Q) Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC CSE 2021) Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘The National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Mentor’s Comment:
“Diversity is essential for effective institutionalization, bringing positivity and change.”
Women’s meaningful representation in the judiciary is a crucial aspect of gender equality and justice. It is a precondition for bringing justice to those who need it the most.
Although several states have established quotas for women in the lower judiciary, providing 30% to 35% of seats for female candidates during recruitment in recent years, significant disparities persist, particularly in higher courts.
Today’s editorial explores the current state of women’s representation in the judiciary, the underlying reasons for their under-representation, and the importance of addressing these issues.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recent findings from a joint UN Women and UNDP study highlight the importance of women’s representation in the judiciary, particularly in Africa.
CJI Chandrachud has also emphasized the need for dignified working conditions for women in the judiciary, further underscoring the ongoing discussions around gender equality in legal systems globally.
Current State of Women in the Judiciary:
• Subordinate Courts: As of 2023, women constitute approximately 36.3% of judges in subordinate courts, up from 27.6% in 2018. • High Courts: The representation of women judges in High Courts has increased slightly from 10% in 2018 to 13.4% in 2023, with only 11.5% of judges being female. • Supreme Court: The Supreme Court remains the least representative, with only 9.4% (3 out of 32 judges) being women as of December 2023, a marginal increase from 4% in 2018.
Regional Disparities: The High Courts of Punjab & Haryana, Delhi, and Bombay have the highest number of women judges. Conversely, states like Orissa, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have only one woman judge each, while Patna and several others have none.
What are the systemic barriers contributing to the low representation of women in the judiciary?
Deeply rooted Patriarchy: A prevailing patriarchal culture limits women’s roles and opportunities in the legal field, leading to discrimination that hinders their judicial careers.
Societal expectations regarding domestic duties often lead women to prioritize family over career, causing them to decline promotions or judicial positions.
Hostile Work Environment: Women often face sexism and harassment, creating a challenging atmosphere that can result in high turnover rates and hinder career advancement.
Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of essential facilities, such as childcare and appropriate office space, disproportionately impacts women, complicating their ability to balance work and family.
Opaque Appointment Processes: The collegium system for appointing judges lacks transparency and tends to favor male candidates, reducing opportunities for qualified women.
Low Representation in Litigation: The under-representation of women in litigation results in fewer female candidates for judicial roles, perpetuating the cycle of inequality.
Women experience bias from colleagues and clients, which can undermine their credibility and limit their professional growth in the legal field.
How does the under-representation of women impact the judicial system and society?
1) Impact on the Judicial System
Justice Delivery: Fewer female judges can lead to biased rulings that overlook women’s unique experiences and needs.
Legitimacy: A diverse judiciary enhances public trust, signaling that the legal system is accessible and representative.
Diverse Perspectives: Women judges bring different viewpoints, enriching decision-making and improving legal outcomes.
Role Models: Fewer women in judicial positions discourage young women from pursuing careers in law.
Social Justice: A lack of gender diversity may hinder effective responses to issues affecting women, undermining social justice efforts.
What measures can be implemented to promote greater inclusion of women in the judiciary?
Gender Quotas: Set minimum representation targets for women in judicial positions, especially in higher courts.
Transparent Appointment Processes: The judiciary needs to revise selection criteria and make the judicial appointments more clear and fair to include diverse candidates.
Supportive Programs and Policies: Create mentorship initiatives and support networks by linking aspiring female judges with experienced women in the field.
Introduce Family-friendly and flexible working hours and childcare support to help women manage family responsibilities.
Gender Sensitivity Training: Implement training for Judges to address biases and foster an inclusive environment within the judiciary.
Advocacy and Political Will: Promote and encourage advocacy from civil society organizations to push for women’s representation in the judiciary.
Rooftop solar (RTS) can transform India’s energy landscape by providing a sustainable, decentralized, and affordable solution for rising electricity needs and could empower consumers (women and other sections of society) toward greater self-reliance.
How does solar energy contribute to women’s economic empowerment?
Income Generation and Financial Independence: Solar technology enables women to generate income directly, especially in rural areas where traditional energy sources are scarce or costly.
For instance, solar-powered pumps have empowered women salt farmers in Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch, who, after shifting from diesel to solar, saw a 94% income boost and lower CO₂ emissions.
