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  • Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

    Why in the News?

    Recent research indicates that pigs may act as a transmission vehicle for a strain of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) commonly found in rats, known as Rocahepevirus ratti, or rat HEV.

    Role of Pigs in Transmission

    • HEV Reservoir: Pigs naturally carry hepatitis E virus (HEV), particularly strains that can infect humans.
    • Transmission via Pork: Humans can contract HEV by consuming raw or undercooked pork from infected pigs.
    • Environmental Contamination: Infected pigs shed HEV in faeces, contaminating the environment and water sources, potentially spreading the virus to humans.
      • Poor sanitation in pig farms facilitates HEV transmission between pigs and increases the risk of human infection through the food chain.
    • Cross-Species Transmission: Pigs may also act as intermediaries for rat HEV, transmitting the virus from rats to humans in farm environments.

    About Hepatitis E Virus (HEV):

    • Hepatitis E is caused by the Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), which is a positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus.
    • HEV is classified under the family Hepeviridae, genus Orthohepevirus.
    • It was first identified during an outbreak among Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan in 1983.
    • The earliest well-documented HEV epidemic occurred in New Delhi, India, in 1955, retrospectively identified as HEV.
    • Transmission:
      • The primary route of transmission is fecal-oral, especially through contaminated water and food.
      • Zoonotic transmission is possible with genotypes 3 and 4, commonly spread through undercooked meat or direct animal contact.
    • Symptoms:
      • Jaundice, nausea, fatigue, and elevated liver enzymes.
      • Severe cases can lead to liver failure, especially in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals.
    • Prevention and Cure:
      • A vaccine, HEV 239, is approved for use in China, but no vaccine is widely available or approved in most countries, including the United States.
      • There is no specific antiviral treatment for acute HEV.
      • Prevention relies on improved sanitation, safe drinking water, and proper food handling.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Which one of the following statements is not correct?

    (a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.

    (b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.

    (c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses are several times more than those infected with HIV.

    (d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.

  • Dead Coral Skeletons hinder Reef Regeneration

    Why in the News?

    A study conducted at Moorea, French Polynesia, has revealed that the network of dead coral skeletons left behind by bleaching events prevents reefs from regenerating.

    About Corals

    • Corals are marine invertebrates made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps.
    • Polyps have a mutualistic relationship with microscopic algae called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues.
    • Zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis, providing the corals with carbohydrates, while the corals offer compounds needed for photosynthesis.
    • Corals have calcium carbonate skeletons, which help in building the reef structure.
    • Thousands of polyps combine to form coral colonies, which multiply and grow over time.
    • Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons from corals.
    • Known as the “rainforests of the seas”, they provide habitat and protection for a wide variety of marine life.
    • Coral reefs are built by both hard and soft corals and grow over time as more corals attach to the reef structure.
    • They are the largest living structures on the planet, vital for marine biodiversity.

    Challenges due to Dead Corals

    • Shelter for Seaweed: Dead coral skeletons create a complex structure that offers protection to macroalgae (seaweed) from herbivores. This allows seaweed to colonize the reef quickly, outcompeting young coral.
    • Impeded Herbivory: The complex landscape of dead corals prevents herbivores, which normally graze on algae, from accessing the macroalgae effectively. This leads to unchecked algae growth.
    • Increased Competition: Macroalgae grow faster and reproduce more frequently than coral, leading to increased competition for space, light, and nutrients, which further inhibits young coral from settling and growing.
    • Annual Coral Reproduction: Coral typically spawns only once a year, while algae reproduce continuously. This gives algae a competitive advantage in newly available spaces left by dead coral skeletons.
    • Altered Ecosystem Balance: The presence of dead coral shifts the balance between herbivores, algae, and coral, making it difficult for the reef to regenerate naturally.

    Conditions for Reef Regeneration

    • Flat Substrate: After events like cyclones, which remove coral but leave behind a flat surface, reefs tend to recover more easily, as young coral can settle and regrow without much competition from macroalgae.
    • Herbivore Activity: Active herbivory is crucial for reef recovery, as herbivores control the growth of macroalgae, allowing space for coral recruits to settle and thrive.
    • Clear Space for Coral Recruits: To regenerate effectively, coral needs open space free from excessive algae. Removing dead coral skeletons might help create these conditions.
    • Frequent Disturbances: Coral reefs are better adapted to recover from frequent but non-lethal disturbances like storms, which scrape off coral and allow for fresh regrowth, compared to bleaching events, which leave the dead coral structure intact.
    • Water Quality and Temperature: Coral recovery depends on optimal water conditions, including the absence of pollutants and suitable temperatures.

