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  • In news: Sharavathi River

    Why in the News?

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and the mines and geology department to stop any unlawful/illegal sand mining in the Sharavathi River coastal zone.

    About National Green Tribunal (NGT)

    Description
    Establishment Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body.
    Objective
    • To deal with cases related to environmental issues and ensure speedy implementation of decisions.
    • Responsible for giving many prominent decisions aimed at environmental protection, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and canceling coal block clearances.
    Composition
    • Headquartered in Delhi, chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge
    • Included Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
    Powers Empowered to decide on questions related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues:

    1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
    2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
    3. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
    4. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
    5. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
    6. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
    7. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
    Exceptions Prohibited to hear any issues which are covered under:

    1. The Indian Forest Act, 1927,
    2. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and
    3. Any other laws made by States which are related to protection of trees, forests, etc.
    Places
    • Principal bench in Delhi;
    • Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
    Governing Principles
    • Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by Indian Evidence Act.
    • Applies principles of sustainable development, precautionary, and polluter pays.
    Review and Challenge
    • NGT orders can be reviewed as per Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
    • Can be challenged before the Supreme Court within 90 days.
    Jurisdiction
    • Jurisdiction over all civil cases involving a substantial question relating to environment.
    • Powers vested are the same as in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
    • Decisions are binding.
    Disposal of Cases Disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing of the same.

    About Sharavathi River

    • It originates and flows entirely within Karnataka.
    • It is among the few westward-flowing rivers in the country and a significant part of its basin lies in the Western Ghats.
    • Origin: The river originates at Ambutheertha in the Thirthahalli taluk.
    • Legend: According to ancient legend, the god Rama shot an arrow (Ambu) into the ground to quench his wife Sita’s thirst. The water that poured out was named “Thirtha,” hence the river’s name “Sharavati,” with “Shara” meaning arrow.

    Geography and Length:

    • The river stretches about 128 km (80 mi) and joins the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada district.
    • Jog Falls, formed by the Sharavati River, is located approximately 25 km from Siddapura.

    Tributaries and Basin:

    • Major tributaries: Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole.
    • River basin: divided between Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts.
    • Pre-Cambrian rocks, including the Dharwar system and peninsular gneiss, dominate the basin.

    Soils and Agriculture:

    • Soils in the basin are predominantly lateritic and tend to be acidic, ranging from clay loamy to loamy.
    • Four soil orders are found: ultisols, alfisols, inceptisols, and entisols.

    Dams:

    • The Linganamakki Dam, constructed in 1964, spans the Sharavati River, with a catchment area of nearly 1,991.71 km2.
    • The Gerusoppa Dam, completed in 2002, primarily serves for electricity generation.

    Flora and Fauna:

    • The Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary declared in 1972, protects diverse ecosystems and endangered species.
    • The river basin is rich in biodiversity, home to rare species of flora and fauna.

    Regulation of Sand Mining in India:

    Mines and Minerals Act, 1957
    Definition of Sand as a Minor Mineral Sand is categorized as a minor mineral under section 3(e) of the MMDR Act.
    State Governments’ Role Section 15 empowers state governments to regulate mineral concessions for minor minerals, leading to the formulation of state-specific concession rules.
    Control of Illegal Mining Section 23C places the jurisdiction over controlling illegal mining under the purview of state governments.

    Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines, 2016
    Purpose Released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, aims to promote scientific and environmentally friendly sand mining practices.
    Recommendations Emphasizes sustainable sand extraction, monitoring, and district-wise mapping of sand availability.

    Sand Mining Framework, 2018
    Issued by Released by the Ministry of Mines, provides states with guidance for policy formulation and combating illegal sand mining.
    Recommended Measures Suggests geo-fencing, GPS-enabled transportation tracking, price control, involvement of women’s self-help groups, and exploration of alternative sand sources.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in riverbeds?

    1. Decreased salinity in the river
    2. Pollution of groundwater
    3. Lowering of the water-table

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements :

    1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
    2. State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
    3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • [UPSC Beginners Webinar ’25/26] Mains Ready before Prelims | Clear UPSC in 1 Attempt with Mains Prep

    [UPSC Beginners Webinar ’25/26] Mains Ready before Prelims | Clear UPSC in 1 Attempt with Mains Prep

    Begin your UPSC Prep with Mains through Interlinking Notes-Making (using Syllabus, Sources & PYQs) + Answer Writing. Mains Prep Strategy for 2025 with Arvind Sir (Lead, Mains Program).

    Join FREE Webinar on 1st June, 7:00 pm

    Register Now!

