The completion of Ethiopia’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) has reignited tensions over Nile water rights, with Egypt and Sudan fearing reduced water flows.
About Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD):
Overview: Gravity dam on the Blue Nile near Ethiopia–Sudan border.
Construction Timeline: Under construction since 2011, led by Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation.
Capacity: Set to become Africa’s largest hydropower plant with 6.45 GW output.
Reservoir Size: Holds 74 billion cubic metres; filling may take 5–15 years.
Key Features: 145 m tall dam, 16 turbines, and a supporting saddle dam.
Purpose: Aims to power Ethiopia (65% population lacks electricity) and export surplus to neighbouring countries.
Disputes Around GERD:
Egypt’s Concern: Fears reduced water flow; Relies 90% on Nile; demands a binding filling agreement.
Sudan’s Worry: Concerns over flood risks and water regulation.
Ethiopia’s Stand: Asserts sovereign rights; began filling without consensus.
Stalled Talks: Tripartite negotiations have failed; Egypt warns of possible conflict.
Back2Basics: Nile River
Overview: North-flowing, longest river in Africa at ~6,650 km.
Drainage Basin: Covers 11 countries—Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt.
Main Tributaries:
White Nile: Recognized as the headstream, its most remote source is the Kagera River in Burundi, flowing through Rwanda into Lake Victoria. It officially begins at Jinja, Uganda, where it exits Lake Victoria.
Blue Nile: Originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and merges with the White Nile at Khartoum, Sudan. Supplies over 80% of total Nile flow by the time it reaches Egypt.
Lifeline Status: Vital for Egypt and Sudan’s drinking water, irrigation, and energy needs.
[UPSC 2008] Ogaden region has been a source of conflict between which countries?
Options: (a) Morocco and Algeria (b) Nigeria and Cameroon (c) Angola and Zambia (d) Ethiopia and Somalia*
India‑Bangladesh ties shift from warmth to worry, trade to tension, diplomacy to dilemmas. UPSC usually throws a big‑picture question that links neighbourhood politics with wider security, just as it asked in 2017 about China’s trade surplus turning into military clout; a similar mains prompt could use “The 2025 Flashpoint: From Cooperation to Confrontation” to test how you weigh trade bans against strategic fallout. Many aspirants stumble because they list facts but miss the chain of cause‑and‑effect across subheads like “Key Aspects of India‑Bangladesh Trade Relations” and “Impact of Geopolitical Issues on India’s Trade with Neighbours,” leaving answers scattered and shallow. This article fixes that by walking you through the logic—first it shows why Dhaka’s China tilt alarms Delhi (see “Geopolitical Realignment Toward China and Pakistan”), then it maps the spill‑over into anti‑India sentiment and Northeast security worries (under “Implications for India”). The most special part is its blueprint for solutions in “Using Multi‑Vector Diplomacy to Reset India‑Bangladesh Ties,” which turns theory into ready‑to‑use policy ideas—like pairing UPI payments with border haats or talking to both BNP and grass‑roots groups—so you can plug gaps that UPSC loves to probe.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 2: ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.[2017]
MICROTHEMES: Groupings involving Immediate and Extended neighbours
India and Bangladesh have historically shared a strong and multifaceted relationship, particularly flourishing since the Awami League came to power under Sheikh Hasina in 2009. This partnership has brought political goodwill, strategic cooperation, and deep economic ties. India became Bangladesh’s second-largest trading partner, exporting machinery, vehicles, and raw materials, while importing garments, fish, and jute products from its neighbour.
Beyond trade, the two countries collaborated on key infrastructure and connectivity projects such as the Akhaura–Agartala rail link, the India-Bangladesh power grid, the Maitree Setu bridge, and cross-border energy pipelines. These projects not only enhanced economic integration but also helped stabilise India’s Northeast by improving connectivity and fostering people-to-people ties.
The 2025 Flashpoint: From Cooperation to Confrontation
In 2025, the bilateral relationship took a sharp turn when India imposed trade restrictions on Bangladeshi goods, notably readymade garments. This marked a clear shift from cooperation to confrontation, triggered by growing unease over Bangladesh’s internal political developments and its external alignments.
Three key developments prompted India’s reaction:
1. Geopolitical Realignment Toward China and Pakistan: The interim Bangladeshi government, led by Mohammed Yunus, has been perceived by India as pivoting towards China and Pakistan. A notable flashpoint was Yunus’s invitation to China to access India’s Northeast through Bangladesh—a move seen in Delhi as a direct challenge to India’s strategic interests.