Employment Opportunities: The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, employing around 4.9 million people in 2022, has been particularly impactful for women, who make up about 40% of its workforce.
Empowerment Programs: Initiatives like Barefoot College in India and Solar Sister in Africa train women as solar engineers. These programs enhance skills, improve self-reliance, and create employment in remote communities.
What are the broader social implications of women’s involvement in the solar sector?
Community Well-being and Social Development: Women’s participation in the solar sector promotes local economic growth and strengthens social structures.
Leadership and Decision-Making: When women lead or actively participate in renewable energy projects, they often advocate for inclusive policies and better community engagement.
Gender-Sensitive Energy Policies: Women’s involvement highlights the need for energy policies that address the unique needs of women, improving both economic participation and social inclusion.
What challenges do women face in the renewable energy sector, and how can these be addressed?
Access to Training and Financing: Women often face limited access to training and funding.
Overcoming these barriers requires accessible, affordable training programs in solar technology, as well as microfinance schemes specifically for women-led renewable energy projects.
Gender Bias and Occupational Segregation: The renewable energy sector, like many others, is affected by gender biases that can limit women’s roles to lower-level positions.
To address this, it’s important to promote women’s leadership and equal opportunities through gender-sensitive hiring practices and mentorship programs.
Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Energy access policies frequently lack a gender perspective, which limits their reach and inclusiveness.
Integrating gender-focused policies in energy and rural development sectors can enhance the socio-economic impacts of solar energy for women.
Conclusion: Governments should integrate gender-focused policies within renewable energy frameworks, ensuring accessible financing options and training programs specifically for women. Microfinance schemes and subsidies for women-led solar projects can foster broader participation.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (UPSC IAS/2020)
As the crises inUkraine and Gaza persist, experts and policymakers are increasingly concerned about further rises in the costs of components essential for producing petroleum-based chemical fertilizers.
Current Scenario of Fertilizer Imports:
India’s domestic fertilizer production capacity does not meet the full demand, requiring substantial imports to bridge the gap.
Urea: Approximately 20% of India’s urea requirement is met through imports.
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP): Around 50-60% of DAP demand is fulfilled by imports.
Muriate of Potassium (MOP or Potash): 100% of India’s MOP demand is met through imports, as there is no domestic production.
The Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers (August 2023) expressed concern about India’s dependence on imports for fertilizers, recommending an increase in domestic production capacity.
How did the conflict in Ukraine impact the Global Fertilizer Market?
Market Instability: Ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza are disrupting the stability of the global fertilizer market, particularly affecting the prices of oil and petroleum-based fertilizers.
Supply Chain Disruptions: These conflicts affect global supply chains, particularly for fertilizer-producing countries such as Russia, which has been a significant source of fertilizer imports for India.
Price Volatility: Higher oil prices due to geopolitical tensions in Ukraine and Gaza indirectly drive up costs of fertilizers, as these are often by-products of petroleum.
Its effects on India
Rising Import Costs: Increased global fertilizer prices lead to higher import costs for India, putting pressure on the fertilizer subsidy budget.
Potential Supply Constraints: India’s reliance on imports from conflict-affected regions like Russia and West Asia (including the Middle East) poses risks of reduced fertilizer availability.
Budget Strain: India’s fertilizer subsidy allocation for 2023-24 was ₹1.79 lakh crore, with substantial amounts dedicated to both indigenous and imported fertilizers.
Need for Self-Reliance: The conflicts underscore the importance for India to reduce dependency on imports by increasing domestic production capacity, promoting alternatives like nano urea, and exploring sustainable practices like natural farming.
Steps taken by the government:
New Investment Policy (NIP): NIP supports new urea manufacturing units by PSUs and private companies, boosting production capacity from 207.54 LMTPA in 2014-15 to 283.74 LMTPA.
Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS): The government included Potash from Molasses under NBS in 2021, encouraging local production and reducing import dependency.
Public-Private Joint Ventures: PSUs and private firms collaborate in urea production, establishing units like the Ramagundam Fertilizers in Telangana and Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan plants in northern states.
Way forward:
Boost Domestic Production: Increase India’s fertilizer production capacity through investment in domestic infrastructure and support for nano urea and alternative sustainable fertilizers to reduce import dependency.
