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  • UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS I-IV (2013-2023)

    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS I-IV (2013-2023)

    A lot of toppers this year talked about the significance of PYQs. Generally, what we go after are PYQ Booklets from the Market, which are either erroneous (wrong questions tagged under wrong syllabus headings), or outdated – only subject-wise (All questions from History, Polity, Internal Security, that too till 2021/22).

    We are providing you not only Topic-Wise, but Sub-theme wise PYQs of UPSC Mains from 2013-2023. This will help you understand the exact sub-themes are having been repeated, and make your preparation more focussed.

    A lot of toppers this year talked about the significance of PYQs. Generally, what we go after are PYQ Booklets from the Market, which are either erroneous (wrong questions tagged under wrong syllabus headings), or outdated – only subject-wise (All questions from History, Polity, Internal Security, that too till 2021/22).

    We are providing you not only Topic-Wise, but Sub-theme wise PYQs of UPSC Mains from 2013-2023. This will help you understand the exact sub-themes are having been repeated, and make your preparation more focussed.

    Before starting by yourself for Mains, understand the process. Connect 1:1 with Arvind Sir

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    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS 1

    1. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Culture-Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
    2. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Modern Indian History-Mid-18th century – Present (significant events, personalities, issues).
    3. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Freedom Struggle-various stages, important contributors/ contributions from different parts of the country.
    4. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Post-Independence-consolidation and reorganisation within country.
    5. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.
    6. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Salient Features of Indian Society and Diversity of India
    7. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.
    8. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Urbanisation: problems and remedies
    9. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Globalisation and its effects on Indian society
    10. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism
    11. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Salient Features of World Physical Geography
    12. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Distribution of key Natural Resources (world, South Asia and Indian subcontinent)
    13. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India)
    14. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.
    15. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

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    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS 2

    1. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Constitution-Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure of Constitution
    2. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of federal structure
    3. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Separation of Powers between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
    4. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
    5. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries
    6. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Parliament and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein)
    7. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity
    8. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
    9. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies
    10. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies
    11. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Government Policies & Interventions for development of various sectors (issues in their design, implementation)
    12. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Development processes and the development industry; the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
    13. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
    14. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/ Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
    15. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Issues relating to poverty and hunger
    16. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Transaparency and accountability (institutional and other measures); Citizens Charter, E-Governance (applications, models, successes, limitations, potential)
    17. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Role of Civil Services in a democracy.
    18. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – India and its neighborhood- relations.
    19. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
    20. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
    21. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

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    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS 3

    1. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Indian Economy (issues re: planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development, employment);
    2. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
    3. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Government Budgeting
    4. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Major Crops – Cropping patterns in various parts of the country
    5. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems
    6. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Storage, transport and marketing of Agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
    7. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – E- technology in the aid of farmers
    8. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and MSP; PDS (objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping, issues of buffer stocks & food security), Technology Missions
    9. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Economics of Animal-Rearing
    10. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Food processing and related industries in India (scope & significance, location, upstream-downstream requirements, supply chain management);
    11. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Land Reforms in India
    12. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Effects of Liberalisation on the economy; Changes in Industrial policy & their effects on industrial growth
    13. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways); Investment models
    14. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
    15. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Achievements of Indians in S&T; Indigenisation of technology & developing new technology
    16. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights
    17. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
    18. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Disaster and Disaster Management
    19. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Linkages between Development & spread of Extremism
    20. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
    21. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.
    22. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
    23. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

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    UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – GS 4

    1. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships.
    2. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Human Values: Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators; Role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
    3. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.
    4. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
    5. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.
    6. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and compassion towards weaker-sections.
    7. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.
    8. UPSC Mains Topic-Wise PYQs – Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to information; Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.

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  • Number of children has more to do with development than religion

    Why in the News? 

    Once again, the Muslim population has become a point of discussion. Last month, PM Narendra Modi referred Muslims in India, suggesting they have a higher birth rate.

