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  • [18th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘new’ Justitia and reimagining justice

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have continuously focused on some micro themes in the Judiciary like – Judicial Governance (2023-24), major decisions taken by Apex Court, and the issues/challenges associated with Indian Judiciary (in 2021).

    World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index ranks India at 69th out of 139 countries,   reflecting public concerns about corruption and delays within the judiciary. Today’s Editorial talks about the challenges and some of the recent initiatives taken by the Judiciary.

    This Editorial can be effectively used as a ‘case study’ as well as for representing present ‘challenges’ faced by the Indian Judiciary.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new statue of Lady Justice at the Supreme Court premises, replacing the earlier version. The new statue features Lady Justice in a saree, without a blindfold, holding scales in one hand and the Indian Constitution in the other.

    What is the Background?

    • Origin of Lady Justice: The modern depiction of ‘lady justice’ is rooted in Justitia, the Roman goddess of justice, characterized by a blindfold (clossed eyes), scales, and a sword.
    • The symbolism of the Blindfold: Introduced during the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems, it later came to represent impartiality during the Enlightenment, emphasizing justice without bias related to wealth or social status.

    How does this new representation reflect societal demands for justice?

    • Colonial Influence: The British legal system established in India introduced a hierarchical court structure. ‘Lady justice’ became a prominent symbol in Indian courts during this period.
    • Decolonial Intent: The new statue aims to replace colonial symbols with representations more aligned with Indian traditions.
      • Cultural Representation: The statue’s attire is changed to a saree, reflecting Indian heritage.
      • Open Eyes: The removal of the blindfold signifies that justice is not blind. It acknowledges social diversity and the need for nuanced approaches to justice for underprivileged groups.
      • Constitution as Symbol: The sword is replaced with the Constitution, highlighting its supremacy in Indian jurisprudence while maintaining the scales to signify impartiality in weighing evidence.

    What are the implications of it?

    • Controversies Around Statues: Historical controversies surrounding judicial statutes highlight the need for careful consideration of how justice is visually represented. Questions arise about whether justice should embody protest and resistance or reflect lived experiences and struggles.
    • Re-envisioning Justice: There is a call for justice representations to signify virtues such as feminism, anti-caste sentiments, secularism, and judicial independence. The aim is to creatively challenge existing biases within the judiciary while fostering discussions on improving public perceptions without perpetuating new forms of discrimination based on caste or religion.

    Interpretation may differ related to the new statute of Lady justice but the Government should focus on issues related Judiciary in India: 

    What are the challenges related to the judiciary?

    • Judicial Delays: The Supreme Court recently dismissed a plea for a three-year timeline to resolve over five crore pending cases, citing practical challenges due to overwhelming litigation.
    • Revised Memorandum of Procedure: There is an urgent need to finalize this document regarding judge appointments to enhance transparency and accountability in the judiciary.
    • Representation Issues: Less than 25% representation from backward classes, scheduled castes, tribes, and religious minorities exists in higher judiciary roles; women represent less than 15%. Appointments should reflect India’s social diversity.
    • Court Capacity: High Courts operate at only 60-70% capacity, exacerbating case backlogs. The government needs to expedite appointments based on collegium recommendations and fill vacancies in lower courts promptly.
    • Priority Cases: Constitutional validity cases and those concerning individual liberties should be prioritized by the higher judiciary to ensure timely justice delivery.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Judicial Capacity: Expedite appointments in higher and lower courts to address vacancies, enhance infrastructure, and streamline case management systems to reduce pendency.
    • Promote Diversity and Transparency: Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure for judicial appointments, ensuring representation of marginalized communities and women to reflect India’s social diversity and foster inclusivity.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-new-justitia-and-reimagining-justice/article68879316.ece#:~:text=The%20addition%20of%20the%20open,India%20in%20her%20left%20hand.

  • [UPSC Webinar] By Mukund Singh Chahar, IRS | 5-Phased Strategy for UPSC 2026 | Get a Subject-Wise Strategy | Join on 20th November 2024 at 5:00 PM

    [UPSC Webinar] By Mukund Singh Chahar, IRS | 5-Phased Strategy for UPSC 2026 | Get a Subject-Wise Strategy | Join on 20th November 2024 at 5:00 PM

    Register Now!