    100% UPSC aspirants know that Mains Prep is important.

    Yet 99% will end up only preparing the exam from the Prelims Perspective.

    The consequence?

    You might as well clear Prelims by your hard work, but till the time you write your first Mains – you will not be ready enough.

    This is because we often lack the strong foundational preparation with respect to Mains. Something as basic as Mains Notes, PYQs, and Current Affairs is often missed. Our notes end up being very Prelims-Centric.

    But what separates a Ranker is a Mains-Centric approach from the very beginning.

    Your Mains preparation could significantly enhance your Prelims performance as well.

    This only comes with a forward-thinking mindset.

    Animesh, (AIR 2, UAP student), exemplifies this forward-thinking approach. From the very beginning, he focused on building and refining his Mains notes, which not only helped him get an Interview-Proof Mains Marks, it also helped him clear Prelims with a margin.

    Read what Animesh Pradhan has to say about his way of preparation:

    “I didn’t just clear the exam, but scored 473 marks in my first attempt. It was only possible because I made really exhaustive notes in a manner which were more like UPSC Answers. Having this approach also helped me with Prelims, as I knew almost everything about every topic mentioned in the syllabus.

    This was all while I was working full-time at IOCL. My father passed away when I started preparation, and it was my mother who was my support system till my Interview.

    I know it can be stressful to manage studies, especially an integrated way to prepare. But here my mentor Ranadheer Sir was very helpful. He helped me with Notes Making, gave me feedback on my answers, & constantly removed my stress by working like a big brother..

    With little time that I could gather, I gave my 100% with my notes-making and enrichment through Samachar Manthan, & this was my X-Factor which helped me both in Prelims & Mains.

    I have shared my personal notes with the CD Team. I hope they are helpful.“

    Here’s what he did

    Animesh joined the UAP in February 2022, & within a week of his Samachar Manthan prep, he was attempting answers through his Mains Notes.

    Look at the following topic taken from his Notes:

    He picked it up from Samachar Manthan:

    What we can conclude with the above it

    • He has covered all dimensions that he could use in his answers.
    • In the beginning, he mentions a judgment by the Supreme Court related to the topic.
    • Next, he mentions issues with proper sub-headings.
    • In the later part, he includes Government Policies and Constitutional Safeguards provided to the Sex workers.

    Now look at the answer that he wrote on a similar question asked in the Test Series:

    Look at how he mentions the same judgment of the Supreme Court in the answer, mentions issues like what was written in his notes, and also includes Government Interventions from the notes.

    He left no dimensions. Anyone can write some dimensions, but to be able to cover more is an altogether different ball game.

    Let’s take a look at another example:

    Look at the graph mentioned in the notes, showing the increase in the percentage of MPs with criminal charges.

    He reproduces the same graph in his answers:

    Animesh made his notes so comprehensive that he was able to reproduce the same dimensions, examples and case studies in his answers in the test paper.

    Further, his notes were so to the point, that we was able to give his Prelims with confidence.

    This is what you must intend to do.

    The first step? We need to make impeccable notes. This is a strategy we need to know.

    Next, we need to incorporate these notes into our answers effectively.

    Both the above objectives are easier to think, but difficult to do. Hence, we have Arvind sir, who has done crafted a perfect strategy for you.

    He is coming with a Webinar on 1st June, 7 PM helping with a Strategy to Clear UPSC Mains 2025 in First Attempt.

    If you are a serious UPSC Aspirant who doesn’t want to miss out on proven strategies by Rankers, you must register and block your calendar!

    Register for Arvind Sir’s Webinar

    Register Now!

    Bonus – Get all Mains Topic-Wise PYQs (GS 1-4) from 2013-2023 to start off with your UPSC Prep 2025.

    Key outcomes of the Webinar

    At the end of the Webinar, you’ll

    1. Have a Strategy to rely upon – to clear your UPSC Exam in the First Attempt.
    2. Know the method to make concise notes value-added with PYQs and Current Affairs.
    3. Know how to clear Prelims using Mains Prep.

    Why Attend?

    1. Tailored for UPSC Prep Beginners: Our strategies are designed to help you with an effective headstart.
    2. Mentor Guidance: Get tips from experienced civil services mentors.
    3. Interactive Session: Ask questions and get real-time answers to your queries.