2. Provocative Comments About Northeast India: Yunus described India’s Northeast as “landlocked” and implied that Bangladesh served as its essential gateway. This narrative was interpreted as undermining Indian sovereignty and portraying Bangladesh as a leverage-holding power over a geopolitically sensitive region.
3. Democratic Backsliding in Dhaka: India was also alarmed by domestic political developments. The interim regime banned the Awami League and indefinitely postponed elections—moves that India saw as undemocratic. The trade restrictions were also intended as a signal of disapproval and an assertion of normative pressure.
Implications for India: More Than Just Trade
The diplomatic rupture has wider ramifications for India:
1. Rising Anti-India Sentiment in Bangladesh: Trade restrictions may be perceived within Bangladesh as punitive and politically motivated, potentially fuelling anti-India rhetoric, particularly among nationalist and radical segments.
2. Security Instability in the Northeast: Any political or economic instability in Bangladesh could spill over into Indian territory in the form of refugee influx, cross-border tension, or even radicalisation in sensitive areas like Assam and Tripura.
3. Loss of Diplomatic Influence: By limiting economic engagement, India also risks reducing its soft power and losing valuable diplomatic space. In a region where influence often rides on connectivity and aid, such restrictions can narrow India’s options for dialogue.
Key Aspects of India-Bangladesh Trade Relations// PRELIMS
1. Trade & Economic Exchange
In 2023–24, bilateral trade stood at $14.01 billion.
India’s main exports: electricity, cotton yarn, refined petroleum.
Bangladesh’s top exports: garments (e.g., men’s suits), textile scraps, and even some aircraft components.
Both countries view each other as critical trade partners.
2. Investment & Infrastructure
Indian investments in Bangladesh are steadily growing, especially in energy and infrastructure.
Initiatives like the Protocol on Inland Waterways Trade and Transit (PIWTT) and access to Chittagong and Mongla Ports are enhancing regional connectivity.
3. Security & Strategic Cooperation
Joint efforts include managing borders, tackling cross-border crime, and regular military exercises like SAMPRITI and MILAN.
Both nations align on sub-regional maritime goals, including Indo-Pacific cooperation and ocean economy development.
4. Cultural & People-to-People Ties
Institutions like the Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre and Indian Cultural Centre in Dhaka promote cultural and educational exchange.
5. Emerging Trends
Trade and investment are on a steady rise, deepening economic interdependence.
This growing interlinkage contributes to shared prosperity and regional stability.
Impact of Geopolitical Issues on India’s Trade with Neighbours
India’s trade with its neighbours is deeply intertwined with regional geopolitics. While geography offers natural trade advantages, political tensions often override economic logic. Border disputes, shifting alliances, and domestic instability in neighbouring countries routinely disrupt trade flows, stall infrastructure projects, and limit market access. The following table highlights how geopolitical issues have directly impacted India’s trade with each of its key neighbours.
Rise in tariffs, curbs on Chinese investments, non-tariff barriers
Post-Galwan, India banned 200+ Chinese apps, restricted Chinese firms in infrastructure and telecom sectors. Imports slowed, especially in electronics and machinery.
Pakistan
Cross-border terrorism, Pulwama attack, no MFN status
Complete trade suspension; loss of cross-border trade routes
After Pulwama (2019), India withdrew MFN status and imposed 200% duty; Pakistan responded by suspending all trade ties.
Bangladesh
Shift in foreign policy, tilt towards China, election-related tensions
Imposition of trade restrictions, loss of access routes
In 2025, India restricted readymade garment imports over Dhaka’s perceived China tilt and comments on Northeast India.
Nepal
Map dispute (Kalapani-Lipulekh), growing Chinese presence
Strain on bilateral infrastructure and logistics cooperation
2020 map row led to tensions; projects like India-Nepal railway and hydro deals slowed; pro-China tilt in Kathmandu affected trust.
Sri Lanka
Chinese debt trap diplomacy, strategic port control (Hambantota)
Reduced Indian influence in maritime trade routes, delay in key Indian projects
Chinese control of Hambantota port raised Indian security concerns; India lost competitive edge in some logistics and energy projects.
Myanmar
Political instability post-coup, Chinese influence
Connectivity projects disrupted; security risks for trade corridors
India’s Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit project slowed down; insurgency spillovers affected border trade via Mizoram and Manipur.
Afghanistan
Taliban takeover, lack of direct land access via Pakistan
India lost major export market; stalled infrastructure and trade deals
After 2021 Taliban takeover, Indian wheat and pharma exports halted; access blocked as Pakistan denied land route.