    Register for the session to get UPSC 2026 preparation plan and strategy

    Register Now!

    Read about Mukund Singh Chahar’s UPSC Preparation Journey

    UPSC 2026 is 18 months away, and you need a plan to start with now. There is no need to rush and feel overwhelmed. The preparation itself can be divided into 5 phases:

    Nov 2024 – Feb 2025: What should aspirants focus on during these initial months?
    March 2025 – June 2025: How to balance preparation as the exam approaches mid-year?
    July 2025 – Sept 2025: Strategies for maintaining momentum and intensive revision.
    Oct 2025 – Jan 2026: Preparing for the final stretch—key priorities and approaches.
    Feb 2026 – April 2026: Last-minute preparation, mock tests, and fine-tuning.
    Aspirants need to divide the preparation into micro months and carefully insert subjects here.

    Once aspirants have divided their preparation into 5 phases, the second step is to allocate subjects within these time frames, covering everything from essays to ethics and also their optional subject. The final step is having a toolkit, which outlines how to approach each subject with respect to sources, tests, and the time allocation needed.

    Join for a Zoom masterclass on 20th November at 5 PM, where he will provide a roadmap for the 2026 UPSC exam and guide college students and working professionals on how to navigate their preparation.

    See you in masterclass”

    Register Now!

    Join IRS Mukund for a Zoom webinar on Wednesday, 20th November at 5 PM, where he will provide:

    1. UPSC 2026 Toolkit
    2. Five-Phase Strategy
    3. Micro Themes Approach
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    It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Mukund Sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.

    Join us for a Zoom session on 20th Nov 2024 at 5:00 p.m. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.

    We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation. We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.

    See you in the session”

    Register for the session for a focussed UPSC Prep

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    In this Civilsdaily masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 45-minute deep dive on how to plan your UPSC strategy from the start to the end.
    2. How do first-attempt IAS Rankers get the most out of their one year prep?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply to get rank.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear path to crack UPSC with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Join UPSC session on 20th Nov 2024, 5:00 pm

    Register Now!

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Dec 24)

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

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  • Amendments of Indian Constitution

    Amendments of Indian Constitution

    Constitutional forefathers were aware of the fact that an extremely rigid constitution would not fulfill the aspirations of future generations. They also believed that the Constitution should be a living document that would be shaped by the exigencies of the time. So, the constitution makers incorporated Part-XX (Article 368) to provide for a detailed procedure to amend the constitution.

    Amendment Procedure

    AspectExclusive Power of Parliament: Only Parliament can introduce a constitutional amendment bill, not state legislatures.
    Introduced by: Any member of Parliament can introduce the bill.
    No Prior Approval: President’s recommendation is not required to introduce the bill.
    Legislative Procedure in ParliamentMajority: Passed by a special majority in each House (majority of total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting).
    No Joint Sitting: Each House must pass the bill separately; no provision for a joint sitting.
    Ratification by State LegislaturesIf amending federal provisions, the bill must be ratified by half of the state legislatures by a simple majority.
    Presidential AssentAssent Required: President must give assent once the bill is passed by Parliament and ratified by states, if necessary. (24th amendment)
    Becomes an Act: The bill becomes a Constitutional Amendment Act after Presidential assent.

    Types of Amendments

    Type of AmendmentDetailsExample
    Amendment by Simple MajorityNot under Article 368: Done through a bill passed by each house with a simple majority.Creation/abolition of legislative councils, quorum in Parliament, MP salaries, rules of procedure, privileges, use of English in Parliament, number of Supreme Court judges, more jurisdiction to Supreme Court, citizenship, elections.
    Amendment by Special Majority of ParliamentArticle 368: Bill passed by each house with a special majority.Fundamental rights, DPSPs, and other non-specified provisions.
    Required Majority: Majority of total members and two-thirds of members present and voting.For 540 members in Lok Sabha, 273 total members and 354 (two-thirds of 531 present) must approve.
    Amendment by Special Majority and Ratification by StatesFederal Structure Provisions: Special majority in Parliament and ratification by half of state legislatures.Election process of President, Union and state executive powers, legislative functions distribution, High Courts, Supreme Court, seventh schedule lists, state representation in Parliament, Article 368, GST Council.
    Talk To UPSC Mentor

