The Union Ministry of Health has re-strategized the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) under the 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign to reduce TB cases and mortality through targeted interventions and a multi-pronged approach.
Menace of TB in India:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India accounted for 26% of global TB cases and deaths in 2023.
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a National TB Prevalence Survey in 20 states, reporting 312 TB cases per lakh population.
The TB incidence rate decreased by 17.7%, from 237 per 100,000 in 2015 to 195 per 100,000 in 2023.
Similarly, TB-related deaths have declined by 21.4%, from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 22 per lakh population in 2023.
About the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP):
Details
About
Former Name: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
Objective: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) as a public health issue in India by 2025, as per PM Modi’s 2018 target.
Focus Areas: Early detection, complete treatment, prevention, and strengthening TB care and control services.
Key Components of NTEP:
Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients across India.
Nikshay: A case-based web-enabled TB information system for monitoring and case management.
Private Sector Engagement: Involving private healthcare providers for standardized care.
Objectives under the National Strategic Plan
100-Day TB Elimination Campaign is an intensified effort launched to fast-track the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) cases across the country.
Eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2025.
Achieve Universal Access to quality TB care.
Prevent the emergence of drug-resistant TB through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Reduce the burden of TB through preventive interventions and awareness campaigns.
Ensure better case management through Nikshay, a case-based monitoring system.
6. Engage with the private sector to ensure standardized and quality TB care.
Steps taken by Govt
Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients.
Nikshay System: Web-enabled case-based monitoring and management system for TB patients.
Private Sector Engagement: Ensuring standardized TB care by involving private healthcare providers.
National TB Prevalence Survey: Conducted to assess the TB burden in 20 states.
Enhanced Diagnostic Facilities: Including genetic and molecular tests for early detection.
Targeted Interventions for Vulnerable Populations: Focus on high-risk groups, including children and marginalized populations.
INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, is set to be commissioned by the Indian Navy at Kaliningrad, Russia.
AboutINS Tushil:
Details
INS Tushil is a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, part of the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6).
It is the seventh in the series of Krivak III frigates, following the Talwar-class ships (three built at Baltiysky Shipyard in St. Petersburg) and the Teg-class ships (three built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad).
Development of INS Tushil:
Built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
Contract signed in Oct 2016 between Indian Navy, JSC Rosoboronexport, and Government of India.
Indian team of specialists from the Warship Overseeing Team monitored the construction.
Extensive trials, including Factory Sea Trials, State Committee Trials, and Delivery Acceptance Trials, were conducted in 2024.
Special Features
Speed of over 30 knots
Stealth design with advanced radar-absorbing features.
Equipped with guided missiles, advanced weapon systems, and radars.
Enhanced combat capabilities with a focus on anti-surface and anti-air warfare.
Helicopter deck for operations.
Significance
Boosts India’s naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Part of an ongoing effort to modernize the fleet with advanced technologies.
Strengthens India-Russia defence ties.
Will be key in maritime security and regional defense, especially in contested waters.
The Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, aimed at boosting domestic petroleum and mineral oil production while encouraging private investment to reduce reliance on imports.
What is the Oilfields Bill?
The Oilfields Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948, which originally governed both oil and mineral operations. The amendment seeks to delineate the regulation of petroleum from mining activities, aligning it more closely with contemporary needs in the oil and gas sector. By doing so, it aims to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.
What are the major proposed changes?
Definition of Mineral Oils: The Bill expands the definition of “mineral oils” to include naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as crude oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil. However, it explicitly excludes coal, lignite, and helium from this definition.
Introduction of Petroleum Leases: The Bill replaces references to “mining leases” with “petroleum leases,” defining these leases as agreements for various activities including exploration and production of mineral oils. Existing mining leases will remain valid under this new framework.
Decriminalization of Offences: The Bill removes criminal penalties for violations of the Oilfields Act, replacing them with financial penalties. For instance, violations that previously could lead to imprisonment will now incur fines up to ₹25 lakh, with additional daily penalties for ongoing violations.
Central Government Powers: The Bill empowers the central government to create rules regarding the granting and regulation of petroleum leases, including aspects like environmental protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.
Encouragement of Private Investment: It includes provisions aimed at attracting private investment into the sector by ensuring stable lease terms and clarifying regulatory frameworks.
What are the criticisms and concerns?
Impact on State Rights: Critics, including members from the DMK party, argue that the Bill undermines state rights regarding taxation on mining activities. They fear that redefining leases could shift regulatory power away from states to the central government, potentially affecting state revenue from royalties.
Legal Challenges: There are concerns that framing petroleum operations under a different legal category could lead to conflicts with existing judicial rulings that affirm state powers over mining taxes. A recent Supreme Court ruling emphasized that states have exclusive rights to tax mining activities.
