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  • 2023 driest for global rivers in 33 years, reveals WMO’s report

    Why in the News?

    The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)‘s October 2024 report revealed that 2023 was the driest year for global rivers in 33 years, intensifying stress on water supplies globally.

    What factors contributed to 2023 being the driest year for global rivers?

    • Record High Temperatures: 2023 was marked as the hottest year on record, which significantly contributed to prolonged drought conditions and reduced river flows across many regions globally.
    • Climate Change Impact: Rising temperatures have led to a more erratic hydrological cycle, resulting in both extreme droughts and flooding. This unpredictability has exacerbated water shortages in many areas.
    • Transition from La Niña to El Niño: The climatic shift from La Niña to El Niño conditions in mid-2023 played a crucial role in altering weather patterns, leading to widespread dry conditions in many regions while simultaneously causing flooding in others.
    • Glacier Melting: The report indicated that glaciers experienced their largest mass loss in 50 years, which threatens long-term water security for millions who rely on glacial meltwater for their water supply.

    How has climate change impacted global water resources and glacier conditions?

    • Increased Water Scarcity: The report highlighted that approximately 3.6 billion people currently lack reliable access to water for at least one month each year, a number expected to rise to over 5 billion by 2050 due to worsening water scarcity.
    • Glacier Dependency: Many regions depend on glacial meltwater for their river systems. As glaciers continue to shrink, future water availability is jeopardized, particularly in areas like Europe and North America.
    • Erratic Water Supply: The hydrological cycle’s acceleration leads to unpredictable rainfall patterns, causing both droughts and floods that disrupt agricultural and industrial water supplies.

    What are the implications for global water access and management?

    • Increased Demand vs. Supply Shortages: With growing populations and rising demand for water resources, the current trends indicate a critical imbalance between supply and demand, leading to heightened competition for available water resources.
    • Need for Improved Monitoring: The WMO emphasizes the necessity for better data collection and sharing regarding water resources. This is crucial for effective management strategies that can adapt to changing conditions.
    • Urgent Action Required: There is an urgent need for global cooperation and action to address these challenges. Enhanced monitoring systems and international collaboration are essential to mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Water Resource Management and Adaptation Strategies: Governments should implement integrated water resource management (IWRM) plans to address both water scarcity and flooding risks.
    • Enhance Global Cooperation and Data-Driven Decision Making: Countries must prioritize data-sharing, improve monitoring of water resources, and foster cross-border collaborations to manage shared water systems effectively.

  • What does USCIRF report say about India?

    Why in the News?

    On October 2, the Washington DC-based United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) released a country update on India, highlighting what it described as “collapsing conditions for religious freedom.”

    Mandate of the USCIRF

    • Monitoring Religious Freedom: The USCIRF is tasked with monitoring the universal right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in countries outside the U.S. This includes assessing violations based on international human rights standards, particularly Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    • Annual Reports: The commission produces annual reports that evaluate religious freedom conditions and recommend countries for designation as “Countries of Particular Concern” (CPC) or for inclusion on the “Special Watch List” (SWL).
    • Policy Recommendations: USCIRF provides policy recommendations to the President, Secretary of State, and Congress regarding actions to address violations of religious freedom.

    How does the UNSCIRF designate a country as a ‘Country of Particular concern’? 

    • Criteria for CPC Designation: A country is designated as a CPC if it engages in or tolerates “systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations” of religious freedom. This includes severe actions such as torture, prolonged detention without charges, and other flagrant denials of basic rights.
    • Recommendation Process: The USCIRF assesses countries based on its findings and recommends those that meet the CPC criteria. The U.S. Secretary of State ultimately decides whether to accept these recommendations and designate countries accordingly.

    How has the Indian government reacted to the report?

    • Rejection of Findings: The Indian government has strongly rejected the USCIRF’s report, labeling it as biased and politically motivated. Officials argue that the commission misrepresents facts regarding religious freedom in India.
    • Defense of Policies: The Ministry of External Affairs stated that India is committed to protecting the rights and freedoms of all its citizens, regardless of their faith, and urged USCIRF to refrain from agenda-driven narratives.

