💥UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (June Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Archives: News

  • Languages and Eighth Schedule

    [21st February 2026] The Hindu OpED: ‘Bhasha’ matters in India’s multilingual moment

    21 February 2026 | op-ed snap | Social Justice
    Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.

    Linkage: The question examines structural gaps in the implementation of the Right to Education framework, directly linking to GS-2 Social Justice (Education, Human Resource Development, welfare delivery effectiveness). It connects with current debates on learning outcomes, foundational literacy, multilingual education under NEP 2020, and the need to move from mere enrolment to quality and incentive-based retention.

    Mentor’s Comment

    Language policy has re-emerged as a core governance issue in education reform. India’s multilingual reality directly affects learning outcomes, equity, and dropout rates. The debate shifts from symbolic recognition of languages to structural reform in pedagogy, curriculum, teacher recruitment, and digital infrastructure. This article analyses the policy implications of mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) within India’s constitutional and institutional framework.

    Why in the News?

    India observes International Mother Language Day amidst renewed focus on multilingual education. The 2025 edition of UNESCO’s Global Education monitoring emphasises Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). The issue is significant because India’s recent reforms, particularly National Education Policy 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework 2022 , formally place the mother tongue at the centre of early education for the first time in a comprehensive policy framework. 

    How does language of instruction affect foundational learning outcomes and dropout rates?

    1. Foundational Literacy Impact: Early education in unfamiliar languages increases cognitive burden before concept acquisition. Weak literacy and numeracy accumulate into learning deficits.
    2. Dropout Risk: Language mismatch reduces confidence and increases school discontinuation, especially among tribal and rural children.
    3. Equity Dimension: Marginalised linguistic communities face systemic disadvantage in access to quality education.
    4. Evidence Base: Nearly 40% of Indian children begin schooling in a language different from their home language (NCERT 2022 findings).
    5. Global Scale: Over 250 million learners worldwide lack instruction in a language they fully understand.

    How does India’s constitutional and policy framework address multilingualism in education?

    1. Constitutional Recognition: Eighth Schedule of the Constitution recognises 22 languages, affirming linguistic diversity as a national commitment.
    2. Policy Shift: National Education Policy 2020 places mother tongue/home language at the centre of early childhood and primary education.
    3. Curricular Reform: National Curriculum Framework 2022 embeds multilingual pedagogy within classroom practice.
    4. Child-Centric Approach: Aligns pedagogy with cognitive research demonstrating improved comprehension in familiar languages.
    5. Institutional Integration: Links early childhood care and school education under a unified policy framework.

    What governance mechanisms support implementation of MTB-MLE at state and district levels?

    1. State-Level Policy Design: States formulate language-in-education policies aligned with NEP framework.
    2. Teacher Recruitment Standards: Requires multilingual competency in recruitment and professional development.
    3. Pre-service and In-service Training: Embeds multilingual pedagogy in teacher education.
    4. Material Development: Produces textbooks and assessments in multiple languages.
    5. Community Participation: Integrates indigenous knowledge systems into local curricula.
    6. Inter-Ministerial Coordination: Proposed National Mission for Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education ensures policy coherence across ministries and institutions.

    How are digital platforms and technology strengthening multilingual education delivery?

    1. Digital Infrastructure: DIKSHA expands access to multilingual learning materials.
    2. National Initiatives: PM eVIDYA provides digital and broadcast learning resources in regional languages.
    3. Community-Led Innovation: AI-based platforms document endangered languages and create local content.
    4. Access Expansion: Digital tools reduce geographic barriers for tribal and remote learners.
    5. Scalability: Technology enables rapid content replication across multiple linguistic contexts.

    Does linguistic diversity act as a barrier or a driver of development and social cohesion?

    1. Equity Enhancement: Language inclusion strengthens participation and identity affirmation.
    2. Social Cohesion: Recognition of linguistic identities reduces alienation.
    3. Human Capital Formation: Improved comprehension enhances productivity and skill development.
    4. Cultural Preservation: Prevents intergenerational erosion of knowledge systems.
    5. Transformative Potential: Positions diversity as developmental capital rather than administrative burden.