    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following statements

    1. Most of the world’s coral reefs are in tropical waters.
    2. More than one-third of the world’s coral reefs are located in the territories of Australia, Indonesia and Philippines.
    3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Arogya Sanjeevani Policy

    Why in the News?

    The “Arogya Sanjeevani Policy” serves as a reference point for choosing health insurance for hospitalisation.

    About Arogya Sanjeevani Policy:

    Details
    Launch Date April 2020
    Issued by Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
    Objective To provide basic and affordable health insurance coverage to all citizens
    Sum Insured ₹1 lakh to ₹5 lakh per policy year
    Coverage Hospitalization, pre and post-hospitalization expenses, daycare procedures, AYUSH treatments, COVID-19 coverage
    Pre-Existing Conditions Coverage after 4 years of continuous policy renewal
    Co-Payment 5% co-payment on all claims
    Premium Varies based on age, sum insured, and insurer
    Waiting Period 30 days for new policies; 48 months for pre-existing diseases
    Daycare Procedures Covers over 50+ daycare treatments
    Room Rent Limit Up to 2% of the sum insured per day (maximum ₹5,000 per day)
    ICU Room Rent Up to 5% of the sum insured per day (maximum ₹10,000 per day)
    AYUSH Treatments Covers Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy treatments
    Maternity Coverage Not covered
    Network Hospitals Cashless facility in network hospitals
    Eligibility Individuals aged 18 to 65 years

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process – Discuss.

  • [30th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Common Practice Standards must have India outlook 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q). Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. (UPSC CSE 2014)
    Q). In the view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture non – viable for a majority of farmers should contract farming and land leasing be promoted in agriculture? critically evaluate the pros and cons. (UPSC CSE 2015)
    Q). Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State? (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Prelims:

    In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture? (UPSC CSE 2020)
    1. Crop diversification
    2. Legume intensification
    3. Tensiometer use
    4. Vertical farmingSelect the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

    Mentor’s Comment:  Agroforestry plays a crucial role in enhancing the resilience of Indian agriculture through various mechanisms. By integrating trees with crops and livestock, agroforestry provides farmers with multiple income streams, reducing dependence on single crops and mitigating the impact of market fluctuations. The integration of trees provides shade and wind protection, making agricultural systems more resilient to extreme weather events such as droughts and floods. This adaptability is vital for farmers facing unpredictable climate patterns. In today’s editorial, we will focus on Indian-centric issues.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recent studies indicate that with the right policies and financial support, India could sequester an additional 2.5 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030 in the agroforestry sector.

    • Currently, agro-forestry represents 8.65% of India’s land and contributes 19.3% of its carbon stocks, playing a vital role in both environmental sustainability and economic growth.
    • India is poised to increase agroforestry area from 28.4 million hectares to 53 million hectares by 2050.
    CASE STUDY of UP:

    • In Uttar Pradesh, a new agroforestry project aims to connect local farming with the global carbon credit market, potentially generating 4.5 million carbon credits valued at around Rs 230 crore.
    • This initiative is part of a broader strategy to enhance rural incomes while increasing the state’s green cover from 9.23% to 15% by 2027.
    • The success of these projects hinges on adapting carbon finance standards to better suit India’s unique agricultural landscape, which could unlock further opportunities for smallholder farmers.

    How does the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ apply to carbon credits in agro-forestry?

    The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is a fundamental concept in environmental economics that holds polluters responsible for the costs associated with their environmental impact.

    • Responsibility for Emissions: Industries that emit greenhouse gases are required to compensate for their emissions by purchasing carbon credits.
      • Each credit represents one ton of CO2 or its equivalent that has been sequestered or reduced, which creates a financial incentive for these industries to invest in carbon offset projects like agroforestry.
    • Market Dynamics: The carbon credit market operates on the principle that companies must buy credits to offset their emissions, thus internalizing the external costs of pollution.