Adopt Policy Reforms: Implement policies promoting self-reliance in fertilizers, with targeted subsidies and incentives for private, public, and cooperative sectors to enhance production and ensure affordable supply amidst global market volatility.
During mid-October, 34 UNIFIL troop-contributing Nations condemned attacks on peacekeepers and urged respect forUNIFIL’s mission. Although not listed, India expressed full alignment with the joint statement.
About UNIFIL:
UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) is a peacekeeping mission established in 1978, focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, supporting Lebanese stability, and ensuring security along the Lebanon-Israel Blue Line.
What prompted the condemnation from India and Spain regarding the attacks on UN peacekeepers?
Repeated Targeting of Peacekeepers: Peacekeepers, including Indian personnel, faced direct attacks, such as IDF tank fire on UNIFIL positions and deliberate disabling of surveillance systems. Spain, along with other European countries, condemned these attacks as “unjustifiable.”
Violation of International Norms: These attacks on UN peacekeeping personnel and facilities violated the UN mandate, undermining the peacekeepers’ protection under international humanitarian law. Both India and Spain view this as a significant breach of norms that safeguard the sanctity of UN missions.
Response to Escalating Risk to Peacekeepers: Statements from both India and Spain emphasized the need for respecting UN premises’ “inviolability” and maintaining safety for peacekeepers amidst escalations, underscoring the importance of ensuring the protection and security of peacekeepers.
What is the significance of UNIFIL’s role in Lebanon, and how do India and Spain view it?
Peacekeeping and Stability: UNIFIL is crucial in mediating and maintaining peace along the Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon. Its presence serves as a stabilizing force, helping prevent spillovers of conflict, which is essential for regional peace.
India’s Role as a Major Contributor: With 903 personnel deployed, India plays a substantial role in peacekeeping efforts, reflecting its commitment to UN missions and highlighting the need for global respect toward UN mandates.
Spain’s Support for UNIFIL’s Mission: Spain aligns with other European countries in reinforcing UNIFIL’s role in regional stability. By condemning attacks, Spain emphasizes the importance of this mission in Lebanon and, by extension, its support for UN peacekeeping mandates globally.
How do these events relate to broader geopolitical tensions in the region?
Regional Escalations and Proxy Conflicts: The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, particularly in Lebanon, feeds into broader geopolitical dynamics involving Israeli security concerns, Lebanese stability, and Iran’s influence through Hezbollah.
Impact on Global Diplomacy: The hostilities and targeting of UN peacekeepers may strain diplomatic relations, as countries urge Israel to respect international norms and safeguard peacekeepers. This may influence the UN Security Council’s approach, emphasizing a unified international stance against actions threatening UN missions.
Pressure on Multinational Cooperation and Regional Security: The events underscore the risks of operating in volatile zones where multinational peacekeeping efforts face direct threats.
Way forward:
Strengthen Diplomatic Engagement: India should actively engage with the UN Security Council and regional stakeholders to advocate for stringent measures ensuring the protection of UN peacekeepers and upholding the sanctity of UN mandates in conflict zones.
Enhance Contingency Protocols for Peacekeepers: India should work with UNIFIL and other troop-contributing countries to strengthen on-ground security protocols and response mechanisms.
On the occasion of the 9th Ayurveda Day, Prime Minister will launch several healthcare projects valued at Rs 12,850 crore.
The focal theme for Ayurveda day-2024 has been decided as ‘Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health’.
About Ayurveda:
Details
Origins
• Rooted in four Vedas (5000–1000 BCE).
• References in Ramayana and Mahabharata epics.
• Fully developed by 1000 BCE with Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita.
Foundational Texts
• Brhattrayi (Three Major Treatises):
• Caraka Samhita (internal medicine)
• Susruta Samhita (surgery)
• Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya (Vrddha Vagbhata and Vagbhata, 6th-7th century CE).
• Takshashila and Nalanda universities attracted foreign students.
Global Influence
• Spread through Buddhism to Tibetan and Chinese medicine.
• Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adopted concepts via trade and interactions.
• 8th century CE saw Nagarjuna study medicinal use of metals.
Integration of Modern Techniques
• 16th century saw inclusion of modern diagnostics and treatment for new diseases.
Revival in India (19th-20th Cent.)
• 1827: First Ayurveda course at Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
• 20th Century: Ayurveda colleges spread under regional patronage.