    Need for Amendment

    Reason for AmendmentDetailsSpecific Examples
    Adapting to Social ChangeAmendments often reflect evolving social norms, values, and requirements of the society.– Constitutional (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019: Provides for reservation in education and public employment for economically weaker sections.
    Technological AdvancementsUpdates to accommodate technological progress and address new-age challenges.101st Amendment, 2016: Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
    Correcting Oversights or ErrorsAddress ambiguities or outdated provisions in the constitution that may arise over time.The 44th Amendment of the Indian Constitution, sought to undo several changes made by the controversial 42nd Amendment during the Emergency period
    Judicial DirectivesAmendments in response to judicial interpretations that necessitate legislative clarification.The 24th Amendment of the Indian Constitution was a direct response to judicial challenges and debates about the extent and limitations of the Parliament’s amendment powers.
    Decentralization of PowerEnhance governance by redistributing power and responsibilities, fostering local governance. Constitutional (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 and Constitutional (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992: Strengthened the Panchayati Raj institutions and introduced similar structures for urban local bodies.
    Protecting RightsExpand or recalibrate fundamental rights to reflect contemporary values and international standards.– Constitutional (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002: Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years under Article 21A.
    Structural ReformsModify or streamline governmental and judicial structures to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.– Constitutional (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016: Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) for a uniform tax regime across the country.

    Criticism of Amendment Procedure

    CriticismDetails
    Concentration of Power – Limited Role of StatesOnly Parliament can amend the Constitution; state legislatures cannot introduce amendments.
    Excessive Powers to ParliamentParliament can change most of the Constitution with a special or simple majority.
    Dual Role of ParliamentParliament has both constituent and ordinary law-making powers; no separate constituent assembly.
    No Provision for Joint SittingNo joint sitting for resolving deadlocks over constitutional amendment bills.
    Similar to Ordinary Law MakingThe process of amending the Constitution is similar to making ordinary laws, except for the need for a special majority.

    Limitations of Amendment powers of Parliament

    LimitationDetailsExamples/Notes
    Basic Structure DoctrineParliament cannot alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution.Established in Kesavananda Bharati (1973); includes principles like secularism, democracy, and rule of law.
    Procedural LimitationsAmendments must follow a strict procedure, requiring a special majority in Parliament and sometimes ratification by state legislatures.Article 368 outlines these requirements; affects amendments involving federal relations and representation.
    Judicial ReviewThe Supreme Court can review and invalidate amendments that breach the Constitution’s basic structure.Minerva Mills case (1980) and I.R. Coelho case (2007).
    Political and Social ConsensusSubstantial political and social consensus is often necessary for passing amendments due to the requirements for a special majority.
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    SC judgments on Amendment powers of Parliament

    Case NameSummary of Judgment
    Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951)Ruled that Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights.
    Sajjan Singh vs. State of Rajasthan (1965)Reaffirmed the ability of Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368, including fundamental rights.
    Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967)Overturned previous rulings, stating Parliament could not amend fundamental rights.
    Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973)Introduced the “basic structure” doctrine, establishing that Parliament cannot alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution through amendments.
    Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975)Struck down the 39th Amendment related to the election of the Prime Minister, asserting that amendments violating the “basic structure” of the Constitution are unconstitutional.
    Minerva Mills vs. Union of India (1980)Reinforced the “basic structure” doctrine. Held that clauses inserted by the 42nd Amendment, which declared that no amendment could be called in question in any court, were invalid.
    Waman Rao vs. Union of India (1981)Validated the constitutionality of all amendments made up to the Kesavananda Bharati judgment, applying the basic structure doctrine prospectively, not retrospectively.
    I.R. Coelho (Dead) By LRs vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2007)Reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine. Ruled that laws put in the Ninth Schedule after the Kesavananda Bharati case are subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure.