    What are the present issues for the Indian Market?

    • In carbon finance, “common practice” assesses the projects that have additional regional activities (larger areas), meaning they are disqualified from earning carbon credits if they don’t provide additional environmental benefits.
      • For example, standards like Verra’s VCS and Gold’s current definitions reflect large-scale agricultural practices in regions like Latin America and the U.S., overlooking India’s context of small, fragmented landholdings.
    • However, in India, approximately 86.1% of farmers have less than two hectares, often practicing agroforestry in a non-systematic manner, which may not meet the additionality criteria. Many Indian farmers are excluded from ARR carbon finance projects due to this.

    Why is there a need for an India-centric approach?

    Revising standards to fit India’s fragmented small-holder model could allow more farmers to participate in carbon finance projects.

    • Enhanced Income Streams: Integrating agroforestry with Afforestation, Reforestation, and Revegetation (ARR) initiatives provides farmers with additional income through carbon credits, diversifying their revenue sources.
      • This integration helps tackle issues such as low productivity, small land holdings, dependence on monsoons, and environmental degradation by promoting sustainable land management practices.
    • Soil and Ecosystem Health: Agro-forestry practices improve soil quality, enhance water retention, and mitigate erosion, contributing to overall ecosystem health and agricultural productivity.
    • Biodiversity Conservation: The integration encourages greater biodiversity by incorporating various tree species alongside crops, promoting ecological balance within agricultural landscapes.
    • Alignment with National Goals: The integration supports India’s climate goals and commitments under international agreements by increasing carbon sequestration potential and enhancing green cover.
    • Long-Term Sustainability: By establishing a systematic approach to agroforestry through ARR initiatives, farmers can achieve sustainable agricultural practices that ensure long-term productivity and environmental health.

    Way Forward:

    • The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has launched 19 ARR projects across seven states in India, benefiting over 56,600 farmers.
    • To scale these initiatives, international carbon finance platforms must revise their standards to align with the realities of Indian agriculture.
    • A systematic approach to agro-forestry supported by carbon finance can help farmers diversify their income, making them more resilient to climate variability.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/common-practice-standards-must-have-india-outlook/article68698577.ece

  • UPSC 2025 Exam Date: Check Revised Calendar and Full Schedule here

    UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) India released a revised 2025 calendar on August 22, 2024. The first calendar for 2025 was released on April 25, 2024. Now it is an updated calendar. There are no major changes in the revised UPSC calendar 2025 except a proposed new date for the CBI (DSP) LDCE exam. Among all the dates, UPSC Civil Service exam dates are the most important for civil service aspirants. Note that the IAS exam dates haven’t changed. 

    UPSC Civils Prelims is scheduled on 25th May 2025 (Sunday) and Mains commences on 22nd August 2025 (Friday). Read the full article to know more about UPSC 2025 exam dates. 

    Talk To UPSC Mentor Now

    UPSC 2025 Exam Date

    Sl. No.Name of ExaminationDate of NotificationLast Date for ApplicationDate of CommencementDuration of Exam
    1Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination11.01.2025––2 DAYS
    2Combined Geo-Scientist (Preliminary) Examination, 202504.09.202424.09.202409.02.20251 DAY
    3Engineering Services (Preliminary) Examination, 202518.09.202408.10.202409.02.20251 DAY
    4CBI (DSP) LDCE27.11.202417.12.202408.03.20252 DAYS
    5CISF AC(EXE) LDCE-202504.12.202424.12.202409.03.20251 DAY
    6N.D.A. & N.A. Examination (I), 202511.12.202431.12.202413.04.20251 DAY
    7C.D.S. Examination (I), 2025––––
    8Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 202522.01.202511.02.202525.05.20251 DAY
    9Indian Forest Service (Preliminary) Examination, 2025 through CS(P) Examination 2025––––
    10Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination14.06.2025––2 DAYS
    11I.E.S./I.S.S. Examination, 202512.02.202504.03.202520.06.20253 DAYS
    12Combined Geo-Scientist (Main) Examination, 202521.06.2025––2 DAYS
    13Engineering Services (Main) Examination, 202522.06.2025––1 DAY
    14Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination05.07.2025––2 DAYS
    15Combined Medical Services Examination, 202519.02.202511.03.202520.07.20251 DAY
    16Central Armed Police Forces (ACs) Examination, 202505.03.202525.03.202503.08.20251 DAY
    17Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination09.08.2025––2 DAYS
    18Civil Services (Main) Examination, 202522.08.2025––5 DAYS
    19N.D.A. & N.A. Examination (II), 202528.05.202517.06.202514.09.20251 DAY
    20C.D.S. Examination (II), 2025––––
    21Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination04.10.2025––2 DAYS
    22Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination01.11.2025––2 DAYS
    23Indian Forest Service (Main) Examination, 202516.11.2025––7 DAYS
    24S.O./Steno (GD-B/GD-I) LDCE17.09.202507.10.202513.12.20252 DAYS
    25Reserved for UPSC RT/ Examination20.12.2025––2 DAYS