• 1970s: Ayurveda revived, with academic research, publications, and global symposia.
Current Status
• Structured undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral education.
• Strong network of practitioners and manufacturers.
• Developed infrastructure for community outreach.
Global Influence
24 countries recognize Ayurveda legally.
Collaborative platforms include:
• SCO Expert Working Group on Traditional Medicine
• BIMSTEC Taskforce on Traditional Medicine
• BRICS High-Level Forum on Traditional Medicine.
• Ayurveda products exported to 100+ countries.
WHO Standards and Milestones
• ICD-11 Integration: WHO included Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani in ICD-11 TM Module 2.
• WHO set global standards for practice and training.
• GCTM, Jamnagar (Gujarat): Focuses on Ayurveda research, education, and practice.
Philosophical Foundations
• Historical evidence dates to the first millennium BCE.
• Knowledge passed from gods to sages and then to human physicians.
• Central concepts align with Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Buddhism, and Jainism.
• Emphasis on balance and maintaining natural urges.
Initiatives and Programs by the Govt.
National Ayush Mission (2014): Aimed at promoting the development and growth of Ayush systems (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in the country, focusing on strengthening educational institutions and enhancing the quality of services.
Ayurveda Research Portal (2021): Promotes research in Ayurveda by providing a digital platform for researchers, practitioners, and institutions to access data, funding opportunities, and collaborative initiatives.
Ayush Grid (2020): A digital initiative aimed at enhancing the accessibility of Ayush services and information through online platforms, connecting practitioners, patients, and educational institutions.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the State’s largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.
Why discuss this?
The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):
Details
Location
Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
Highest Peak
Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
Designation
Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
UNESCO Recognition
Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
Terrain
Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
Vegetation
A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
Tribal Communities
Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
Flora
Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
Fauna
Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Why Raigad Fort is Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage?
Historical and Strategic Importance: Raigad Fort served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha resilience and independence.
Architectural Excellence: The fort showcases Maratha military architecture, with well-developed structures adapted to the hilly terrain.
Role in Maratha Legacy: As a hill fort, Raigad is emblematic of the Marathas’ unique fortification style, designed to withstand invasions and safeguard autonomy.
Icon of Maratha Heritage: Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts), Raigad stands as a tribute to Shivaji Maharaj’s leadership and legacy and has become a pilgrimage site for Shivbhakts.
Natural Defense and Innovation: The fort’s natural fortifications, steep escarpments, and strategic location atop an isolated hill embody military ingenuity and make it a model of Maratha defense architecture.
History of Raigad Fort:
Details
Location
• Situated in the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, India.
• Elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level.
• Surrounded by natural cliffs and 1,500-foot escarpments.
Background
• Originally known as Rairi.
• Captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1653 CE.
• Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674 CE.
• Served as the capital of the Maratha Empire until 1680 CE.
Significance
• Part of the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
• Referred to as the “Gibraltar of the East” by Grant Duff.
Architectural Highlights
• Includes the Royal Complex with key structures like Ranivasa and Rajsadar.
• Jagadishwar Mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Samadhi (final resting place) of Shivaji Maharaj located nearby.
Features
• Accessible mainly through Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja.
• Features well-designed drainage systems and secret chambers.
Ecology
• Surrounded by valleys shaped by the Kal and Gandhari rivers.
• Supported limited agriculture and had a self-sustained ecosystem.
Cultural Significance
• Known as the Durgaraj (King of Forts), symbolizing Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy.
• Hosts annual celebrations for Shivrajyabhishek and Punyatithi.
PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate reason for Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and fight the Third Battle of Panipat?
(a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from Lahore
(b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina Beg Khan invited him to invade Punjab
(c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration for non-payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (Gujarat, Aurangabad, Sialkot & Pasrur)
(d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of Punjab up to the borders of Delhi to his kingdom
India has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out of 100, placing it among the five worst performers alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
Reasons for India’s Low Ranking:
High Rate of Land Conversion: 53% of India’s land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes, contributing to deforestation and habitat fragmentation that severely impact biodiversity.
Soil Pollution: India’s sustainable nitrogen index is 0.77, indicating high levels of soil pollution primarily due to extensive pesticide use, threatening soil health and agricultural sustainability.
Minimal Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected, with no protected areas in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlighting limited efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.
