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Distribution: weekly

  • Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel

    Why in the News?

    India has marked a significant achievement in its railway infrastructure development with the “tunnel breakthrough” of Tunnel No. 8 on the Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Line.

    Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel

    About Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel:

    • Tunnel No. 8 is a major part of the Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway project, spanning 14.58 km, making it the longest transport tunnel under construction in India.
    • The tunnel is the first railway tunnel in the Himalayan region to use a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) (combining with the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)) which reduces environmental disruption and increases efficiency compared to traditional blasting methods.
    • It is located on the Devprayag to Janasu stretch, which is part of the larger Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line project in Uttarakhand.
    • It is part of a larger plan to build a 125.20 km rail link, with 83% of the line to be tunnelled.
    • It will feature 12 new stations, 16 tunnels, and 19 bridges across five districts of Uttarakhand.
    • Safety measures include 12 escape tunnels and 7.05 km of cross passages to ensure passenger safety in case of emergencies.
    • This link will significantly improve connectivity to Uttarakhand’s hilly areas, reduce travel time, and boost economic activity in the region.
    [UPSC 2005] Consider the following statements concerning the Indian Railways:

    1. The Head Quarters of the North Western Railway are located at Jodhpur.

    2. ‘Indrail pass’ – a travel-as-you-please ticket has been created especially for freedom fighters and sportspersons who have represented India in any game/sport.

    3. Fairy Queen is a train using the world’s oldest working engine and the Indian Railways conduct a journey of wildlife and heritage sites on it.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 (d) None*

     

  • Landmark agreement: On the draft WHO Pandemic Agreement 

    Why in the news?

    After over three years and 13 rounds of meetings, countries that are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) have agreed on steps to help stop, get ready for, and deal with future pandemics.

    What are the key provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, and how do they aim to prevent future pandemics?

    • Protection of Healthcare Workers: Countries have committed to better protection and support for healthcare workers during pandemics. Eg: Ensuring adequate PPE, mental health support, and fair compensation during crisis response.
    • Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS): A system is established to ensure that countries sharing pathogen samples or genome sequences are guaranteed access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines developed from them. Eg: If an African country shares a new virus strain, it will receive vaccines developed using that strain.
    • Equitable Distribution Commitments by Pharma Companies: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of pandemic-related products to WHO and provide another 10% at affordable prices. Eg: During a future pandemic, WHO can allocate donated vaccine doses to low-income countries.
    • Technology Transfer Under Mutually Agreed Terms: Countries must promote and facilitate vaccine technology and know-how transfer under fair conditions (not just voluntary). Eg: mRNA vaccine technology being transferred to a developing country to scale up local production.
    • Promotion of Local Manufacturing Capacity: The treaty encourages countries to build domestic capabilities to manufacture diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Eg: WHO supporting the setup of vaccine production hubs in South America and Africa.

    Why did developed and developing countries have differing priorities during the negotiations?

     

    Key Issue Developing Countries’ Perspective Developed Countries’ Perspective Example
    Access vs. Control Over Resources Sought equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments developed from shared pathogen data. Focused on retaining control over innovations and resources. India sought vaccine access in return for sharing virus data; EU hesitated on binding terms.
    Technology Transfer vs. IP Rights Demanded mandatory tech transfer to build local manufacturing capacity. Preferred voluntary sharing; feared loss of profit and intellectual property rights. African nations pushed for mRNA tech; pharma firms resisted to protect patents.
    Historical Inequities & Trust Deficit Skeptical due to past incidents like vaccine hoarding; demanded enforceable commitments. Reluctant to agree to binding mechanisms fearing risks to their own supply chains. U.S. and EU pre-booked vaccines during COVID-19, delaying access for African countries.

     

    How does the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system ensure equitable access to vaccines and treatments for developing countries?

    • Guaranteed Access to Medical Countermeasures: Countries that share pathogen samples and genome data are guaranteed access to the diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments developed from them. Eg: If Nigeria shares Ebola virus samples, it will receive vaccines or treatments developed from those samples.
    • Donation and Affordable Pricing Commitments: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of their production to WHO and offer another 10% at affordable prices to low- and middle-income countries. Eg: During a future pandemic, India or Kenya would receive a share of vaccines even if they can’t pay market rates.
    • Legally Binding Mechanism for Fair Distribution: The system is designed to move beyond goodwill by creating structured and fair distribution frameworks, preventing vaccine hoarding. Eg: Unlike COVID-19, where Africa was left behind, the new system mandates early and fair distribution.

    What commitments have pharma companies made on vaccine sharing, and how does it address COVID-19 inequities?

