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  • How can a Juvenile be tried as an Adult in Court?

    Central idea: In this article, we will discuss the process of trying juveniles in the age group of 16-18 as adults in court and the responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board.

    About Juvenile Justice Act, 2015

    Description
    Purpose To provide for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection, and for the adjudication of delinquent juveniles accused of committing an offence.
    Age group covered Act covers children up to the age of 18 years.
    Categories of offences Offences committed by children are categorised into petty offences, serious offences, and heinous offences.
    Trial of children as adults For the first time, the Act provided for trying juveniles in the age group of 16-18 as adults in cases of heinous offences.
    Role of Juvenile Justice Board The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is responsible for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection, and for the adjudication of delinquent juveniles accused of committing an offence.
    Role of Child Welfare Committee Child Welfare Committee (CWC) is responsible for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need of care and protection.
    Prohibition of disclosing identity Act prohibits the disclosure of the identity of a child in conflict with the law and mandates that the child be dealt with in a child-friendly manner.
    Monitoring and review National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) is responsible for monitoring the proper implementation of the provisions of the Act, and conducting reviews and evaluations.

     

    Issues with Juvenile’s trial

    There are several issues with the trial of juveniles as adults. Here are some of them:

    • Latent consequences: Juveniles are generally not mature enough to understand the consequences of their actions fully. Trying them as adults can lead to disproportionate sentences and undue punishment.
    • Losing scope for rehabilitation: Young offenders have a higher potential for rehabilitation and reform than adult offenders. Trying them as adults can limit their chances of being reformed and reintegrated into society.
    • Issue in legal representation: Juveniles may not have access to legal representation or may not understand their rights. Trying them as adults can result in unfair trials and convictions.
    • Impact on mental health: Being tried as an adult can have a severe impact on a juvenile’s mental health and well-being. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and trauma.
    • Stigma and discrimination: Juveniles who are tried as adults may face stigma and discrimination throughout their lives, affecting their ability to secure jobs, education, and housing.

    NCPCR lays guidelines for juvenile’s trial

    • The National Commission for Protection of Children (NCPCR) has issued guidelines for conducting a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB).
    • This has been done under Section 15 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, to ascertain whether a juvenile can be tried as an adult.
    • For the first time, the Act has provided for trying juveniles as adults in cases of heinous offences.

    Stipulated categories of offences

    • The Juvenile Justice Act categorizes offences committed by children into three categories –
    1. Petty offences
    2. Serious offences
    3. Heinous offences
    • Section 15 of the Juvenile Justice Act states that a preliminary assessment should be conducted by the Board in cases where a child above the age of 16 is alleged to have committed a heinous offence.
    • The assessment should focus on the child’s mental and physical capacity to commit the offence.
    • It should also consider the child’s ability to understand the consequences of the offence and the circumstances in which it was committed.

    Responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board

    • Assessment of the offender child: The Act directs that the Board shall consider the mental and physical capacity of the child for committing the alleged offence, the ability to understand the consequences of the offence, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed.
    • Psychological ‘trial’: It states that the Board can take the assistance of experienced psychologists or psychosocial workers or other experts. The Act also gives a disclaimer that the assessment is not a trial, but is only to assess the capacity of the child to commit and understand the consequences of the alleged offence.
    • Arriving at conclusion: After the assessment, the Board can pass an order saying there is a need to try the said child as an adult and transfer the case to a children’s court with the relevant jurisdiction.
    • Penalty: If tried as a minor, the child could be sent to a special home for a maximum of three years. If tried as an adult, the child can be sentenced to a jail term, except being sentenced to death or life imprisonment without the possibility of release.

    What is the preliminary assessment process?

    • The Social Investigation Report (SIR) is prepared by a probation officer, child welfare officer, or any social worker, and the Social Background Report (SBR) is prepared after interacting with the child or child’s family.
    • During the preliminary assessment, the Board and experts analyze and consider these reports.
    • If the Board decides that a child should be tried as an adult after the preliminary assessment, the case may be transferred to the Children’s Court with jurisdiction to try such offences.

    Issues in implementation

    • The major issue remains the implementation and absorption of these principles in the system, particularly to be followed by the JJB and the Children’s Court.
    • A lot of principles which have been made a part of the Act have not been given due prominence by the Board as well as by the Children’s Court.

    Conclusion

    • The NCPCR is under a statutory obligation under Section 109 of the JJ Act, 2015 to monitor the proper implementation of the provisions of the Act.
    • The guidelines have been made to remove any ambiguity and to clarify the steps that need to be followed while conducting the preliminary assessment.

     

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  • Horizontal Reservation: Movement of Dalit Trans People

    Horizontal Reservation

    Central Idea

    • Recently, many trans rights activists from The Trans Rights Now Collective, who were peacefully protesting to demand horizontal reservation for transgender people, were detained by the Tamil Nadu police. In Tamil Nadu and in many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people who are struggling with transphobia and casteism in educational institutions, workplaces, and larger ecosystems of education and employability.

    What is vertical reservation?

    • Fixed Percentage reservation: Vertical reservation is a policy of reserving a percentage of government jobs and educational seats for individuals from socially and economically disadvantaged communities or categories such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It aims to address historical injustices and create equal opportunities for all sections of society.
    • For example: if the Scheduled Caste population in a particular state is 15%, then 15% of the available seats or positions in educational institutions and government jobs in that state will be reserved for SC candidates. This ensures that members of historically oppressed and marginalized communities have greater access to opportunities for education and employment, and helps to address the inequalities that exist due to caste-based discrimination.

    What is Horizontal reservation?

    • Horizontal reservation is a type of affirmative action approach that supplements vertical reservation in India. Horizontal reservation recognizes that individuals from marginalized communities also face multiple layers of discrimination and seeks to provide additional reservation opportunities for them.
    • It involves providing reservations for various intersectional identities such as women, persons with disabilities, and transgender persons within each of the vertical reservation categories.
    • For example, a Dalit woman could access vertical reservation under the SC category, but through horizontal reservation, she could also access reservations for women. Both vertical and horizontal reservations would equally affect her social location.

