GS Paper: Social Empowerment

Data for better education, a brighter future for students
PYQ Relevance:

Mains:

Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)

Q The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2015)

Mentore comment: The release of the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 in mid-January has once again drawn significant attention, following a tradition dating back to 2005, with exceptions during the COVID-19 years. Among the multitude of insights provided by the report, particular focus has been placed on the foundational skills of 14-18 year olds, which has garnered headlines. While the learning outcomes data raises concerns, it is imperative for practitioners and policymakers to delve deeper into the data to extract actionable insights aimed at enhancing education and overall outcomes for India’s adolescents and youth.

Why in the news?

The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 was released in mid-January this year.

Foundational learning trajectories as per ASER 2023 Beyond Basics survey
- District level Representation: The survey was conducted in 28 rural districts across 26 states, providing insights into the activities, abilities, and aspirations of 14-18 year olds at the district level, though not nationally representative.
- Literacy : Overall, 26% of 14-18 year olds cannot read a standard two level text in their regional language, reflecting concerning literacy levels.
- Distribution of Children without Basic Reading Skills: Among 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, 57% are enrolled in standard 10 or below, while 28% are not enrolled in any educational institution. This suggests a need for targeted interventions and efforts to encourage school attendance.
Challenges in Reading Improvement:
- Many children who struggle with reading may face ridicule and embarrassment, leading to disengagement with reading. The availability of reading materials, including beyond textbooks, is crucial for developing reading habits and abilities.
Children and careers
- Educational Aspirations: More than 60% of surveyed adolescents aim to obtain a college education, with a higher percentage of girls aspiring for higher education compared to boys.
- Work Aspirations: One in five respondents had not seriously considered their future careers. Among those who had, joining the police or defense forces was prominent for boys, while becoming a teacher or doctor was prominent for girls.
- Perceptions of Vocational Education: Vocational education faced negative perceptions in some areas, seen as a fallback option for those unable to secure white-collar jobs. However, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, context-driven vocational courses such as tourism and hotel management gained aspirational value, encouraging students to aspire for related professions with the support of on-the-job training and readily available career information.
Challenges related to careers
- Need for Support and Mentorship: Youth require support, mentorship, and inspiration to evaluate their aspirations, identify alternative prospects, and prepare for their chosen paths.
- Lack of Familiarity with Professions: Nearly half of the surveyed adolescents with work aspirations do not personally know anyone working in their desired profession, indicating a need for greater exposure and guidance.
Digita literacy as per ASER 2023 report
- Smartphone Ownership: Boys in the 14-18 age group are more than twice as likely to own smartphones compared to girls, with 43.7% of males owning smartphones compared to 19.8% of females
- Digital Literacy: Girls are less likely to know how to use smartphones or computers compared to boys, with males outperforming females in tasks like using email, Google Maps, and other digital functions
- Educational Usage: While about two-thirds of youth use smartphones for educational purposes, there is a notable emphasis on entertainment and social media over educational activities, indicating a need to leverage digital technology for educational purposes
- Gender Gaps: The gender gap extends to online safety awareness, with boys being more familiar with safety settings than girls, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address the digital gender divide
Suggestive measures to address the identified issues:
- Improving Foundational Learning: Encourage school attendance by addressing the needs of 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, with a particular emphasis on those not enrolled in any educational institution.
- Role of Community Libraries: Ensure effective management of community libraries and engage committed individuals to cultivate a culture of reading and support readers of all ages and abilities.
- Educational and Career Aspirations: Address the lack of familiarity with professions by offering exposure opportunities and guidance to help youth make informed career choices.
- Digital Literacy and Gender Gaps: Promote educational usage of smartphones by leveraging digital technology for educational purposes and bridging the gender gap in online safety awareness.
- Addressing Vocational Education Perceptions: Encourage context-driven vocational courses that align with local aspirations and provide on-the-job training and career information to support career choices.
Conclusion

To address literacy and career challenges, prioritize targeted interventions to improve educational access and support, enhance digital literacy among girls, promote vocational education, and leverage digital technology for educational purposes, bridging gender gaps.
April 13, 2024

[13 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Intra-group caste variances, equality and the Court’s gaze

PYQ Relevance:

Mains:
1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine (2018)

2. What are the two major legal initiatives by state since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (ST)? (2017)

3. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

Prelims:
Under the Indian Constitution, the Concentration of Wealth violates (2021)
a) the Right to Equality
b) the Directive Principles of State Policy
c) the Right to Freedom
d) the Concept of Welfare

Note4Students:

Mains: Minority sections of the society and their Empowerment; Judiciary; State government;

Prelims: Fundamental rights; Important judgements by SC; State government;

Mentor comments: Recently, the case of ‘State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh’ revolves around the question of whether State governments can make sub-classifications within Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for public employment. The Supreme Court is set to deliver a judgment on this matter, addressing the issue of intra-group variances and the power of States to recognize them. We need to analyze this issue as it is sub-classified SC reservations which are leading to legal challenges and subsequent legislative actions.