    Important amendments

    AmendmentKey Provisions & Significance
    1st Amendment, 1951Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes. 
    Provided for the saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. 
    Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial review. 
    Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and incitement to an offence. Also, made the restrictions “reasonable” and thus, justiciable in nature. 
    Provided that state trading and nationalisation of any trade or business by the state is not to be invalid on the ground of violation of the right to trade or business.
    24th Amendment, 1971Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including fundamental rights. 
    Made it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill.
    25th Amendment, 1971Provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles contained in Article 39 (b) or (c) cannot be challenged on the ground of violation of the rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 19 and 31.
    42nd Amendment, 1976Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. 
    Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). 
    Made the president bound by the advise of the cabinet. 
    Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A). 
    Froze the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001. 
    Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny. 
    Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years. 
    Provided that the laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles cannot be declared invalid by the courts on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights. 
    Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free-legal aid, participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of environment, forests and wildlife. 
    Extended the one-time duration of the President’s rule in a state from 6 months to one year. 
    Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts. 
    Empowered the Parliament to decide from time to time the rights and privileges of its members and committees. 
    Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial Service.
    44th Amendment, 1978Restored the original term of the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies (i.e., 5 years). 
    Omitted the reference to the British House of Commons in the provisions pertaining to parliamentary privileges. 
    Gave constitutional protection to publication in newspapers of true reports of the proceedings of the Parliament and the state legislatures. 
    Empowered the president to send back once the advice of the cabinet for reconsideration. But, the reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president.
    Replaced the term “internal disturbance” by “armed rebellion” in respect of national emergency. 
    Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. 
    Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right. 
    Provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency. 
    Omitted the provisions which took away the power of the court to decide the election disputes of the president, the vice-president, the prime minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
    52nd Amendment, 1985Provided for disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing the details in this regard.
    61st Amendment, 1989Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years, broadening democratic participation.
    73rd Amendment, 1992Granted constitutional status and protection to the panchayati raj institutions. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as “the panchayats” and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats.
    74th Amendment, 1992Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part IX-A entitled as “the municipalities” and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities.
    86th Amendment, 2002Made elementary education a fundamental right. The newly-added Article 21-A declares that “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may determine”. 
    Changed the subject matter of Article 45 in Directive Principles. It now reads—“The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years”. 
    Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A which reads—“It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years”.
    99th Amendment Act, 2014Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts with a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). 
    However, in 2015, the Supreme Court declared this amendment act as unconstitutional and void. Consequently, the earlier collegium system became operative again.
    101st Amendment, 2016aved the way for the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) regime in the country. The GST shall replace a number of indirect taxes being levied by the Union and the State Government. It is intended to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for a common national market for goods and services. 
    Provided for the establishment of a Goods and Services Tax Council by a presidential order. 
    Made the provision of compensation to the states for loss of revenue arising on account of introduction of GST for a period of five years.
    102nd Amendment Act, 2018Conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes which was set-up in 1993 by an Act of the Parliament. 
    Relieved the National Commission for Scheduled Castes from its functions with regard to the backward classes. 
    Empowered the President to specify the socially and educationally backward classes in relation to a state or union territory.
    103rd Amendment Act, 2019Allowed the state to make a provision for the reservation of upto 10% of seats for economically weaker sections in admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority educational institutions.
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  • Why BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers have been banned in Delhi

    Why in the News?

    To tackle Delhi’s severe pollution and smog, the Delhi government started implementing GRAP Stage III on November 15, which bans BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers in the National Capital Region (NCR) to help improve air quality.

    What are Bharat Stage Emission Standards?

    •  Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards are regulations established by the Indian government to control the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines in vehicles.
    •  The first standards were introduced in 1991, with subsequent updates leading to the current BS-VI standard, which came into effect on April 1, 2020. India has progressively aligned its standards with European norms, skipping BS-V altogether due to increasing pollution levels.

    What is the difference between BS-IV and BS-VI norms?