Illegal Wildlife Trade: India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion, putting added pressure on vulnerable wildlife species.
About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
Details
Developed By
Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Purpose
To assess each country’s progress in balancing conservation and development through data-driven analysis.
Aim
To help governments, researchers, and organizations identify concerns and enhance conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection.
Launch Date
Launched on October 24, 2024.
Scope
Ranks 180 countries based on their conservation efforts.
Pillars of the Index
• Managing Protected Areas
• Addressing Threats Against Biodiversity
• Nature and Conservation Governance
• Future Trends in Natural Resource Management
Significance
Provides insights into conservation policies and practices, aiding in the global effort to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development.
Key highlights of the reports:
Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Costa Rica, and New Zealand ranked highest, showing strong conservation practices and governance.
Nations with advanced climate adaptation policies (e.g., Sweden and Denmark) are better positioned to mitigate biodiversity risks from climate change.
Despite Protected Areas, 46.9% of terrestrial and 67.5% of marine species are in decline worldwide.
High-density nations such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands face intense biodiversity pressures, driving them to implement urban greening and sustainable practices.
PYQ:
[2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) Civils exam is conducted in two stages: Prelims and Mains. While Prelims is qualifying, UPSC Mains is the main scoring exam. There are both compulsory and optional subjects in the exam for aspirants. Compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam are mandatory for every candidate to attend, while optional subjects allow choice of selection. These optional subjects are confined to the UPSC Mains exam, distributed in the last two Papers.
Knowledge of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is essential because they carry scoring weightage. Some of them may overlap with optional subjects, proving advantageous for candidates. Without proper knowledge, candidates could seriously compromise their ability to score maximum in the UPSC.
Compulsory Subjects for UPSC Exam
UPSC Prelims
UPSC Mains
General Studies I
General Studies II (CSAT)
Current affairs of national and international importance
English Language Comprehension
Indian Language Paper
Environment, Ecology, and Biodiversity
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
English Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)
Ancient, Medieval and Modern History of India
Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability
Essay Paper
Indian polity and governance
Basic Numerical Problems
GS Paper I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society
General science and technology
Decision-making and problem-solving
GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations
Indian and world geography
Data Interpretation
GS Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management
Economic and social development
General Mental Ability
GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude
Art and Culture
Optional Paper 1
Social Issues
Optional Paper 2
UPSC Exam: Overview
UPSC Exam Stage
Compulsory Papers
UPSC Prelims
General Studies IGeneral Studies II (CSAT)
UPSC Mains
Indian Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)English Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)Essay PaperGeneral Studies IGeneral Studies IIGeneral Studies IIIGeneral Studies IVOptional Paper IOptional Paper II
UPSC Exam is conducted mainly in two stages: Prelims and Mains. The prelims exam is an objective type examination with multiple choice questions. It is a qualifying exam for UPSC Mains containing two compulsory papers: General Studies I & II. Only those candidates who obtain cut-off in the Prelims will reach UPSC Mains. Thus, marks obtained in UPSC prelims are not counted in preparing the final merit list.
Compulsory Subjects for USPC Exam: Prelims
Paper (Type)
Subjects Covered
Exam Duration
Total Marks
General Studies I (Objective)
History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Environment
2 Hours
200
General Studies II (CSAT) (Objective)
Logical Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, English Comprehension
2 Hours
200
General Studies Paper I
As indicated, General Studies I involves subjects like History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Environment and General Science. The compulsory subjects for UPSC exam prelims are:
Current events of national and international importance.
History of India and Indian National Movement.
Indian and World Geography: Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
Indian Polity and Governance: Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Economic and Social Development: Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change (Do not require subject specialisation)
General Science.
General Studies Paper II (CSAT)
This paper is also known as CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test). The compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam CSAT are largely about English language comprehension and logical and numerical aptitude.
Comprehension
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
Logical reasoning and analytical ability
Decision-making and problem-solving
General mental ability
Basic numeracy: Numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. (Class X level)
Data Interpretation: Charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. (Class X level)
UPSC Prelims is an objective type exam, containing multiple choice questions. There is no descriptive part. The minimum qualifying mark in the UPSC Prelims is 33%. Only those candidates who obtain the qualifying marks will be allowed for UPSC Mains.
Moreover, since both GS I & II contain compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam, candidates not appearing in any of the exams will be disqualified in the UPSC exam.