    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
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  • [29 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution, a surprise entrant in poll battlefield

    [29 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution, a surprise entrant in poll battlefield

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances? (UPSC IAS/2016)
    Q. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Prelims:
    Which one of the following objectives is not embodied in the Preamble to the Constitution of India?  (UPSC IAS/2017)
    (a) Liberty of thought
    (b) Economic liberty
    (c) Liberty of expression
    (d) Liberty of belief

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Preamble; Constitutional Values;

    Mains: Democratic Political System;

    Mentor comment: Do you know what is the meaning of the word, ‘values’? You may immediately say that truth, non-violence, peace, cooperation, honesty, respect, and kindness are values, and you may continue to count many such values. In fact, in a layman’s understanding, value is that which is very essential or ‘worth having and observing’ for the existence of human society as an entity. The Indian Constitution contains all such values, the values that are universal, human, and democratic of the modern age. The constitutional values are reflected in the entire Constitution of India, but its Preamble embodies ‘the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based’. Political Democracy contributes to stability and continuous progress in society and it secures peaceful political change. But, during the recent General Elections, the interplay between the Constitution and political mobilization has fundamentally shaped the trajectory of democratic politics.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    The General Elections of 2024 have established larger concerns over the Constitution constraint and the democratic legitimacy of the government, regardless of the election’s outcome.

    • The silences around secularism and the focus on caste-based discrimination and reservations reveal critical fault lines. 

    The Constitution as a Battleground in the 2024 Indian Election:

    • Political Tussle: The BJP’s declaration of winning 400+ seats and remarks about changing the Constitution if they achieve electoral dominance.
      • Opposition leaders portray this election as a battle to “save the Constitution” and it resonates with voters on the ground.
    • Constitutional Principles vs Ordinary Laws: Ordinary laws in India are often seen as discriminating and are used coercively by the state to undermine freedoms and disempower citizens. However, the Constitutional values provide the basis for challenging discriminatory laws. 

    The Constitution’s commitment to secure Liberty, Equality, and Dignity:

    • Liberty: The Preamble prescribes liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship as one of the core values. These have to be assured to every member of all the communities.
    • Equality: Inequality based on the concept of rulers/caste/gender is to be eliminated. All citizens of India should be treated equally.
      • Similarly, equal opportunities imply that regardless of the socioeconomic situation, he/she will have the same chance as everybody else to develop his/her talents and choose a means of livelihood.
    • Dignity: The promotion of ‘Fraternity’ is essential to realize the dignity of the individual. It is essential to secure the dignity of every individual without which democracy cannot function.
      • It ensures equal participation of every individual in all the processes of democratic governance.
      • Although the word ‘dignity’ has no textual mention in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has held dignity to be the “founding faith” of the Constitution and the “core of Fundamental Rights.”
    Other core Constitutional values are expressed in the Preamble as objectives of the Constitution. Some of these are as follows:

    Sovereignty: Being sovereign means having complete political freedom and being the supreme authority. It implies that India is internally all-powerful and externally free. It is free to determine for itself without any external interference (either by any country or individual) and nobody is there within to challenge its authority.

    Socialism: Our Constitution directs the governments and the people to ensure the prevention of the concentration of wealth and power in a few hands. The Constitution has specific provisions that deal with inequalities in the chapters of Fundamental Rights
    and Directive Principles of State Policy.

    Secularism: India is home to almost all major religions in the world. In the context of this plurality, secularism is seen as a great Constitutional value. The Constitution strictly prohibits any discrimination on the grounds of religion.

    Democracy:
    The people elect the rulers of the country and the elected representatives remain accountable to the people. It allows dissent and encourages tolerance. More importantly, it is based on the principles of the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, free and fair elections, and freedom of the press.

    Contradictions in Contemporary Indian Politics:

    • Secularism vs Equality: Dalit voters emphasize the Constitution’s principles of Right to equality, while Muslim voters primarily express concerns about Secularism.
    • Secularism vs Equity: Ordinary young citizens have mobilized around Constitutional principles throughout India’s history to secure their Rights and challenge Socioeconomic deprivation.
      • For much of this decade, the logic of caste-based mobilization seemed to have receded in the background, for example, the introduction and passage of the 103rd Amendment to the Constitution mandated 10% reservations for economically weaker sections (EWS) amongst unreserved ( upper caste) categories.
      • A young BJP supporter fears that a “Hindu Rashtra” would lead to discrimination, while a Yadav farmer believes the Constitution protects them and gives them reservations.

    Conclusion: If the 2024 election is indeed a battle for the Constitution, the silences around secularism and the focus on caste-based discrimination and reservations reveal critical fault lines that the polity must confront. However, the heightened concerns over the Constitution also constrain the democratic legitimacy of the government, regardless of the election’s outcome.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-constitution-a-surprise-entrant-in-poll-battlefield/article68225687.ece

  • Why dal imports have hit a seven-year high?