Let’s learn.

—

Why in the News?

The SC is set to deliver a judgment on whether State governments can make sub-classifications within SCs and STs, addressing the varying levels of development and discrimination within these groups.

Context:

The ongoing case of State of Punjab v Davinder Singh has brought to light the complexities surrounding sub-classification within reserved categories.
The central question revolves around whether a group within a reserved category can be further sub-classified and granted reservations.
Proponents argue that sub-classification is necessary to ensure adequate representation of the most disadvantaged groups, addressing the issue of backwardness within backwardness.
On the other hand, opponents contend that the existing reservation scheme already ensures adequate representation for historically disadvantaged groups, making sub-classification unnecessary.

JUDICIARY ON SUB-CATEGORIZATION WITHIN RESERVED CATEGORIES:

1) State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh case (1975):

– In 1975, the Government of Punjab issued a circular that reserved 50% of SC seats for Balmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs, leading to legal challenges culminating in the Supreme Court’s involvement.

– The case questions whether sub-classifications are constitutionally permissible within SCs and STs, challenging the notion that these groups are homogenous.

– The debate involves revisiting past judgments like E.V. Chinnaiah vs State of Andhra Pradesh, which prohibited sub-classifications within SCs but recognized such distinctions within Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

2) Indra Sawhney vs Union of India Case (1992):

– The SC cited its judgment which arose out of the Mandal Commission’s report. There, a nine-judge Bench had held that sub-classifications within socially and educationally backward classes (OBCs) for services under the government was permissible.

– The case introduced the concept of the “creamy layer,” excluding affluent sections within backward classes (limited it to not exceed 50%) from reservation benefits.

– The genesis of this debate dates back to 1980 when the Second Backward Classes Committee, chaired by BP Mandal, recommended 27% reservation for OBCs and 22.5% for Scheduled Castes.

3) About E.V. Chinnaiah vs State of Andhra Pradesh Case (2004):

– A five-judge Bench quashed the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalization of Reservations) Act, 2000. The Act was challenged before the High Court and later the Supreme Court, which declared it ‘ultra vires the Constitution’ as it offended Article 341 of the Constitution.

– This provision allows the President of India to notify a list of SCs for each State, and stipulates that the list can only be modified by Parliament.

– The case prohibited sub-classifications within SCs as it was found to violate constitutional provisions but recognized such distinctions within Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It emphasized that SCs and STs are homogeneous groups incapable of further regrouping or classification.

– The Court found that the State government had no power to tinker with the list because it was clear on a bare reading of Article 341 that such authority vested only with Parliament.

What is the difference between a homogenous class and a sub-classification within reserved categories?

A homogenous class refers to a group that is considered uniform or undifferentiated, where all individuals within the group are treated equally.
The Sub-classification within reserved categories involves categorizing a larger group into smaller sub-groups based on specific criteria, allowing for differential treatment or preferences within the overall category.
The distinction lies in how individuals within a larger reserved category are treated – either uniformly as a single homogenous group or with differentiated preferences based on sub-classifications.

What are the arguments for and against sub-classification within reserved categories?

Arguments for Sub-classification:

Ensuring Adequate Representation: Proponents argue that sub-classification is necessary to ensure adequate representation of the most disadvantaged groups within reserved categories.
Tailoring Criteria for Sub-classification: The court needs to tailor criteria for sub-classification to prevent leaving out certain groups while granting benefits to the most backward.
State’s Ability to Identify Backwardness: The states needs to be best positioned to judge the backwardness of communities and should have the authority to create sub-classifications within reserved categories without violating constitutional provisions.

Arguments against Sub-classification:

Presumption of Backwardness: Opponents argue that while there is a presumption of backwardness with Scheduled Castes (SCs), individual castes within SCs cannot be considered separate classes under Article 16(4), suggesting that making laws for specific castes within SC lists could violate Article 16(2).
Violation of Equality Principle: Critics assert that sub-classification would violate the right to equality by treating communities within the category differently, potentially leading to discrimination based on caste, which is prohibited under Article 16(2).
Stigma and Exclusion: Those against sub-classification argue that if certain Scheduled Castes do not receive reservation benefits, they may be left with the stigma of being a Scheduled Caste without access to affirmative action measures, highlighting concerns about exclusion and inequality.

What are the challenges faced by Sub-Classifications within Reserved Categories in India?

Lack of Equal Opportunities: Articles 14 to 16 of the Constitution promises of substantive equality. The absence of sub-classification perpetuates inequality within reserved categories, hinders the framing of appropriate government policies.
Legal and Constitutional Complexities: The states face challenges as they lack legislative competence to create sub-classifications within reserved categories, raising questions about the constitutionality of such measures.
Addressing Backwardness: The issue of “backwardness within backwardness” has been acknowledged, emphasizing the need to address the most disadvantaged communities effectively.