Compulsory Subjects for USPC exam: Mains
UPSC Mains is a descriptive exam that tests a candidate’s overall intellectual ability and depth of understanding. There will be 9 compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam, of which the last are optional* papers. While 7 papers contain questions that require no specialised study, optional papers require minimum degree level qualification in a chosen subject.
The compulsory subjects for UPSC exam mains are as follows:
CompulsoryEnglish Language UPSC: Passage Comprehension, Precis Writing, Usage and Vocabulary, Essay Writing.
Compulsory Indian Language UPSC: Passage Comprehension, Precis Writing, Usage and Vocabulary, Essay Writing, Translation from Indian language to English and vice versa.
Paper I (Essay): Essay
General Studies I(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society): Indian culture, modern Indian history, the freedom struggle, post-independence reorganisation, and key global events from the 18th century. It also examines Indian society, diversity, globalisation, social issues, physical geography, natural resource distribution, and major geophysical phenomena like earthquakes, tsunamis, and cyclones, and much more.
General Studies II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations): Indian Constitution, its evolution, features, amendments, and federal structure. It covers the separation of powers, Parliament, state legislatures, executive, judiciary, and constitutional bodies. Topics include government policies, welfare schemes, social sector issues (health, education), governance, e-governance, transparency, and the role of civil services. International relations with India’s neighbours, global groupings, and the impact of foreign policies on India are also addressed.
General Studies III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management): Covers economic issues like resource mobilization, inclusive growth, budgeting, agriculture, and food security. It also includes industrial policy, infrastructure, and investment models. Science, technology, environmental conservation, disaster management, and internal security challenges such as extremism, cyber security, and border security are also key topics.
General Studies- IV (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude): It tests candidates on their ethical mindset and problem-solving skills using case studies. Key topics include ethics in public and private life, attitude, emotional intelligence, contributions of moral thinkers, values for civil service, and probity in governance. It also covers ethical issues in administration, public service, transparency, and corruption challenges.
Optional Paper I: Descriptive Examination on Chosen Subject.
Optional Paper II: Descriptive Examination on Chosen Subject.
*Optional papers allow a candidate to the subject of their choice in the exam, from 48 subjects. However, optional papers are MANDATORY to clear UPSC.
Compulsory Subjects for IAS: Preparation Tips
The syllabus of compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is generally not taken from books. UPSC says that most of the exams can be attended well by highly educated people, except for optional papers. Optional papers require a minimum bachelor’s degree in the chosen subject. That is why, UPSC Civils is thought of as a difficult exam by most. To perform well, the following tips should help you.
Understand Syllabus: The first step is to understand the syllabus well. If you can understand the syllabus well, obtaining relevant books, and focusing on relevant subject areas would be easy.
ChooseStandard Books: There is no prescribed book to prepare for UPSC. That is why selecting the right book to study compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is very important. Go for expert-recommended and comprehensive books.
Practice Answer Writing: UPSC Mains is a descriptive exam. Getting hold of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is not sufficient. You have to practice writing answers to questions from the previous year’s papers. You should learn to express your ideas clearly in writing.
Time Management: Managing time effectively in the UPSC Mains is essential due to the limited time per paper. Focus on practising previous Mains question papers within the given timeframe and regularly attempt mock tests to boost your speed and efficiency in answering questions within the allotted time.
Prepare Notes: Continuous revision is the backbone of effective UPSC preparation. However, going through reference books every time is a poor strategy. Prepare sufficient notes of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam to make your preparation efficient and effective. Alternatively, you can also get notes from toppers or outside resources.
Current Affairs: Most questions in the UPSC mains might combine subject knowledge and related current affairs. Staying updated on current affairs is thus imperative if you want to gain maximum marks when attempting compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam.
Conclusion
One often overlooked aspect of UPSC preparation is maintaining a balanced mindset throughout the journey. Mental well-being is as crucial as academic preparation. UPSC aspirants should schedule breaks, engage in physical activity, and practice mindfulness to manage stress effectively. This approach fosters resilience, enabling candidates to stay focused, overcome setbacks, and enhance productivity during the rigorous exam preparation phase.
FAQs
Is Maths compulsory for UPSC?