      • Sulphur Content: BS-VI fuel has a significantly lower sulphur content (10 ppm) compared to BS-IV fuel (50 ppm), resulting in reduced harmful emissions.
    • Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions:
      • Diesel Vehicles: NOx emissions are limited to 80 mg/km under BS-VI, down from 250 mg/km under BS-IV.
      • Petrol Vehicles: NOx emissions are reduced from 80 mg/km in BS-IV to 60 mg/km in BS-VI.
    • Particulate Matter (PM): The permissible PM emissions for diesel vehicles have been reduced from 25 mg/km under BS-IV to 4.5 mg/km under BS-VI. Petrol vehicles are also subject to a new limit of 4.5 mg/km for PM.
    • Emission Control Technologies: BS-VI introduces advanced technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which were not part of the BS-IV standards. Additionally, Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing is implemented to monitor emissions during actual driving conditions.

    Why have BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers been banned in Delhi-NCR?

    • Higher Emission Levels: BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles emit significantly higher levels of pollutants like NOx, PM 2.5, and sulphur oxides compared to BS-VI vehicles. These emissions worsen Delhi-NCR’s already poor air quality, especially during high pollution periods.
    • Combatting Severe Smog and Pollution: Delhi-NCR experiences severe air quality degradation during winter due to factors like temperature inversion and low wind speeds. Banning older vehicles helps reduce pollution sources and alleviates smog conditions.
    • Alignment with GRAP Stage III: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III mandates stricter pollution control measures during critical air quality levels, including banning more polluting vehicle categories, to protect public health and comply with environmental standards.

    Note:  The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III has been implemented in Delhi-NCR due to severe air pollution levels, specifically when the Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeds 400.

    What did the emission inventory say about Delhi NCR?

    • Current Challenges: The Delhi NCR region faces severe air quality issues, exacerbated by vehicular emissions, construction dust, and seasonal factors like stubble burning. The emission inventory indicates these pollutants contribute significantly to the city’s chronic smog problem.
    • Government Response: In response to high pollution levels, the Delhi government has implemented measures such as the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), which includes bans on certain vehicle categories based on their emission standards.

     

    The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) recorded an average AQI of 494 (Severe plus category) for Delhi where the different scales and methods explain the gap.

    A study by the Centre for Science and Environment reveals that:

    • Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to Delhi’s air pollution, accounting for 51.5% of the city’s pollution;
    • Neighbouring districts add 34.97 %,
    • Farm fires contribute 8.19%, and
    • Dust particles make up 3.7 % of the total air pollution in the city.

    What is the AQI Crisis in North India and What is the role of Climatic Conditions?

    • Northern India, particularly Delhi, is currently facing a severe air quality crisis, characterized by record-breaking Air Quality Index (AQI) levels. The AQI in many areas has exceeded 500, categorizing it as “severe-plus,” which poses significant health risks and limits visibility due to thick smog.
      • This year, despite a relatively pollution-free October and early November, the second week of November brought a sudden spike in toxic particulate matter, primarily PM2.5.
    • Weather Patterns: Inversions and stagnant air conditions have contributed to the accumulation of pollutants. The presence of a thick pollution blanket at around 500 meters above ground level has been linked to adverse local impacts when combined with regional emissions from stubble burning and other sources.
    • External Pollution Sources: The increase in pollution levels due to significant contributions from external sources, including emissions from nearby states like Punjab and Haryana.  

    What are the challenges in Monitoring AQI?

    • Inconsistent Data Reporting: There is confusion regarding AQI readings, with some private agencies reporting values exceeding 1,000 while official figures cap at 500. This discrepancy arises from differences in how pollutant concentrations are converted to AQI values based on less stringent national guidelines compared to WHO standards.
    • Dependence on External Data: India’s reliance on satellite data from NASA for monitoring fires and pollution limits its ability to independently assess air quality. There is a need for more localized monitoring using Indian satellites that can provide continuous coverage.
    • Lack of Comprehensive Frameworks: Current monitoring systems do not adequately account for regional cooperation or comprehensive frameworks that address transboundary pollution issues effectively. This lack of coordination complicates efforts to manage air quality across state lines.