    Facts for prelims: Horizontal reservation v/s Vertical reservation

    Horizontal Reservation

    Vertical Reservation
    An intersectional approach that is provided for within each vertical reservation category Reservation for specific marginalized communities, such as SC/ST/OBC
    Example: A Dalit woman can access vertical reservation under the SC category, whereas through horizontal reservation she will be able to access reservations for women as well Example: A Dalit person can access reservation under the SC category
    Intended to provide opportunities for people who face multiple forms of marginalization Intended to provide opportunities for specific marginalized communities
    Provides for a more nuanced approach to reservation that takes into account intersectional identities and experiences Provides for reservations for specific communities based on historical injustice and social exclusion
    Allows for better representation of people from diverse backgrounds in public institutions and workplaces Helps to address inequality and improve access to resources and opportunities for specific marginalized communities
    Currently not implemented consistently across all states in India Implemented consistently across all states in India
    Has been demanded for transgender persons in government jobs and education to address caste and gender-based marginalization Has been in place in India since independence and has been expanded over time to include more communities
    Example: Karnataka became the first and only state in India to reserve jobs in public employment for transgender persons through horizontal reservation in 2021 Example: In Tamil Nadu, reservations are provided for SC/ST/OBC communities

    Challenges with Vertical Reservation System?

    • Dominance of creamy layer: The benefits of reservation are often enjoyed by the creamy layer or the affluent members of reserved categories who are not in need of affirmative action. This leads to further marginalization of the truly underprivileged members of these communities.
    • Limited benefits: Vertical reservation benefits are limited to only a particular category of people, leaving out those who may also be disadvantaged due to other factors such as gender, disability, sexual orientation, etc.
    • Stigmatization: The reservation system has led to stigmatization and discrimination against members of reserved categories, with many being perceived as less competent or deserving of their position.
    • Political exploitation: Reservation policies are often used for political gain rather than social justice, with political parties making false promises and manipulating the system to gain votes.
    • Lack of representation: Reservation policies have not led to adequate representation of marginalized communities in decision-making positions, as many still face discrimination and bias in these spaces.
    • Inadequate infrastructure and resources: Reservation policies have not been accompanied by adequate infrastructure and resources for marginalized communities to access opportunities, leading to further marginalization.
    • Conflict among marginalized communities: The current vertical reservation system creates a hierarchy among marginalized communities, with some having greater access to opportunities than others. This has led to conflict and tension among different communities.

    Challenges with Horizontal reservation System?

    • Opposition from dominant castes: Horizontal reservation is often met with resistance from dominant castes and communities who feel that it is unfair and takes away opportunities from them. This can lead to political backlash and opposition to the implementation of such policies.
    • Identification and classification: Another challenge is the identification and classification of individuals who qualify for horizontal reservation. For example, in the case of transgender individuals, there is a lack of clarity on who qualifies as transgender and how to identify them. This can lead to confusion and disputes over who is eligible for reservation benefits.
    • Administrative challenges: Implementing horizontal reservation policies can be administratively complex, especially in larger organizations and government agencies. There may be challenges in tracking and monitoring the implementation of such policies, and ensuring that they are being applied fairly and consistently.
    • Stigma and discrimination: Horizontal reservation policies may also be stigmatizing for some individuals, as they may feel that they are being singled out or labeled based on their identity. This can create additional barriers to social inclusion and participation, and may make it more difficult for individuals to access opportunities.
    • Limited scope: Horizontal reservation policies are often implemented in specific sectors or areas, such as education or public employment. This means that individuals from marginalized groups may still face discrimination and exclusion in other areas of society, such as housing or healthcare.

    Horizontal Reservation

    Value Addition Box form Civilsdaily

    Did you know: NALSA Judgement?

    • NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) judgment of 2014 is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that recognized the legal recognition of the third gender in India.
    • It directed the central and state governments to legally recognize the transgender community as a third gender and to ensure that they have access to the same rights and protections as other citizens of the country.
    • The judgment also recognized the right of transgender persons to self-identification and directed the government to provide reservations for transgender people in education and employment.
    • This judgment was a significant step towards ensuring the rights and protections of transgender people in India.

    The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

    • The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 is a law enacted by the Parliament of India for the protection of rights of transgender persons and their welfare.
    • The Act defines a transgender person as someone whose gender does not match the gender assigned to them at birth.
    • The Act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons in areas such as education, employment, healthcare, and housing, and recognizes their right to self-perceived gender identity.

    Horizontal Reservation

    What are the policy gaps and ambiguities?

    • The policy gaps and ambiguities that exist, which often used by the courts to refuse horizontal reservation for trans people and instead offer vertical reservation.
    • The judiciary’s easy solution of putting all trans people in OBC categories is restrictive and does not allow trans people who belong to SC/ST categories to claim their right to reservation under both categories.
    • The homogenous understanding of the trans community underplays the caste realities and marginalisations that many trans people come from and how it further hinders their social mobility.

    Horizontal Reservation

    Way ahead

    • There is a need to recognize the intersectionality of identities and provide horizontal reservation for marginalized communities, including transgender people of Dalit, Bahujan, and Adivasi (DBA) backgrounds.
    • State governments and the judiciary need to take a more proactive approach to address the policy gaps and ambiguities about the reservation for trans people.
    • More awareness and education are needed to understand the complexities of caste and gender identity and their impact on social mobility.
    • More research and data collection are needed to understand the challenges faced by trans people from DBA backgrounds and to develop effective solutions to address their unique needs.
    • Ultimately, the goal should be to create a more inclusive and equitable society that recognizes and celebrates the diversity of all its citizens, regardless of their gender identity or caste background.