    Source: Official

    Important Notes:

    • The dates for notifications, application deadlines, and exam commencement are subject to change if required by unforeseen circumstances.
    • Candidates are advised to regularly check the official UPSC website for any updates.

    What is New

    In the revised UPSC 2025 calendar, the CBI (DSP) LDCE’s notification date has been moved to January 1, 2025, and the application deadline is now January 14, 2025. Except that, there are no major changes in the revised UPSC 2025 exam dates.

    UPSC 2025 Exam Date for Civil Services

    Civil Services refers to the IAS (Indian Administrative Service), IPS (Indian Police Service), IFS (Indian Foreign Service), and IRS (Indian Revenue Service). Among the UPSC examinations, Civils is the most sought-after by graduate aspirants across India. 

    The examination for Civil Services is conducted through two stages: Preliminary and Main. The dates for the same are given below:

    Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2025

    • Notification Date: 22nd January 2025
    • Last Date to Apply: 11th February 2025
    • UPSC Prelims 2025 Date: 25th May 2025 (Sunday)
    • Duration: 1 Day

    Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2025

    • Exam Date: 22nd August 2025 (Friday)
    • Duration: 5 Days

    Download the Official UPSC Calendar 2025

    The official notification of the UPSC 2025 exam date is available at upsc.gov.in. You can download it, along with archives by following the below steps:

    • Visit the official UPSC website and click on the home page.
    • Now find the “Examination” tab in the top menu and select the “Calendar” option.
    • This will take you to the section with PDF links for the annual calendars from the past three years. 
    • Click on the “UPSC Annual Calendar 2025” link to download the PDF.

    Posts Recruited through UPSC

    1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
    2. Indian Foreign Service (IFS).
    3. Indian Police Service (IPS).
    4. Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service– Group ‘A’.
    5. Indian Audit and Accounts Service– Group ‘A’.
    6. Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise)– Group ‘A’.
    7. Indian Defence Accounts Service– Group ‘A’.
    8. Indian Revenue Service (I.T.)–  Group ‘A’.
    9. Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service– Group ‘B’ (Section Officer’s Grade).
    10. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service– Group ‘B’.
    11. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service– Group ‘B’.

    UPSC 2025 Calendar: Points to Remember

    When going through the UPSC 2025 exam dates, there are a few lesser-known points that candidates often overlook:

    Rolling Updates: The UPSC 2025 calendar is subject to change throughout the year. While major exam dates are usually fixed, smaller changes or additional notifications can be added.

    Exam Cycles Overlap: Different exams preparation cycles often overlap. For example, while preparing for one year’s Prelims, you might also need to focus on the previous year’s Mains or Interview stages. Plan accordingly.

    State PSC alignment: Some state Public Service Commissions align their exam schedules with UPSC. Be aware of potential conflicts if you’re appearing for multiple exams.

    Holidays and Working Days: The UPSC 2025 calendar includes information about UPSC office working days and holidays, which should be underlined if you’re seeking document submission or query resolution. You won’t be able to access services on holidays, so submit your documents early.

    Non-Exam notifications: Besides exam dates, the UPSC calendar 2025 also includes dates for recruitment to various posts that don’t follow the typical exam pattern.

    Barred Services: Some exam notifications include information about services that are temporarily barred from recruitment that year. Check properly from your required information.

    Age Relaxation Deadlines: The UPSC calendar sometimes includes critical dates related to age relaxation applications.