Way Forward

Considering the above challenges, they highlight the complexities and nuances involved in addressing sub-classifications within reserved categories in India. Hence it is necessary to emphasize on careful consideration and legal clarity in policy-making and implementation. The SC’s decision in cases like ‘State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh’ will play a crucial role in shaping affirmative action discourse and addressing issues of social justice within reserved categories

March 13, 2024

[11 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: France’s exceptional women, their imprint on diplomacy

PYQ Relevance:
Mains:
1. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (UPSC CSE 2021)

2. ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC CSE 2018)nt in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? [UPSC CSE 2016]

Note4Students:

Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Women Issues;

Prelims: Women’s rights in the Indian Constitution;

Mentor comments: France became the first country to enshrine the freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy in its Constitution. This decision is rooted in the groundbreaking work of French feminist icon Simone de Beauvoir, who in 1949 published “The Second Sex,” a philosophical work advocating for women’s right to choose and challenging societal norms around motherhood and abortion. Secondly, France’s commitment to women’s rights is reflected in its feminist foreign policy, advocating for gender equality globally. Through this Article, we need to study the collaboration between France and India that holds great potential to further advance women’s rights on a global scale, building on their shared commitments to gender equality and empowerment.

Let’s learn.

—

Why in the News?

On March 4, 2024, France became the first country to enshrine the “freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy” in its Constitution, marking a historic moment that sends a universal message of solidarity to women worldwide.

What is the recent groundbreaking Work on Women’s Rights in France?

Legalization of Abortion in France: The constitutional amendment aims to safeguard abortion access amidst global threats and challenges to reproductive health rights. This step is crucial for ensuring autonomy and informed decision-making regarding sexual and reproductive health care, including abortion.

Women’s right to choose: Simone de Beauvoir (1949), in her “The Second Sex,”(seminal work in feminist philosophy) challenged traditional views of women as solely mothers and caregivers, advocating for women’s right to choose.
Right to abortion: Simone de Beauvoir highlighted the need for free, safe, and legal abortion services to empower women in controlling their destinies. On this background, France recently enshrined the right to abortion in its constitution, a historic move to protect reproductive rights.

What are the major two criticisms and challenges ahead?

Prevalent inequalities: Despite progress, France still faces barriers to abortion care and other women’s rights issues like violence and discrimination.
On setting priorities: The move has sparked debates about the government’s priorities and the actual accessibility of abortion services for all French women.

What other rights are protected by the French constitution?
The French Constitution protects a range of rights beyond the recent inclusion of the right to abortion.

1. Safeguarding individual liberties: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a foundational document in French constitutional history, outlines key rights and principles.
– These include the recognition that all men are born free and equal in rights, with social distinctions based only on public utility.
– The aim of political associations is to preserve the natural and inalienable rights of man, which encompass liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

2. Promoting equality: The French Constitution emphasizes equality before the law for all citizens without distinction and guarantees fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion, and opinion.

3. Ensuring accountability: It establishes the right to property as inviolable unless public necessity requires its deprivation with just compensation.

Additionally, the Constitution ensures that public taxes are equally apportioned among citizens according to their means and that society has the right to hold public agents accountable for their actions.

What is France’s Commitment on feminist foreign policy?

France champions a feminist foreign policy, prioritizing gender equality and women’s rights in its diplomatic efforts.
The country integrates gender perspectives into bilateral relations, development aid, and advocacy at international forums.
France’s co-chairing of the Generation Equality Forum in 2021 underscores its dedication to advancing women’s rights globally.

Impacts of such decisions:

Global Impact and Scenario:
- France’s decision sets a precedent globally, emphasizing the importance of securing reproductive rights as fundamental freedoms.
- The amendment reflects a broader international focus on advancing women’s rights and addressing gender disparities worldwide.
Indian Scenario:
- India has a history of supporting women’s rights internationally, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 5 and participating in initiatives for Gender Equality.
- India’s recent membership in the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women highlights its commitment to promoting gender equality on a global scale.

Conclusion

At a moment when women’s rights are under threat in many regions of the world, this decision also sends out a universal message of solidarity to women across the globe.

Learnings and Collaborative Potential:
- There is significant potential for France and India to collaborate on advancing women’s rights worldwide through joint initiatives and partnerships.
- By leveraging their shared values and commitments to gender equality, France and India can amplify their impact on promoting women’s empowerment and rights internationally.