    Why in the News?

    Due to food inflation during an El Niño year and an election year, the country has lost the self-sufficiency it had achieved in pulses.

    Pulse Production in India:

    • India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption), and importer (14%) of pulses in the world.
    • They account for 20% of India’s total area under cultivation and provide 7-10% of the total food grains in the country.
    • India’s production has increased by 50% (from 18 million tonnes to 27 million tonnes) up till 2022. However, it has not increased in step with the population growth, per capita availability of pulses has declined from 22.1 kg per person in 1951 to 16.4 kg per person in 2022.
    • Though there is surplus production of Chana, the imperfect substitution among pulses and limited international availability put pressure on the prices of some pulses.

    Recent Decline in Domestic Production:

    • Total Production: Decreased from 27.30 million tonnes (mt) in 2021-22 to 23.44 mt in 2023-24.
    • Chana (Chickpea): Production fell from 13.54 mt in 2021-22 to an estimated 12.16 mt in 2023-24.
    • Arhar/Tur (Pigeon Pea): Output decreased from 4.22 mt in 2021-22 to an estimated 3.34 mt in 2023-24.

    Significance of Pulse Production:

    • Suitable for Drought Areas: Drought-resistant and deep-rooting species of pulses can supply groundwater to companion crops when planted in the intercropping pattern. Locally adapted pulse varieties can enhance production systems in dry environments.
    • Enhances Fertility of Land: The leguminous plants of pulse also help in nitrogen fixation, thus ensuring higher soil fertility.
    • High Nutritional Value: In a country like India, where many people are poor and vegetarian, pulses are an important and affordable source of protein.
    • Low food wastage footprints: Pulses can be stored longer without losing their nutritional value and minimizing loss.

    Imports have hit a seven-year high

    Cause of the Inflation in Pulses

    • Impact of EL Nino: El Niño-induced patchy monsoon and winter rain led to a decline in domestic pulse production from 27.30 million tonnes (mt) in 2021-22 to 23.44 mt in 2023-24, as per the Agriculture Ministry’s estimates.
    • Sharp Output Falls: Both chana and Arhar/tur, the pulses with the highest inflation experienced sharp output falls. Chana production decreased from 13.54 mt in 2021-22 to 12.16 mt in 2023-24, while Arhar/tur production dropped from 4.22 mt to 3.34 mt over the same period.
    • Impact of Irregular Rainfall: Poor crops in regions like Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana were attributed to irregular and deficient rainfall, leading to reduced planting area and lower yields.

    Effects of Inflation :

    • Increased Retail Prices: Significant annual retail inflation, particularly for pulses like Arhar/tur and chana.
    • Higher Import Costs: Surge in imports to meet domestic demand, leading to increased expenditure on foreign pulses.
    • Economic Burden: Higher prices in the open market strain household budgets, especially for low-income families who cannot rely on subsidized distribution for pulses.

    Challenges Ahead :

    • Monsoon Uncertainty: Future prices largely depend on the upcoming southwest monsoon; continued irregular weather patterns could sustain high inflation.
    • Import Dependency: Increased reliance on imports due to insufficient domestic production, especially for yellow/white peas and masoor.
    • Supply Position: Precarious domestic supply with minimal government procurement from recent crops, necessitating higher imports.

    Government initiatives as relief measures: The government has removed tariffs and quantitative restrictions by liberalizing imports on most pulses to boost supply and reduce prices like an extension of duty-free imports of Arhar/tur, urad, masoor, and desi chana till March 31, 2025.

    Conclusion: While the government has taken significant steps to mitigate the impact of high dal prices through import liberalization and policy adjustments, the actual relief to consumers will hinge on the performance of the upcoming monsoon and the global pulse market dynamics.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Mention the advantages of Cultivation of pulses because of which year 2016 was declared as the International year of Pulses By the United Nations. (UPSC IAS/2017)

     

    Q Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (UPSC IAS/2013)

    Prelims PYQs:

    With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements:

    1) Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rahi crop.

    2) Green gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.

    3) In the last three decades, while the production of Kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Still no sign of the language of equity and inclusion

    Why in the news?

    The ECI’s election announcement lacked sign language interpreters, highlighting the everyday exclusion of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) citizens.

    Present Issue:

    • India’s societal and structural framework often neglects the needs of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) citizens.
    • This exclusion is evident in various aspects of daily life, such as the absence of sign language interpreters during major public announcements and inadequate accessibility in public services.