    Conclusion

    Mother-Tongue Based Multilingual Education is not merely a cultural accommodation but a structural reform in India’s education governance framework. Aligning language of instruction with the learner’s home language strengthens foundational literacy, reduces dropout rates, and enhances equity in human capital formation. Effective implementation requires coordinated federal action, teacher capacity building, multilingual material development, and digital inclusion. Linguistic diversity, when institutionally supported, functions as developmental capital rather than administrative complexity, thereby advancing constitutional commitments to equality, inclusion, and social justice.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    Why India chose to be an observer in Trump’s Board of Peace

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India has joined the U.S.-proposed “Board of Peace” as an observer amid the ongoing Gaza conflict and rising instability in West Asia. The decision signals India’s cautious engagement with a new U.S.-led diplomatic platform while safeguarding its strategic autonomy and regional sensitivities.

    What is the “Board of Peace”?

    1. U.S.-Led Diplomatic Initiative: A proposed platform announced by U.S. President Donald Trump to address the Gaza conflict and broader West Asian instability through coordinated dialogue among selected countries.
    2. Ad Hoc Governance Structure: Operates outside established multilateral institutions like the United Nations, with no clearly defined treaty basis, charter, or permanent secretariat.
    3. Selective Membership Model: Includes major U.S. allies and regional stakeholders, with participation levels varying between full members and observers.
    4. Conflict-Focused Mandate: Aims to deliberate on ceasefire mechanisms, humanitarian access, reconstruction pathways, and regional de-escalation strategies.
    5. Strategic Signalling Mechanism: Reflects U.S. attempt to shape post-conflict political architecture in West Asia amid perceived limitations of existing multilateral forums.
    Executive Leadership

    1. Chairman: Donald Trump (Indefinite/Life term)
    2. Director-General / High Representative for Gaza: Nickolay Mladenov (Bulgarian diplomat and former UN envoy) 

    Executive BoardsThese boards are tasked with the day-to-day operations and strategic management of the organization’s mission. 

    1. The Executive Boards consist of key figures, including Marco Rubio, Jared Kushner, Steve Witkoff, Tony Blair, Marc Rowan, Ajay Banga, and Robert Gabriel Jr.. 
    2. The specialized Gaza Executive Board includes Mladenov, Kushner, Witkoff, Blair, Rowan, and representatives from the Middle East and international community, such as Hakan Fidan, Ali al-Thawadi, Hassan Rashad, Reem Al Hashimy, Yakir Gabay, and Sigrid Kaag. 

    Member StatesAs of February 2026, 27 countries are members, having contributed $1 billion for permanent status or joining for renewable three-year terms. 

    1. Americas: Argentina, Paraguay, United States
    2. Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates
    3. Europe/Eurasia: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Kosovo
    4. Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam
    5. Central America: El Salvador 

    Observers: Over 20 entities participate as observers, including the European Union, India, Japan, South Korea, Italy, Germany, and Mexico.

    Why Did India Prefer Observer Status Instead of Full Membership?

    1. Strategic Autonomy: Preserves independent decision-making in foreign policy without binding commitments to a U.S.-led framework.
    2. Conflict Sensitivity: Avoids direct involvement in West Asian peace enforcement mechanisms that may escalate regional polarization.
    3. India-Pakistan Dimension: Prevents scope for third-party mediation narratives on bilateral disputes.
    4. Diplomatic Signalling: Demonstrates engagement without endorsement of institutional design or agenda-setting.

    How Does This Decision Reflect India’s Approach to Multilateralism?

    1. Selective Multilateralism: Engages in issue-based coalitions rather than formal alliances.
    2. UN-Centric Tradition: Upholds preference for established multilateral institutions like the UN over ad hoc geopolitical platforms.
    3. Institutional Legitimacy: Questions governance architecture of new peace mechanisms lacking defined mandates.
    4. Global South Positioning: Balances Western engagement with developing world solidarity.