    Way forward: 

    • Engage in Diplomatic Dialogue: India should proactively engage with international bodies like USCIRF to address concerns, clarify its stance, and present factual data on religious freedom, fostering mutual understanding.
    • Strengthen Domestic Protections: India should reinforce legal and institutional frameworks to safeguard minority rights and religious freedoms, ensuring transparent mechanisms to address grievances and counter negative perceptions globally.

  • Why is the textile industry struggling to perform better?

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister announced the Indian textile sector’s $350 billion business target by 2030, aiming to generate 3.5 crore jobs, despite recent challenges affecting the projected 10% CAGR.

    Present Status:

    • The Indian textile and apparel industry is currently valued at $153 billion (2021), contributing significantly to India’s GDP (2.3%) and manufacturing GVA (10.6%).
    • The industry employs around 105 million people and is highly dependent on global markets, with 80% of its capacity in MSMEs.
    • India was the third largest textile exporter in FY22, but faced a slowdown in FY23 and FY24, with significant drops in exports and domestic demand.

    What caused the slump in the Indian textile sector in the last two financial years?

    • Geopolitical Tensions: Global geopolitical issues reduced demand in key export markets.
    • High Raw Material Prices: Cotton and Man-Made Fibre (MMF) prices surged, hurting competitiveness.
    • Import Duties: A 10% import duty on cotton made Indian cotton more expensive than global prices.
    • Supply Chain Disruptions: Quality control measures affected the availability and price stability of MMF, further straining production.

    What are the other challenges?

    • Evolving Business Models: The rise of e-commerce and direct-to-consumer retailing is reshaping traditional business systems in the textile industry.
    • Sustainability Standards: Global brands are increasingly focusing on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria, forcing Indian manufacturers to adopt sustainable practices.
    • Changing Consumer Preferences: Growing demand for comfort wear, athleisure, and multi-brand outlets is shifting consumer behavior, impacting smaller or less-known brands.
    • Labour Costs and Productivity: Labour constitutes 10% of production costs, and the industry faces pressure to improve productivity through technology adoption and workforce skilling.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Global Competitiveness: The government should consider reducing import duties on key raw materials like cotton and stabilize supply chains by aligning domestic prices with international markets, ensuring competitiveness in global exports.
    • Invest in Technology and Sustainability: The industry should focus on adopting advanced technologies to improve productivity and meet global ESG sustainability standards, while simultaneously upskilling the workforce to handle these technological advancements effectively.

  • Machine Learning pioneers win Physics Nobel

    Why in the News?

    John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 2024 for their pioneering work that laid the foundation for machine learning and artificial neural network.

    What is Artificial Neural Network?

    • Artificial neural networks are systems inspired by the structure of the brain.
    • In these networks, nodes represent the brain’s neurons, and they influence each other through connections, similar to synapses in the brain.
    • These connections can be made stronger or weaker through training.
    • For instance, connections between nodes with high values can become stronger as the network learns.
    • Since the 1980s, Hopfield and Hinton have been conducting important research on artificial neural networks.

    Significance of their contribution

    • Hinton’s work on the Boltzmann machine and other neural networks helped drive the explosive growth of machine learning.
    • His methods continue to play a significant role in modern AI, enabling technologies like image classification and pattern recognition.

    PYQ:

    [2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?

    1 Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units

    2. Create meaningful short stories and songs

    3. Disease diagnosis

    4. Text-to-Speech Conversion

    5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

  • [pib] Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant

    Why in the News?

    Scientists at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with other researchers have developed the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant.

    What is the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant?

    • It is a hybrid implant made of metal-based nano-medicine combined with patient-derived blood clotting components.
    • It is designed to reduce localized tumor recurrence after surgery.
    • It uses nanotechnology and autologous fibrin (derived from the patient’s own blood) to enhance post-surgical cancer treatment by providing localized therapy and promoting healing in the tumor bed.

    How does It Work?