    E-Admit Card Release Date: UPSC 2025 calendar dates may not coincide with E-Admit card release dates. Please check the official website for the latest updates on that and download the Admit card as early as possible.

    Talk To UPSC Mentor Now

    UPSC 2025 Exam Date vs UPSC 2024 Exam Dates

    UPSC exam schedule is subject to change every year. This might be useful for aspirants, as there is a common misconception about the UPSC exam dates being the same every year. But there are small changes as you can observe below table.

    Exam NameUPSC 2024 DateUPSC 2025 Date
    Engineering Services (Preliminary)18 February 20249 February 2025
    Combined Geo-Scientist (Preliminary)18 February 20249 February 2025
    CISF AC(EXE) LDCE10 March 20249 March 2025
    N.D.A. & N.A. Examination (I)21 April 202413 April 2025
    CBI (DSP) LDCE16 March 20248 March 2025
    Civil Services (Preliminary)16 June 202425 May 2025
    I.E.S./I.S.S. Examination21 June 202420 June 2025
    Combined Medical Services Examination14 July 202420 July 2025
    Central Armed Police Forces (ACs) Examination4 August 20243 August 2025
    Civil Services (Main)20 September 202422 August 2025
    Indian Forest Service (Main)24 November 202416 November 2025
    S.O./Steno (GD-B/GD-I) LDCE7 December 202413 December 2025

    Conclusion

    In addition to learning UPSC 2025 exam dates and starting exam preparation, candidates should focus on mental well-being and time management. Engaging in regular physical activity and mindfulness practices can enhance focus and reduce stress, ultimately improving performance. Building a supportive study group can also provide motivation and accountability during this demanding preparation journey.

    Schedule 1:1 Mentorship for Focused UPSC Prep

    FAQs

    Will there be UPSC exam in 2025?

    Yes, UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) has announced UPSC exam dates 2025 on August 22, 2024. All the proposed examinations including Civil Services are scheduled to be conducted in 2025. 

    What is new in the revised UPSC 2025 exam date?

    In the revised UPSC 2025 calendar, the CBI (DSP) LDCE’s notification date has been moved to January 1, 2025. The application deadline for the same is now January 14, 2025. There are no other major changes noted.

    Do UPSC Civil Services exam dates change every year?

    Yes, UPSC civil services exam dates are subject to change every year, even within the same year depending on the circumstances. Aspirants are advised to keep visiting the UPSC official website (upsc.gov.in) for regular updates. 

    When should I start preparing for UPSC prelims?

    Start preparing for the UPSC prelims at least six to eight months in advance. One year is even better. Focus on the syllabus and current affairs. Consistent revision is key to building a strong foundation.

  • [UPSC Openhouse] By Ranadheer Sir, Senior Mentor of AIR 2 | Should You Drop Your UPSC 2025 Attempt? | How To Self-Evaluate and Plan for Your Next Attempt || Join on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM.

    [UPSC Openhouse] By Ranadheer Sir, Senior Mentor of AIR 2 | Should You Drop Your UPSC 2025 Attempt? | How To Self-Evaluate and Plan for Your Next Attempt || Join on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM.

    Register Now!

    Register for the masterclass on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM to get yearlong mentorship & study plan for UPSC-CSE

    Register Now!

    Know more about the Ranadheer Sir’s Masterclass

    In this session, Ranadheer Sir will help you understand your current level of preparation for UPSC by identifying your strengths and weaknesses in different subjects like General Studies, Optional, and Essay. He will also guide you on how to assess the remaining 8 months for the 2025 attempt and decide if this time is enough to cover the entire syllabus.

    Ranadheer Sir will share self-assessment techniques to help you check your knowledge, find gaps in your preparation, and track your progress. He will explain why mock tests, practicing previous years’ questions, and regular revisions are important for building a strong foundation. The session will also cover the factors to consider when deciding whether to attempt the exam in 2025 or wait until 2026, addressing concerns about missing out (FOMO) and managing deadlines.

    The session will highlight the importance of mentorship in improving your preparation strategy. Ranadheer Sir will share insights from his vast experience and offer personalized guidance to help you make the right decision. There will also be an interactive Q&A session where attendees can ask questions and clear their doubts, with tailored advice from Ranadheer Sir based on their individual preparation status.

