Divide      

    • On February 17, 2017, a leading Malayalam film actress was abducted and sexually assaulted in her car while traveling from Thrissur to Kochi.
    • The incident caused shock and outrage across Kerala as disturbing details emerged, including a video purportedly intended for blackmail.
    • Six of the ten accused were arrested quickly, and popular actor Dileep was named an accused and remanded to judicial custody in July. He is currently out on bail, with the trial ongoing since 2020.

    Formation of the Women in Cinema Collective (WCC)

    • The incident highlighted the discriminatory treatment faced by women in the film industry.
    • The Women in Cinema Collective (WCC) was formed in response, submitting a petition to the Chief Minister demanding an inquiry into gender issues in the industry.

    The Hema Commission

    • In July 2017, five months after the incident, the state government formed a 3-member committee headed by retired Kerala High Court judge, Justice K Hema.
    • The committee’s objective was to investigate issues of sexual harassment and gender inequality in the Malayalam film industry.
    • In December 2019, a 300-page report was submitted to the CM Pinarayi Vijayan, including documents, audio, and video evidence.

    Findings and Recommendations

    • The commission consulted multiple women professionals in the industry, recording detailed accounts of sexual harassment, wages earned, and possible blacklisting.
    • The report highlighted the existence of a casting couch, and the presence of alcohol and drugs on film sets.
    • The commission recommended forming a tribunal to investigate these allegations.
    • Other recommendations included making job contracts mandatory, ensuring wage parity across genders for the same job, banning drugs and liquor on shooting locations, and ensuring safe working conditions for women.

    PYQ:

    [2010] Two of the schemes launched by the Government of India for Women’s development are Swadhar and Swayam Siddha. As regards the difference between them, consider the following statements:

    1. Swayam Siddha is meant for those in difficult circumstances such as women survivors of natural disasters or terrorism, women prisoners released from jails, mentally challenged women etc., whereas Swadhar is meant for holistic empowerment of women through Self Help Groups.
    2. Swayam Siddha is implemented through Local Self-Government bodies or reputed Voluntary Organizations whereas Swadhar is implemented through the ICDS units set up in the states.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

    [2014] We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace.
  • [22nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Focus on female employment to counter unemployment

    [22nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Focus on female employment to counter unemployment

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:

    Q1 Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021) 
    Q2  Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016) 

    Prelims: 

    Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC IAS/2017)
    a) World Economic Forum 
    b) UN Human Rights Council 
    c) UN Women 
    d) World Health Organization

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Employment and Unemployment Trends;

    Mains: Women issues; Gender gap; Inequality;

    Mentor comments:  The gender gap refers to the disparities between men and women in various aspects of society, including economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. It encompasses differences in outcomes, opportunities, and treatment based on gender. 

    As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) offers detailed data on employment, unemployment, and labour force participation. The latest PLFS report for 2022-23 shows a 3.3% unemployment rate for males and 2.9% for females. The Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE) noted a rise in the unemployment rate to 8.1% in April 2024. The PLFS also recorded a labour force participation rate (LFPR) increase to 41.4% in June 2024, with improvements for both genders. 

    Let’s learn —

    Why in the News? 

    The Lokniti-CSDS survey cites job difficulty and inflation as key factors in the Lok Sabha Elections 2024 results. The India Employment Report (IER) 2024 notes unemployment rose to 5.8% by 2019.

    Present Employment and Unemployment Trends:

    • Unemployment Rates: Unemployment in India rose from just above 2% in 2000 and 2012 to 5.8% in 2019, but improved to 4.1% in 2022. Time-related underemployment remains high at 7.5%.
    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR fell from 61.6% in 2000 to 49.8% in 2018 but partially recovered to 55.2% in 2022. Female LFPR, however, saw significant improvement, especially in rural areas, rising from 24.6% in 2018 to 36.6% in 2022.