    Conclusion

    • The movement for horizontal reservation is not only about a Dalit-trans issue; it is cross-cutting and a living testimonial of how certain sections of people are repeatedly forced into the margins. There is need for horizontal reservation to assert that transgender people have an equal stake in this nation’s citizenship and public resources.

    Mains question

    Q. In many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people. In this light explain what is horizontal reservation system and discuss the challenges associated with its implementation.

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  • Assam- Arunachal Pradesh Border Dispute

    • assam

    Central idea

    • Ahave had a long-standing border dispute over 123 villages that are located in 12 districts of Arunachal and 8 districts of Assam.
    • On April 21, 2022, an MoU was signed between the two states to resolve the dispute.

    Genesis of the dispute

    • The border dispute between Arunachal Pradesh and Assam has around 1,200 points of conflict along their 804 km boundary, which began in the 1970s and intensified in the 1990s.
    • The issue goes back to 1873 when the British government introduced the inner-line permit, vaguely separating the plains from the frontier hills.
    • In 1954, the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was formed, and 3,648 sq. km of the “plain” area of Balipara and Sadiya foothills was transferred to the Darrang and Lakhimpur districts of Assam based on the 1951 report.
    • Arunachal has been celebrating its statehood with an eye on China since 1987, and its people living in the transferred patches have been resentful, claiming that the transfer was done arbitrarily.
    • However, their counterparts in Assam say the 1951 demarcation is constitutional and legal.

    Past efforts to resolve the border issue

    • Several efforts were made in the past to resolve the border dispute between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • In 1979, a high-powered tripartite committee was constituted to delineate the boundary, and around 489 km of the 800 km were demarcated by 1983-84.
    • Further demarcation could not take place because Arunachal Pradesh did not accept the recommendations.
    • The apex court appointed a local boundary commission in 2006 to resolve the dispute. However, nothing came of it.

    Process leading up to the signing of the MoU

    • Assam CM and Arunachal CM commenced CM-level talks over the border issue on January 24, 2022.
    • In their second meeting on April 20, 2022, they made key decisions.
    • The border issues between both the states would be confined to a list of 123 villages which Arunachal Pradesh had claimed before the Local Commission in 2007.
    • A boundary line delineated by the high-powered tripartite committee in 1980 would be taken as the notified boundary, and all realignment would be done in relation to it.
    • Both states would set up 12 regional committees covering the 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh and the 8 counterpart districts of Assam for joint verification of the 123 villages.

    Extent to which the issue has been resolved

    • The MoU has resolved the dispute over 34 villages.
    • The village boundaries of 49 of the remaining villages are unresolved.
    • The MoU states that in these, the Regional Committees will finalize the boundaries within a period of six months “through continuous dialogue.”

     

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  • The Caste Census and Mandal Politics: Analysis

    Caste Census

    Central Idea

    • The demand for a caste-based census in India has once again brought Mandal politics to the forefront. Mandal politics has succeeded in capturing political power in large parts of India and has shifted the political discourse towards a universal acceptance of OBC reservations. However, the movement has weakened in recent years, and the demand for a caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse.

    What do you understand by mean Mandal Politics?

    • Mandal politics refers to a political movement initiated by historically marginalized Other Backward Classes (OBCs) or Bahujan caste groups in India in the late 1980s and 1990s.
    • The movement sought to secure a greater share of political and economic power through reservation in the public sector for the OBCs who had been historically excluded from such opportunities.
    • The movement derived its name from the Mandal Commission, a committee appointed by the Indian government in 1979 to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India and recommend measures for their advancement.
    • The Mandal Commission report in 1980 recommended that 27% of jobs in the public sector be reserved for OBCs, a recommendation that was later implemented by the Indian government in 1990.

    The outcomes of Mandal politics

    Positive outcomes:

    • Increased representation: One of the main positive outcomes of Mandal politics is the increased representation of OBCs and other marginalized groups in the political sphere. This has led to greater inclusivity and diversity in government and a more balanced distribution of power.
    • Reservation policies: Mandal politics has also led to the introduction and expansion of reservation policies, which aim to provide equal opportunities to marginalized groups in education and employment.
    • Recognition of social justice: Mandal politics has brought the issue of social justice to the forefront of political discourse and has highlighted the need for policies that address historic discrimination and disadvantage.

    Negative outcomes:

    • Caste-based politics: One of the negative outcomes of Mandal politics is the perpetuation of caste-based politics. This has led to the further entrenchment of caste divisions and has hindered the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian society.
    • Polarization and conflict: Mandal politics has also led to polarization and conflict between different caste groups, as each group seeks to secure its own interests.
    • Resentment and backlash: The policies introduced by Mandal politics have also led to resentment and backlash from certain upper-caste groups, who view the policies as discriminatory and unjust. This has sometimes led to violent protests and social unrest.

    What is Caste Census?

    • A caste census is basically the counting of people belonging to different castes in a particular marked area.
    • With this two-phase exercise, the Bihar government will try to get numbers of people belonging to SC, ST, and OBC communities and their financial status among other important things.
    • The exercise is termed ‘Jaati Aadharit Ganana’. People belonging to every religion and caste will be covered during the exercise.

    Arguments for caste census

    • Enumerating the marginalized: A caste census would actually bring to the particular the number of people who are at the margins, or who are deprived, or the kind of occupations they pursue, or the kind of hold that institutions like caste have on them. The caste census opens up to enumerating Dalits who are not Hindus, such as Dalit Christians and Muslims.
    • Data for Policymaking: This information is absolutely necessary for any democratic policymaking. The census will be able to answer real public policy questions and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies.
    • Judicial backing: The courts in India have often emphatically said that it is important to have adequate data with regard to the reservation.
    • Caste offers privilege: Caste is not only a source of disadvantage; it is also a very important source of privilege and advantage in our society.
    • Rids away caste rigidities: Counting of caste doesn’t necessarily perpetuate caste or the caste system. Myths of caste elitisms can be debunked through a caste census.