Environmental Concerns: Opposition members have raised alarms about the potential environmental impacts of allowing greater private sector involvement in petroleum extraction. They advocate for prioritizing public sector companies like ONGC over private entities.
Way forward:
Balanced Federal Approach: Establish a collaborative mechanism between the Centre and states to address concerns over taxation and royalties, ensuring equitable revenue sharing while maintaining clear regulatory roles.
Sustainable Exploration Framework: Mandate robust environmental safeguards and prioritize public sector leadership alongside private investment to balance economic growth with ecological preservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.
About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:
Ratapani TR
Madhav TR
Location
Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
History
Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
It was initially a national park.
Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
Flora and Fauna
Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.
Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?
A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Six out of the 14 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, including textiles, solar modules, IT hardware, automobiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), and speciality steel, are progressing at a relatively slower pace.
What are the primary reasons for the slow implementation of PLI schemes?
Stringent Eligibility Norms: Many industries have reported that the eligibility criteria for participation in PLI schemes are too stringent, which limits the number of companies that can benefit from the incentives.
Initial Setup Challenges: Establishing a domestic manufacturing base from scratch is a monumental task. Industries such as solar modules and advanced chemistry cells (ACC) require substantial time—ranging from one-and-a-half to three years—to set up manufacturing operations, delaying employment generation.
Access to Resources: Companies face difficulties in accessing critical resources, including Chinese machinery and skilled technicians, which can hinder their ability to ramp up production quickly.
Market Dependency: Some sectors remain heavily reliant on imports and have not yet transitioned to a self-sufficient manufacturing model, impacting their growth under the PLI framework.
Slow Disbursement of Funds: The initial years of the scheme saw minimal disbursement of funds, with only a small percentage of the total incentive outlay being paid out in the first two years.
Which sectors are experiencing the most significant slowdowns, and why?
Textiles: This sector is struggling due to high competition and stringent norms that have slowed down participation and growth.
Solar Modules: Despite being a strategic sector for renewable energy, delays in establishing manufacturing capabilities have led to slow progress.
As of June 2024, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity reached 77.2 GW, but the solar cell capacity was only 7.6 GW, leading to supply shortages that delayed projects.
Automobiles: While some companies are making progress, the automobile sector overall is hindered by initial setup challenges and fluctuating market conditions.
Factors such as rising raw material costs and shifts in consumer preferences towards electric vehicles are creating a complex environment for traditional automakers.
Advanced Chemical Cells (ACC): Similar to solar modules, this sector faces long commissioning periods that delay employment outcomes. Because of the lengthy development timelines for manufacturing facilities and the need for substantial investment in technology are contributing to slower growth in this strategic area.
IT Hardware: Although recently upgraded with increased funding, it still lags behind in implementation compared to more successful sectors like mobile manufacturing.
What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of PLI schemes? (Way forward)
Revising Eligibility Criteria: Simplifying the eligibility requirements could encourage more companies, especially smaller firms, to participate in the schemes and benefit from incentives.
Increasing Support for Supply Chains: Establishing robust supply chains is crucial. The government could provide additional support to smaller suppliers who are essential for scaling up production across sectors.
Streamlining Resource Access: Facilitating easier access to necessary machinery and skilled labor can help companies ramp up production more effectively and reduce dependency on imports.
Regular Reviews and Adjustments: Continuous monitoring and adjustments based on sector performance can help identify bottlenecks early and allow for timely interventions.
Encouraging Ancillary Industries: Promoting the establishment of ancillary industries around larger beneficiaries could create additional jobs and enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
The Union Minister of Cooperation has provided crucial information regarding India’s National Cooperative Policy to the Lok Sabha.
The new National Cooperative Policy is almost ready and will be announced in 2-3 months.
Update regarding the New National Cooperative Policy:
Details
National Level Committee Formation
• A 48-member National Level Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu.
• The committee includes experts from the cooperative sector, representatives from National, State, District, and Primary level cooperative societies, and officers from Central Ministries/Departments.
• The task of the committee was to formulate the New National Cooperation Policy for the development of the cooperative sector in India.
• 17 meetings and 4 regional workshops were conducted across the country to finalize the draft report of the policy.
Aims and Objectives
• Revitalize the cooperative sector and enhance its efficiency at national, state, district, and primary levels.
• Strengthen the cooperative movement in India by creating a structured policy that fosters growth and sustainability.
• Establish financial viability and governance mechanisms for cooperatives.
• Ensure cooperative federalism by allowing state cooperatives to function autonomously, avoiding undue centralization.
Features of the Policy
• The policy adopts an inclusive approach, including all levels of cooperatives from district to primary.
• Close collaboration with State Governments to promote the cooperative sector and implement cooperative federalism.
• The draft policy was developed after extensive consultations, ensuring broad public and expert participation.