    • The implant is created using Nano-Micro-Sera (NMS), which consists of drug and metal-based nanomedicine stabilized by the patient’s own serum protein corona.
    • The hybrid implant is reinforced into autologous fibrin, which quickly bonds with damaged tissue in the tumor bed after surgery.
    • Once the surgical site is closed, the implant delivers localized chemo-phototherapy, triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD).
    • This process activates dendritic cells and T-cells, which boosts the body’s immune response and prevents the recurrence of tumors.

    Significance of the Implant

    • The implant offers an affordable and effective solution for localized post-surgical cancer management, especially for marginalized patients.
    • By using the patient’s own serum proteins and fibrin, the implant ensures personalized treatment, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity.
    • The implant’s design is resource-efficient, making it accessible for bedside fabrication with simple equipment, ensuring wider availability.
    • It has demonstrated superior outcomes in suppressing recurrent breast tumors, and its use could prevent tumor recurrence and reducing the chances of metastasis.

    PYQ:

    [2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.

    2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] ‘Humsafar Policy’ for Wayside Amenities along the National Highways

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has launched the ‘Humsafar Policy’ in New Delhi to improve travel convenience on National Highways and boost the development of Wayside Amenities.

    About the ‘Humsafar Policy’

    • The Humsafar Policy is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways to enhance the convenience and experience of travelers on National Highways (NHs).
    • It focuses on developing Wayside Amenities along highways to provide a range of facilities for highway users, ensuring smooth, safe, and comfortable journeys.
    • The policy also emphasizes environmental sustainability by incorporating eco-friendly practices like water conservation, solar energy, and waste recycling.

    Features of the Humsafar Policy

    • Wayside Amenities: Includes food courts, fuel stations, EV charging stations, parking, toilets, ATMs, and pharmacies.
    • Standardized Facilities: Ensures well-maintained and hygienic services for commuters.
    • Visibility for Service Providers: Featured on the ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app, with signage space and renewal fee waivers for high-rated providers.
    • Monitoring & Inspection: Regular third-party checks to maintain service quality, with alerts for low-rated facilities.
    • Green Focus: Encourages solar energy, water conservation, and waste recycling.

    Significance

    • Better User Experience: Enhances travel with high-quality facilities.
    • Economic Impact: Creates jobs and supports local communities.
    • Standardization: Ensures consistent quality and accountability.
    • Technological Integration: The ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app gives real-time facility info and allows feedback from users.

  • UPSC Mains 2024 GS4 Model Solutions

    UPSC General Studies Paper 4 (GS4) focuses on ethical principles, integrity, and decision-making in both personal and professional life. The following table contains the 19 questions with model answers linked to help candidates navigate ethical dilemmas and moral reasoning.

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    S.No.QuestionView Answer Link
    1The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.View Answer
    2Ethics encompasses several key dimensions crucial in guiding individuals and organizations towards morally responsible behaviour. Explain the key dimensions of ethics.View Answer
    3It’s not enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it; and it’s not enough to believe, one must act upon it. Discuss how weapon industries of developed nations adversely influence the continuation of war.View Answer
    4Global warming and climate change are outcomes of human greed in the name of development. Discuss ways to end this and protect life on Earth.View Answer
    5“Learn everything good from others, but bring it in and in your own way absorb it. Do not become others.” – Swami Vivekananda. Explain.View Answer
    6“Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength are essential to accomplish any great work.” – Sardar Patel. Comment.View Answer
    7“In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so.” – Immanuel Kant. Analyze the statement.View Answer
    8The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back may be unjust today. Explain.View Answer
    9Mindless addiction to form, ignoring substance of the matter, results in rendering injustice. Examine the statement.View Answer
    10The Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics are sources of guidance in public administration. Suggest a suitable model for Code of Ethics.View Answer
    11The soul of the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality, and Impartiality. Discuss.View Answer
    12Examine the gender-specific challenges faced by female public servants. Suggest measures to improve efficiency.View Answer
    13Mission Karmayogi aims to maintain a high standard of conduct and behavior for civil servants. Discuss.View Answer
    14Discuss the ethical considerations associated with rising AI-driven energy demands and achieving net zero by 2030.View Answer
    15Analyze the ethical challenges faced by IPS officers in handling terrorist groups recruiting youth via social media.View Answer
    16Examine the ethical dilemma faced by a Senior Police Officer in dealing with insurgents and tribal protests.View Answer
    17Sneha, a Senior Manager, faces ethical conflicts while awarding a medical contract to her brother’s company. What should she do?View Answer
    18Discuss the measures a District Collector should take when facing a water shortage, balancing industrial and agricultural needs.View Answer
    19Examine the ethical issues Dr. Srinivasan faces in expediting drug trials and data manipulation in clinical research.View Answer