Need Of Multi-Vector Diplomacy For India //MAINS
Multi-vector diplomacy simply means not putting all your eggs in one basket when dealing with another country. Instead of relying on just one type of connection (like only government-to-government talks or only trade), you build many kinds of relationships at the same time — with:
Government (ruling and opposition),
Businesses and traders,
People and culture,
Universities and tech sectors,
Media, youth, and civil society.
So, even if one door closes, you still have other doors open to keep the relationship strong.
India‘s Experience with Multi Vector diplomacy
India has repeatedly practised “multi-vector diplomacy,” using several parallel channels (security, economy, technology, people-to-people) and partnering with rival blocs at the same time. Below are headline-worthy examples from the last few years.
What India Did
Why It Counts as Multi-Vector
Kept the Russia lifeline open—cheap oil, strategic trade- even while deepening its “Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership” with the United States (iCET tech pact, critical-minerals supply chains, joint fighter-jet engines).
Shows India’s willingness to ring-fence energy & defence ties with Moscow while courting U.S. tech and investment—two opposite “vectors” managed simultaneously.
Sits in the Quad and hosts the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).Quad summits (2021-24) shape Indo-Pacific rules with the U.S., Japan & Australia.India chaired the 2023 SCO summit—an organisation led by China & Russia—and refused to sign the BRI clause while pushing digital payments and counter-terror statements.
Demonstrates the “two chairs, one table” tactic—maritime security with the West, continental security with Eurasia—without choosing sides.
Championed BRICS expansion in 2023 & 2024and launched the Voice of Global South Summits during its G-20 presidency.
Runs with a China- and Russia-heavy club (BRICS) while positioning itself as spokesperson for 100+ developing countries—two very different coalitions, one Indian bridge.
Middle-East balancing act:Joined the I2U2 mini-lateral (India, Israel, UAE, U.S.) on food & green-energy corridors.Votes variously at the U.N.—backing a Gaza cease-fire in Dec 2023, abstaining on an HRC arms-embargo vote in Apr 2024—while remaining a top defence-tech partner of Israel.
Keeps defence tech flowing from Israel, gains Gulf capital for food-energy projects, and preserves goodwill in the Arab street—three vectors in one theatre.
Crisis-manager in Sri Lanka—co-chaired the Paris creditors’ platform with Japan & France, gave ~$4 billion credit lines, and rolled out UPI digital payments there.
Engages finance (debt relief), development (credit & fuel), and fintech (UPI link)—showing how India mixes soft-power tools with hard cash to keep China at bay.
Signed on to the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) while still pushing the older International North-South Transport Corridor (via Iran-Russia).
Bets on both a U.S./Saudi-led supply route and an Iran-Russia route, diversifying geography as well as partners.
Using Multi-Vector Diplomacy to Reset India-Bangladesh Ties
Vector
What India Should Do
Why It Works
Political Engagement
Engage not just the ruling party (Awami League), but also BNP, emerging parties, reformist groups, and local influencers.
Prevents over-dependence on one regime and ensures continuity in ties despite leadership changes.
People-to-People Ties
Scale up border haats, youth exchanges, cultural scholarships, tourism, and education links.
Builds public goodwill, which cushions political friction and generates long-term trust.
Trade + Transit + Tech
Bundle trade deals with digital payments (UPI), logistics upgrades, and cross-border power grid projects.
Deepens economic interdependence, making disruption costly for both sides.
Soft Power Diplomacy
Offer India’s digital stack, language training, medical support, media collaboration, and disaster management capacity.
Offers Bangladesh value China can’t replicate—culturally aligned, people-centric development tools.
Regional Multilateralism
Use BBIN, BIMSTEC and SAARC-like forums to promote joint projects and regional rules.
Shifts the conversation from bilateral blame-games to shared regional goals and norms.
When a relationship feels stuck, don’t push harder in one direction—open more lanes. Multi-vector diplomacy gives India the tools to engage with Bangladesh across society, not just state, ensuring that ties are resilient, not reactive.
Conclusion
Geography may make neighbours, but smart diplomacy makes them partners. India’s trade with its neighbours has often been hostage to shifting politics, border tensions, and third-party influence. To insulate economic ties from such volatility, India must adopt a broader, multi-vector diplomatic approach—engaging not just governments but also opposition parties, civil society, and regional platforms. In a geopolitically sensitive neighbourhood, resilience in trade will come not from rigid alliances but from flexible, layered diplomacy.