    What Are the Governance Implications of U.S.-Led Peace Architectures?

    1. Agenda Control: Concentrates agenda-setting power in major states.
    2. Representation Deficit: Limits equitable voice for regional stakeholders.
    3. Normative Ambiguity: Lacks clarity on enforcement, accountability, and decision-making frameworks.
    4. Institutional Overlap: Risks duplication of UN Security Council functions.

    How Does the Gaza Conflict Shape India’s Diplomatic Calculus?

    1. Energy Security: West Asia remains critical for oil imports and diaspora welfare.
    2. Diaspora Protection: Ensures safety of Indian nationals in conflict-prone zones.
    3. Balanced Diplomacy: Maintains ties with Israel while supporting Palestinian statehood.
    4. Regional Stability: Supports de-escalation to prevent wider regional war.

    What Does This Indicate About India-US Strategic Convergence?

    1. Issue-Based Cooperation: Deepens collaboration in technology, supply chains, and security.
    2. Cautious Alignment: Avoids perception of bloc politics.
    3. Policy Autonomy: Ensures foreign policy independence despite closer defence ties.
    4. Geopolitical Balancing: Maintains engagement with West Asia, Russia, and Global South actors.

    Does Observer Status Strengthen or Dilute India’s Global Leadership Role?

    1. Diplomatic Prudence: Avoids reputational risks of failed peace initiatives.
    2. Engagement without Liability: Retains access to negotiations without enforcement burden.
    3. Soft Power Projection: Signals responsible stakeholder posture.
    4. Risk Mitigation: Prevents entanglement in great-power competition.

    Conclusion

    India’s decision to participate as an observer in the “Board of Peace” reflects calibrated statecraft rooted in strategic autonomy. It preserves engagement with the United States while avoiding institutional entanglement in a conflict-sensitive region. The move aligns with India’s long-standing preference for balanced diplomacy, UN-centric multilateralism, and resistance to third-party mediation in bilateral disputes. Observer status enables access without liability, reinforcing India’s pragmatic, interest-driven foreign policy in a shifting geopolitical order.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2020] Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present time – Discuss.

    Linkage: This PYQ tests understanding of evolving strategic groupings and India’s calibrated participation in issue-based coalitions beyond pure military alignment. It directly links to India’s observer role in the “Board of Peace,” reflecting selective engagement while preserving strategic autonomy.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran

    Strait of Hormuz, key to global energy security, in spotlight amid Iran crisis

    21 February 2026 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps recently launched fresh military exercises in the Strait of Hormuz amid heightened tensions and discussions over potential security threats. The development has revived concerns over a possible disruption in a waterway that carries nearly 20% of global petroleum and a major share of LNG supplies. Even a minor disruption could trigger a sharp spike in global oil prices, inflationary pressures, and supply chain instability. While Iran has previously threatened closure during periods of confrontation, including during the Iran-Iraq War and recent tensions with Israel and the U.S., a full closure has never occurred. The present moment underscores the vulnerability of global energy markets to geopolitical flashpoints.

    Geography of the Strait of Hormuz 

    1. Location: Lies between Iran (north) and Oman and the United Arab Emirates (south), forming the only maritime outlet of the Persian Gulf.
    2. Waterway Linkage: Connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and onward to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, enabling global energy trade.
    3. Chokepoint Character: Approximately 33 km wide at its narrowest point with 3 km-wide shipping lanes in each direction, handling nearly 17-20 million barrels per day of oil.
    4. Sovereign and Legal Control: Bordered by Iran, Oman, and the UAE, while international transit passage is regulated under UNCLOS provisions ensuring freedom of navigation.