    Trends of Muslim Population as per Data Point (NFHS-5 2019-21) published on April 23:

    • Population Trends: The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister noted a Muslims in the total population increased by 43.15% between 1950 and 2015, the share of Hindus decreased by 7.82% between 1950 and 2015.
    • The fertility rate of Muslims was 2.36 in 2019-21, much closer to the replacement level. The fertility rate is the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. A rate of 2.1 (the ‘replacement level’) means that the population is stable.

    Factors behind the High Population Growth of Muslims:

    • Socio-economic Factors: Socio-economic factors, rather than religion, significantly influence fertility rates. Educating girls, delaying marriage, promoting family planning awareness, and ensuring access to family planning measures are crucial in reducing fertility levels.
    • Regional Variations: Fertility rates among Muslim women vary regionally, influenced by the social and economic development of states.
    • Early Marriage and Literacy: There’s a positive correlation between higher fertility rates and early marriage among women aged 20-24. Conversely, a negative correlation exists between literacy rates among women and fertility rates.
    • Lack of Awareness: Lack of awareness about family planning remains a concern, with a significant portion of women reporting never hearing or seeing family planning messages.
    • Unmet Demand for Family Planning: Many women, particularly Muslims in certain states, have an unmet demand for family planning due to various factors, including lack of access to contraceptive measures.
    • Government Intervention: Increasing awareness about contraceptives, improving access to family planning measures, educating girls, and preventing child marriages are essential government functions to reduce fertility rates across religious groups.

    Need for Coercive Measures: 

    • Comprehensive Education and Awareness Programs: Implement educational campaigns that promote family planning, gender equality, and reproductive health awareness, targeting both men and women in communities across the country.
    • Access to Family Planning Services: Ensure easy access to a wide range of family planning methods and contraceptives, including in remote and underserved areas, through government health facilities and community outreach programs.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Supreme Court cautions on ‘history sheets’: All you need to know about the practice

    Why in the News?

    On May 7, a Bench comprising Justices Surya Kant and K V Viswanathan warned against the presence of “unfair, prejudicial, and atrocious mindsets” that perpetuate and validate caste prejudices.

    • It also directed all states and union territories to ensure that the ‘history sheets‘ maintained by their police forces are free from ‘caste biases’.
    • The Bench was adjudicating a petition filed by AAP MLA Amanatullah Khan, contesting a history sheet initiated against him and a proposal to designate him as a ‘bad character’ by registering his name in the surveillance register at Delhi’s Jamia Nagar police station.

    Did you know about the ‘History sheets’?

    • The term “history sheet” first appeared in the Punjab Police Rules of 1934. 
    • These rules authorized the opening of a history sheet against individuals reasonably believed to be habitually addicted to crime or aiding and abetting criminal activities, regardless of whether they have been convicted.

    How was the process of ‘history sheeting’ initiated?

    • The process of opening a history sheet is governed by police rules specific to each state, such as it is applicable in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.
    • The initiation typically begins when the Station House Officer (SHO), who is the head of the police station, takes notice of an individual proven guilty in multiple cases or found to be consistently engaged in criminal activities.
    • Details included in the history sheet (Acc. Punjab Police Rules, 1934):
      • A history sheet must contain a detailed description of the individual, paying special attention to any peculiarities of appearance that can aid in identification.
      • It mentions the relations and connections of the individual. This provides clues regarding persons with whom the criminal is likely to associate.
      • It holds the details about any property owned by the criminal, as well as their mode of earning a livelihood, should be included.