    Way forward: 

    • Accelerate Transition to Cleaner Vehicles: Promote the adoption of electric and BS-VI vehicles through subsidies, scrappage policies, and robust charging infrastructure to phase out older, polluting vehicles effectively.
    • Strengthen Air Quality Measures: Enhance monitoring of industrial and vehicular emissions, enforce GRAP actions stringently, and increase public awareness to reduce pollution sources and improve compliance.
    • Public Health Prioritization: A health-centric approach should prioritize the well-being of citizens by implementing measures that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.
    • Multidisciplinary Solutions: Addressing air quality issues necessitates collaboration across various sectors, including transportation, urban planning, and public health. This multidisciplinary approach can foster innovative solutions tailored to local contexts while addressing broader climatic challenges.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Will Riyadh summit have an impact on Gaza war?

    Why in the News?

    Saudi Arabia recently hosted a summit of Arab and Islamic leaders, urging an immediate halt to Israel’s military actions in Gaza and Lebanon while addressing the broader Palestine issue.

    What were the key outcomes of the Riyadh summit on the Gaza conflict?

    • Condemnation of Israeli Actions: The leaders from Arab and Islamic countries condemned the Israeli military’s actions in Gaza, describing them as “shocking and horrific crimes,” including accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing.
    • Call for Investigation: They demanded the establishment of an “independent, credible” international committee to investigate these alleged crimes committed by Israel.
    • Support for Palestinian Statehood: The summit urged for measures to end the Israeli occupation and called for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on the borders prior to June 4, 1967, with East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as its capital, aligning with the two-state solution and the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002.

    How does the summit reflect changing dynamics in regional politics?

    • Shift from Normalization: The summit reflects a significant shift in regional politics where Arab nations, which had previously moved towards normalising relations with Israel (as seen in the Abraham Accords), are now re-emphasizing the importance of addressing the Palestinian issue as a prerequisite for peace.
    • Collective Arab Stance: The gathering showcased a united front among Arab leaders in response to Israel’s actions, indicating a collective anger and a strategic pivot back towards supporting Palestinian rights rather than sidelining them for diplomatic ties with Israel.
    • Impact on Saudi-Israel Relations: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s strong condemnation of Israel’s actions signals a deterioration in potential normalization talks with Israel, as any future agreements are now explicitly linked to resolving the Palestinian question.

    What is the possibility of the Arab World Joining the war?

    • Unlikelihood of Military Action: Despite heightened tensions and strong rhetoric, it is highly unlikely that any Arab nation will engage militarily against Israel. Historical precedents show that while Arab states have condemned Israeli actions, they have refrained from direct military confrontation since 1973.
    • Focus on Diplomatic Solutions: The current sentiment among Arab nations leans towards seeking diplomatic resolutions rather than military involvement, especially given their previous moves towards normalizing relations with Israel.
    • Strategic Realignment: The recent developments suggest a subtle realignment in West Asia’s strategic landscape, where Arab states may prioritize internal stability and regional cooperation over direct military engagement, even as they express solidarity with Palestine.

    What can India do to resolve the Gaza conflict?

    • Mediation and Dialogue Facilitation: India can leverage its strong relationships with both Arab countries and Israel to act as a neutral mediator, facilitating dialogue and promoting peaceful negotiations between the conflicting parties.
    • Support for International Initiatives: India can advocate for a renewed focus on the two-state solution within international forums like the UN, aligning with global efforts to establish a sustainable, independent Palestinian state alongside Israel.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Efforts: Arab nations should focus on reinforcing diplomatic pressure on Israel and the international community to address the Palestinian issue, promoting dialogue and supporting peaceful resolutions.
    • Support Palestinian Unity: Arab countries should work towards fostering unity within Palestinian leadership to present a coherent political front and advance their cause for statehood in international forums.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • Growing epidemic

    Why in the News?

    Global diabetes cases surged from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022, with adult prevalence doubling from 7% to 14%, according to The Lancet report.

    What are the WHO’s targets for diabetes diagnosis and management by 2030?

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed.
    • The target is for 80% of diagnosed individuals to achieve good glycemic control, which is crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes.

    What is the current state of diabetes prevalence in India?