    Download the Full Model Answers PDF

    For the full set of model answers for the UPSC GS4 Paper, you can download the PDF below:
    Download Model Answers PDF

    Talk To UPSC Mentor Now

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. What topics does the UPSC GS4 paper cover?
    The GS4 paper covers ethical issues, integrity, public administration ethics, and case studies on ethical dilemmas.

    2. How important is GS4 for the UPSC Mains?
    GS4 is essential as it assesses your moral reasoning and ability to handle real-life ethical dilemmas, which is crucial for civil services.

    3. How can I prepare for GS4?
    To prepare effectively, focus on reading about ethics, analyzing past case studies, and regularly practicing answer writing to enhance clarity in ethical reasoning.

    4. Are these model answers based on actual UPSC questions?
    Yes, the model answers are curated based on actual or closely related UPSC GS4 questions to provide candidates with a reliable reference for exam preparation.

  • Hanle Dark Sky Reserve Star Party observed in Ladakh

    Why in the News?

    Expert astro-photographers and astronomers have gathered at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve from for the second Star Party.

    Star Party and Its Details

    • The Star Party at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is a gathering of amateur astronomers and astro-photographers who travel to Hanle to observe and capture celestial phenomena.
    • It was hosted by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) from and attended by over 45 astronomy enthusiasts from across India.
    • Participants brought their own telescopes and cameras to capture unique celestial events, including faint galaxies, the Zodiacal Light, and the rare sight of Venus casting a shadow.

    About Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)

    • The HDSR is a designated area in Changthang region of eastern Ladakh created to control man-made light pollution and protect the naturally dark night skies.
    • It spans approximately 1,073 square kilometers and is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
    • Established to promote astronomy and astrophotography, it offers some of the darkest skies in India, ideal for astronomical research.
    • Hanley is also the home to second-highest optical telescope in the world, established in 2001 by IIA.

    Special Features of HDSR and the Surrounding Region

    • High Altitude: Hanle is situated at a high altitude, providing clearer skies with minimal atmospheric interference.
    • Minimal Light Pollution: The region has low light pollution, which makes it perfect for observing faint celestial objects.
    • Dry Climate: The dry weather in the region contributes to excellent visibility, reducing the impact of humidity on astronomical observations.

    Significance of HDSR

    • Astrophotography and Research: The dark skies allow for detailed observation of celestial phenomena and astrophotography, attracting enthusiasts and researchers.
    • Astro-Tourism: The reserve fosters astro-tourism, boosting the local economy by creating jobs for guides and supporting infrastructure.
    • Preservation of Night Skies: It plays a crucial role in preserving the natural darkness of the sky, curbing light pollution in the region.
    • International Attention: The reserve has attracted amateur and professional astronomers from across India and beyond, making it a hub for astronomical events.
    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following phenomena:

    1. Light is affected by gravity.
    2. The Universe is constantly expanding.
    3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.

    Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • UPSC Mains 2024 GS3 Model Answers

    UPSC Mains GS3 2024 Model Solutions

    The UPSC General Studies Paper 3 (GS3) focuses on economic development, agriculture, science and technology, environment, and internal security. This paper assesses candidates’ understanding of contemporary issues related to these domains. Below is a table featuring key GS3 questions, along with direct links to their detailed model answers. Aspirants can also download the full set of model answers as a PDF.