    Arguments against caste census

    • 50% breach of reservation cap: It is argued that a Socio-Economic Caste Census is the only way to make a case to breach the 50% cap on reservation and rationalize the reservation matrix in the country.
    • Caste within Caste: Given the differences in caste hierarchies across various regions of the country, a comparative reading along with generating a common hierarchy may be a challenge.
    • Caste over occupation linked predicaments: Caste linked deprivation or adversity may not be as common as occupation linked predicaments, which become easier to compare across states/regions.
    • Anonymity and bias: An intimate and personalised attribute like caste may have its differential exposition between urban and rural residents. Urban residents’ need for anonymity can always bias the reporting on caste.
    • Identity crisis: Recognition and adherence to caste identity is to a large extent shaped by progressive ideals, cosmopolitanism and education, which has its own regional divide in the country between the north and the south.
    • Hurdle to casteless society: The idea of a national caste census is abhorrent when the stated policy is to strive for a casteless society.

    The Impact of a Caste Census: Analysis In brief

    Positive impact

    • Accurate data: A caste census can provide accurate data on the caste demographics of India, which is necessary for effective policy-making and affirmative action programs.
    • Better targeting of government policies: The data from a caste census can help the government target policies and programs more effectively towards the marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society.
    • Improved representation: A caste census can help improve representation of underrepresented castes in government bodies and institutions.
    • Empowerment of marginalized communities: A caste census can help empower marginalized communities by giving them a voice and recognition in the political and social systems.

    Negative impact

    • Polarization: A caste census can lead to polarization and tensions between different castes, especially if the data is used to allocate resources or benefits based on caste.
    • Stigma and discrimination: There is a risk that the caste census data can be used to further stigmatize and discriminate against marginalized communities.
    • Misuse of data: The data from a caste census can be misused by politicians and other groups to further their own agendas, leading to potential conflicts and social unrest.
    • Privacy concerns: Some people may be hesitant to disclose their caste, leading to concerns about privacy and data protection.

    Conclusion

    • The caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies. However, the demand for a caste census is a double-edged sword that may create conflicts and shift the discourse from historical injustices to distribution. The Mandal movement faces challenges but remains relevant in the ongoing struggle for social justice.

  • Tuberculosis (TB) Should No Longer Exists in the 21st Century: India can lead the way

    TB

    Central Idea

    • At the One World TB Summit in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on March 24, 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response, with innovation and research being central drivers of change. This is a critical step as India and the world look to redefine their TB elimination response. India’s recent progress in TB control efforts and COVID-19 response provides a good reflection point, which offers lessons to address the challenges faced in the fight against TB.

    India’s Progress in TB Control Efforts

    • Expanded reach and improved detection measures: India’s National TB Elimination Programme has introduced several measures to find, notify, and treat TB cases, resulting in expanded reach and improved detection measures. As a result, the number of TB case notifications has significantly increased, rising from 15.6 lakh in 2014 to over 24 lakh in 2022.
    • Innovative approaches: India has adopted innovative approaches to TB management, including engagement with the private sector, launch of social support provisions, and introduction of diagnostic tools and new drug regimens. These measures have improved TB management in the country.
    • Increased investment in health research and development: India has recognized the importance of investing in health research and development, especially in recent years. The Mission COVID Suraksha programme to develop vaccines was a good example of a public-private partnership, with clear goals and outcomes. The country has also established centres of excellence, which will facilitate collaboration between Indian Council of Medical Research laboratories and the private sector.
    • Expansion of diagnostic tools: India has been working on expanding access to diagnostic tools for TB. Innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays, and handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals.
    • Introduction of new therapeutic molecules: India has been investing in the development and introduction of new therapeutic molecules for TB treatment. Shorter, safer, and more effective regimens, such as the 1HP regimen for latent TB infections, the four-month regimen (HPZM) for drug-susceptible TB, and the six-month regimen (BPaL/M) for drug-resistant TB, have been developed.

    Why there is a Need for Disruptive Approaches and New Tools in TB elimination response?

    • Lack of widespread awareness: Despite the progress made by India’s National TB Elimination Programme, there is still a lack of widespread awareness about the disease, which has led to delayed diagnosis and treatment.
    • Access to quality care: Many people with TB in India and other developing countries do not have access to quality care, which has led to high rates of morbidity and mortality.
    • Limited diagnostic tools: There is a need to expand access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas.
    • Drug-resistant TB: The emergence of drug-resistant TB has made treatment more difficult, requiring the development of new therapeutic molecules and regimens.
    • Need for innovative approaches: Innovative approaches are needed to change the way TB is prevented, diagnosed, and treated.
    • Rapidly evolving technology: Advances in technology, such as point-of-care tests, artificial intelligence-based software, and handheld digital x-ray machines, have made it possible to develop new tools to combat TB.
    • For example: Innovative technologies such as handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software and nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can reduce diagnostic delays and provide rapid, low-cost diagnostics. Similarly, newer and more effective regimens and repurposed existing drugs for TB can play a crucial role in the long run.

    Importance of Prioritizing TB Vaccine Trials

    • Vaccines are key to ending the TB epidemic: Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. For TB, a vaccine would be a critical tool for ending the epidemic, especially for those who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB.
    • BCG vaccine is not effective for all: The current TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is not effective for everyone, especially adolescents and adults who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB. Therefore, new and effective vaccines are needed to provide adequate protection.
    • Multiple TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline: There are currently over 15 TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, which have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Prioritizing these clinical trials will help identify the most effective vaccine candidates for various community settings and different target groups.
    • Cost-effectiveness: Vaccines are a cost-effective way to prevent diseases, and a TB vaccine would be no different. Investing in TB vaccine trials and development would save resources in the long run by reducing the burden of TB on health systems and economies.
    • Global impact: TB is a global public health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide. The development of a new TB vaccine would have a significant impact not only in India but also in other high-burden countries.