References

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/frances-exceptional-women-their-imprint-on-diplomacy/article67936231.ece

https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/05/france-protects-abortion-guaranteed-freedom-constitution

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-abortion-right-constitution-international-womens-day-rcna142406

https://www.thecollector.com/simone-de-beauvoir-and-feminism-contributions-and-controversies/

March 11, 2024

A women’s urban employment guarantee act
Why is it in news?
- Reducing gender gaps and increasing women’s empowerment are part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Notwithstanding ethical and constitutional imperatives, there is also evidence suggesting that increasing women’s employment rates can be an engine for economic growth.
What is the issue?
- Despite functioning at a fraction of its intended capacity, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been pivotal in providing financial autonomy to women in rural areas.
- More than half the MGNREGA workforce are women. However, urban realities are different. Social norms, lack of safety, and hostile transportation options are some of the factors inhibiting urban women to enter the workforce.
What data is explaining?
- The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) pegs women’s employment rate in urban areas at 22.9% in the last quarter of 2023. There are clear signs of high unmet demand for employment among urban women.
- First, the unemployment rate in urban areas, which is a measure of how many would like employment (irrespective of whether they are actively seeking it or not), is 9% compared to 4% in rural areas.
- Second, there are two types of unemployment individuals who would like to work and are actively seeking a job versus those who would like to work but may not be actively seeking a job.
- A much larger share of unemployed women in urban areas are seeking employment compared to rural areas. Further, nearly 25% of urban women have completed higher secondary education compared to 5% in rural areas. The low urban employment rates among women also points to wastage of much potential.
- The article presents statistics from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) indicating that approximately 10.18 crore women in urban areas aged 15-59 are out of the workforce. When including those who are self-employed or engaged in casual labor, this number rises to around 11.65 crore.
Introducing the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA)

The proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to address urban unemployment through the implementation of a Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA). This act aims to provide employment opportunities specifically targeted towards women in urban areas.
- Programme Management and Decentralization: The proposal suggests that women should form at least 50% (ideally 100%) of the programme management staff under WUEGA. This approach not only ensures women’s active participation but also strengthens the constitutional mandate of decentralization by involving local communities in decision-making processes.
- Ensuring Accessibility and Supportive Infrastructure: The proposal emphasizes the importance of providing essential worksite facilities, including childcare facilities, to enable women’s participation in the program. It also advocates for the availability of work within a 5-km radius and proposes free public transportation for women to facilitate their commute to worksites.
- Diversifying Employment Opportunities: The proposal highlights the need to diversify urban works to cater to local needs and wider consultation. It mentions existing examples such as plantation and harvesting reeds on floating wetlands and suggests supplementing the list based on local requirements.
- Incentives and Welfare Measures: This section discusses the creation of incentives, such as automatic inclusion in welfare boards, to encourage women’s participation in the program. It proposes utilizing welfare boards to provide maternity entitlements, pensions, and emergency funds for program participants.
- Skill Development and Apprenticeships: The proposal emphasizes the importance of addressing skill gaps among women to facilitate their transition from school to work. It suggests implementing apprenticeship programs for college students from various disciplines, providing them with opportunities to join as program functionaries and improve their job readiness.
- Information Facilitation Centers and Capacity Building: Here, the proposal suggests establishing Information Facilitation Centers at each urban local body, run by women who have completed Class 10, to provide computer training facilities and bridge the gap in skills. It also advocates for regular capacity-building initiatives to empower these centers and enhance women’s job readiness.
- Social Audit and Monitoring Mechanisms: The proposal recommends the establishment of a social audit unit within WUEGA, comprising at least 50% women staff, for independent monitoring of the program. It suggests that social audits could serve as opportunities for women who have completed Class 12 to join part-time or full-time roles and enhance their job readiness through acquiring various skill sets.
Successful Women-Led Initiatives in Waste Management
- The article highlights successful women-led initiatives, such as the end-to-end waste management program in Karnataka’s gram panchayats. It emphasizes that women not only manage waste collection but also drive ‘Swacch’ vehicles, leading to the acquisition of driving licenses and contributing to the success of the initiative.
Wayforward
- The article discusses the financial implications of the proposed program, estimating that the wage component funded by the Union government would cost around 1.5% of the GDP. When adding material and administrative costs, the total cost is expected to be around 2% of the GDP. It advocates for a phased rollout of the scheme with periodic assessments to smoothen costs.
- Here, the article suggests that the proposed women’s employment program could serve as a foundation for a broader urban employment program encompassing both genders. It argues that the benefits of such a program outweigh fiscal concerns and calls for a shift towards ensuring income assurance, especially for women.
March 4, 2024
A manifesto for justice that has sprung from crises
Central Idea:

The article discusses the pressing issues faced by India, including unemployment, social unrest, ecological degradation, and threats to democratic rights. It emphasizes the need for alternative approaches and policies to address these challenges and highlights a People’s Manifesto released by Vikalp Sangam, a platform representing various movements and organizations working towards positive change.