    Sign Language versus Oralism

    • The Indian education system predominantly employs “oralism,” which emphasizes teaching deaf individuals to use their voices and lip-read, rather than using sign language.
    • This approach has been criticized for perpetuating social isolation and failing to remove barriers that hinder the integration of DHH individuals.
    • In contrast, using sign language has been shown to aid cognitive development and prevent linguistic deprivation.
    • Over 70 countries recognize their national sign languages legally, promoting accessibility and inclusion for deaf citizens.

    Present Scenario:

    • As per WHO estimates in India, there are approximately 63 million people, who are suffering from Significant Auditory Impairment; this places the estimated prevalence at 6.3% in the Indian population.
    • As per the NSSO survey, currently, 291 persons per one lakh population are suffering from severe to profound hearing loss (NSSO, 2001).
    • Of these, a large percentage are children between the ages of 0 to 14 years.

    What Does the 2011 Census Say?

    • The 2011 Census reported five million hearing-impaired individuals in India, while the National Association of the Deaf estimates 18 million.
    • Despite these large numbers, DHH individuals are often excluded from educational and employment opportunities. Only 5% of deaf children attend school, and they face prolonged graduation timelines due to oralist-focused curricula.
    • Government initiatives for employing the deaf are often ineffective, and there is a lack of ISL recognition, despite repeated demands and protests.

    The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness

      • The program was initiated in the year 2007 in pilot mode in 25 districts of 11 States/UTs. It has been expanded to other districts too after the 12th five-year plan.
      • The Program was a 100% Centrally SponsoredScheme during the 11th Five-year plan. However, as per the 12th Five Year Plan, the Centre and the States will have to pool in resources financial norms of NHRM.
      • However, it falls short of addressing the quality of life for DHH individuals. This program has been expanded to 228 districts of 27 States / U.Ts in a phased manner.

    Objectives of the program:

    • To prevent avoidable hearing loss on account of disease or injury.
    • Early identification, diagnosis, and treatment of ear problems responsible for hearing loss and deafness.
    • To medically rehabilitate persons of all age groups, suffering from deafness.
    • To develop institutional capacity for ear care services by providing support for equipment and material and training personnel.

    Components of the Programme: 

    • Manpower Training & Development to grassroots level workers.
    • Service Provision Including Rehabilitation – Screening camps for early detection of hearing impairment and deafness.
    • Awareness Generation for early identification of the hearing impaired.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation.

    What Needs to be done?

    • Official Recognition of ISL: ISL should be recognized as an official language, and its use should be integrated into educational systems and public services. Teaching ISL in schools, colleges, and to the general public will promote inclusivity and fluency.
    • Inclusive Health Care: Health care systems need to be updated to ensure accessible communication for DHH patients. This includes training more ISL interpreters and reducing barriers for DHH individuals pursuing healthcare professions.
    • Media and Public Communication: Media channels should incorporate ISL interpretation and subtitles, especially in Hindi and regional languages. Government event announcements should have live ISL interpreters to ensure accessibility.
    • Employment Opportunities: Creating more employment opportunities for DHH individuals, beyond low-skilled jobs, is essential. This includes training and employing DHH individuals as ISL instructors and ensuring accessible workplaces.

    Conclusion: To ensure inclusivity for DHH citizens, India must officially recognise ISL, integrate it into education and public services, improve healthcare accessibility, and expand employment opportunities and mental health support.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Explained: The challenges in curbing cultivation of a banned rice variety in Punjab

    Why in the News?

    Punjab’s paddy farmers have begun sowing seeds for this year’s kharif season, despite the ban on variety PUSA-44 that was implemented last year.

    About the Cultivation of Paddy Varieties like PUSA-44:

    • Pusa-44 is a long-duration paddy variety bred by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and has been a key contributor to stubble burning.
    • Its growth cycle of 155-160 days, from nursery sowing to harvesting, leads to late October maturity, leaving a short window for field preparation for the next crop.

    The Impact on Groundwater in Punjab as per “CGWA’s Groundwater Estimation Report 2020″

    • Severe over-extraction: 119 out of 138 blocks are over-exploited.Central and southern parts of Punjab (Patiala, Sangrur, Barnala, Mansa, Bathinda, Moga, Ludhiana, and Jalandhar) are most affected.
    • Water Table Depth: The average groundwater depth has crossed 70 meters (200 feet). In some southern areas, groundwater is unavailable even at 150-200 meters (450-600 feet).
    • Groundwater depletion vs. Demand: Punjab over-extracts 14 billion cubic meters (BCM) annually. Annual recharge is 20 BCM, but usage is 34 BCM.
    • Future Projections: Groundwater could drop below 300 meters in 18-20 years, making water highly contaminated and extraction costly. If the trend continues, Punjab may run out of groundwater for irrigation.