#BACK2BASICS: India–Bangladesh Relations: A Test Case of Neighbourhood Diplomacy
India and Bangladesh share more than a 4,000-km border — they share history, culture, rivers, language, and bloodshed during the 1971 Liberation War. Since then, the relationship has been described as both “tested” and “transformational.” While cooperation has grown in trade, connectivity, and security, sensitive issues like migration, water-sharing, and border tensions continue to stir political emotions on both sides.
Key Pillars of the Relationship
Area
Cooperation/Developments
Historical Ties
India supported Bangladesh’s independence in 1971, hosting over 10 million refugees and intervening militarily.
Trade & Economic Cooperation
India is Bangladesh’s second-largest trade partner. Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia. Trade crossed $18 billion (2022).
Connectivity & Infrastructure
Projects like BBIN (Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal), cross-border railways (Kolkata–Khulna), and waterways revive pre-Partition connectivity.
Energy Cooperation
India supplies 1,160 MW electricity to Bangladesh. Adani’s power export deal, and a growing clean energy focus signal deeper energy diplomacy.
Security & Counterterrorism
Bangladesh has cracked down on anti-India insurgents. Joint efforts on border management, terror control, and intelligence-sharing have improved.
Cultural & People-to-People Ties
Exchange of language, films, tourism, and festivals reinforces soft power and cultural proximity.
Irritants & Contentious Issues
Issue
Explanation
Teesta Water Sharing
Long-pending treaty over sharing Teesta river water is stalled due to opposition from West Bengal government.
Illegal Migration
Assam and border states raise concerns over illegal migration; politicised in domestic Indian politics, especially around NRC-CAA debates.
Border Killings
Despite coordination, incidents of civilian killings by BSF remain a sore point. India claims anti-smuggling action; Bangladesh calls for restraint.
China Factor
Bangladesh has growing defence and infrastructure ties with China, creating strategic anxiety for India.
Rohingya Issue
Bangladesh seeks stronger Indian support for Rohingya repatriation from its territory to Myanmar. India walks a fine line to balance regional ties.
Recent High Points
Maitri Setu (Friendship Bridge) opened in Tripura to boost Northeast–Bangladesh connectivity.
Joint River Commission revived; cooperation on over 50 shared rivers being negotiated.
India supplied COVID vaccines under Vaccine Maitri and extended credit lines for infrastructure projects.
Way Forward
Finalise Teesta and other water-sharing deals transparently and equitably.
Expand regional trade zones and speed up CEPA to deepen economic interdependence.
Engage Bangladesh more actively in BIMSTEC and Indo-Pacific strategies.
Jointly tackle border crimes through tech-based surveillance and people-friendly protocols.
Respect domestic political sensitivities, particularly in West Bengal and Dhaka, to avoid diplomatic frictions.
Counterbalance China’s influence through timely delivery of projects and concessional funding.
Conclusion
India–Bangladesh relations represent the most stable and promising bilateral equation in South Asia, but they require constant nurturing. From liberation partners to strategic partners, the two countries have come a long way — and with political will, they can emerge as a model for regional cooperation in a turbulent neighbourhood.
SMASH MAINS MOCK DROP
In the context of recent downturns in India–Bangladesh relations, critically analyse how India’s trade policy and geopolitical responses to shifting alignments in its neighbourhood can either deepen regional stability or fuel strategic anxieties. Can multi-vector diplomacy offer a sustainable path forward?
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is preparing for India’s 8th Economic Census by integrating it with the upcoming 16th Population Census.
About the Economic Census:
Conducting Body: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
Purpose: Creates a detailed database of non-agricultural economic establishments in India.
Key Data Captured: Covers location, clustering, ownership, employment size, and type of economic activity.
Unorganised Sector Inclusion: Includes informal units, vital for understanding employment dynamics.
Historical Background:
Economic Enquiry Committee: Proposed by Visvesvaraya Committee (1925); Setup by Bowley-Robertson Committee (1934).
Outcome: Led to the creation of the Central Statistical Office (CSO) in 1951 and national statistical systems.
First Census: Conducted in 1977 (excluding Lakshadweep), targeting non-agricultural units with at least one hired worker.
Timeline of Economic Censuses:
Years Conducted: 1980, 1990, 1998, 2005, 2013, and 2019–21 (7th Census).
Integration with Population Census: 2nd and 3rd rounds were aligned with the 1981 and 1991 Population Censuses.
7th Census Status: Completed in 2021, but results pending due to COVID-related data quality issues.
Execution Support: MoSPI partnered with the CSC (Common Service Centre) network for grassroots-level implementation.
Integration with the 16th Population Census:
Objective: Improve efficiency and reduce costs by leveraging shared field operations.