    How does the geography of the Strait of Hormuz shape global energy governance and maritime security

    1. Geographical Constraint: The strait is only 33 km wide at its narrowest point, with shipping lanes of approximately 3 km in each direction, increasing vulnerability to blockades and naval disruptions.
    2. Chokepoint Status: Handles nearly 17-20 million barrels per day, about 20% of global petroleum consumption, making it the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint.
    3. Strategic Location: Connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, serving as the sole maritime outlet for major Gulf producers such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait and Iraq.
    4. Maritime Law Implications: Raises questions under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regarding transit passage rights and freedom of navigation.

    What are the policy implications of potential disruption for global and Indian energy security?

    1. Energy Dependence: India imports over 85% of its crude oil requirements, with more than 40% sourced from Gulf countries dependent on the Strait route.
    2. Inflationary Impact: Sudden oil price spikes increase input costs, widen fiscal deficit, and elevate retail fuel prices (petrol, diesel, LPG).
    3. Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): India maintains reserves at Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur to cushion short-term supply shocks.
    4. Asian Vulnerability: China, India, Japan and South Korea together account for nearly two-thirds of oil flows through the strait, increasing Asia’s systemic exposure.

    Why are alternative energy transit routes inadequate to offset disruption risks?

    1. Pipeline Diversification: Saudi Arabia operates the East-West pipeline to the Red Sea; UAE connects to Fujairah port outside the Gulf.
    2. Capacity Constraints: Existing pipelines cannot fully replace 17-20 million barrels per day transiting the strait.
    3. Limited LNG Alternatives: Qatar, one of the largest LNG exporters, sends most gas shipments through the Strait, with no equivalent alternative sea route.
    4. Insurance and Freight Costs: Even partial disruptions raise shipping insurance premiums and freight rates, increasing global oil prices.

    How does the Strait reflect the intersection of regional geopolitics and institutional accountability?

    1. Iran-U.S. Tensions: Repeated threats of closure during sanctions and military stand-offs demonstrate geopolitical leverage.
    2. Historical Precedent: During the Iran-Iraq War (1980s), tanker wars disrupted shipping, requiring naval escorts.
    3. Military Signalling: Recent naval drills by Iran signal deterrence capability without formal closure.
    4. International Response: U.S.-led naval patrols and multinational maritime coalitions ensure continued freedom of navigation.

    What are the broader economic and governance consequences of instability in the Strait?

    1. Global Inflation Transmission: Oil price increases transmit through fuel, logistics and food supply chains.
    2. Trade Balance Pressure: Oil-importing economies face currency depreciation and widened current account deficits.
    3. Energy Market Volatility: Markets react to anticipated risk, often raising prices even without actual closure.
    4. Policy Imperative: Encourages diversification of energy sources, renewables adoption, and regional diplomacy.

    Conclusion

    The Strait of Hormuz remains the most critical maritime chokepoint for global energy flows, carrying nearly one-fifth of the world’s petroleum supply. Its narrow geography, concentration of hydrocarbon exporters, and recurring geopolitical tensions make it structurally vulnerable to disruption. Even limited instability can trigger global oil price shocks, inflationary pressures, and fiscal stress for import-dependent economies such as India. The issue underscores the strategic necessity of maritime security cooperation, energy diversification, strategic petroleum reserves, and calibrated diplomacy to safeguard economic stability and uphold freedom of navigation under international law.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: It links directly to India’s energy security, as instability in Iran can disrupt oil supplies through the Strait of Hormuz, affecting inflation, fiscal stability, and strategic reserves. It connects with India’s strategic autonomy and West Asia policy, testing diplomatic balancing between the U.S., Iran, and Gulf partners amid shifting geopolitical alignments

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    Vibrant Villages Programme Phase II launched to strengthen border areas 

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | Polity
    Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Phase II of the Vibrant Villages Programme from Assam, aiming to develop border villages and curb migration and infiltration.

    Vibrant Villages Programme I

    Approval

    • Approved on 15 February 2023.
    • Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

    Coverage

    • 662 villages.
    • 46 blocks.
    • 19 districts.
    • States: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand.
    • UT: Ladakh.
    • Focused on northern border areas.