Key Highlights:
- The article outlines the multifaceted crises in India, such as unemployment, ecological collapse, and erosion of democratic rights.
- It introduces Vikalp Sangam, a national platform fostering alternative initiatives for a just, equitable, and sustainable India.
- The People’s Manifesto aims at the 2024 general election and advocates policy shifts in areas like the economy, decentralization, accountability, and social inclusion.
- Practical examples on the Vikalp Sangam website illustrate successful community-driven solutions to challenges like unemployment and rural development.
- The manifesto calls for economic reforms, curbing the black economy, and wealth redistribution through measures like basic income and pension for all workers.
- It addresses concerns about the increasing authoritarianism, calls for decentralization, and the need to protect institutions like the Election Commission and media from political interference.
Key Challenges:
- Resistance to policy changes from established political and economic interests.
- The need for widespread awareness and acceptance of alternative approaches.
- The challenge of implementing grassroots initiatives on a larger scale.
- Overcoming political polarization and ensuring bipartisan support for key manifesto points.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Vikalp Sangam
- People’s Manifesto
- Alternative pathways
- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
- Decentralization
- Black economy
- Basic income
- Environmental impact assessment
- Forest Rights Act
- Climate crisis
Key Quotes/Statements:
- “Hope lies in the many initiatives to resist the forces of destruction and to construct alternative pathways.”
- “The People’s Manifesto for a Just, Equitable and Sustainable India.”
- “In about a decade, Vikalp Sangam has convened over 30 physical assemblies, published 1,500 stories of positive change…”
- “The manifesto demands curbs on the enormous black economy, reduction in the ratio of highest and lowest salaries, greater wealth and inheritance taxation of the rich…”
- “The manifesto urges a national land and water policy that protects important ecological functions…”
Key Examples and References:
- Unemployment protests, Joshimath sinking, dam burst in Sikkim, and conflicts in Manipur.
- Vikalp Sangam’s website with stories of rural revival and positive change.
- Adivasi village, Mendha Lekha in Maharashtra, and Dalit women farmers in Telangana as examples of successful local initiatives.
- Residents’ associations in Bhuj town implementing local decision-making.
Key Facts/Data:
- 85 people’s movements and civil society organizations released the People’s Manifesto.
- Vikalp Sangam has convened over 30 physical assemblies and published 1,500 stories of positive change.
- The manifesto recommends reserving 6% of GDP for education and 3% for health.
- The Vikalp Sangam process compiled hundreds of practical examples of alternative approaches.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively outlines the challenges faced by India and the role of Vikalp Sangam in proposing alternative solutions.
- The manifesto covers a broad spectrum of issues, but the challenge lies in its implementation and acceptance by political authorities.
- The emphasis on community-led solutions and decentralized decision-making aligns with sustainable development principles.
- The article lacks a detailed analysis of potential opposition or criticism to the proposed manifesto.
Way Forward:
- Raise awareness and garner public support for the People’s Manifesto.
- Engage with policymakers and political leaders to incorporate key recommendations into their agendas.
- Strengthen grassroots movements and community-led initiatives.
- Foster collaborations between government, businesses, and civil society to address the highlighted issues.
- Continuously monitor and evaluate the progress of alternative approaches to ensure their effectiveness.
January 11, 2024
Why is Child Marriage still high in West Bengal?
Introduction
- Recent Study Insights: A Lancet study highlights the ongoing challenge of child marriage in India, with significant prevalence in states like West Bengal.
- Focus on Four States: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are noted for their high rates of child marriages, particularly among girls.
Key Findings of the Lancet Study
- Widespread Prevalence: The study reveals that one in five girls in India is married below the legal age, with notable disparities across states.
- Rising Numbers in West Bengal: West Bengal has seen a significant increase in child marriages, with over 500,000 more girls married as children.
Impact of Child Marriage
- Human Rights Violation: Child marriage is recognized as a form of sexual and gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
- Health Consequences: The practice has detrimental effects on maternal and child health, as evidenced by incidents like infant deaths in Murshidabad.
Policy Interventions in West Bengal
- Kanyashree Prakalpa Scheme: A conditional cash transfer scheme aimed at encouraging education and discouraging child marriage among teenage girls.
- Rupashree Prakalpa: A cash incentive scheme for the marriage of girls, which sometimes counteracts the objectives of Kanyashree.
Challenges in Combating Child Marriage
- Educational Strides vs. Child Marriage: Increased school enrollment of girls in West Bengal has not translated into a reduction in child marriage rates.
- Literacy and Child Marriage Correlation: High literacy rates in certain districts have not led to a decrease in child marriage, indicating complex underlying factors.
- Migration and Social Norms: Migration patterns and social norms contribute to the persistence of child marriage, with families marrying off daughters before migrating for work.
Implementation of Laws and Regulations
- Inadequate Law Enforcement: Despite existing laws like The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, enforcement remains weak in West Bengal compared to other states.
- Proposed Amendments: Efforts to raise the legal age of marriage for women to 21 years are underway, with the bill referred to a Parliamentary Standing Committee.
Looking Ahead: Strategies for Change
- Need for Comprehensive Approach: Addressing child marriage requires a multi-faceted approach involving panchayats, schools, local communities, and political will.
- District Action Plans: The West Bengal government’s call for district action plans is a step forward, but effective implementation and social campaigns are crucial.
- Enforcing Laws and Raising Awareness: Strengthening law enforcement and raising public awareness are key to reducing child marriage rates in West Bengal and across India.
Conclusion
- Persistent Challenge: Despite policy efforts, child marriage remains a significant issue in India, particularly in states like West Bengal.
- Balancing Incentives and Enforcement: While schemes like Kanyashree and Rupashree aim to address the issue, balancing incentives with strict law enforcement is essential.
- Collaborative Efforts for Change: A collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, along with a strong political commitment, is necessary to effectively combat child marriage and protect the rights of young girls.
January 8, 2024
The Ambedkar touch in rethinking social justice policies
Central idea