Data Collection: Enumerators will note household-based economic activity for MoSPI processing.
Census Schedule:
Oct 1, 2026: Snow-bound and remote regions (e.g., Ladakh, J&K, HP, Uttarakhand).
Mar 1, 2027: Rest of the country.
Preparatory Work: State and district committees have been formed to plan the 8th Census.
[UPSC 2018] As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agriculture Households”, consider the following statements:
1.Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agriculture households among its rural households.
2.Out of the total households in the country, a little over 60 percent being to OBCs.
3.In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agriculture households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agriculture activities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3
[UPSC 2015] To what factors can be the recent dramatic fall in equipment cost and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for thermal power producers and related industry?
Linkage: The articles talks about the how China has effectively led and transformed the global green energy market, particularly through cost reduction and market control. This question directly addresses the factors behind the fall in solar energy costs, which is directly related to article.
Mentor’s Comment: In 2024, China installed more wind turbines and solar panels than the rest of the world combined, demonstrating its dominance in renewable energy manufacturing and supply chains. With a $940 billion investment in renewables in a single year, China has strategically leveraged state-owned enterprises (SOEs), policy backing, and supply chain control to become a clean-energy superpower.
Today’s editorial analyses China’s dominance in Green Energy. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Energy Sector) in the UPSC mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, China has gained attention for investing a huge amount of money and taking the lead in the global green energy sector.
Why is China a global leader in renewable energy?
Installed Capacity: China has the largest installed base of solar and wind energy in the world. Eg: By 2024, China added 300 GW of solar power, more than the rest of the world combined.
Supply Chain Control: China dominates the entire renewable energy supply chain, from raw materials to finished products. Eg: It produces over 80% of global solar panels and a major share of battery components like lithium and cobalt.
Massive Green Investments: China leads in clean energy investments, supported by government incentives and green bonds. Eg: In 2024, China invested $940 billion in clean energy, nearly triple that of the U.S.
State-Led Policies: The government uses State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and policy mandates to drive green growth. Eg: SOEs like Huaneng and State Grid built large-scale wind and solar farms across the country.
Export of Green Technology: Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China exports renewable energy infrastructure globally. Eg: Chinese firms are setting up solar projects in Africa and wind parks in Latin America.
How did domestic issues drive China’s green strategy?
Severe Air Pollution: China faced toxic air quality, especially in industrial cities like Beijing, causing public health crises and unrest. Eg: The 2013 “Airpocalypse” led to mass protests, pushing the government to launch the Air Pollution Action Plan.
Energy Insecurity: Heavy dependence on coal and imported oil created vulnerability in energy supply and pricing. Eg: China increased solar and wind deployment to reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports and enhance energy self-sufficiency.
Economic Rebalancing Needs: China needed to shift from heavy industry to innovation-driven growth and green jobs. Eg: The government promoted green industries under the 13th and 14th Five-Year Plans to support sustainable development and tech leadership.
What role do SOEs play in China’s energy transition?
Leading Renewable Deployment: State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are the primary drivers of solar, wind, and hydro projects, benefiting from state financing and land access. Eg:China Three Gorges Corporation built massive hydropower plants, including the Three Gorges Dam, aiding low-carbon electricity supply.
R&D and Technology Innovation: SOEs invest in clean energy R&D, fostering breakthroughs in battery storage, grid tech, and EVs. Eg:State Grid Corporation of China has led innovations in ultra-high-voltage transmission to integrate renewables across vast regions.
Policy Implementation and Scaling: SOEs act as instruments of the central government’s green policy, enabling fast scaling of infrastructure and meeting national climate goals. Eg:China Energy Investment Corporation rapidly expanded wind farms under the 14th Five-Year Plan.
What can India learn from China?
Scale and Speed of Deployment: India can emulate China’s rapid infrastructure development in renewables by simplifying land acquisition and faster clearances.Eg: China added over 230 GW of renewable capacity in 2023, nearly 3 times India’s total renewable addition.
Strong Role of Public Sector: India should empower its public sector undertakings (PSUs) to take a leadership role in clean energy, similar to China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Eg: China’s SOEs like State Power Investment Corporation lead massive solar and wind projects, while India can enhance NTPC and SECI’s role.
Domestic Manufacturing Push: China’s dominance is rooted in its robust clean tech manufacturing ecosystem. India should focus on R&D, incentives, and supply chains.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
National Solar Mission: Launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), this mission promotes solar power generation with a target of 280 GW by 2030. Eg: India has already crossed 81 GW of solar capacity as of 2024.