    Why are Farmers in several districts unwilling to stop their Cultivation?

    • Higher Income: Farmers receive a higher yield and guaranteed Minimum Support Price (MSP), leading to increased incomes.
    • Seed Availability: Farmers retain seeds from previous seasons, and many stores have already sold seeds to farmers.
    • Resistance to Change: Despite awareness of the adverse effects, many farmers continue to cultivate PUSA-44. Significant cultivation areas in districts like Barnala, Sangrur, and Moga rely heavily on PUSA-44, making immediate change difficult.
    • Time Required for Transition: Changing entrenched agricultural practices and mindsets in heavily reliant districts cannot be achieved quickly.

    Judicial Stand on the Cultivation of Paddy Varieties like PUSA-44:

    • The Supreme Court has emphasized the need to cease stubble burning in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, the discussion surrounding Pusa-2090 rice variety from its ability to provide an alternative to the problematic long-duration Pusa-44 variety.
      • Pusa-2090 rice matures in a shorter duration of 120-125 days while maintaining comparable yields, addressing the core issue of stubble burning.
    • Happy Seeder (Tractor) is also a solution that offers an eco-friendly alternative to stubble burning.

    Way Forward:

    • Public Awareness and Guidance: Educate farmers on the benefits of short-duration varieties, which are more water-efficient and better for stubble management.
    • Supportive Policies: Government and agricultural experts need to provide support and incentives for transitioning to sustainable paddy varieties.
    • Gradual Implementation: Acknowledge the need for time and a phased approach to change farming practices in heavily reliant districts.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The ideal solution of depleting groundwater resources in India is a water harvesting system.” How can it be made effective in urban areas? (15) (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • What are fire safety rules, and why are there compliance challenges? | Explained 

    Why in the News?

    Recent fire tragedies at a Rajkot gaming zone and a Delhi children’s hospital that killed 40 people highlight the urgent need for stricter fire safety enforcement.

    According to the latest Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India (ADSI) report

    • It was released by the “National Crimes Records Bureau (NCRB)”
    • In 2022, 7,435 people died in over 7,500 fire accidents. This data shows that heavy casualties from fire accidents persist, with no lessons learned from the 1997 Uphaar Cinema tragedy or the 2004 Kumbakonam fire that killed 90 schoolchildren.

    What are the various laws and guidelines which stipulate rules around fire safety in buildings? 

    • National Building Code (NBC): Published by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in 1970, last updated in 2016.
      • Part 4 of NBC is about the details of fire safety measures, including construction guidelines, materials, and safety protocols. They are mandatory for states to incorporate NBC recommendations into local buildings.
    • Model Building Bye Laws 2016: It is issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. It guides States/UTs in framing building bylaws with norms for fire protection and safety.
    • State Fire Services Act: Fire services are a state subject, and individual states have their own Fire Services Acts or building bylaws.
    • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines: Provide fire safety instructions for homes, schools, and hospitals. Include recommendations on maintaining safety spaces, exit mechanisms, dedicated staircases, and evacuation drills.

    Key Points from Fire Safety Regulations by Government:

    • Building Classification: Buildings are classified based on occupancy (e.g., Residential, Institutional, Assembly). Specific measures for high-rise buildings, educational institutes, hotels, etc.
    • Construction Material: Use of non-combustible materials. Internal walls of staircases should have a minimum 120-minute fire rating.
    • Electrical Safety: Flame retardant wiring and cabling. Separate shafts for different voltage wiring, sealed with fire-stop materials.
    • Emergency Power and Signage: Provision of emergency lighting, fire alarm systems, and public address systems. Clear exit signage and escape lighting.
    • Technological Measures: Automatic fire detection and alarm systems.Down-comer pipelines, dry riser pipelines, automatic sprinklers, fire barriers, and fireman’s lifts.

    Challenges in Fire Safety Compliance

    • Lack of Uniform Legislation: Fire safety rules exist in all States, with many drawing from the NBC. However, due to the absence of uniform safety legislation and the NBC being a “recommendatory document,“ its provisions are frequently ignored at the local level.
    • Inadequate Fire Safety Audits: Local bodies fail to conduct regular fire safety checks, leading to non-compliance.
    • Staff Shortages: Insufficient staffing in fire departments exacerbates enforcement issues.
    • Community Awareness and Preparedness: Need for better community awareness and training on fire safety protocols and emergency response.