Provisions under the Policy
• Strengthening Cooperative Structure: Set up District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) and district milk producers’ unions in all uncovered districts. NABARD will prepare an action plan for this.
• Expansion of Multipurpose PACS: New multipurpose PACS, primary dairy/fishery cooperative societies will be established in uncovered Panchayats/villages across India within the next five years.
PYQ:
[2011] In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) began its three-day monetary policy review.
There is increasing speculation that the RBI may announce a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to ease liquidity pressures.
What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?
CRR is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that it must maintain as liquid cash with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a reserve.
It is a tool used by the RBI to manage inflation and check excessive lending by banks.
It serves as a safety net during times of banking stress, ensuring banks have enough liquidity for day-to-day operations.
As of now, the CRR is set at 4.5% of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
Banks do not earn interest on the amount they maintain as CRR with the RBI.
CRR Requirements for Different Types of Banks:
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs): Includes Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Payments Banks, Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs), State Co-operative Banks (StCBs), and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs).
Non-Scheduled Co-operative Banks & Local Area Banks: They must maintain CRR with themselves or with the RBI.
Restrictions on CRR Funds
Banks cannot lend the funds held as CRR to corporates or individual borrowers.
The money held under CRR cannot be used for investment purposes by the bank.
No Interest is earned on the funds maintained as CRR by banks with the RBI.
What isIncremental CRR (I-CRR)?
Introduced temporarily on August 10, 2023, to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
Banks were required to maintain 10% I-CRR on the increase in their NDTL between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
The I-CRR was implemented from August 12, 2023, and applied during periods of excess liquidity in the financial system.
Impacts of Declining CRR on the Economy
Positive Impacts:
Increased Bank Liquidity: A reduction in CRR frees up more funds for banks, improving credit availability and promoting investment and consumption.
Stimulus for Economic Growth: With more funds to lend, businesses can secure loans more easily, boosting economic activity and encouraging growth across sectors.
Lower Interest Rates: As banks have more liquidity, they may lower interest rates on loans, making credit cheaper and encouraging investment and consumer spending.
Negative Impacts:
Potential Inflationary Risks: Increased lending and spending can raise demand, which, if not matched by supply, can lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.
Asset Bubbles: Excess liquidity may result in overvalued assets like stocks or real estate, creating the risk of unsustainable price increases and potential market instability.
PYQ:
[2010] When the Reserve Bank of India announces an increase of the Cash Reserve Ratio, what does it mean?
(a) The commercial banks will have less money to lend
(b) The Reserve Bank of India will have less money to lend
(c) The Union Government will have less money to lend
(d) The commercial banks will have more money to lend
A study highlights that endemic frog species, like the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla nilphamariensis), face challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes in agroforestry habitats like orchards and paddy fields.
About theNilphamari narrow-mouthed frog:
Details
About
A species of narrow-mouthed frog, characterized by a small size, narrow triangular mouth, and reduced webbing between toes.
It has light brown dorsal coloration with a dark brown diamond-shaped marking.
(Not listed by either IUCN or CITES.)
Geographical Location
Found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.
Habitat and Challenges
Prefers moist environments like grassy fields near ephemeral pools.
Faces challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes, particularly in agroforestry areas like orchards and paddy fields.
PYQ Relevance: Q) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are India’s commitments at this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on India’s changing policy towards climate change (2022) and COP26 (2021).
The recent UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) held in Baku, Azerbaijan, concluded with significant yet contentious outcomes, particularly regarding the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. This editorial reflects on the implications of the NCQG and the broader context of climate negotiations.
This editorial content can be used to present the significance of ‘Climate finance for developping countries’ and the challenges associated at Global stage.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
COP29 dubbed the “Finance COP,” was expected to deliver an ambitious outcome on the NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance). However, it fell short by neglecting equitable burden-sharing and climate justice, overlooking the financial needs of the Global South.
Why do the Developing countries need Finance for climate change?
Upfront Costs of Clean Technologies: Renewable energy technologies often have high upfront costs, which require government support to make them affordable to consumers, especially in developing countries.
Long-term Benefits but High Initial Investment: While renewable technologies have lower long-term operational and fuel costs, the high initial investment remains a significant barrier.
Financial Gaps and Urgency: Developing countries need urgent upscaling of finance to meet transformational goals. The pressure on government resources is compounded by the need for fiscal prioritization toward development activities.
Debt Issues and Risk: High debt burdens in developing countries prevent them from accessing affordable capital, making it difficult to incentivize private investment in green technologies.
High Cost of Capital: Developing countries face much higher lending rates, limiting their ability to access financial markets at favourable rates for climate action.
International Support Needed: Finance from developed countries, particularly in the form of public grants instead of loans, is essential to support the transition to green energy in developing nations.
What are the roles of the NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance)?