Green Hydrogen Mission: The government launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export. Eg: Target of 5 MMT green hydrogen production annually by 2030.
PLI Scheme for Renewable Manufacturing: To reduce import dependence, the government introduced Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for solar PV modules, batteries, and wind components. Eg: Over ₹24,000 crore allocated to boost domestic solar manufacturing.
What are the challenges in India?
Intermittent Energy Supply: Renewable energy like solar and wind is non-continuous, making it hard to meet demand consistently. Eg: In 2022–23, India’s solar power capacity was ~70 GW, but actual generation was only ~110 billion units, implying an average capacity utilization of ~18%.
Inadequate Energy Storage: India lacks robust battery storage infrastructure to balance supply-demand fluctuations. Eg: As of 2023, India had only ~4.6 GW of battery storage, while the estimated need by 2030 is over 40 GW(CEA).
Low Private Investment in Renewables: High risks and policy uncertainty reduce private sector participation. Eg: In FY 2022–23, investment in India’s renewable sector fell by 25%, from $14.5 billion in 2021 to $10.9 billion (IEEFA).
Way forward:
Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage collaboration between government, industry, and startups to accelerate clean energy innovation and deployment.
Invest in Skill Development and R&D: Promote training in green technologies and boost research in storage, hydrogen, and grid integration to build long-term capacity.
On June 16, 2025, J&K Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha declared that eradicating terrorism from Jammu & Kashmir is the government’s foremost priority, during the passing-out parade at Sher-e-Kashmir Police Academy, Udhampur.
What limits central forces in handling terrorism in J&K?
Lack of Local Intelligence: Central forces often lack deep familiarity with local terrain, dialects, and community networks, which limits their real-time response and prevention capability. Eg: In 2022, a CRPF convoy in Pulwama district was attacked despite heavy deployment, partly due to lack of localized inputs.
Limited Civil Engagement: Being outsiders, central forces struggle to build community trust and rapport, which is crucial in identifying radical elements or suspicious activity. Eg: In Shopian, several villages refused to cooperate during a combing operation, affecting the credibility of the forces.
Operational Dependence on Local Police: Central forces depend on J&K police for actionable intelligence, language support, and legal procedures. Without local coordination, operations falter. Eg: A planned raid in Anantnag in 2023 failed due to miscommunication between central teams and local law enforcement.
Why is the local police important in counter-terrorism in J&K?
Deep Local Knowledge: The J&K Police understand the terrain, dialects, and social dynamics far better than external forces, enabling precise operations. Eg: In 2020, the local police identified and neutralised a Hizbul Mujahideen module in Kulgam using ground-level intel.
Strong Community Links: Their trust-based relationship with local residents helps in gathering timely human intelligence (HUMINT) against militant activities. Eg: Tip-offs from locals helped prevent a planned terror strike in Pulwama in 2022.
Proven Operational Experience: The J&K Police have decades of counter-terrorism experience, including intelligence gathering, search operations, and deradicalisation efforts. Eg: The Special Operations Group (SOG) of JAKP has led several successful anti-terror raids in Anantnag and Baramulla.
How does excluding elected leaders affect security in J&K?
Weakens Grassroots Intelligence: Elected leaders act as a bridge between citizens and security forces, providing local insights into suspicious movements. Their exclusion disrupts this intelligence flow. Eg: After the dilution of Article 370, the absence of panchayat leaders in parts of South Kashmir reduced early warnings of militant regrouping.
Erodes Public Trust: Marginalising elected representatives creates a governance vacuum, leading to alienation and making youth more vulnerable to radicalisation. Eg: In 2021, areas with fewer active local leaders saw a spike in recruitment by terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba.
Hampers Local Problem-Solving: Without democratic leadership, local issues like unemployment or land disputes remain unaddressed, creating fertile ground for terrorist narratives. Eg: In Kupwara, lack of local mediation escalated minor disputes into violent protests, exploited by separatist elements.
Why is democratic governance key to counter-terrorism in J&K?
Enhances Local Legitimacy: Democratic governance empowers elected representatives who enjoy public trust, making it easier to mobilize communities against terrorism.
Improves Intelligence Gathering: Leaders at the grassroots level, like panchayat members, act as the eyes and ears of the state, helping identify suspicious activities early.
Counters Alienation: Political inclusion addresses grievances, reducing the appeal of extremist ideologies and promoting peaceful participation in governance.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
Abrogation of Article 370: Revoked the special status of J&K in 2019 to fully integrate the region with the Indian Union and ensure uniform application of laws.