    About Amanatullah Khan’s plea in the Supreme Court:

    • On May 13, 2022, the Station House Officer (SHO) of Jamia Nagar had submitted a dossier to the Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) and Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) proposing to open a history sheet and label him as a “Bad Character” in police records.
    • The proposal was accompanied by a list of 18 pending cases against Khan, including offenses such as intimidation, threatening, and riots. Khan claimed that he had been discharged, acquitted, or had the FIRs quashed in 14 of these cases.
    • Legal Battles: 
      • In January 2023, the Delhi HC dismissed Khan’s plea against the opening of the history sheet and the “Bad Character” tag, stating that the Delhi Police had followed due procedure and complied with the Punjab Police Rules, 1934.
      • Khan’s appeal to the SC was rejected, but the SC directed the police to ensure that details of his minor children and wife were not reflected in the history sheet.
      • Khan’s plea focused on protecting the dignity, self-respect, and privacy of his innocent family members, including minor relatives, from being compromised by inclusion in the history sheet.
    • Revisiting Police Procedures: The Delhi Police submitted that they would revisit the format for history sheets to ensure that the details of innocent family members are not compromised.
      • A Standing Order issued by the Delhi Police Commissioner on March 21, 2024, stated that details of minor relatives should not be included in the history sheet.

    BACK2BASICS

    Constitutional and Legal Provisions for accused person in India:

    • Article 20: This right protects against arbitrary and excessive punishment of an accused person, whether a citizen, a foreigner, or a legal person like a company or a corporation, etc.
    • Article 21: This right declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.
    • Section 50(1) of the CrPC: As per this section, every arrested person has the right to be treated with dignity and respect during detention.
      • This section ensures that individuals, including the accused, are not subjected to any form of physical or mental abuse while in custody, upholding the basic human rights of the accused.

    Way Forward:

    • Review and Revise Police Procedures: States and Union Territories should conduct a comprehensive review of their police procedures related to maintaining history sheets to ensure they are free from caste biases.
    • Training and Sensitization: Police personnel should undergo regular training and sensitization programs to raise awareness about caste biases and the importance of impartiality in law enforcement.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India.

  • Explained: Behind the 20-year delay in Nagaland’s Urban Local Body Elections

    Why in the News?

    For the first time (since 2004), Nagaland is scheduled to conduct Urban Local Body elections.

    Context: 

    • The state cabinet approved on April 26 for conducting Urban Local Body polls for Nagaland’s 3 Municipal Councils and 36 Town Councils.
    • Further, the State Election Commission (SEC) released the election schedule, with voting slated for June 26.

    BACK2BASICS: Constitutional Provisions for Urban Local Body Elections:

      • The 74th Constitutional Amendment bars the interference by courts in the electoral matters of municipalities.
        • Article 243U mandates a five-year tenure for urban local governments.
      • The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the panchayats and municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission (SEC).
    • Article 371 (A)- It makes the special provisions for Nagaland in such a way that the Acts of Parliament would not apply to Nagaland unless the State Legislature Assembly so decides especially in terms of the Religious or social practices of the Naga.

    What does the Janaagraha Survey say about the status of Municipal Elections in India?

    • According to the annual survey made by Janaagraha (a non-profit institution), over 1,400 municipalities in India did not have elected councils in place as of September 2021.
    • According to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG), between 2015 and 2021, over 1,500 municipalities didn’t have elected councils. Major cities like Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru faced delays ranging from months to years in holding elections.

    The story behind the contention surrounding the Urban Local Body polls in Nagaland:

    • The Nagaland Municipal Act of 2001 was amended in 2006 to introduce a 33% reservation for women in local bodies, by constitutional amendments.
      • However, this amendment became a subject of controversy due to opposition from tribal bodies, citing conflicts with Naga customary laws.
      • These laws under Article 371(A) of the Constitution violated Naga customary practices where women have traditionally not been part of decision-making bodies.
    • In 2009, the state government deferred municipal elections scheduled for the following year due to the controversy surrounding the Act.
    • Despite opposition, advocacy groups such as the Naga Mothers’ Association (NMA) fought for the implementation of women’s reservations.
    • In 2011, the NMA petitioned the Gauhati High Court, which directed the Nagaland government to hold local body elections.
    • In 2012, the state assembly passed a resolution rejecting women’s reservations in the polls, leading to further legal battles. The NMA filed a special leave petition in the SC, which in 2017 directed the government to hold the polls.
    • When the government moved to conduct the elections as per the Supreme Court directive, violent protests erupted, resulting in casualties. Under mounting pressure, then Chief Minister T R Zeliang resigned from his position.
    • In November, during a special emergency session, the assembly passed the Nagaland Municipal Bill, 2023.
      • This new legislation retains the 33% reservation for women in urban local bodies, aligning with constitutional amendments, but removes provisions such as reservation for the post of chairperson and taxes on immovable property.