    Facts for prelims: Types of vaccine technologies

    Vaccine Technology

    		 Explanation

    Examples
    Inactivated or killed vaccines Use viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated or killed so that they can no longer cause disease Inactivated polio vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine
    Live attenuated vaccines Use viruses or bacteria that have been weakened so that they can’t cause disease in healthy people Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, yellow fever vaccine
    Protein subunit vaccines Use pieces of the virus or bacteria, such as proteins or sugar molecules, to stimulate an immune response Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine
    Nucleic acid vaccines Use genetic material from the virus or bacteria, such as DNA or RNA, to stimulate the immune system COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna
    Viral vector vaccines Use harmless viruses, such as adenoviruses, to deliver genetic material from the target virus or bacteria into the body to stimulate an immune response Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, Ebola vaccine developed by Merck

    How Testing and Diagnosis of TB can be improved?

    • Increased access to diagnostic tools: There is a need to increase access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas. Innovative approaches such as point-of-care tests (POCTs), including home-based tests, can provide decentralized, rapid, and low-cost diagnostics to provide results within minutes.
    • Introduction of new diagnostic tools: New innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays. Further, handheld digital x-ray machines (with artificial intelligence-based software) can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals, safely and conveniently.
    • Strengthening the laboratory network: It is essential to strengthen the laboratory network in India to ensure quality diagnostics, especially in the private sector. Accreditation of private laboratories for TB diagnosis and linking them with the public sector is essential.
    • Integration with other healthcare services: TB testing and diagnosis need to be integrated with other healthcare services to improve access and reduce stigma. For example, TB screening can be done in conjunction with diabetes or HIV screening.
    • Empowering patients: Empowering patients with knowledge about TB symptoms and diagnostic tests can help increase awareness and improve early diagnosis. TB awareness campaigns can also help reduce stigma associated with the disease.
    • Collaboration between public and private sectors: Collaboration between the public and private sectors can improve access to diagnostic tools and reduce the time required for TB testing and diagnosis. The private sector can be leveraged to provide affordable and quality TB diagnostics and treatment.

    Need for Appropriate Policy Frameworks

    • Smoothening the rollout of proven tools: Creating regulatory and policy frameworks can smoothen the rollout of proven tools to reach people with as little delay as possible. This requires greater collaboration between policymakers, scientists, product developers, and clinical researchers across the country and even across regions.
    • Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes: Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes between countries can enable mutual recognition of evidence-based standards and licenses and save critical time towards rollout.
    • Addressing the regulatory challenges: Appropriate policy frameworks can address the regulatory challenges of introducing new tools and approaches. This can help reduce the time and cost of clinical trials and shorten the time to market for new tools and products.
    • Encouraging innovation: Policy frameworks that incentivize innovation can encourage the private sector to invest in TB research and development. This can lead to the development of new and effective tools for TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • Supporting public-private partnerships: Appropriate policy frameworks can support public-private partnerships that can bring together the strengths of both sectors to develop and scale up innovative solutions for TB control.

    Conclusion

    • India’s scientific ingenuity during the COVID-19 pandemic has cemented its position as pioneers in innovation in the life sciences. India must use its G-20 presidency to build a global health architecture that creates equitable access for all. India must use this opportunity to call for the collaborative development of transformational tools and approaches that cater to not only India’s needs but also those of the under-represented but disproportionately affected developing world. TB should no longer be the leading infectious disease killer globally in the 21st century, and India can lead the way.

    Mains Question

    Q. At the One World TB Summit held at in Varanasi recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response. In this light discuss India’s Progress in TB Control Efforts and the need for disruptive approaches and new tools in TB elimination response.

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  • Macron’s Statement On China and India’s Own Possibilities In Europe

    Macron

    Central idea

    • French President Emmanuel Macron’s recent declaration that France is an ally but not a vassal of the United States and his comments that Paris does not share Washington’s hostility towards China have generated significant reactions in the US and Europe. Beijing’s official media has praised Macron’s strategic autonomy approach towards China, and Russia hopes that France and other European countries will be less politically tied to the US.

    Macron’s comments on China and Taiwan and reactions

    • Outrage in the US and Europe: Macron’s comments that France does not share the US’s hostility towards China and does not see the Taiwan crisis as a threat to Europe have generated outrage in the US and Europe.
    • China praised: Beijing sees Macron’s model of strategic autonomy as a positive example for other nations to follow regarding China.
    • India criticized: India has criticized the remarks, noting that the principle and power are at stake in both Ukraine and Taiwan.

    What is mean by Vassalisation?

    • The term vassalisation refers to a state or country that is in a subordinate or dependent relationship with another, usually more powerful, state or country.
    • It suggests a lack of independence and autonomy in decision-making and an obligation to follow the policies and interests of the more powerful state.

    Important trends highlighted by the debate on the vassalisation of Europe and Russia