    Objectives

    • Livelihood generation through:
      • Tourism and cultural heritage.
      • Skill development and entrepreneurship.
      • Agriculture, horticulture, medicinal plants.
    • Infrastructure:
      • Road connectivity.
      • Housing and village infrastructure.
      • Renewable energy.
      • Telecom and TV connectivity.
    • Incentivise population to remain in border villages.

    Vibrant Villages Programme II

    Approval

    • Approved on 2 April 2025.
    • Central Sector Scheme.
    • Outlay: ₹6,839 crore till FY 2028-29.

    Coverage

    • Blocks abutting international land borders other than northern border.
    • Implemented in strategic villages across:
      • Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat.
      • J and K UT, Ladakh UT.
      • Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland.
      • Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim.
      • Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

    Objectives

    • Better living conditions and livelihood opportunities.
    • Safe and secure borders.
    • Control trans border crimes.
    • Integrate border population as “eyes and ears” of border guarding forces.

    Thematic Saturation Areas

    1. All weather road connectivity.
    2. Telecom connectivity.
    3. Television connectivity.
    4. Electrification through convergence.
    [2015] The provisions in Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to: (a) protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes 

    (b) determine the boundaries between States 

    (c) determine the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats 

    (d) protect the interests of all border States

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    India attends U.S. Board of Peace meeting as observer

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India attended the inaugural meeting of the Board of Peace on Gaza as an observer nation but has not joined the initiative.

    What is the Board of Peace?

    • An initiative announced by Donald Trump.
    • Aimed at redevelopment of the Gaza Strip.
    • Announced during the second phase of a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Hamas.
    • Perceived by some as a parallel platform to the United Nations system.

    Key Features

    • U.S. pledged $10 billion to the initiative.
    • 27 member nations including Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Hungary, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and UAE.
    • India participated as observer through its diplomat in Washington DC.
    • India has not formally joined the Board.

    Strategic Context

    • Gaza Strip located along eastern Mediterranean coast.
    • Ceasefire phase between Israel and Hamas led to renewed diplomatic efforts.
    • U.S. attempting multilateral reconstruction framework outside traditional UN mechanisms.
    [2022] The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions? (a) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores 

    (b) Region along North African shores stretching from Egypt to Morocco 

    (c) Region along Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa 

    (d) The entire coastal areas of Mediterranean Sea

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    Bela Gram becomes Maharashtra’s first net zero village  

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | Polity
    Mains Paper 2: Panchayats & Local Bodies

    Why in the News?

    At Mumbai Climate Week 2026, Bela Gram in Bhandara district of Maharashtra was highlighted as the State’s first net zero panchayat, showcasing grassroots climate leadership.

    Location

    • Bela Gram, Bhandara district
    • Vidarbha region, Maharashtra

    What is Net Zero?

    • Achieving balance between:
      • Greenhouse gas emissions produced
      • Emissions removed or offset
    • Often achieved through renewable energy, afforestation, waste management and energy efficiency.

    Key Initiatives in Bela Gram

    • Plantation of over 90,000 trees during weddings and festivals.
    • Transition from traditional chulhas to LPG.
    • Installation of rooftop solar panels in homes, anganwadis and Panchayat offices.
    • Doorstep waste segregation.
    • Elimination of single use plastics.
    • Recipient of Rashtriya Panchayat Puraskar 2024.

    Broader Context

    • Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in local climate action.
    • Discussion linked to future global climate negotiations and India’s long term net zero targets.
    • Emphasis on decentralised, community driven climate solutions.

    Related Examples

    • Perinjanam in Kerala as Solar Gramam with rooftop prosumers.
    • Use of District Mineral Foundation funds in Jharkhand for water revival and solar irrigation.
    • Community afforestation and water conservation efforts in Odisha, Bihar and Karnataka.
    [2015] The fundamental object of Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? 