    Animesh (AIR 2, UPSC 2023) was preparing with his mentor, Ranadheer Sir and a team of experts who had led AIR 22, AIR 48 to success in UPSC 2022 with UAP Mentorship Program.

    While the whole world wakes up to mentorship for the first time in 2024, we have been perfecting the UAP mentorship program for the last 5+ years.

    It is with that proven confidence that on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM, Ranadheer Sir will be conducting a FREE webinar exclusively for UPSC 2025 and 2026 aspirants giving you a sneak peak of what it takes to perform at the alpha level in your very first attempt.

    It will be a practical webinar and here’s what we will be discussing:

    1. How should an absolute beginner start his/ her UPSC 2026 prep? What are the high yielding areas that are quick to conquer and necessary to master
    2. Absolute non-negotiables for every beginner – If you miss mastering these, forget your rank, you will risk even your mental health – so get them right
    3. Actual scans of Animesh’ answer writing attempts with UAP 2023 to show you how an aspirant evolves to become a ranker
    4. LIVE UPSC PYQs attempts to show the difference between a beginner vs. a ranker’s attempt to the same question.

    It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Ranadheer sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.

    Here’s what you will be getting after attending the webinar:

    1. Scanned GS Paper PDF Notes of Animesh Pradhan which he made during his student days at Civilsdaily’s UAP 2023 batch
    2. Flash Notes of GS Polity: Ranker approved notes for exam ready revision

    Join us for a Zoom session on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.

    In the session, we will discuss how mentorship works. Why Mentorship is a must when you attempting for the first time.

    We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation. We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.

    See you in the session”

    Register for the session for a focussed UPSC prep

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    About Civilsdaily Mentorship Philosophy:

    At Civilsdaily, we treat Mentorship as a specialization. Not every Mains or interview candidate can be a mentor. Most such mentors will suggest cosmetic changes and will only help you evolve slowly. It is easy to find comfort in sentences like ‘every topper is different’ and’ they have their own path’. Finding what’s different about you and then figuring out your own path is why Mentorship is essential.

    We walk the talk by helping you craft your own way of preparation. A method that enhances your probability of qualifying UPSC-CSE in a single attempt. We give you that near-perfect certainty. Delivering this consistently to hundreds of aspirants (now rankers) in the past was challenging. We still stick to it and keep getting better at it with each passing year.

    At CD, we understand the science and the art of everything UPSC. If you have a problem, we will sit with you and find a solution. If that doesn’t work, then we try solution 2. Eventually, we will make sure you end up making progress. What’s the point of any content, program, or mentorship without progress? This is precisely why aspirants trust they have the best shot at clearing the exam with Civilsdaily.

    We invest a significant amount of time, effort, and energy into creating lectures, notes, and tests, understanding your needs as an aspirant. We take this responsibility seriously because, ultimately, your future depends on it.

    The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Yearlong Mentorship Program. For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to aspirants for the value they get.

    In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants; many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved.Overwhelmed by quick fixes, content overload and messy timetables which never work? Join us as we take you through a realistic and relatable roadmap for UPSC 2026 preparation. 

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 45-minute deep dive on how to plan your UPSC strategy from the start to the end.
    2. How do first-attempt IAS Rankers get the most out of their one year prep?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply to get rank.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear path to crack UPSC with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Join UPSC session on 3rd Oct 2024, 7 PM

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    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Nov 24)

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

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    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
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  • Keep the fire of the self-respect movement going

    Why in the News?

    This year marks the beginning of the centenary of the “Self-Respect Movement”, a transformative movement with a unique mission to empower individuals and communities to challenge and dismantle the oppressive hierarchical structures that had subjugated them.

    What is the significance of the Self-Respect Movement?

    • Empowerment Against Hierarchical Structures: The Self-Respect Movement, founded by Periyar in 1925, aimed to dismantle the caste-based hierarchy that oppressed lower castes, especially in the Madras Presidency.
    • Social Reform Beyond Political Representation: The movement went beyond advocating for communal representation, focusing on equal rights for women, caste abolition, and the upliftment of the depressed classes.
      • It introduced radical reforms like self-respecting marriages and supported women’s rights such as property ownership, divorce, and widow remarriage.
    • Kudi Arasu’s Role: The Tamil weekly, Kudi Arasu (The Republic), served as a platform to spread Periyar’s critiques of Brahminism and the caste hierarchy, expanding the reach of the Self-Respect Movement.
    • Federalism and Political Autonomy: Periyar and the movement contributed to the evolution of federalism in India by advocating for regional autonomy and opposing the dominance of elite caste groups in politics.