    1. Different perspectives on Taiwan and Ukraine
    • Macron’s claim on Taiwan not being a concern to Europe reinforces India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar’s criticism of Europe’s mindset that their problems are the world’s problems.
    • The Ukraine conflict has debilitating consequences for the world, and a shooting war between the US and China over Taiwan could be more devastating and costly to the international system.
    • Macron’s contradictory approach to the Indo-Pacific is disappointing, and his wavering resolve on China may lead Asian countries to think less of French resolve.
    1. Macron does not represent all of Europe
    • President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has a different take on China than Macron.
    • Central Europeans trust the US more than France or Germany to defend their security interests.
    • Europe is deeply divided on how to address contemporary security challenges, undermining Macron’s ambition to turn Europe into the world’s third superpower.
    • The only common belief in Europe today is the political faith in Beijing’s capacity to end Russia’s war in Ukraine.
    1. A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world
    • Multipolarity has been an important objective of India’s foreign policy for over three decades.
    • The talk of multipolarity could become academic as the US and China pull way ahead of other powers, get deeper into confrontation, and shape the choices of the rest of the world.
    • The belief that Europe and Russia can act as elements of a multipolar world is becoming increasingly untenable.
    1. India’s possibilities in Europe and Russia
    • Delhi should not turn its back on Europe despite its current predicament with China.
    • Macron’s China push underlines India’s own possibilities in Europe.
    • Western Europe that follows the money in China could do the same in India, providing much strategic benefit to India in its partnerships with Brussels and individual European actors.
    • India is stepping up its engagement with Russia on the calculation that Moscow’s current dependence on Beijing is temporary.
    1. India needs to work more closely with the US and its Asian allies
    • The inability or unwillingness of both Russia and Western Europe to balance China means India needs to work much more closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favourable balance of power in its Indo-Pacific neighbourhood.
    • India’s strategic value will only go up for the US amidst the European reluctance to stand up to China’s hegemonic ambitions.
    • Few countries in Asia face more urgent and daunting challenges from China than India, and few Asian capitals have more political will to stand up to Beijing than Delhi.
    • The reduced standing of Europe and Russia in great power relations is accompanied by Asia’s rise, with emerging strategic opportunities for Japan, India, and South Korea.

    Europe-China relations

    • Europe-China relations have been complex and multi-faceted over the years: On the one hand, China is Europe’s second-largest trading partner, and there is a lot of economic interdependence between the two. On the other hand, there are concerns about human rights violations, lack of market access for European companies in China, and China’s increasing assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific region.
    • Some important developments include
    • The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI): Negotiated in December 2020, the CAI is a landmark investment deal between the EU and China aimed at improving market access for European companies in China and increasing investment flows between the two regions. However, the agreement has been met with criticism from some EU member states and civil society groups, who argue that it does not do enough to address human rights abuses in China.
    • Increasing concern over Chinese human rights abuses: Europe has been increasingly critical of China’s human rights record, particularly in the wake of the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong and the treatment of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. The EU has imposed sanctions on Chinese officials involved in human rights abuses, and there is growing support for a boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
    • Growing competition in the Indo-Pacific region: Europe is becoming more engaged in the Indo-Pacific region, which is seen as a key area of strategic competition between China and the US. Some EU member states, such as France and Germany, have developed their own Indo-Pacific strategies and are seeking to deepen security partnerships with countries in the region.
    • Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China’s massive infrastructure project, the BRI, has raised concerns in Europe about China’s growing influence in the region. Some EU member states, such as Italy and Greece, have signed on to the initiative, while others have been more cautious.

    Facts for prelims

    Category

    Information
    Location East Asia
    Capital Taipei
    Population 23.58 million (2021)
    Official language Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, and indigenous languages
    Currency New Taiwan dollar
    Form of government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
    Topography Mountainous with fertile plains in the west
    Climate Subtropical

    Conclusion

    • Macron’s comments on China have sparked debates about Europe and Russia’s relationship with China and the US. A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world dominated by the US and China, which makes it important for India needs greater engagement with European geopolitics and to work closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favorable balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.

    Mains Question

    Q. What do you understand by mean vassalisation in terms of international politics? Discuss the latest trends that have emerged from the debate on the vassalisation of Europe derived from French president Macron’s recent comments on China.

  • What is Civil Union, how is it different from Marriage?

    Central idea

    • The Indian judiciary is currently hearing arguments about the legal recognition of same-sex unions under the Special Marriage Act.
    • The Centre has contested the maintainability of the petitions, and the judiciary’s right to confer legal recognition on the “socio-legal institution” of marriage.
    • However, the CJI has clarified that the scope of the hearing would be limited to developing a notion of a Civil Union that finds legal recognition under the Act.
    • This article explains what civil unions are, how they differ from marriage, and which countries allow them.

    What is a Civil Union?

    • A civil union is a legal status that allows same-sex couples specific rights and responsibilities normally conferred upon married couples.
    • Civil unions resemble marriages and bring with them employment, inheritance, property, and parental rights, among other things.

    How is a civil union different from marriage?

    • In the US, prior to the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling in “Obergefell v. Hodges” in 2015, a majority of the states had civil union laws that allowed same-sex couples to marry without providing them formal recognition of the same.
    • Civil unions were recognised solely by issuing states and not by federal law, which meant that such couples could not enjoy the benefits of being in a civil union uniformly across all states.
    • After the legalisation of same-sex marriages, several civil unions were converted into marriages.

    What other countries allow civil unions?

    • Several countries allow civil unions.
    • Before Sweden legalised same-sex marriages in 2009, LGBTQ couples there could apply for civil unions and enjoy benefits such as the right to adopt.
    • In Norway, couples could enter into civil unions from 1993, which gave way to a new law 15 years later allowing such couples to marry, adopt, and undergo state-sponsored artificial insemination.
    • In Austria, same-sex couples could form civil partnerships between 2010-2017 until a court ruling deemed civil unions discriminatory, and such marriages were legalised.
    • Similarly, countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Andorra, and Chile recognised the right of same-sex couples to enter into civil unions even before they formally recognised their legal right to marriage.

     

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  • Same-sex marriage: Legalizing Would Be A Just Way Forward

    Same-sex marriage

    Central Idea

    • The legalisation of same-sex marriage is a natural progression towards accepting and integrating the LGBTQIA+ community in India, which has been marginalized and hounded for decades. While the decriminalisation of homosexuality was a positive step towards acceptance, granting civil rights such as marriage and adoption is essential in creating a more diverse and inclusive society.

    LGBTQIA+ community

    • LGBTQIA+ is an acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, Asexual/Ally. The plus sign is often added to include other identities and orientations that are not explicitly mentioned in the acronym.
    • It is a term used to refer to individuals who identify as any of these sexual orientations or gender identities.
    • The community is made up of individuals who may face discrimination, marginalization, and stigma based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. The community advocates for equal rights and acceptance, and works towards achieving societal and legal recognition and protection.