    • As of 2022, India has the highest number of people with diabetes globally, totalling 212 million, significantly up from around 200 million in 1990.
    • The prevalence of diabetes among adults in India rose from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022.
    • India also leads in the number of untreated diabetes cases, with 133 million individuals over the age of 30 remaining undiagnosed, compared to 78 million in China.
    • The increase is partly attributed to improved data collection methods that include individuals with elevated fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), capturing a broader population affected by diabetes.

    What strategies can India implement to achieve these targets?

    • Targeted Screening and Lifestyle Interventions: India can adopt Finland’s approach of identifying high-risk individuals through targeted screening and offering lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and exercise, to prevent diabetes.
    • Enhance Public Awareness Campaigns: Community-based implementation and awareness programs align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing diabetes, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all, especially vulnerable populations.
    • Improve Access to Healthcare Services: Ensure that diagnostic facilities for blood glucose testing are widely available and affordable. Strengthen primary healthcare services to facilitate easier access to diabetes care and management.

    Steps taken by the government:

    • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Launched to promote awareness, early diagnosis, and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes. This program aims to reduce risk factors through lifestyle modifications and improve access to healthcare services.
    • Collaboration with WHO and Other Organizations: India collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies to align its diabetes management strategies with global best practices and targets, including those set for 2030.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Preventive Healthcare: Focus on early detection through widespread screening, robust public awareness campaigns, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups, emphasizing healthy lifestyle promotion.
    • Enhance Integrated Care Systems: Scale up access to affordable diabetes care, strengthen primary healthcare services, and integrate technology for monitoring and management to achieve WHO’s glycemic control targets by 2030.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments. (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • Operation Sagar Manthan

    Why in the News?

    The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) has initiated Operation Sagar Manthan to dismantle the extensive drug empire of Haji Salim, also known as the “Lord of Drugs”.

    About Operation Sagar Manthan

    Details
    About the Operation • An initiative by Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) to dismantle the drug trafficking network led by Haji Salim.
    • Launched under the direction of Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
    • A comprehensive crackdown on Salim’s syndicate linked to narco-terrorism.
    Aims and Objectives • Break supply lines, seize narcotics, and arrest operatives.
    • Disrupt funding for cross-border terrorism.
    • Strengthen surveillance in remote coastal areas used by the syndicate.
    • Counter aid from entities like Pakistan’s ISI and disrupt links with figures like Dawood Ibrahim.
    Goals • Reduce cartel influence in the Indian Ocean region.
    • Mitigate narco-terrorism to enhance regional security.
    • Improve maritime security to prevent future networks.

    Why does the government crack down on drug trafficking? 

    • Public Health Protection: Drug trafficking fuels addiction, mental health issues, and diseases, straining healthcare systems and undermining societal well-being.
    • National Security and Social Stability: It funds organized crime, terrorism, and violence, destabilizing communities, weakening governance, and hindering law and order.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.

  • Species in News: Western Honey Bees

    Why in the News?

    • Western Honey Bees widely used for boosting pollination has led to unintended ecological consequences.
      • Now they inadvertently carry and transmit Thai Sacbrood Virus to native bee colonies.

    About Western Honey Bees

    • Scientific Name: Apis mellifera
    • Introduced globally for their pollination abilities and honey production. In India, they were introduced in 1983 to enhance honey yield.
    • Widely used in agriculture, particularly for pollination of crops like fruit trees, crops, and vegetables.

    Thai Sacbrood Virus Outbreak

    • The Thai Sacbrood Virus (TSBV) outbreak in China and Vietnam has severely impacted honey bee populations.
      • In 1991-1992, a Thai sacbrood virus outbreak devastated around 90% of Asiatic honey bee colonies in South India and re-emerged in 2021 in Telangana.
    • The virus primarily infects honey bee larvae, leading to their high mortality rates.
    • As a result, the affected regions experienced significant declines in bee colonies, which in turn affected pollination services and honey production.
    • The movement of bee colonies for commercial pollination and honey production has facilitated the spread of the virus.