    Gender Disparities and Trends:

    • Female LFPR vs. Male LFPR: Female LFPR in India remains low compared to the global average of 53.4% (2019) and decreased from 38.9% in 2000 to 23.3% in 2018. However, there was a 12% increase in rural areas from 2018-22, contrasting with the modest rise in male LFPR.
    • Unpaid Family Labour: Females are more engaged in unpaid family labour (36.5% in 2022) compared to males (9.3%). The gender gap in unpaid family labour is significant, particularly in rural areas (31.4% difference) compared to urban areas (8.1% difference).

    Gendered Employment Preferences and Opportunities:

    • Traditional Occupations: Many women, especially in urban slums, prefer traditional home-based occupations (like bandhani and embroidery) due to their flexibility, despite the lower income. 
    • Barriers to Enterprise Development: Women face challenges in developing their own enterprises due to limited access to capital and restrictive social norms.
      • Collectivising through self-help groups (SHGs) and federations can offer new skills and market access, as demonstrated by the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS).

    The importance of market access:

    • Empowerment through Market Interaction: Access to markets enhances women’s empowerment by enabling them to navigate and circumvent traditional gender norms, increasing their economic independence and decision-making capabilities.
    • Reduction of Gender Norm Constraints: Market access allows women to bypass restrictive gender norms, such as prohibitions against certain types of labour, by facilitating the use of hired services and technology.
    • Economic and Family Benefits: Women’s increased participation in income-generating activities contributes to family income and welfare, improving their position within the family and reducing economic vulnerability.
    • Reduced Migration: Opportunities for women to engage in economic activities close to home reduce migration and dependency on male family members, leading to enhanced family welfare and stability.
    • Vibrant Water Markets and Agency: In regions with vibrant water markets, women’s ability to influence agricultural input purchases increases, contributing to greater agency and empowerment in decision-making.

    Way Forward: 

    • Focus on External Work Participation: Need to Prioritize creating opportunities for women to work outside the home to directly impact their empowerment.
    • Long-Term Strategy Required: The government should Implement long-term strategies to improve the work environment for women, including safety and basic facilities.
    • Mandate Workplace Facilities: By ensuring public policy mandates the availability of essential facilities (e.g., toilets and crèches) in small- and medium-sized manufacturing or business units.
    • Improve Female Labor Force Participation (LFPR): Enhancing female LFPR can lead to better overall employment rates and increased family income.

  • What is the gender gap in education?  

    Why in the news? 

    The 2024 World Economic Forum (WEF) report on global gender gaps has ranked India at 129 out of 146 economies, marking a decline of two positions from the previous year.

    Key Highlights by WEF Report:

    • Gender Parity Regression: India’s gender parity levels in educational attainment dipped in the 18th edition of the report, with a score of 0.964, down from a perfect 1.000 in the 17th edition.
      • This decline is attributed to a 17.2 percentage point gap between men’s and women’s literacy rates, causing India to rank 124th on this indicator.
    • Data Update and Period Variation: WEF’s Insight and Data Lead, Ricky Li, explained that the regression is due to updated data from UNESCO for the 2022 and 2023 periods, contrasting with the data from 2018, 2021, and 2022 used in the previous edition.
      • This emphasizes the impact of periodic updates and corresponding periods on the gender parity score.

    What do figures from the Unified District Information System for Education and the All India Survey on Higher Education indicate? 

    • Overall Enrolment and Gender Ratio: UDISE+ (2021-22) shows that girls constitute 48% of the school population, with enrolment increasing from 46.8% in preschool/kindergarten to 48.3% in higher secondary education.
    • Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: AISHE (2021-22) reports that the GER for women in higher education is 28.5%, slightly higher than the male GER of 28.3%, indicating a positive trend in female participation in higher education.
    • Trends in Female Enrolment: Female enrolment has seen a 32% increase since 2014-15, demonstrating significant progress in higher education, despite challenges such as lower enrolment in STEM fields and regional disparities in secondary education access.

    Are girls more likely to complete secondary education when they have access to it? 