    Conclusion: Nagaland needs to foster community engagement and participation in the electoral process by promoting inclusive governance structures that involve diverse community members, including women, youth, and marginalized groups.

     

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.(UPSC IAS/2013)

  • Investment lessons from the India-EFTA trade deal

    Why in the News? 

    India needs a clear Free Trade Agreement policy, especially in dealing with International Trade and Foreign Investment Laws.

    About Free Trade Agreement:

      • A Free Trade Agreement between two or more countries aims to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions, to facilitate the flow of goods and services across borders.
      • Its significance for India: It can increase market access for Indian goods and services, boost exports, attract foreign investment, stimulate economic growth, create employment opportunities, and enhance competitiveness through exposure to international markets and technologies.
    • Present status of India’s Involvement in FTA: 
      • India is involved in various free trade arrangements, including the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area, the India-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), and negotiations with the European Union for a free trade agreement, among others.
      • Negotiations for India’s FTAs with countries like the United Kingdom and the European Union (EU) appear to have stalled amidst the current parliamentary elections in India.

     

    Why does India need to rebuild its Free Trade Agreement policy?

    • For Comprehensive Economic Treaties: Combining trade and investment negotiations provides India with clear negotiating leverage to strike beneficial deals.
      • It allows India to leverage concessions in trade for advancements in investment, and vice versa. This approach enhances India’s bargaining power in FTA negotiations.
    • For Scope Expansion: India should expand the scope of investment issues by incorporating provisions for protecting foreign investors under international law, ensuring their confidence in investing in India.
      • It will help India to establish an efficacious dispute settlement mechanism under international law to resolve investment disputes effectively.
      • Providing enforceable legal protection to foreign investors is crucial for boosting their confidence, especially amidst declining foreign direct investment levels in India.
    • For addressing the drop in FDI Levels: The policy should address the decline in foreign direct investment levels in India by instilling confidence among foreign investors through robust legal protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.

    Investment lessons from the India-EFTA Trade deal:

    • The India-EFTA FTA includes a comprehensive investment chapter, which is missing in recent Indian FTAs with countries like Australia, UAE, and Mauritius.
    • The agreement includes provisions wherein EFTA countries commit to making honest endeavors to increase FDI to India and facilitate job generation, codifying an obligation of conduct rather than an obligation of result.
    • Economic theory highlights the close linkage between trade and investment. While earlier Indian FTAs included both binding trade rules and investment protection, recent ones decoupled international trade law from international investment law.
    • The India-EFTA FTA, emphasizes combining trade and investment negotiations in one comprehensive economic treaty, that is ‘FTA 3.0 Approach’, which represents a departure from the decoupling approach seen in recent FTAs.

    Way Forward:

    • Capacity Building: Enhance the capacity of Indian negotiators and policymakers to understand complex trade and investment issues, including legal frameworks, dispute resolution mechanisms, and international best practices.
    • Integrated Negotiation Approach: Adopt an integrated approach to FTA negotiations, wherein trade and investment aspects are negotiated together within a single agreement, ensuring coherence and synergy between the two.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/investment-lessons-from-the-india-efta-trade-deal/article68168582.ece#:~:text=Providing%20enforceable%20legal%20protection%20to,a%20higher%20economic%20growth%20trajectory.