    How can the principles of the self-respect movement be sustained and promoted?

    • Adaptation to Contemporary Issues: The movement must address modern complexities like the intersectionality of caste with class, religion, gender, and sexuality. Expanding the movement’s scope to include LGBTQIA+ rights and evolving gender norms will keep it relevant.
    • Counter-fack news on social media: Active communication with younger generations, particularly in countering right-wing narratives and caste biases on social media, is vital for promoting the movement’s ideals of equality and rationalism.
    • Reframing Social Justice in a Global Context: Sustaining the Self-Respect Movement’s legacy requires integrating its principles with global discussions on social justice, identity politics, and human rights.
    • Advocacy for Policy Reforms: Continuous advocacy for policies that address caste and gender inequalities, such as reservations and legal protection for self-respect marriages, can strengthen the movement’s impact.

    What challenges does the self-respect movement face in the current socio-political climate?

    • Cultural Homogenisation: The rise of Hindutva and right-wing ideologies seeks to homogenise India’s diverse cultures, undermining regional, linguistic, caste, and gender identities that the movement has historically sought to protect.
    • Evolving Caste Dynamics: While traditional caste practices may have declined in some areas, caste-based discrimination persists subtly in other forms, which the movement must continue to confront.
    • Digital Misinformation: The rise of social media has led to the spread of falsehoods that reinforce caste and group prejudices. The movement must actively engage in digital spaces to counter these narratives.
    • Caste-based politics: In states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, many regional political parties engage in caste-based politics, which indirectly obstructs the principles and application of the Self-Respect Movement.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Inclusive Policy Reforms: The Indian government should enhance policies that target caste and gender inequalities, such as expanding legal protections for self-respect marriages and enforcing anti-discrimination laws, while ensuring marginalized communities have equitable access to resources and opportunities.
    • Strengthen Digital Literacy and Anti-Misinformation Efforts: The government should initiate programs to combat digital misinformation, particularly caste-based narratives, by promoting digital literacy, fact-checking, and inclusive content on social media platforms to foster equality and social harmony.

  • Why digitisation is not enough to reform land laws?

    Why in the News?

    India’s land governance system is a tangled web of laws that have significantly impeded the nation’s economic and social progress for many years.

    What are the limitations of digitisation in land law reform?

    • Failure to Address Legal Complexities: Digitisation alone does not resolve the underlying conflicts in land laws, such as unclear titles, insecure tenure, and legal ambiguities around land ownership and transfers.
    • Outdated Records: Even digitised land records may remain outdated or inaccurate, undermining the reliability of property titles and failing to improve access to formal credit.
    • Ineffectiveness in Fragmented Land Markets: Digitisation does not solve the issue of land fragmentation, which reduces agricultural productivity and hampers investment.
    • Limited Impact on Tenancy and Leasing Laws: Digitisation does not address restrictions on land leasing or tenancy, leaving land markets inefficient and informal.
    • Overreliance on Administrative Procedures: The complexities of legal and administrative frameworks still hinder land ownership, transfers, and use, despite digitisation efforts.
    • Political Exemptions from Judicial Review: The exclusion of land laws from judicial scrutiny through the Ninth Schedule limits accountability and the ability to challenge unjust political or administrative actions.

    How do socio-political factors influence the effectiveness of digitisation efforts?

    • Political Resistance: Local and state-level political interests may resist changes to land laws that could undermine entrenched power structures or vested interests, impeding the effectiveness of digitisation efforts.
    • Rent-Seeking Behavior: Complex land laws and administrative procedures encourage rent-seeking, making digitisation ineffective without legal reforms that simplify regulations.
    • Cultural Norms and Gender Disparities: Socio-political dynamics, especially regarding gender and caste, influence land ownership patterns, limiting the impact of digitisation in addressing social inequalities.
    • State Variability: Differences in state capacity, resources, and political will lead to uneven adoption and success of digitisation efforts across India.
    • Lack of Integration in Subsidy Targeting: Social and political factors, such as inefficient targeting of subsidies (e.g., fertiliser subsidies not linked to land records), limit the impact of digitisation on equitable resource distribution.
    • Exclusion from Judicial Review: The Ninth Schedule’s protection of land laws from judicial review allows political decisions to go unchallenged, reducing the long-term effectiveness of digitisation reforms.