    1. People’s participation in development 

    2. Political accountability 

    3. Democratic decentralization 

    4. Financial mobilization 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Australia

    COAS visit to Australia strengthens defence ties 

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) Upendra Dwivedi concluded his official visit to Australia from February 16 to 19 to enhance bilateral defence cooperation in the Indo Pacific.

    Key Highlights of Visit

    • Talks with senior leadership of Australian Defence Forces.
    • Interactions with:
      • Forces Command (FORCOMD)
      • Special Operations Command (SOCOMD)
      • 2nd Division of Australian Army
    • Discussions on:
      • Force readiness
      • Operational concepts
      • Training methodologies

    Exercise AUSTRAHIND

    • Bilateral Army exercise between India and Australia.
    • Focus on:
      • Joint operations
      • Interoperability
      • Counter terrorism training
    • Next edition to be held in India later this year.

    Strategic Context

    • India Australia ties elevated to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2020.
    • Cooperation part of broader Indo Pacific security architecture.
    • Defence collaboration complements engagement under frameworks like Quad.
    [2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct? 1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh. 

    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune). 

    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation. 

    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise. 

    Select the answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    India joins Pax Silica for resilient electronics supply chains 

    21 February 2026 | Prelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India has joined the Pax Silica group during the AI Impact Summit, partnering with the United States and other countries to build resilient supply chains for electronics and critical minerals.

    What is Pax Silica?

    • A multilateral initiative aimed at:
      • Securing electronics supply chains
      • Reducing over dependence on a single country
      • Strengthening access to refined rare earth elements
    • Inaugural summit held in Washington DC.

    Member Countries

    • United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, European Union, and India

    Strategic Context

    • China dominates refining of rare earth elements.
    • Concerns over:
      • Export restrictions
      • Economic coercion
      • Weaponisation of supply chains
    • Initiative promotes supply chain sovereignty and diversification.

    Key Concepts for Prelims

    • Rare Earth Elements: 17 metallic elements essential for electronics, EVs, defence systems.
    • Critical Minerals: Minerals essential for economic and national security.
    • Supply Chain Resilience: Diversification to reduce vulnerability to disruptions.
    • Economic Coercion: Use of trade or economic tools for strategic pressure.
    [2025] Consider the following statements: I. India has joined the Minerals Security Partnership as a member. 

    II. India is a resource-rich country in all the 30 critical minerals that it has identified. 

    III. The Parliament in 2023 has amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 empowering the Central Government to exclusively auction mining lease and composite license for certain critical minerals. 

    Which of the statements given above are correct? 

    (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) I, II and III

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Right To Privacy

    [20th February 2026] The Hindu OpED: Privacy and transparency: On the RTI Act amendment, petitions

    20 February 2026 | op-ed snap | Polity
    Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2020] “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss.

    Linkage: It tests GS-2 (Transparency & Accountability) by examining how RTI amendments can weaken institutional independence and oversight. It directly links to the DPDP-RTI amendment debate, where removal of the public interest override raises concerns about reduced transparency and stronger executive control.

    Mentor’s Comment

    The amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act through the DPDP Act, 2023 has triggered a constitutional debate on the balance between privacy and transparency. The issue tests the durability of India’s accountability framework in the digital governance era.

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has referred petitions challenging the amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 introduced through the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, to a Constitution Bench, citing its constitutional sensitivity.

    What is Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, 2005?

    Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, 2005 exempts from disclosure personal information that has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of privacy, unless the Public Information Officer (PIO) is satisfied that a larger public interest justifies it. It balances privacy against transparency, though recent amendments have narrowed its application.

    Key Aspects of Section 8(1)(j):

    1. Exemption Scope: Covers information relating to personal details, privacy, and data that, if disclosed, would not benefit public activity.
    2. Public Interest Override: Even if information is personal, it can be disclosed if the CPIO, SPIO, or appellate authority is satisfied that a “larger public interest” outweighs the harm to the individual’s privacy.
    3. Applicability: Applies to “third-party” information and generally refers to individuals rather than institutions or corporate bodies.
    4. Examples of Denied Info: Examples include third-party personal details, such as an employee’s ID or specific confidential files.
    5. Amendment via DPDP Act 2023: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPPA), 2023 substituted this clause, broadly removing the “public interest override” and strengthening the prohibition against disclosing personal data.