Increased Security Deployment: Strengthened the presence of central paramilitary forces, enhanced surveillance, and improved infrastructure to curb terrorism.
Development Initiatives: Launched major schemes like PMDP (Prime Minister’s Development Package) and back-to-village programmes to boost infrastructure, education, and employment.
What reforms are needed for better governance and security in J&K? (Way forward)
Strengthening Local Bodies: Empowering Panchayati Raj institutions with real authority and resources ensures decentralized governance and community involvement. In 2020, delays in fund disbursal to panchayats led to poor development outcomes, hampering trust in state mechanisms.
Police Reforms: Investing in modern training, surveillance tech, and better coordination between local and central forces improves counter-terror operations. During a 2021 operation in Baramulla, timely tech-driven coordination between police and intel units led to the arrest of a top militant.
Restoring Electoral Processes: Holding timely Assembly elections boosts political engagement, giving people a voice and reducing radicalization risks. The absence of an elected government since 2018 has widened the disconnect between administration and public sentiment.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir.
Linkage: The article talks about the emphasizes that the eradication of terrorism in J&K is a top priority, and that the J&K Police (JAKP) should utilize strategies like community engagement, intelligence, and inter-agency collaboration. This directly relates to the PYQ’s theme of “winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’” and “restoring the trust of the population” in terrorism-affected areas.
India has cautioned against “double standards” in response to a U.S. Bill, the Russian Sanctions Act of 2025, which proposes 500% duties on countries, including India, that buy Russian oil.
Why has India opposed the proposed U.S.-Russia Sanctions Act, 2025?
Energy Security: India opposes the Act as it threatens its access to affordable energy from Russia, which is crucial for domestic needs. India imports a significant portion of its crude oil from Russia at discounted rates, helping stabilize fuel prices.
Strategic Autonomy: India defends its foreign policy independence and rejects external pressure on sovereign decisions.
Selective Sanctions: India criticizes the Act for reflecting geopolitical double standards, where some nations are penalized while others are exempt. Eg: While India faces scrutiny, European countries continue importing Russian gas without facing similar sanctions.
What are the implications of the U.S. Act on India’s energy security and oil imports?
Disruption of Oil Supplies: The Act may lead to restrictions on Indian companies dealing with Russian energy firms, affecting oil flow. Eg: Indian refiners like Indian Oil Corporation may face hurdles in continuing long-term contracts with Rosneft.
Rising Energy Costs: Reduced access to discounted Russian oil can increase India’s energy import bills and domestic fuel prices. Eg: Without Russian discounts, India may rely more on Middle Eastern oil, which is often costlier.
Supply Chain Uncertainty: The Act creates geopolitical instability, making energy supply chains more volatile for India. Eg: Any secondary sanctions could deter shipping firms or insurers from facilitating India-Russia oil trade.
How has India diversified its crude oil sources in response to geopolitical pressures?
Increased Imports from the U.S. and Latin America: India has strengthened ties with non-traditional suppliers to reduce overdependence on West Asia or Russia. Eg: Crude oil imports from the U.S. rose from 0.9 million tonnes (2017) to over 10 million tonnes (2023).
Use of Spot Markets and Diversified Contracts: India leverages spot purchases and signs long-term deals with diverse countries to ensure supply security. Eg: Indian Oil and BPCL have signed deals with Brazil’s Petrobras and Mexico to broaden sourcing.
Investments in Overseas Oil Assets: India is acquiring stakes in oil fields abroad to ensure equity oil and reduce market vulnerability. Eg: ONGC Videsh holds stakes in projects in Sudan, Mozambique, and Venezuela, ensuring strategic access.
Why has India not resumed oil imports from Iran despite Tehran’s requests?
U.S. Sanctions on Iran: India halted Iranian oil imports after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018 and reimposed sanctions. Eg: In 2017-18, Iran was India’s third-largest oil supplier, but imports dropped to zero by mid-2019 due to U.S. pressure.
Risk of Secondary Sanctions: Engaging with Iran could expose Indian companies to secondary sanctions, disrupting financial transactions and insurance cover. Eg: Indian refiners like IOC and MRPL stopped imports fearing blocked dollar transactions and shipping challenges.
Awaiting Nuclear Deal Revival: India prefers to wait for revival of the Iran nuclear deal to restore oil trade under an international framework. Eg: Talks on JCPOA revival have stalled, making Indian policymakers cautious despite Iran’s open invitation.
How are deportations of Indian nationals affecting India-U.S. diplomatic relations?