Origins and Rationale: The NCQG was designed to address the shortcomings of previous climate finance pledges, including the $100 billion annual commitment made at Cancun in 2010. The NCQG aims to establish clearer, more accountable climate finance goals.
NCQG aims to establish a new financial target post-2025 to support developing countries, succeeding the $100 billion annual commitment from developed nations.
Addressing Climate Finance Gaps: NCQG seeks to bridge climate finance gaps by ensuring both the quantity and quality of financial instruments meet developing nations’ needs.
By setting a collective goal, NCQG promotes trust and cooperation among nations to effectively implement the Paris Agreement.
Catalyzing Private Investment: NCQG encourages private sector investment by signalling stability and commitment to climate finance.
Supporting Climate Resilience: The goal help developing countries adapt to climate impacts and transition to low-carbon economies with necessary funding.
Upholding Principles of Equity: NCQG is grounded in Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), ensuring tailored support for developing countries based on their specific needs and capacities.
What are the challenges?
Financial Needs of Developing Countries: The UNFCCC’s Second Needs Determination Report estimated that $5 trillion to $7 trillion would be required by 2030 to meet the needs of 98 developing countries. Developing nations have requested $1.3 trillion annually by 2030.
Disappointing Outcome at COP29: Developed countries agreed to a $300 billion annual commitment by 2035, which is seen as insufficient compared to the needs of the developing world. This amount does not represent a significant shift in financial flows and falls short of transformative action.
Lack of Commitment to Climate Justice: The NCQG falls short in terms of equitable burden-sharing, failing to adequately recognize the financial needs of the global south and climate justice.
Way forward:
Increase Financial Commitments: Developed countries must significantly enhance their financial commitments, moving beyond the $300 billion annually agreed at COP29, and align with the $1.3 trillion requested by developing nations to meet urgent climate goals.
Ensure Equitable Burden-Sharing: Future climate finance discussions must prioritize climate justice, adhering to the principles of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC), ensuring that developed countries take on a larger share of the financial burden.
Focus on Grants over Loans: Developed countries should provide more finance in the form of public grants rather than loans, addressing the debt burdens of developing countries and enabling them to invest in green technologies without further exacerbating fiscal constraints.
The UNCCD, a treaty addressing desertification and drought, partnered with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to release an analysis ahead of COP16’s launch in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
What is Land Degradation?
Land degradation is defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the “reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands” due to various pressures, including land use and management practices. This phenomenon results in diminished soil quality and productivity, affecting both ecosystems and human livelihoods.
Why is it a Matter of Concern?
Land degradation poses significant risks to both humans and ecosystems:
Water Insecurity: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity and reduces access to safe water, leading to a higher incidence of water- and food-borne diseases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation lead to approximately 829,000 deaths per year from diarrheal diseases alone.
Food Security: It reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing malnutrition risks.
Health Risks: Degraded lands contribute to the spread of water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and lack of clean water. Respiratory issues can arise from soil erosion and dust.
Environmental Impact: Eroded soil carries fertilizers and pesticides into water bodies, harming aquatic life and communities dependent on these resources.
Climate Change: Healthy soils act as carbon sinks. Degradation leads to the release of stored carbon and nitrous oxide, exacerbating global warming. The report indicates that land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused carbon dioxide has decreased by 20% over the last decade.
What is Causing Land Degradation?
Chemical Overuse: Excessive fertilisers and pesticides degrade soil; 50% of agricultural land suffers from nutrient depletion, salinisation, and waterlogging affecting 30% of irrigated lands globally.
Soil Erosion: Unsustainable farming practices lead to the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil annually, reducing crop yields by up to 50% in some regions.
Climate Change: Extreme weather events reduce global crop yields by 10%-50% by 2050; 12.6% of drylands were degraded between 1982-2015, affecting 213 million people.
Urbanization: Rapid urban growth of 1 million hectares per year destroys habitats, reduces farmland, and increases runoff, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
Deforestation and Overgrazing: 420 million hectares of forest lost since 1990; overgrazing degrades 34% of the global degraded area, weakening soil health and ecosystems.
Which Areas are the Worst Affected?
Dry Regions: Areas such as South Asia, northern China, California (USA), and the Mediterranean are particularly vulnerable.
Global Context: Approximately 15 million square kilometers of land are already degraded an area larger than Antarctica with an additional million square kilometers degrading each year. A third of humanity lives in drylands, which encompass three-quarters of Africa.
Way forward:
Sustainable Land Management Practices: Promote eco-friendly agricultural methods, reforestation, and efficient irrigation to restore soil health, combat erosion, and improve water retention in degraded lands.
Global Collaboration and Policy Implementation: Strengthen international frameworks like the UNCCD, allocate resources for affected regions, and adopt policies that integrate land restoration with climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