    How has the DPDP Act, 2023 amended Section 8(1)(j)?

    1. Deletion of Override Clause: Removes the phrase allowing disclosure in larger public interest.
    2. Expanded Exemption Scope: Prohibits disclosure of “any information which relates to personal information.”
    3. Blanket Restriction: Eliminates proportionality assessment previously embedded in RTI framework.
    4. Structural Shift: Converts a conditional exemption into near-absolute protection.
    5. Integration with DPDP Framework: Aligns RTI disclosure norms with data protection regime prioritizing consent and privacy safeguards.

    What constitutional and governance issues arise from this amendment?

    1. Article 19(1)(a) Impact: Curtails right to information derived from freedom of speech and expression.
    2. Article 21 Protection: Strengthens privacy rights recognized in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017).
    3. Doctrine of Proportionality Concern: Removes balancing test between competing fundamental rights.
    4. State-Citizen Asymmetry: Section 7 of DPDP permits state processing of personal data without consent for official functions.
    5. Accountability Deficit: Restricts citizen scrutiny of public officials’ conduct and financial dealings.

    How does the amendment affect journalism and civil society oversight?

    1. Data Fiduciary Classification: Journalists collecting personal data may fall under DPDP compliance obligations.
    2. Financial Penalty Risk: Non-compliance may attract penalties up to ₹250 crore.
    3. Chilling Effect: Limits investigative reporting involving public officials.
    4. Reduced Transparency: Constrains access to procurement, audit, and expenditure records involving personal identifiers.
    5. Institutional Constraint: Weakens RTI as a tool for civil society accountability campaigns.

    How does the Indian framework compare with global data protection standards?

    1. EU GDPR Model: Balances privacy with transparency and journalistic exemptions.
    2. Public Interest Safeguards: Allows processing for public interest and accountability purposes.
    3. Indian Divergence: DPDP amendment lacks explicit balancing mechanism within RTI framework.
    4. Regulatory Integration Challenge: Requires harmonization between transparency law and data protection law.

    Conclusion

    The amendment to Section 8(1)(j) marks a decisive shift in India’s transparency regime. While privacy is a fundamental right, its protection cannot come at the cost of democratic accountability. A constitutionally balanced approach, grounded in proportionality and public interest, is essential to ensure that data protection strengthens, rather than weakens, the foundations of transparent governance.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Issues related to Economic growth

    Supreme Court slams unchecked freebies, questions ‘appeasement’

    20 February 2026 | Explained | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the News?

    A three-judge Bench led by Chief Justice of India criticised States for offering free electricity and direct cash transfers ahead of elections while running deficits. It questioned how such schemes are funded and said subsidies must be clearly shown in the budget instead of hiding revenue gaps. The Court noted that Tamil Nadu alone faces a power sector revenue gap of around ₹50,000 crore. The issue raises concerns about fiscal discipline, burden on future generations, and whether such policies serve constitutional goals or electoral politics.

    What are Freebies?

    Freebies refer to benefits such as free electricity, free water, cash transfers, loan waivers, free transport, or distribution of consumer goods announced by governments, often around elections. They are generally universal or broadly targeted and may not be strictly linked to poverty or vulnerability criteria.

    Types of Freebies

    1. Consumption-Based Freebies: Free electricity, water, LPG refills, or public transport. These reduce immediate household expenses but increase revenue burden on the State.
    2. Cash Transfers: Direct cash assistance to specific groups (e.g., women, farmers, unemployed youth) without productive conditions attached.
    3. Loan Waivers: Farm loan waivers or interest subventions. These provide short-term relief but may affect credit discipline.
    4. Goods Distribution: Free laptops, smartphones, bicycles, mixers, or other consumer durables.
    5. Service-Based Freebies: Free pilgrimages, free education kits, or free healthcare schemes not linked to targeted social security design.