Strain on Bilateral Relations: Frequent deportations of Indian nationals without adequate communication cause diplomatic tension. Eg: In 2023, over 2,500 Indians were deported from the U.S., prompting MEA to seek clarification over due procedures.
Concerns over Human Rights: Reports of poor detention conditions and lack of consular access raise human rights concerns. Eg: Indian consulates in the U.S. flagged cases where detainees were held in unsanitary facilities, leading to formal protests.
Impact on Consular Cooperation: Large-scale deportations increase the burden on India’s consular services, affecting coordination and trust. Eg: The sudden deportation of 60 Indians in early 2024 led to delays in documentation and reintegration, requiring urgent diplomatic intervention.
Way forward:
Strengthen Consular Coordination: Enhance real-time communication between Indian missions and U.S. authorities to ensure due process and humane treatment of deportees.
Negotiate a Bilateral Framework: Establish a formal agreement on deportation procedures, ensuring transparency, timely consular access, and respect for individual rights.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?
Linkage: The article highlights that the U.S. is considering imposing a 500% ad valorem duty on countries, including India, that purchase Russian oil, uranium, natural gas, or petroleum products through the proposed Russian Sanctions Act, 2025. This question is highly relevant as it directly parallels the geopolitical dynamic and dilemma faced by India regarding its energy imports amidst external pressure and sanctions, which is the core theme of the article.
The new NCERT Class 8 Social Science textbook omits Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali, and the Anglo-Mysore Wars from its chapter on India’s colonial era.
Legend of Tipu Sultan and Haidar Ali:
Rise of Haidar Ali: Started as a horseman in the Mysore army and became de facto ruler by 1761 through military skill.
Military Reforms: Introduced Western training, built arms factories with French help, and strengthened cavalry and artillery.
Tipu Sultan: Born in 1751, trained by French officers and well-versed in Islamic law, Persian, Arabic, and science.
Administrative Innovations: Introduced a new calendar, land revenue reforms, and coins in gold, silver, and copper with Persian inscriptions.
Governance and Industry: Created seven departments, promoted silk industry, and envisioned the future Kannambadi Dam.
French Alliance: Maintained strong ties with France, alarming the British amid global Anglo-French rivalry.
Technological Advancement: Deployed iron-cased Mysorean rockets, which inspired British Congreve rockets.
Moral Governance: Banned liquor, gambling, and prostitution to enforce discipline.
Religious Policy: Though devoutly Islamic, he patronized temples and mathas, but faced criticism for intolerance in annexed regions.
About the Anglo-Mysore Wars:
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69)
Alliance Against Mysore: British, Marathas, and Nizam formed a coalition against Haidar Ali.
Diplomatic Victory: Haidar neutralized the Marathas and secured Nizam’s support.
Outcome: Treaty of Madras (1769) restored the status quo and mutual restitution of territories.
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84)
Trigger: British violation of the Treaty of Madras and occupation of French port Mahe.
Coalition Formation: Haidar allied with Marathas and Nizam against the British.
Major Battle: Captured Arcot and defeated Col. Baillie; Haidar died in 1782.
Conclusion: Tipu continued the fight; Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was the last time an Indian power dictated terms to the British.
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92)
Cause: Tipu’s attack on Travancore, a British ally.
British Response: Cornwallis led a coordinated campaign with Maratha and Nizam support.
Result: Tipu ceded half his territory and paid ₹3 crore under the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792).
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)
British Strategy: Wellesley isolated Tipu diplomatically over his French ties.
Final Battle: Tipu was killed defending Seringapatam on May 4, 1799, ending native resistance in South India.
Aftermath of the Wars:
Fall of Resistance: Tipu’s death marked the end of organized native military opposition in the South.
British Control: Wodeyars reinstated as puppet rulers under Subsidiary Alliance; key territories annexed by the British.
Territorial Division: Nizam received Gooty and Gurramkonda; Marathas declined British land offer.
Administrative Changes: Mysore came under direct British rule in 1831 due to alleged misrule; restored to Wodeyars in 1881 by Lord Ripon under a constitutional monarchy.
Legacy: Anglo-Mysore Wars showed how native resistance could challenge colonial power through modernization, alliances, and tactical innovation.
Rocketry Influence: Tipu’s military rocketry was studied and adapted by the British into European warfare.
[UPSC 2014] With reference to the Anglo-Mysore Wars, consider the following statements:
1. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
2. Tipu Sultan was killed in the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
3. Mir Jafar entered in a conspiracy with the English for the defeat of Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah in the Battle of Plassey.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
![[pib] INS Nistar Diving Support Vessel](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/nistar.jpg)