    • Yes, girls are more likely to complete secondary education when they have access to it. The data from UDISE+ (2021-22) shows that while there is a slight drop in the percentage of girls enrolled in secondary education (47.9%), those who do have access to secondary education are more likely to continue to higher secondary education, where the gender gap narrows again to 48.3%.
    • This trend indicates that providing access to secondary education facilities helps girls stay in school and complete their education.

    What needs to be done to ensure girls and boys, don’t drop out? (Way forward)

    • Addressing Socio-Cultural Barriers:  Raising awareness about social issues such as early marriage, which disproportionately affects girls, is essential. Collaborating with local authorities and community leaders to advocate for girls’ education can help mitigate these challenges
    • Community Involvement: Engaging parents and the community in the educational process can foster a supportive environment for students. This can include parent workshops, support groups, and regular communication about student progress.
    • Flexible Learning Options:  Offering flexible learning arrangements, such as part-time schooling or distance education, can accommodate students facing economic or personal challenges. This flexibility can help students balance their responsibilities while continuing their education.
    • Vocational Training and Skill Development: Incorporating vocational training programs into the school curriculum can equip students with practical skills that increase their employability. This can motivate students to stay in school as they see a direct link between education and future job opportunities

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (2021)

  • The share of women in the unincorporated sector is highest in the south   

    Why in the News? 

    Recently the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 revealed higher shares of women owners and workers in southern and some eastern states, and lower in western, northern, and central states.

    Gender disparity in India concerning working-owners and unpaid family workers:

    • Prevalence of Women in Unpaid Family Worker Roles: Data from the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 reveals that women are predominantly represented as unpaid family workers.
      • For instance, in Telangana, while 43% of working owners are women, a substantial 59% are unpaid family workers, illustrating a significant gender disparity.
    • Lower Representation of Women as Working Owners: Across India, the proportion of women in working-owner roles is considerably lower compared to men. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 43% of working owners, reflecting a gender gap where men are more likely to own and operate businesses.
    • Regional Trends Highlighting Gender Disparities: The southern states, such as Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, display a relatively higher share of women in both working-owner and unpaid family worker roles. 
      • Despite this, the overall pattern shows more men in ownership positions and more women in unpaid roles, reinforcing the gender imbalance.
    • Sector-Specific Disparities: In the manufacturing sector, women’s representation as working-owners and hired workers is lower than in unpaid family roles. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 52% of formal hired workers but only 26% of informal hired workers, indicating a disparity in employment types and compensation.
    • National Overview of Gender Roles: On a national level, the survey indicates that the share of women in unincorporated enterprises varies by state and job type. 
      • While women play a significant role in unpaid family work, their representation as working owners remains limited. 
      • This trend is consistent across different regions, with southern states showing relatively better but still imbalanced gender representation in the workforce.

    The reason behind these issues: 

    • Cultural and Societal Norms: Traditional gender roles in India often assign women the responsibility of unpaid domestic and family work, limiting their opportunities for paid employment and entrepreneurship.
    • Access to Resources and Opportunities: Women often have less access to financial resources, credit, and capital needed to start and run businesses compared to men. This financial barrier restricts their ability to become working-owners.
    • Work-Life Balance and Family Responsibilities: Women typically bear a disproportionate share of caregiving and household responsibilities, limiting their availability for formal employment and entrepreneurial activities.
    • Network and Mentorship Gaps: Women often have fewer professional networks and mentorship opportunities, which are crucial for business growth and career advancement.

    Steps taken by the Indian Government: 

    Scheme/Initiative Year Objective Key Features
    Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) 2015 Address declining child sex ratio and empower girls through education ·         Awareness and advocacy campaigns

    ·         Enforcement of PC&PNDT Act

    ·         Improving enrolment of girls in schools
    One Stop Centres (OSC) 2015 Provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence ·         Medical aid

    ·         Police assistance

    ·         Legal aid

    ·         Psycho-social counseling

    ·         Temporary shelter
    Ujjwala Yojana 2016 Provide LPG connections to women from BPL households to safeguard their health ·         Clean cooking fuel