    Judicial responses to negligence over Public Safety

    • Apex Court: The Judiciary has frequently pulled up state authorities for failure to enforce fire safety regulations. It highlighted the laxity in compliance and the need for stringent enforcement.
    • Legal Actions: Cases like the Rajkot gaming zone fire reveal the consequences of not adhering to fire safety norms. Courts have mandated regular fire safety audits and strict adherence to NBC guidelines.
    • The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) emphasized the need for building community resilience and compliance with safety norms.
    • The report on “Fires in India: Learning Lessons for Urban Safety” underscored the failure of authorities to learn from past tragedies and enforce fire safety measures.

    Way forward:

    • Building some National Standards: The National Building Code (NBC) needs to be converted from a recommendatory document to a mandatory standard across all states.
    • Regular Inspections: Mandate regular and frequent fire safety audits by local authorities.
    • Transparent Assessment: Allow third-party certified agencies to conduct independent fire safety audits to ensure unbiased assessments.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Genetic Mysteries of Microcephaly: The Role of SASS6 Gene

    Why in the News?

    A gene called SASS6 (Spindle Assembly Abnormal Protein 6) and its variants have been found to play a key role in a developmental process that causes “Microcephaly”.

    What is Microcephaly?

    • Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than normal.
    • It is associated with a smaller brain, poor motor skills, poor speech, abnormal facial features, and intellectual disabilities.
    • Developmental Roots:
      • The condition is believed to start during the peak phase of brain development in the embryo. Cells that are supposed to become neurons fail to divide normally.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Microcephaly can be diagnosed before birth using foetal ultrasound and MRI.

    Role of SASS6 gene 

    • Since 2014, the SASS6 gene and its variants have been linked to microcephaly.

    A recent study in China:(On March 19, 2024)

    • The study of a consanguine couple revealed microcephaly and fetal growth issues. Confirming the SASS6 gene’s role in microcephaly, findings suggest embryo survival requires at least one functional gene copy.

    The University of Cologne Study (February 2024):

    • Researchers removed all functional SASS6 genes from mouse embryo-derived cells.
    • Even without the genes, cells could make abnormal but passable centrioles (structures needed for cell division).
    • When these cells were prompted to become neurons, the centrioles disappeared, preventing the cells from becoming neurons.

    Consanguinity and Genetic Risk of Microcephaly

    • Expert Insight:
      • Researchers explained that over 70% of congenital microcephaly cases come from consanguineous marriages.
      • Such marriages increase the risk of inheriting mutated genes from both parents.
    • Genetic Causes:
      • Mutations in 30 genes cause microcephaly.
      • 10 of these genes create proteins needed for centrioles, which are crucial for cell division.

    Ile62Thr Mutation

    • 2004 Discovery: The SASS6 gene was discovered in the roundworm C. elegans, showing its conserved function across animals.
    • Gene Suppression in C. elegans:
      • Suppressing the SASS6 gene halted new centriole assembly, stopping development.
    • 2014 Study on a Pakistani Family: Researchers found four family members with microcephaly due to the Ile62Thr mutation in the SASS6 gene.
    • The Ile62Thr mutation was introduced into the C. elegans SASS6 gene.
    • The mutation alone did not significantly impair centriole function but became deadly when combined with another mutation.
    • In humans, this mutation causes microcephaly due to its impact on centriole function.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016]  In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to-

    (a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing

    (b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

    (c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression

    (d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells

  • NASA’s PREFIRE Mission to study Earth’s Polar Regions

    Why in the News?

    NASA launched the ” PREFIRE mission”, deploying twin CubeSats to study heat emissions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, aiming to enhance climate research.

    What are CubeSats?

    • CubeSats are essentially miniature satellites whose basic design is a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (which makes up for “one unit” or “1U”) cube — just a little bigger than a Rubik’s cube.
    • weight not more than 1.33 kg.

    • These satellites were first developed in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) and Stanford University as educational tools. 
    • However, owing to their low cost and less mass in comparison to traditional satellites, they began to be put in orbit for technology demonstrations, scientific research, and commercial purposes.

    About PREFIRE Mission

    • Jointly developed by NASA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 
    • It aims to investigate and comprehend the intricate dynamics of heat emissions from Earth’s Polar Regions, specifically focusing on the Arctic and Antarctica.