  • [13 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A well-intentioned study and a demographic myth

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q Analyse the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region, and religion.(UPSC IAS/2022)
    Q Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC IAS/2021)
    Q “Empowering women is the key to controlling the population growth.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Prelims:
    India is regarded as a country With a “Demographic Dividend” This is due to (UPSC IAS/2011)
    (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years
    (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 years
    (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years
    (d) Its high total population

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Population Trends; Minorities; 

    Mains: Society; Minorities; Religious demography; Effects of Policies and Programs on Demographics;

    Mentor comment: The recent report ‘Share of Religious Minorities: A Cross-Country Analysis (1950-2015)’ conducted by the Economic Advisory Council analyzes the demographic changes in the religious composition of Indian Society as well as across 167 countries from 1950 to 2015. It focuses on the shifting shares of majority and minority religious groups, highlighting trends such as the decline in the Hindu population and the growth of the Muslim population in India. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding these changes as indicators of relative well-being within a country. We need to study this analysis as it is based on the premise that any change in minority populations is influenced by policies related to defining and treating minorities in our country.

    Let’s learn

    _

    Why in the News? 

    The recent working paper titled ‘Share of Religious Minorities: A Cross-Country Analysis (1950-2015)’ by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), has major observations on Indian religious demographics.

    Key highlights made by EAC-PM Report:

    The paper is based on the baseline year as 1950, because this was the time around when the International Human Rights Framework was introduced under the aegis of the newly created United Nations.
    Considering the global trends of declining majority, India too has witnessed a reduction in the share of the majority religious denomination by 7.82%.
    According to the Report, the Hindu population decreased by 7.82% (1950-2015), while that of Muslims increased by 43.15%, suggesting a conducive environment in the country to foster diversity.
    The share of the Christian population rose from 2.24% to 2.36% — an increase of 5.38% between 1950 and 2015.
    While the share of the Sikh population increased from 1.24% in 1950 to 1.85% in 2015 — a 6.58% rise in their share, the share of the Parsi population in India witnessed a stark 85% decline, reducing from 0.03% share in 1950 to 0.004% in 2015.

    South Asian Trends:

    Within the neighborhood, the share of the majority religious denomination has increased and minority populations have shrunk alarmingly across countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Minority populations from across the neighborhood come to India during times of duress.

    The present controversy over the EAC-PM Report:

    • The PM-EAC report on religious minorities in India has sparked debate due to its timing, outdated data, and selective focus. 
      • For example, firstly, it does not highlight the nearly 1,520% increase in share in the total population of Buddhists, for every one Muslim, five Hindus were born during this period.
      • Secondly, the Hindu population has tripled, and the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of Muslim women saw a drop of 2.05 against Hindu women’s TFR by 1.36, making it controversial. 
    • Despite concerns raised by some, the demographers do not see that the Hindus are losing their majority status, given the historical context and current demographic patterns.
      • For example, when Hindus could retain their majority status during the 800 years of so-called Mughal rule, they cannot be in danger today.

    Present rhetoric and challenges:

    • Need to have a broader outlook: Focusing solely on Total Fertility Rates to assess a group’s status overlooks broader factors like education and socioeconomic conditions. 
    • Need to survey Public Participation: The representation of a particular religious group in the state’s power structure is a crucial indicator of its well-being.
      • The Finance Minister recently highlighted the growth of the Muslim population as a positive sign, emphasizing that Indian Muslims enjoy more rights compared to minorities in some Muslim-majority countries. 
    • India is set to become the country with the largest Hindu and Muslim populations by 2050, showcasing the diversity and coexistence within the nation.

    What does the Population Data say?

    • Stabilizing of the Minorities: The data on the decline in Muslim women’s fertility rates, as seen in Census data, indicates a positive trend toward stabilization. (according to the United Nations Population Fund)
      • Demographers predict that by the end of the century, Muslims may constitute around 18.8% of India’s population, with Hindus maintaining a significant majority at 74.7%. 
    • Regional Variations: Various states have already achieved fertility rates below replacement levels, signaling a broader trend of population stabilization.
      • While the Population Regulation Bill in 2019 or the Population (Control) Bill in 2021 has been introduced, some demographers generally emphasize the importance of addressing population dynamics through education, healthcare, and socioeconomic development.
    • Lack of Data-evidences: Claims of alarming Muslim population growth in certain regions like Assam lack substantial evidence, with data showing different growth patterns across states.
      • Illegal Muslim infiltration from Bangladesh is generally said to be responsible for the demographic change since the 1970s in Assam.