    ·         Reduce health hazards associated with unclean fuels
    Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) 2017 Empower rural women through community participation ·         Interface for rural women to approach government

    ·         Skill development training at grassroots level
    Nari Shakti Puraskar 2015 Recognize exceptional work in empowering women and promoting gender equality ·         Highest civilian honors for women

    ·         Conferred by the President of India on International Women’s Day

     

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Access to Financial Resources and Training: Implement targeted financial programs to provide women with easier access to credit, grants, and capital needed to start and grow businesses. This can include microfinance initiatives, low-interest loans, and financial literacy training.
    • Strengthen Legal and Social Support Systems: Enforce and improve existing gender equality laws and policies to ensure women’s rights in the workforce and in business ownership. This includes better implementation of anti-discrimination laws and providing legal support to women entrepreneurs.

    Mains question for practice: 

    Q Despite various government initiatives and policies aimed at promoting gender equality, significant gender disparities persist in the ownership and workforce participation in unincorporated enterprises across different regions of India. Discuss the reasons behind these disparities and suggest measures to address them.15M

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Fewer women are being hired for leadership positions

    Why in the news?

    Although women’s representation in the workforce has grown over the years “LinkedIn’s Economic Graph data”  indicates that progress has stalled since 2022 and declined in 2024.

    What does the data show?

    • Representation of women in the workforce has increased over the years but progress has stalled since 2022 and declined in 2024. The promotion of women to senior and leadership roles has stagnated in recent years.
    • Sectors like healthcare, education, administrative, and support services have higher female representation in senior positions, while sectors like manufacturing, construction, oil, and gas have poor representation.

    Representation of women in the overall workforce and in senior positions 

    Entry and career progression of women  

     

    • Oil, Gas, and Mining: Among the lowest representation of women in leadership roles, at around 11%.
    • Construction: Very few women are represented, especially in senior roles.
    • Utilities: Women face significant barriers in advancing to leadership positions.
    • Wholesale: Low entry and career progression for women.
    • Manufacturing: Poor representation of women across all positions, including senior roles.
    • Transportation: Limited career progression opportunities for women.
    • Real Estate: Few women in leadership positions, with significant entry barriers.

    About the accommodation and other services  

    • Representation of women in senior roles within the accommodation and food services sector falls between 15% and 20%.
    • This sector exhibits a moderate level of female representation compared to other industries.
    • While not the highest, it surpasses sectors like oil, gas, mining, construction, utilities, wholesale, manufacturing, transportation, and real estate, where women hold just 11%-14% of leadership positions.
    • The data suggests there’s still room for improvement in increasing the number of women in leadership roles within the accommodation and food services sector.
    • Efforts to improve gender diversity and inclusion should be continued and perhaps intensified in this sector, aligning with broader industry and societal goals for gender parity in the workforce.

    Administrative and support services:

    • Women hold senior positions in administrative and support services at a rate of 22% to 30%, indicating a moderate level of representation compared to other sectors.
    • This sector demonstrates a higher level of female representation in leadership roles compared to industries like oil, gas, mining, construction, utilities, wholesale, manufacturing, transportation, and real estate, where women’s leadership roles range from 11% to 14%.
    • The education sector boasts the highest representation of women in senior positions at 30%, suggesting that sectors like administrative and support services still have room for improvement.
    • Efforts to promote gender diversity and inclusion within administrative and support services should be sustained, aiming for further increases in the representation of women in leadership roles.
    • Continued focus on addressing biases, societal norms, and structural barriers is essential to achieving greater gender parity and advancement opportunities for women within this sector.

    Way Forward

    • Efforts by policymakers and business leaders are needed to tackle challenges faced by women in reaching leadership roles, focusing on “women-led development”.
    • Stricter enforcement of laws such as the Companies Act, 2013, which mandates women directors on company boards. Between April 2018 and December 2023, 507 companies were fined for non-compliance, with 90% being listed companies.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of the Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives of empowering women in rural India. (UPSC IAS/2020)