    Components:

    • CubeSats: PREFIRE employs shoebox-sized CubeSats, each measuring around 6U (6 units), equipped with advanced instrumentation to facilitate data collection.
      • They measure around 90 cm in height and nearly 120 cm in width when the solar panels, which will power the satellite, are deployed.
      • The two satellites will be placed in a near-polar orbit (a type of low Earth orbit) at an altitude of about 525 kilometres.
    • Thermal Infrared Spectrometers (TIRS): Each CubeSat is outfitted with a Thermal Infrared Spectrometer, meticulously engineered to measure far-infrared radiation emitted by the Polar Regions.

    Mission Objectives:

    1. Investigate heat radiated from Earth’s Polar Regions into space and its impact on climate.
    2. Employ thermal infrared spectrometers to measure far-infrared energy emitted by Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
    3. Improve understanding of the greenhouse effect at the poles and its implications for climate change.
    4. Enhance climate and ice models to predict changes in sea level, weather, snow, and ice cover in a warming world.

    Why study heat budget of the Poles?

    • A large amount of the heat radiated from the Arctic and Antarctica is emitted as far-infrared radiation wavelengths of 3 μm to 1,000 μm within the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation.
    • However, there is currently no way to measure this type of energy.
    • As a result, there is a gap in knowledge about the planet’s energy budget.

    Significance of PREFIRE

    • PREFIRE’s observations will enhance predictions of climate and environmental changes, aiding in mitigating the effects of global warming.
    • Data collected will contribute to updating climate models and improving understanding of Earth’s atmospheric dynamics.

    PYQ:

    [2017] What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

    (a) To detect neutrinos

    (b) To detect gravitational waves

    (c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

    (d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

  • Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

    Why in the News?

    • India as a member of FIPIC, has pledged $1 million for relief efforts in flood-hit “Papua New Guinea” showcasing solidarity with the affected nation.

    What is the Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)?

    • The Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) is a multilateral platform established by India to enhance cooperation with the Pacific Island countries.
    • FIPIC was established by India in 2014 during the first FIPIC Summit held in Suva, Fiji.
    • The initiative was announced by PM Narendra Modi as part of India’s broader “Act East” policy to strengthen engagement with the Pacific Island countries.

    Overview

    • Purpose: To enhance India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations and support their development priorities through cooperative projects and initiatives.
    • Members: Includes India and 14 Pacific Islands nations (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu).

    Summits

    1. First Summit – Suva, Fiji (November 2014)
      • Context: Initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi following the re-establishment of democracy in Fiji.
      • Significance: The summit highlighted the geopolitical interest of major powers in the Pacific, with Chinese leader Xi Jinping visiting Fiji shortly after Modi.
    2. Second Summit – Jaipur, India (August 2015)
      • Follow-up: As a continuation of the first summit, Modi invited the leaders of the 14 Pacific Islands to Jaipur.
      • Discussions: Covered cooperation in areas such as the blue economy, oil and natural gas, IT, healthcare, fishing, and marine research. Modi also assured to address their climate change concerns at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris.
    3. Third Summit – Papua New Guinea (May 2023)
      • Current Status: Most recent summit, emphasizing ongoing cooperation and collaboration between India and the Pacific Island nations.

    Back2Basics: India’s Act East Policy

    Details
    Launched in November 2014, by PM Modi
    Objective
    • To promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop a strategic relationship with countries in the Indo-Pacific region;
    • Enhancing India’s influence and economic development, especially in the North Eastern Region (NER).
    Scope
    • Extends beyond ASEAN to include East Asian countries.
    • Intensive and continuous engagement in connectivity, trade, culture, defense, and people-to-people contact at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels.
    Key Dimensions (4C’s)
    1. Culture
    2. Commerce
    3. Connectivity
    4. Capacity building
    Security Focus
    • Enhanced security cooperation, particularly in the context of Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
    • Promoting freedom of navigation and securing India’s role in the region.
    Historical Context (Look East Policy)
    • Look East Policy initiated in 1992 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
    • Focused on strengthening economic integration and cultural ties primarily with ASEAN countries.
    • Aimed to bolster India’s role as a regional power and counter China’s strategic influence.
    Evolution from Look East Policy Act East Policy is an upgrade and expansion of the Look East Policy, incorporating more comprehensive engagement strategies, including security cooperation and broader geographical focus.
    Significant Engagements
    • India’s active participation in regional forums like the East Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and informal groupings such as the Quad.
    • Strategic partnerships and dialogues at various international platforms.
    Major Projects Major projects under the policy include:

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. 

    [2011] With reference to “Look East Policy” of India, consider the following statements:

    1. India wants to establish itself as an important regional player in East Asian affairs.
    2. India wants to plug the vacuum created by the termination of Cold War.
    3. India wants to restore the historical and cultural ties with its neighbours in Southeast and East Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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