    Are Coercive Methods Counter-productive?

    • International Norms and the Indian Government stance: Being a signatory to international covenants such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India has to abide by the international norms on population control. 
    • The United Nations Human Rights Committee has categorically mandated that state parties to ICCPR cannot adopt policies that are compulsory, coercive, or discriminatory. 
    • Even the National Population Policy, of 2000 focused on more relevant socio-cultural factors such as age at marriage, age at birth, girl education, maternal and child health, and voluntary and informed consent over coercive methods.

    Conclusion: To address concerns about population growth, efforts should concentrate on improving education and economic opportunities for all communities, including Muslims, rather than resorting to coercive measures.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-well-intentioned-study-and-a-demographic-myth/article68168538.ece

    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindu-population-falls-1950-2015-eac-pm-paper/article68156830.ece

  • Species in news: Himalayan Magpies 

    Why in the news?

    Blue magpie species are frequently observed from Kashmir to Myanmar.

    About Himalayan Magpies

    • Magpies belong to the Corvidae family, which also includes crows, jays, and ravens.
    • These birds are typically noisy and inquisitive, often featured as omens in folklore around the world.
    • Species Distribution and Habitat:
      • Gold-billed Magpie (Urocissa flavirostris): Also known as the yellow-billed blue magpie, this species inhabits high altitudes between 2,000 and 3,000 meters above sea level, thriving in the high-altitude zones of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Myanmar.
      • Red-billed Magpie: Found at slightly lower altitudes than the gold-billed magpie.
      • Blue Magpie: Occupies lower altitudes and is more likely to be found near human settlements. It builds nests in rhododendron trees.
    • IUCN Status: ‘Least Concerned’

    Observations:

    • The best sightings of yellow and red-billed magpies are along a trekking corridor in Western Sikkim, which spans from tropical forests at lower altitudes to Alpine landscapes.
    • Over 250 species of birds have been documented in this region, with significant bird activity around 2,500 meters.

    PYQ:

    [2014] If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects, disturbed by their movement through grasses.

    Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?

    1. Painted Stork
    2. Common Myna
    3. Black-necked Crane

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3

    (d) 3 only

  • What is 3D Printing and How does it Work?

    Why in the news?

    • The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested a liquid rocket engine made with the help of additive manufacturing technology — commonly known as 3D printing.

    3D Printed PS4 Engine

    • The technology helped ISRO bring down the number of parts in the engine from 14 to a single piece.
    • ISRO was able to eliminate 19 weld joints and saved 97% of raw material.
    • It also reduced the overall production time by 60%.

    What is 3D printing?

    • 3D printing is a process that uses computer-created design to make three-dimensional objects layer by layer.
    • It is an additive process, in which layers of a material like plastic, composites or bio-materials are built up to construct objects that range in shape, size, rigidity, and colour.
    • Common 3D Printing materials include Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Carbon Fiber Filaments, Conductive Filaments, Metal Filaments etc.

    How is 3D printing done?

    • To carry out 3D printing, one needs a personal computer connected to a 3D printer.
    • All they need to do is design a 3D model of the required object on computer-aid design (CAD) software and press ‘print’.
    • The 3D printer does the rest of the job.
    • 3D printers construct the desired object by using a layering method, which is the complete opposite of the subtractive manufacturing processes.

    Benefits offered:

    3D printing offers several key advantages over traditional manufacturing, including:

    • Complexity without Extra Cost: Allows for intricate designs without increasing production costs.
    • Rapid Prototyping: Speeds up the development process by quickly producing prototypes from digital designs.
    • Customization: Ideal for producing customized or bespoke items in small quantities.
    • Reduced Waste: Generates minimal waste compared to traditional subtractive methods, making it more sustainable.
    • Cost-Effective for Low Volumes: Avoids the need for expensive tooling and molds, beneficial for small production runs.

    PYQ:

    [2018] “3D printing” has applications in which of the following?