    Problems faced by LGBTQIA+ community in India

    • Discrimination: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community are often subjected to discrimination, harassment, and violence due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
    • Social Stigma: Homosexuality is still stigmatized in many parts of Indian society, and people who identify as LGBTQIA+ are often ostracized, bullied, and excluded from social activities.
    • Lack of legal protection: The Indian legal system does not offer comprehensive legal protection against discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
    • Health issues: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community often face health issues such as HIV/AIDS, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse due to the stress and discrimination they face.
    • Limited access to healthcare: Due to social stigma and discrimination, many members of the LGBTQIA+ community face barriers in accessing healthcare services, including mental health care and HIV/AIDS treatment.
    • Family rejection: Many members of the LGBTQIA+ community face rejection and disownment by their families, which can lead to mental health issues, homelessness, and financial instability.
    • Employment discrimination: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community often face discrimination in the workplace, including being denied jobs, promotions, and other opportunities due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
    • Limited legal recognition: Same-sex marriage is not recognized in India, and LGBTQIA+ couples do not have the same legal rights and protections as heterosexual couples.

    What is mean by homosexuality?

    • Homosexuality refers to a sexual orientation where an individual is primarily attracted to people of the same gender. It is a natural variation of human sexuality and is not considered a disorder or mental illness. The term is used to describe a person’s identity, behavior, and desire towards people of the same gender.

    Same-sex marriage

    What is the stigma around homosexuality in India?

    • Cultural and religious beliefs: India is a culturally and religiously diverse country with deep-seated traditional values. Many people believe that homosexuality is against these values and that it is a sin.
    • Lack of awareness and education: There is still a lack of awareness and education about homosexuality in India, which leads to many misconceptions and negative stereotypes.
    • Discrimination and harassment: People who are open about their homosexuality often face discrimination and harassment from society, including family, friends, and colleagues.
    • Legal status: Until recently, homosexuality was illegal in India, which further stigmatized the community.
    • Masculinity norms: Indian society often associates masculinity with traditional gender roles, which can make it difficult for people who do not conform to these norms.
    • Lack of representation: The representation of LGBTQ+ people in Indian media and popular culture is limited, which can contribute to a lack of understanding and empathy for their experiences.

    same-sex marriage

    What is mean by Same-sex marriage?

    • Same-sex marriage is the legal recognition of a marriage between two individuals of the same sex.
    • It grants same-sex couples the same legal and social recognition, rights, and privileges that are traditionally associated with marriage, including property rights, inheritance rights, and the ability to make decisions for each other in medical emergencies.
    • The recognition of same-sex marriage varies around the world, with some countries legalizing it while others do not.
    • The issue has been the subject of much debate and controversy, with arguments for and against same-sex marriage based on religious, cultural, social, and legal considerations.

    Arguments in favor of same-sex marriage

    • Civil Rights: Legalizing same-sex marriage is a matter of civil rights, which ensures equal treatment under the law for all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation.
    • Equality: All citizens should have the right to marry the person they love, irrespective of their gender or sexual orientation.
    • Family: Same-sex couples should have the same legal rights as heterosexual couples when it comes to adoption, inheritance, and other family-related matters.
    • Mental Health: Same-sex couples who can marry experience greater mental health benefits due to increased social support, greater economic stability, and increased social acceptance.
    • Social Stability: Legalizing same-sex marriage can help promote social stability by increasing the number of legally recognized families and reducing social stigmas.

    Same-sex marriage

    Arguments against same-sex marriage

    • Religious Beliefs: Many people oppose same-sex marriage because of their religious beliefs and consider it to be a sin.
    • Traditional Family: Some people believe that same-sex marriage is a threat to traditional family values.
    • Children: There are concerns that children may be negatively affected by growing up in same-sex households.
    • Social Consequences: Some people believe that legalizing same-sex marriage will have negative social consequences, including the breakdown of the family and moral decay.
    • Slippery Slope: Some people believe that legalizing same-sex marriage could lead to a slippery slope, where other forms of non-traditional marriage become legal as well.

    Way ahead

    • Education and Awareness: A sustained education and awareness campaign could be launched at various levels, including schools, universities, media, and community organizations to address the social stigma and prejudice against LGBTQIA+ individuals. This could also involve sensitization training for various public and private sector employees to reduce discrimination and bias in the workplace.
    • Advocacy: Pro-LGBTQIA+ advocacy groups could play a significant role in lobbying for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages. This could involve building alliances with other civil society organizations, engaging with lawmakers, and using social media to spread awareness about the issue.
    • Legal Framework: A new legal framework could be developed to recognize same-sex marriages, which would include rights and protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals. This framework would need to address issues such as inheritance rights, joint property ownership, and the legal recognition of children born to same-sex couples through surrogacy or adoption.
    • Consultation: A wide-ranging consultation process could be initiated with stakeholders from different communities, including religious leaders, civil society organizations, and members of the LGBTQIA+ community, to build consensus on the issue.
    • Balancing Interests: The government could take a cautious approach to legalizing same-sex marriage, considering the positive effects such as social inclusion and individual rights, and the potential negative effects, such as religious sensitivities and family values. This could involve striking a balance between individual rights and social cohesion, taking into account the unique cultural and social contexts of India.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: The government could set up an independent body to monitor the implementation of same-sex marriage legislation and evaluate its impact on society. This could help to identify areas of success and potential areas for improvement, and ensure that the legal recognition of same-sex marriages is a positive step forward for Indian society as a whole.

    Conclusion

    • The hallmark of a progressive nation is reflected in its ability to accept diversity, include minorities, and integrate the marginalised. Legalising same-sex marriage may pave the way for generations to come and become a big step towards reclaiming the diverse, multicultural, and inclusive civilisation that India has always been. Government should strike a balance between individual rights and social cohesion, taking into account the unique cultural and social contexts of India.