    About Indian Bees and Their Habitat

    • Indian bees are predominantly Apis cerana indica, a species of Asian honey bee.
    • They are found in a wide range of habitats, including forests, agricultural land, and urban environments.
      • They thrive in areas with abundant flowers and nectar sources.
    • Indian bees are important for pollination, especially for local flora, and contribute to the ecosystem by supporting biodiversity and food production.
    • They face threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and competition from Western Honey Bees, which may outcompete them for food and nesting sites.

    Significance of Honey Bee: 

    • Pollination and Food Security: Honey bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, contributing to the production of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, ensuring global food security and agricultural sustainability.
    • Biodiversity Conservation: By facilitating plant reproduction, honey bees support ecosystem health and biodiversity, maintaining the balance of natural habitats and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?

    (a) Butterflies

    (b) Dragonflies

    (c) Honeybees

    (d) Wasps

     

  • Species in News: Kaalinga

    Species in News: Kaalinga
    PC: The Hindu

    Why in the News?

    The Western Ghats’ king cobra, commonly called ‘Kalinga Sarpa’, will soon be recognized in the scientific community as Ophiophagus kaalinga.

    About Kaalinga (Ophiophagus kaalinga):

    Details
    Geographical Location • Native to the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, and extends to adjacent regions within the Western Ghats.
    • Prefers dense tropical forests and hilly terrains.
    Physical Features • Can grow up to 10-12 feet.

    • Carnivorous, feeding on snakes, small mammals, and lizards.

    • Potent neurotoxic venom capable of killing several humans or an elephant in a single bite.
    Uniqueness • Known for territorial behaviour and intelligence.
    • Females build and fiercely guard nests (4 ft x 3 ft) with 23-43 eggs per clutch.
    Conservation Status • At risk due to habitat fragmentation, human-animal conflict, and the absence of specific anti-venom.

    IUCN Status: Vulnerable

    WPA, 1972: Schedule II (accorded protection but with lesser restrictions compared to Schedule I)

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?

    (a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
    (b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
    (c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
    (d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season

  • [pib] Press Council of India

    Why in the News?

    • National Press Day is celebrated annually on November 16 to honour the critical role of a free and responsible press in society.
      • It marks the start of the Press Council of India in 1966, established as a moral watchdog to uphold press standards and protect it from undue influence or threats.

    About the Press Council of India (PCI):

    Details
    Historical Background • Constituted on July 4, 1966, as an autonomous, statutory, and quasi-judicial body.
    • Established to act as a moral watchdog over the press to ensure it operates with ethics and independence.
    • First Press Commission of India (1954) recommended forming a council to uphold professional standards in journalism.
    • Initially governed by the Press Council Act of 1965, later replaced by the Press Council Act of 1978.
    Composition of PCI • Comprises 28 members and a Chairperson.
    • Chairperson appointed by a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and a representative of the President.
    • Member Representation:
    – 13 working journalists representing different news organizations.
    – 6 members from editors and newspaper owners.
    – 5 members from Parliament (3 from Lok Sabha, 2 from Rajya Sabha).
    – 1 nominee each from the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Bar Council of India (BCI), and Sahitya Akademi.
    • Term: Each member serves a 3-year term and can be re-elected.
    Powers and Functions of PCI • Quasi-Judicial Authority: PCI has statutory powers to hold inquiries into complaints against the press or journalists for professional misconduct.
    • Inquiry Powers: PCI can summon witnesses and call for documents if necessary.
    • Disciplinary Action: PCI has the authority to censure or admonish newspapers, editors, or journalists for violating professional ethics.
    • Recommendations: Although PCI cannot enforce laws or impose penalties, it can recommend actions to the relevant authorities in case of serious violations.Functions:
    • Upholding Press Freedom: Ensures that the press in India is free from undue influence and performs its duties with responsibility.
    • Protecting Journalists: Investigates complaints of harassment or threats against journalists and defends their rights.
    • Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on policy issues that affect press freedom and media laws.
    • Studies and Reports: Conducts studies on media issues, such as election reporting, defense coverage, and journalist safety, to provide guidelines on responsible reporting.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?

    (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
    (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
    (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
    (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.

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