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    GS3 Paper Questions and Answers

    S.No.QuestionsView Answer Link
    1Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what extent has this been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth?View Answer
    2What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.View Answer
    3What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate.View Answer
    4Explain the role of millets in ensuring health and nutritional security in India.View Answer
    5What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Despite India being second in the world to file patents, only a few are commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.View Answer
    6What technology is being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and limitations?View Answer
    7Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss various mitigation measures and government initiatives to address this problem.View Answer
    8What role do environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) outcomes in India? Provide examples.View Answer
    9Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest measures to counter narco-terrorism.View Answer
    10Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.View Answer
    11Discuss the merits and demerits of the four labour codes in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far?View Answer
    12What is the need for expanding regional air connectivity in India? Discuss the achievements of the government’s UDAN Scheme.View Answer
    13What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent times? State measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.View Answer
    14Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. Discuss the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock.View Answer
    15The world is facing an acute shortage of clean, safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies to address this crisis? Discuss three such technologies, citing key merits and demerits.View Answer
    16What are asteroids, and how real is the threat of them causing the extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe?View Answer
    17What is disaster resilience, and how is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework and the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).View Answer
    18Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of such disasters and the policies and frameworks in India that address them.View Answer
    19India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan, fraught with contentious issues. Examine the security challenges along the border and the development under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP).View Answer
    20Social media and encrypted messaging services pose serious security challenges. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address these security issues? Suggest additional remedies.View Answer

    Download the Full UPSC Mains 2024 GS3 Model Answers PDF

    For a complete set of detailed model answers for the UPSC GS3 Paper, download the PDF below:
    Download Model Answers PDF

    Talk To UPSC Mentor Now

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. What topics are covered in UPSC GS3?
    The GS3 Paper covers economic development, agriculture, science and technology, environment, and internal security.

    2. Why is GS3 important for UPSC aspirants?
    GS3 is essential because it tests knowledge in key areas such as economics, technology, and governance, which are critical for effective public administration and national security.

    3. How can I prepare for GS3 effectively?
    Candidates should focus on current events, government policies, and economic and environmental developments. It’s also crucial to stay updated with scientific and technological advancements.

    4. How can I download the model answers?
    The model answers can be downloaded using the link provided above.

    5. Are these answers based on real UPSC questions?
    Yes, these answers are crafted based on real and closely related UPSC GS3 questions, ensuring relevant and effective practice.

  • UPSC CSE Mains GS4 Microthemes Analysis

    GS4 Micro-themes Analysis

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    UPSC GS4 Paper, 2024
    UPSC SyllabusMicro themesUPSC PYQsYearMarks
    1.Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in – Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships.Applied Ethics“In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided irrespective of gender identity. The number of women in public service has been steadily increasing over the years.” Examine the gender specific challenges faced by female public servants and suggest to increase their efficiency in discharging their duties and maintaining high standards of probity.202410
    Gobal warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment ?202410
    The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.202410
    Determinants of Ethics“The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today’s context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny to prevent miscarriage of justice.” Examine the above statement with suitable examples.202410
    Dimensions of Ethics“Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organizations towards morally responsible behaviour.” Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context.202410
    3.Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.Attitude for Civil ServantsMindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent. Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.202410
    5.Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and WorldImmanuel Kant“In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so.” — Immanuel Kant202410
    Sardar Patel“Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work.” — Sardar Patel202410
    Swami Vivekananda“Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in your own way absorb it, do not become others.” — Swami Vivekananda202410
    7.Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate GovernanceEthical Issues in International Relations and funding“It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it” In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today’s international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?202410
    Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Ethical GuidanceThe soul of the new law, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system.202410
    8.Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to information; Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.Codes of Ethics and Codes of ConductThe ‘Code of Conduct and ‘Code of Ethics’ are the sources of guidance in public administration. There is code of conduct already in operation, whereas code of ethics is not yet put in place. Suggest a suitable mode. for code of ethics to maintain integrity, probity and transparency. governance.202410
    Quality of Service DeliveryMission Karmayogi is aiming for maintaining a very high standard of conduct and behaviour to ensure efficiency for serving citizens and in developing oneself. How will this scheme empower the civil servants in enhancing productive efficiency and delivering the services at the grassroots level?202410
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