    Mains Question

    Q. What do you understand by mean by Homosexuality? Decriminalization of homosexuality in India is considered as a positive step. In this backdrop analyze the issue of Same Sex Marriage in India.

  • What is Ninth Schedule of the Constitution?

    Central idea: Chhattisgarh CM has written to the Prime Minister seeking the inclusion of two amendment Bills allowing for higher quotas in jobs and educational institutions in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution.

    What is Ninth Schedule?

    • The Ninth Schedule is a legal provision in the Constitution of India that provides immunity to certain laws from judicial review.
    • It is a list of Central and State laws that are immune from judicial review.
    • These laws are not subject to judicial scrutiny or challenge in any court of law, including the Supreme Court of India.
    Details
    Definition A list of Central and State laws that are immune from judicial review.
    History Added to the Constitution by the First Amendment in 1951.
    Purpose back then To protect land reforms and other progressive laws from being challenged in courts.
    Significance Used to protect laws related to land reforms, reservation in education and employment, anti-defection laws, and other progressive measures aimed at social justice and equality.
    Criticisms Criticised for shielding unconstitutional laws and violating fundamental rights.

    Supreme Court of India has struck down several laws in the Ninth Schedule on the grounds that they violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
    Amendment Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2001 added a provision stating that any law added to the Ninth Schedule after April 24, 1973, can be challenged in courts on the ground that it violates the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

     

    What is the request made by CG CM?

    • In Chhattisgarh’s case, the two amendment Bills were passed unanimously by the State Assembly paving the way for 76% quota for Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
    • However, the Bills are yet to receive the Governor’s nod.
    • The Chhattisgarh High Court had struck down a 2013 State government order to allow 58% quota, holding that reservation above the 50% ceiling was “unconstitutional.”

    Request for Inclusion in Ninth Schedule

    • The CM presented the demographics of the State and wrote that the socio-economic and educational condition of the OBC people of the State is as weak as that of the SC/ST people.
    • He argued that the inclusion of the amended provision in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution is necessary for the people of the deprived and backward classes to get justice.

     

     

  • Election Commission Revised It’s List of National and State Parties

    Central Idea

    • The Election Commission of India (EC) recently revised its list of recognised national and state parties.

    The EC’s decision

    • The EC recognised AAP as a national party and revoked the national party status of TMC, NCP and CPI.
    • It also revoked the state party status granted to Rashtriya Lok Dal in Uttar Pradesh, Bharat Rashtra Samithi in Andhra Pradesh, People’s Democratic Alliance (Manipur), Pattali Makkal Katchi (Puducherry), Revolutionary Socialist Party (West Bengal) and Mizoram People’s Conference (Mizoram).
    • The EC laid down strict technical criteria for a party to be recognised as a national party, based entirely on its electoral performance. A party may gain or lose national/state party status from time to time, depending on the fulfilment of these conditions.

    Process of recognition and derecognition

    • Election Symbols Order, 1968: The process of recognition and derecognition is stipulated under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, which lays down the criteria for recognition as a national or state party.
    • Specific stipulations: The order has specific stipulations which also find concurrence in the EC’s Political Parties and Election Symbols, 2019 Handbook.
    • Based on poll performance: The EC’s decision was based on a review of the parties’ poll performances since 2014.

    What is a National Party?

    • The name suggests that a national party would be one that has a presence ‘nationally’, as opposed to a regional party whose presence is restricted to only a particular state or region.
    • National parties are usually India’s bigger parties.
    • However, some smaller parties, like the communist parties, are also recognised as national parties.
    • A certain stature is sometimes associated with being a national party, but this does not necessarily translate into having a lot of national political clout.

    Criteria for recognition of political parties

    Criteria National Party State Party
    At least 6% of valid votes in 4+ states OR 4 Lok Sabha seats from at least 3 states OR recognition as a state party in at least 4 states ✓
    2% of all Lok Sabha seats in the last such election, with MPs elected from at least three states. ✓
    Two seats plus a 6% vote share in the last Assembly election in that state ✓
    One seat plus a 6% vote share in the last Lok Sabha election from that state ✓
    3% of the total Assembly seats or 3 seats, whichever is more. ✓
    One of every 25 Lok Sabha seats (or an equivalent fraction) from a state. ✓
    An 8% state-wide vote share in either the last Lok Sabha or the last Assembly polls. ✓

    Benefits of recognition as a national party

    Benefit Description
    Election symbol The election symbol of the party will remain unchanged across India, making it easier for voters to identify and vote for the party.
    Free broadcast/telecast time National parties get free broadcast/telecast time on Akashvani and Doordarshan during the general election, giving them greater visibility and reach.
    Star campaigners National parties can have a maximum of 40 star campaigners whose travel expenses will not be counted in the accounts of the candidates.
    Consultation with the Election Commission National parties will have the privilege of consultation with the EC in the setting of election dates, and giving inputs in setting electoral rules and regulations.
    Top slots on the EVM/ballot paper Top slots on the EVM/ballot paper are reserved for national parties, giving them greater visibility and prominence on the ballot.

     Perception and legal challenges

    • The greater impact, however, will be concerning the public perception of the party, which is why many who have lost national party status are planning to go to courts.
    • Some parties are questioning the power of the EC though it stands legitimised by the Supreme Court.
    • The EC has no discretion in the matter as the rules are very specific and repeatedly emphasise that a party is eligible if, and only if it fulfils all criteria.

    Conclusion

    • The EC’s decision to revise the list of recognized national and state parties has faced legal challenges from some parties questioning the power of the EC. However, the EC’s decision is based on strict technical criteria laid down by the EC and the process of recognition and derecognition is stipulated under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.

    Mains Question

    Q. The Election Commission of India (EC) recently revised its list of recognised national and state parties. In this light highlight the criteria for recognition of political parties and discuss the benefits of recognition as a national party