    What additional measures are necessary for effective land law reform? (Way forward)

    • Comprehensive Legal Reforms: Overhaul conflicting land laws to ensure clarity, secure property titles, and strengthen property rights.
    • Tenancy and Leasing Reforms: Modernise and liberalise tenancy laws to formalise leasing arrangements and reduce the risk of expropriation.
    • Land Use Flexibility: Reforms allowing easier conversion of land use between agricultural, industrial, and residential sectors to ensure optimal land utilisation.
    • Land Consolidation Policies: Facilitate land consolidation to improve agricultural productivity and attract investment by reducing fragmentation.
    • Gender Equality in Land Ownership: Strengthen laws ensuring equal land and property rights for women, addressing gender-based inequalities in land ownership.
    • Judicial Oversight: Allow land laws to be subject to judicial review, ensuring fairness and protecting against arbitrary political and administrative decisions.

  • Places in news: Palk Strait

    Why in the News?

    The Nagapattinam-Kankesanthurai ferry service has been resumed along the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka after 40 years.

    About Palk Strait

    Location Narrow water body separating Tamil Nadu, India, and Sri Lanka.
    Name Origin Named after Robert Palk, a British Raj-era Governor of Madras Presidency (1755-1763).
    Geographic Boundaries Southern boundaries include Pamban Island (India), Adam’s Bridge (shoals), Gulf of Mannar, and Mannar Island (Sri Lanka).
    Connection Connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest.
    Alternate Name Southwestern part of the strait is known as Palk Bay.
    Dimensions Width varies from 64 to 137 km, length is approximately 137 km, and depth is less than 330 feet (100 meters).
    River Inflows Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu flow into the Palk Strait.
    Historic Context
    • Key maritime link between India and Sri Lanka, facilitating trade, cultural exchanges, and religious pilgrimages.
    • Played a vital role in the British colonial trade routes, but ferry services were halted due to the 1964 cyclone and the Sri Lankan civil war in 1983.
    Present Significance Supports regional trade, tourism, and people-to-people connections, while fostering economic development in both India and Sri Lanka.

  • UK backs permanent seat in UNSC for India

    Why in the News?

    UK PM Keir Starmer has expressed strong support for India’s bid for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

    About United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

    Details
    Establishment By the UN Charter in 1945 as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
    Other UN Organs General Assembly, Trusteeship Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat
    Primary Responsibility Maintaining international peace and security
    Headquarters New York City, USA
    Members 15 members: 5 permanent members (US, UK, Russia, China, France) and 10 non-permanent members (elected for two-year terms)
    Permanent Members US, UK, Russia, China, France
    Non-permanent Members 10 elected members; require two-thirds majority in the General Assembly to be elected
    Presidency Rotation Every month among the 15 members
    Voting and Veto Power Permanent members have veto power; non-permanent members have no veto but resolutions require at least 7 non-permanent members’ votes for approval, even with unanimous permanent support
    India’s Participation India has been elected as a non-permanent member of the UNSC eight times: 1950-51, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-85, 1991-92, 2011-12, 2021-22
    Responsibilities & Powers Mediation, dispatching UN missions, appointing envoys, issuing ceasefire directives, peacekeeping, sanctions, arms embargo, and issuing binding resolutions
    UNSC Reforms Process Stage 1: Requires a two-thirds majority (128 votes) in the General Assembly (193 member states) for approval.
    Stage 2: Amended Charter must be ratified by at least two-thirds of member states, including all five permanent members, who may exercise veto power. Their national parliaments also influence the ratification process.

     

    PYQ:

    [2009] The Security Council of UN consists of 5 permanent members, and the remaining 10 members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of:

    (a) 1 year

    (b) 2 years

    (c) 3 years

    (d) 5 years

    [2015] Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

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