The article highlights the contrast between Babasaheb Ambedkar’s vision for inclusive post-colonial India and the current erosion of state support for Dalits and Adivasis under neo-liberalism. It calls for a redefined social justice framework aligned with Ambedkar’s principles, emphasizing inclusive integration into the economic order for marginalized groups.

Key Highlights:
- Democracy’s Vision: Modern democracy aspires to social harmony and reforms, especially for historically marginalized groups like Dalits and Adivasis.
- Ambedkar’s Vision: Babasaheb Ambedkar envisioned post-colonial India as distinct, ensuring equal opportunities for all communities in economic and political development.
- Neo-liberal Impact: Neo-liberal economic development has disrupted traditional support for Dalits and Adivasis from state institutions.
Key Challenges:
- Elite Dominance: Various sectors witness the dominance of social elites, perpetuating the control of the conventional ruling class.
- Tokenistic Representation: Socially marginalized groups experience tokenistic representation in power and privileges.
- Neglect in Neo-liberalism: Concerns of Dalits and Adivasis are neglected in the neo-liberal economic model.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Neo-liberal Economic Development
- Social Justice Policies
- Tokenistic Presence
- Exploitative Brahmanical Past
- Market Economy
- Crony Capitalist Mode
- Economic Order
- Pluralist and Cooperative Mode
Key Quotes:
- “With the ascent of neo-liberal economic development, the conventional support that Dalits and Adivasis have received from state institutions has derailed.”
- “It is an appropriate time to imagine how the worst-off social groups can become an integral and substantive part of the new economic order.”
Key Statements:
- Neo-liberal Market Critique: The neo-liberal market is alien to ethical values, celebrating the exclusive control of a few corporate bodies and businessmen.
- State’s Role: The state, in the neo-liberal realm, has become a passive associate of big business, deviating from its social responsibilities.
Key Examples and References:
- Ambedkar’s Principles: Reference to Babasaheb Ambedkar’s principles of social justice.
- Neo-liberal Impact: Mention of the neglect of Dalit and Adivasi concerns in the neo-liberal economic model.
Key Facts and Data:
- Impact on Support: Decline in traditional support for Dalits and Adivasis with the rise of neo-liberal economic development.
- Tokenistic Representation: Socially marginalized groups experience tokenistic representation in positions of power.
Critical Analysis:
- Neo-liberal Evaluation: Assessing the impact of the neo-liberal economic model on social justice policies and the neglect of marginalized groups.
- Ambedkar’s Vision: Evaluating Ambedkar’s vision as a corrective measure for making institutions more democratic and representative.
Way Forward:
- Policy Expansion: Expansion of social justice policies to the private economy for democratizing working classes and reducing poverty.
- Inclusive Integration: Integration of Dalits and Adivasis as influential contributors to the market economy.
- Affirmative Action: Adoption of affirmative action policies to empower Dalit and Adivasi groups as industrialists, market leaders, and influencers.
- Redefining Capitalism: Redefinition of capitalism as a pluralist and cooperative mode ensuring substantive participation of marginalized groups.
December 6, 2023
No, one Centre of Excellence in Transgender Care is not enough
Central idea

The article discusses AIIMS’ initiative to establish a Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare, addressing historical discrimination and legal recognition challenges. It explores legislative milestones, emphasizing comprehensive healthcare for the transgender community.

Key Highlights:

AIIMS’ Vision for Transgender Healthcare: AIIMS, New Delhi, plans a Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare in 2024, aiming to address historical discrimination and marginalization.

Legal Recognition Milestone: Legal recognition for transgender people initiated with the NALSA v Union of India (2014) judgment, endorsing their fundamental rights.

Legislative Emphasis on Healthcare: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019) and Transgender Persons Rules, 2020 emphasize holistic healthcare, sensitivity training, and equal opportunities for the community.

Key Challenges:

Structural Barriers: Transgender community faces obstacles like exclusionary infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare workers, and limited availability of gender-affirming services.

Coercive Surgery Mandate: The Transgender Act mandates surgery for legal recognition, contradicting the NALSA judgment against insisting on sex reassignment surgery.

Government Healthcare Limitations: Primary and secondary healthcare lack transgender-inclusive services, relying on tertiary institutes and private providers for gender-affirming procedures.

Key Terms/Phrases:

Conversion therapy, transgender rights, sex reassignment surgery, gender-affirming services.