    1. Preparation of confectionery items
    2. Manufacture of bionic ears
    3. Automotive industry
    4. Reconstructive surgeries
    5. Data processing technologies

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 5 only

    (c) 1 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

  • Decoding C. Elegans Worm: A Remarkable Discovery

    Why in the news?

    Researchers at Princeton University found that Caenorhabditis elegans can inherit the ‘knowledge’ to avoid a disease-causing bacterium, Pseudomonas vranovensis, across several generations after initially consuming it.

    C. Elegans: Breakthrough made in Scientific Research

    • C. elegans can inherit the ‘knowledge’ to avoid a disease-causing bacterium, Pseudomonas vranovensis, across several generations after by consuming it.
    • The study revealed that the worms ingested small RNA (sRNA) molecules from P. vranovensis, which then altered their feeding behaviour to avoid the bacteria.
    • This sRNA interacts with the worm’s gene maco-1, affecting its neurological functions.
    • These sRNAs are passed down to at least four subsequent generations, demonstrating a form of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

     

    About C. Elegans Worm

    • C. elegans, or Caenorhabditis elegans, is a small, transparent nematode (roundworm) widely used in scientific research.
    • It is about 1 mm in length, making it easy to study under a microscope.
    • It has a simple body plan, which simplifies many types of biological research.
    • C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced in 1998.

    Key Features of C. Elegans Worm

    • Short lifespan and quick regeneration: It has a short lifespan of about 2-3 weeks and develops from an egg to an adult in just 3-5 days. This allows for quick generation turnover and facilitates studies on genetics and developmental biology.
    • Transparency:  It allows researchers to easily observe its internal structures and developmental processes in real time.
    • Genetic information: This has provided a wealth of genetic information and made it a powerful tool for genetic studies.
    • Consistent Somatic Cell Count: Adult C. elegans have exactly 959 somatic cells, and their lineage has been fully mapped, providing a consistent model for studying cell development and death.

    PYQ:

    [2021] Consider the following:​

    1. Bacteria​

    2. Fungi​

    3. Virus​

    Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?​

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Aurora Borealis: What are Northern and Southern lights? Why do they occur?

    Why in the news?

    • In a rare event, the night sky over Hanle village in Ladakh was illuminated by the northern lights or aurora borealis.
      • Concurrently, the southern lights, or aurora australis, were observed in New Zealand and Australia.

    What are Auroras?

    • Auroras are natural light displays that appear as bright, swirling curtains in the night sky.
    • They are typically seen near the Poles but can occasionally be observed at lower latitudes.
    • These lights can display a range of colors, including blue, red, yellow, green, and orange, due to the interaction of solar particles with different gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
    • The phenomenon is known as:
    1. Aurora borealis in Northern Hemisphere and
    2. Aurora australis in Southern Hemisphere

    What causes Auroras?

    • Interaction with Earth’s Magnetic Field: As the solar wind approaches Earth, it interacts with the planet’s magnetic field, causing some charged particles to enter the atmosphere near the poles.
    • Interaction with Gases: These particles interact with gases in the upper atmosphere, producing colourful flashes of light. Collision with oxygen produces green light, while interaction with nitrogen results in shades of blue and purple.

    Reasons for Aurora in Ladakh:

    • Intense Solar Activity: Auroras can extend to lower latitudes during periods of intense solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
      • The CMEs are from the AR13664 region of the sun that has produced several high-energy solar flares
    • Localized magnetic anomalies: Variations in Earth’s magnetic field could potentially influence the occurrence of auroras in specific areas, including regions at lower latitudes.

    Impact on Tech Infrastructure 

    • Auroras can pose challenges to space-dependent technologies and operations.
    • Disruptions in Global Positioning Systems (GPS), radio communications, flight operations, power grids, and space exploration endeavors may occur during such events.

    PYQ:

    [2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?

    1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
    2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
    3. Power grids could be damaged.
    4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
    5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
    6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
    7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over Polar Regions could be interrupted.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
    (b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
    (c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

     

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