No, Maths is not a compulsory subject in UPSC. It is one of the 48 subjects that candidates can choose for their optional Papars in UPSC Mains. You can skip Mathematics if you wish and choose any other subject.
What are the compulsory subjects for UPSC?
UPSC exam happens in two stages with compulsory and optional subjects. Prospects have no choice in selecting the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam. However, they can choose from 48 optional subjects in UPSC Mains’s last two papers (Paper VI & VII). The last two papers are thus known as optional papers.
What is the maximum mark in UPSC?
UPSC Civils is conducted for a total of 1750 marks.
Can I directly write UPSC Mains?
No. You can not directly enter UPSC mains without getting qualifying marks in the UPSC Prelims. Currently, it is set at 33% marks in the UPSC Prelims.
Can I skip one of the papers in UPSC Prelims?
No. UPSC Prelims consists of General Studies Paper I & II. Both papers are mandatory for all candidates. Skipping any of these leads to disqualification from the exam.
Roshan’s story is one of grit, determination, and relentless struggle. He doesn’t come from a privileged background—his father is a mechanic, and his mother works as a laborer. Despite these challenges, he cleared IIT and now UPSC.
Civilsdaily receives around 100 job applications daily, many from candidates who have cleared various stages. Those who narrowly missed prelims often feel they’re on par academically. When Roshan joined us, we admired his personal struggles and his commitment to helping students with the support he never had. That truly set him apart.
Roshan Sir is Civilsdaily’s UAP Mentor. Over time, he has guided many students, helping them feel confident in their ability to crack this exam. In Roshan Sir’s words:
“UAP Mentoring gave me access to a lot of value-added content. I used X Factor Notes, Microthemes, and Samachar Manthan extensively to write mains this year.”
Beyond this, Roshan Sir developed his unique mentoring style, and students appreciated the guidance and valuable insights he provided.
Over time, Roshan Sir has gained a deep understanding of the UPSC exam’s demands. Through experience, he has identified what truly works and what UPSC expects. Eager to share his insights with 2025 and 2026 aspirants, he will outline his mentoring style and a practical strategy for upcoming attempts in this session.
Join him on Wednesday, 30th October, at 7 PM!
Join UPSC Ranker and Senior Mentor Roshan Siron 30th October, at 7 PM. Wewill be conducting a FREE webinar exclusively for UPSC 2025 and 2026 aspirants giving you a sneak peak of what it takes to perform at the alpha level in your very first attempt.
It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Roshan sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.
Join us for a Zoom session on 30th Oct 2024, 7 PM. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation.We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.
At Civilsdaily, we treat Mentorship as a specialization. Not every Mains or interview candidate can be a mentor. Most such mentors will suggest cosmetic changes and will only help you evolve slowly. It is easy to find comfort in sentences like ‘every topper is different’ and’ they have their own path’. Finding what’s different about you and then figuring out your own path is why Mentorship is essential.
We walk the talk by helping you craft your own way of preparation. A method that enhances your probability of qualifying UPSC-CSE in a single attempt. We give you that near-perfect certainty. Delivering this consistently to hundreds of aspirants (now rankers) in the past was challenging. We still stick to it and keep getting better at it with each passing year.
At CD, we understand the science and the art of everything UPSC. If you have a problem, we will sit with you and find a solution. If that doesn’t work, then we try solution 2. Eventually, we will make sure you end up making progress. What’s the point of any content, program, or mentorship without progress? This is precisely why aspirants trust they have the best shot at clearing the exam with Civilsdaily.
We invest a significant amount of time, effort, and energy into creating lectures, notes, and tests, understanding your needs as an aspirant. We take this responsibility seriously because, ultimately, your future depends on it.
The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Yearlong Mentorship Program. For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to aspirants for the value they get.
In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants; many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved.Overwhelmed by quick fixes, content overload and messy timetables which never work? Join us as we take you through a realistic and relatable roadmap for UPSC 2026 preparation.
(Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Nov 24)
These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.
![[pib] Raigad Fort](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/raigad.jpg)
![[UPSC Openhouse] By Roshan Sir, UPSC Ranker 2023 & Civilsdaily’s UAP Mentor | From Mentor to Ranker: An Exclusive Civilsdaily Story | Join on 30th Oct 2024 at 7:00 PM](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ROSHAN-THUMB-1568x882.jpg)