Fundamental rights, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, legal recognition.

Transgender-inclusive wards, equal opportunity policy, Centres of Excellence, Centres of Inclusion.

Key Quotes/Statements:

“Transgender people have been historically discriminated against and marginalised — pathologised and labelled mentally diseased.”

“Transgender people are legally guaranteed equal access to healthcare. Yet, it is denied.”

“The plan to open a Centre of Excellence at AIIMS-Delhi is a welcome step but should not be considered a panacea for all ills.”

Key Examples/References:

NALSA v Union of India (2014): Legal recognition and endorsement of fundamental rights for transgender people.

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019) and Transgender Persons Rules, 2020: Legislation emphasizing comprehensive healthcare and inclusivity.

AIIMS-Delhi’s Centre of Excellence: An initiative to address healthcare needs of the transgender community.

Key Facts/Data:

Legal recognition for transgender people in India began with the NALSA judgment in 2014.

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act enacted in 2019.

Transgender Persons Rules, 2020 outlined guidelines for transgender-inclusive healthcare.

Critical Analysis:

Misplaced Focus on Coercive Surgery: Contradiction with the NALSA judgment raises concerns about legal recognition.

Limited Government Initiatives: Transgender individuals often rely on private providers and tertiary institutes due to inadequate government support.

AIIMS-Delhi Initiative’s Positive Impact: While a positive step, challenges persist in ensuring comprehensive transgender healthcare across India.

Way Forward:

Curriculum Revision: Revise the medical curriculum to cater to the needs of gender-diverse people.

Inclusive Services: Ensure transgender-inclusive services in all government medical colleges and hospitals.

Prioritize Centers of Inclusion: Advocate for Centers of Inclusion providing essential healthcare at grassroots levels over Centers of Excellence at premier institutes.

Legal Recognition Advocacy: Advocate for legal recognition without coercive surgery, aligning with the NALSA judgment.
December 5, 2023
India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’
Central idea

The central idea underscores the need for a bottom-up approach, private sector engagement, and innovative models like the SPARK project to bring about attitudinal shifts, economic opportunities, and social recognition for persons with disabilities, ultimately fostering a more equitable and inclusive global development agenda.

Key Highlights:
- Disability Intersectionality: Disability intersects with social, economic, and gender vulnerabilities, necessitating comprehensive consideration for equitable action.
- Global Disability Statistics: Globally, 1.3 billion people live with disabilities, with 80% in developing countries and 70% residing in rural areas.
- Exclusionary Systems: Current systems designed for non-disabled persons lead to exclusion, resulting in higher instances of poverty, limited education access, and social discrimination for people with disabilities.
- Importance of Language: The distinction between “for” and “by” in disability inclusion is crucial. Inclusion should involve persons with disabilities in the process, not just for them.
- Economic Impact: Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the economy could boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, emphasizing the economic benefits of inclusion.
- Employment Scenario: Current employment scenarios limit job opportunities for persons with disabilities, contradicting the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
- Rural Challenges: Persons with disabilities in rural areas face heightened challenges, including limited access to education, employment, and exclusion from developmental schemes.
- UDID Card and Government Schemes: In India, UDID cards and various government schemes exist for persons with disabilities, emphasizing the need for awareness and last-mile connectivity of benefits.
- SPARK Project: The ILO and IFAD’s SPARK project focuses on disability inclusion in rural areas, with Disability Inclusion Facilitators (DIFs) leading awareness and engagement efforts.
Key Challenges:
- Awareness and Accessibility: Limited awareness and accessibility to government benefits for persons with disabilities, particularly in rural areas.
- Societal Perception: Persons with disabilities often face societal perceptions that view them as objects of charity rather than active participants in decision-making processes.
- Climate Calamities: Rural areas with high agricultural dependence face increased risks from climate calamities, further impacting persons with disabilities.
- Private Sector Engagement: While a robust legal framework exists, greater engagement with the private sector is crucial for promoting the employment of persons with disabilities.
Key Quotes:
- “For is often used when a person is receiving something and By is to identify the agent performing an action.”
- “Disability inclusion is rooted in assuring the rights of persons with disabilities and recognizing the economic benefits of inclusion.”
- “It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritized at the center of the global development agenda.”
Key Terms:
- Intersectionality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as disability, gender, and economic status, which creates overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
- UDID Card: Unique ID for persons with disabilities, a card established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) in India.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.
- Disability Inclusion Facilitators (DIFs): Individuals trained to engage with communities, raise awareness, and identify barriers to inclusion for persons with disabilities.
Key Phrases:
- Economic Consequences of Exclusion: Refers to the impact on the global GDP when excluding persons with disabilities from the workforce, as highlighted in the ILO study.
- Last-Mile Connectivity: Ensuring the final leg of delivery or accessibility of government benefits to the remotest areas, especially in the context of persons with disabilities.
- Social Development Dimension: Viewing disability inclusion not only as a matter of rights but also as a crucial aspect of social development.
Key Statements:
- “Disability as an identity and entity exists at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities — social, economic, and gender — with each facet requiring careful consideration when conceptualizing action for equity.”
- “The inclusion of persons with disabilities into the economy can help boost global GDP between 3% to 7%, as per the study by the International Labour Organization.”
- “It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritized at the center of the global development agenda.”
Key Examples and References:
- The SPARK Project: Implemented by the ILO and IFAD, the SPARK project in Maharashtra demonstrates successful inclusion efforts led by persons with disabilities.
- International Labour Organization (ILO): Referenced for its study on the economic consequences of excluding persons with disabilities from the workforce.
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016): Legislation in India that includes provisions for UDID cards and various schemes for persons with disabilities.
Key Facts:
- Global Disability Statistics: Approximately 1.3 billion people globally live with some form of disability, with 80% residing in developing countries.
- Rural Challenges: In India, 70% of persons with disabilities live in rural areas, facing greater challenges in accessing education and employment opportunities.
- Economic Impact: Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the workforce could boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, according to the ILO study.
Key Data:
- Percentage of Global Population with Disabilities: 1.3 billion people, equivalent to nearly the entire population of India.
- Percentage of Persons with Disabilities in Developing Countries: 80%, with 70% residing in rural areas.
- Impact on Global GDP: Inclusion of persons with disabilities can boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, according to the ILO.
Critical Analysis:
- Bi-Directional Link: Evidence shows a connection between disability, poverty, nutrition, and hunger, emphasizing the need for inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
- Societal Perceptions: Persons with disabilities often face societal perceptions that view them as objects of charity rather than active participants in decision-making processes.
- Private Sector Engagement: The importance of engaging the private sector and building confidence in hiring workers with disabilities is highlighted.
Way Forward:

Prioritize the voices and needs of persons with disabilities at the core of the global development agenda for genuine inclusion and social justice. This involves awareness, engagement, and a bottom-up approach to disability inclusion, especially in rural areas.
December 4, 2023
Social justice, sexual education, the need of our times
Central idea

In India, caste and gender issues affect students, leading to conflicts. Education, crucial for democracy, breaks down these barriers by promoting empathy and critical thinking. Additionally, sexual education in schools aims to transform relationships by fostering respect, consent, and understanding of diverse identities.

Key Highlights:

Intersectionality Challenges: Caste and gender intersections pose challenges for adolescents in Indian schools.

Media Reports Impact: Media reports highlight caste conflicts and consensual relationships, leading to legal consequences.

Educational Imperatives: Education for social change and sexuality is crucial for fostering critical thinking and creating a healthy society.

Key Challenges:

Structural Hurdles: Hierarchical societal structures hinder the establishment of well-functioning democratic institutions.

Cultural Emphasis: Emphasis on racial purity and cultural values perpetuates dominance by the majority/powerful.

Educational Gaps: Lack of faith in social justice education results in teacher absenteeism, blame on children, and physical abuse.

Key Terms:

Intersectonality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as caste and gender.

Affirmative Action: Policies promoting equal opportunities, especially for depressed communities.

Empathetic Understanding: Developing the ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

Socratic Active Learning: Engaging students in dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.

Social Constructs of Gender: Societal perceptions and expectations related to gender roles.

Consent and Personal Boundaries: Respect for mutual agreement and individual limits in interpersonal relationships.

Key Phrases for quality mains answers:

“Education for democracy requires critical thinking about one’s own life.”

“Children learn that self-help and seeking help are not signs of weakness.”

“Recognition of vulnerability is crucial for attaining social justice.”

“Sexual education prepares students to respect gender identities and interpersonal relationships.”

“Empathetic understanding and accommodation of differences are essential for a healthy democratic society.”

Key Examples and References:

Legal Recognition: Calcutta High Court’s judgment on children’s right to access sexual education.

Government Initiatives: The Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health Strategy (ARSH) and the National Adolescent Health Programme (RKSK).

Key Facts:

Impactful Research: Sexual education delays the first sexual intercourse, reduces frequency, and curbs risky behavior.

Government Action: Tamil Nadu’s committee, chaired by Justice K. Chandru, addressing discriminations in schools and colleges.

Critical Analysis:

Educational Imperatives: Emphasizes the importance of social justice education in addressing societal cleavages.

Empowering Teachers: Highlights the role of education in fostering empathy, critical thinking, and challenging societal norms.

Government Role: Recognizes the need for government support in implementing sexual education for a comprehensive curriculum.

Way Forward:

Advocacy for Inclusive Education: Promote comprehensive social justice education to address caste and gender-based conflicts.

Teacher Empowerment: Advocate for teacher training to instill faith in social justice education and create a supportive learning environment.

Urgent Implementation: Stress the urgent need for implementing sexual education in schools with a focus on consent, gender respect, and prevention of abuse.
November 30, 2023