    Freebies differ from targeted welfare schemes such as MGNREGA or PDS, which are structured, means-tested, and aimed at long-term poverty reduction.

    How Do Universal Subsidies Impact Fiscal Federalism and Public Finance Stability?

    1. Fiscal Deficit Expansion: Increases revenue-expenditure gaps and shifts burden to public exchequer; example: Tamil Nadu power sector revenue gap of ~₹50,000 crore.
    2. Intergenerational Burden: Transfers current consumption costs to future taxpayers through debt accumulation.
    3. Revenue Distortion: Weakens cost-reflective tariff mechanisms mandated under electricity regulatory frameworks.
    4. Budgetary Opacity: Masks real fiscal stress when subsidies are not explicitly budgeted under planned expenditure.
    5. Federal Stress: Limits States’ fiscal space under FRBM constraints.

    Do Electoral Freebies Undermine Constitutional Principles of Welfare State and Equality?

    1. Welfare State Commitment: Constitution envisages targeted support for marginalised sections (Directive Principles).
    2. Equality Principle (Article 14): Universal subsidies blur distinction between those capable of paying and those below poverty line.
    3. Appeasement vs Welfare: Court questioned whether non-discriminatory subsidies amount to political appeasement.
    4. Public Interest Doctrine: State must prioritise sustainable development expenditure over short-term populism.
    5. Institutional Accountability: Elected governments remain accountable for fiscal prudence.

    What Is the Regulatory Concern in the Power Sector?

    1. Cost-Reflective Tariff Rule: Electricity Amendment Rules, 2024 mandate no revenue gap between approved annual revenue requirement and estimated revenue.
    2. Tariff Pass-Through: Revenue gaps eventually increase consumer tariffs.
    3. Subsidy Accounting Reform: Court suggested inclusion of subsidies in planned expenditure to avoid financial opacity.
    4. Public Utility Viability: Persistent losses weaken State DISCOMs and reduce investment capacity.
    5. Moral Hazard: Free electricity reduces incentive for efficient consumption.

    How Does the Judiciary Balance Policy Autonomy with Fiscal Oversight?

    1. Judicial Restraint Principle: Policy decisions fall within executive domain.
    2. Constitutional Guardianship: Court intervenes when fiscal actions affect public interest and economic stability.
    3. Separation of Powers: Remarks do not ban subsidies but question sustainability.
    4. Institutional Dialogue: Encourages reconsideration of policy frameworks rather than direct prohibition.
    5. Democratic Accountability: Final political wisdom rests with elected governments.

    Are Freebies Economically Distinct from Welfare Schemes?

    1. Targeted Welfare: Focuses on vulnerable groups (e.g., PDS, MGNREGA).
    2. Universal Freebies: Extend benefits irrespective of income level.
    3. Capital vs Revenue Expenditure: Freebies often reduce fiscal space for capital investment.
    4. Development Trade-off: Excessive distribution hampers infrastructure and human capital formation.
    5.  Sustainability Criterion: Long-term growth requires disciplined expenditure prioritisation.

    Conclusion

    The debate on freebies highlights the tension between welfare obligations and fiscal responsibility in a federal democracy. While the Constitution mandates support for vulnerable sections, such support must be targeted, transparent, and fiscally sustainable. Competitive populism risks weakening public finances, distorting development priorities, and burdening future generations. A balanced approach that strengthens human capital, ensures cost-reflective pricing, and upholds institutional accountability remains essential for long-term economic stability and constitutional governance.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss

    Linkage: This question links directly to the freebies debate by highlighting that sustainable poverty alleviation requires macroeconomic stability, not just welfare distribution. It brings focus on fiscal discipline, inflation control, and employment generation as structural solutions beyond populist subsidies.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Join the Community

Join us across Social Media platforms.