    • Production-Based Donation Quota: Pharma companies have committed to donate 10% of their total vaccine production to WHO. Eg: If a company like Pfizer produces 1 billion doses during a future pandemic, 100 million doses must be donated for global distribution.
    • Affordable Pricing for Developing Countries: Companies will offer an additional 10% of vaccines at affordable prices to ensure access for low- and middle-income countries. Eg: Countries like Bangladesh or Ethiopia could buy vaccines at reduced prices instead of being priced out like during early COVID-19 waves.
    • Prevents Vaccine Hoarding by Rich Nations: By ensuring early and guaranteed supply to WHO, this system prevents stockpiling by high-income countries as seen in COVID-19. Eg: Unlike the situation where Europe secured vaccines ahead of Africa, all regions will get equitable shares based on need.

    Who facilitates the technology transfer for vaccine production, and under what terms will it occur?

    • Facilitated by Countries Under WHO Framework: Technology transfer will be facilitated by countries through the WHO, promoting collaboration and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: India can partner with African nations to help build local vaccine production units using WHO-coordinated support.
    • Occurs on Mutually Agreed Terms (Not Voluntary): Technology sharing will happen on “mutually agreed terms”, not just voluntary basis, ensuring fair negotiations between parties. Eg: A pharma firm like Moderna will negotiate terms with countries like Indonesia to share mRNA vaccine tech under WHO oversight.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Global Compliance and Monitoring: Establish an independent WHO-led mechanism to ensure countries and pharma companies adhere to commitments on access, donations, and tech transfer.
    • Invest in Regional Manufacturing Hubs: Support the creation of regional facilities for vaccine and diagnostic production in developing countries to reduce dependency and enhance preparedness.

    Mains PYQ: 

    [UPSC 2020] Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic.

    Linkage: The role of the World Health Organization in global health security, which is the very organization that finalized the Pandemic Agreement encompassing the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system. The experiences and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding equitable access to vaccines, heavily influenced the negotiations for this agreement.

     

  • New pathways for India’s creative economy 

    Why in the news?

    India has a rich history of creativity across fields like art, science, and medicine. To achieve its $5 trillion goal, it must refresh its innovation approach by encouraging creativity everywhere.

    What is the creative economy?

    The creative economy includes industries driven by creativity, culture, knowledge, and innovation, like art, design, media, software, and research, generating income, jobs, and exports through intellectual and cultural capital.

    What is the situation of the Global creative Economy? 

    • Global Creative Economy (2022): Creative services exports reached $1.4 trillion (29% rise since 2017), goods at $713 billion, together generating over $2 trillion annually and supporting 50 million jobs.
    • Key Sectors (UNCTAD 2024): Software services (41.3%), research and development (30.7%), and advertising, market research, and architecture (15.5%) are major contributors to the global creative economy.
    • India’s Contribution: In 2019, India’s creative exports totaled $121 billion, with services making up $100 billion. As of 2024, the sector is valued at $30 billion, employs 8% of the workforce, and saw a 20% growth in exports.

    What factors drive India’s growing creative economy and its $5 trillion ambition?

    • Diverse Creative Sectors: India has a rich tradition of creativity across various fields such as arts, design, science, medicine, and technology. This diverse pool of creativity serves as a foundation for innovation. Eg: The design sector, accounting for 87.5% of India’s creative goods exports, showcases India’s global leadership in design innovation.
    • Increasing Global Demand for Creative Goods and Services: The global market for creative services has surged, and India’s growing export of creative goods and services is capitalizing on this demand. Eg: In 2022, India’s creative exports grew by 20%, reaching over $11 billion, indicating the sector’s expanding international reach.
    • Technological Advancements: Investment in technology and software services is one of the primary contributors to India’s creative economy. As technology integrates into creative fields, it opens up new possibilities for innovation. Eg: Software services make up 41.3% of the global creative economy, positioning India as a leader in IT and creative technological services.
    • Grassroots Innovations: India’s grassroots innovations, often solving local challenges, are a significant driver of the creative economy. These innovations have the potential to scale up and contribute to economic growth. Eg: Innovations like the “mitti cool clay refrigerator” and pedal-operated washing machines showcase India’s strength in developing frugal, sustainable innovations that can be scaled.
    • Government Initiatives and Investments: The Indian government’s support for creative industries, such as through initiatives like “One District One Innovation,” helps nurture local creativity and turn it into large-scale economic impact. Eg: The government’s focus on intellectual property protection and encouraging local creative ideas through programs like GIAN (Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network) enables broader commercialization of grassroots innovations.

    Why is bridging the gap between creativity and innovation essential in India?

    • Ideas to Scalable Products: Creativity generates ideas, but innovation turns them into products. Bridging the gap ensures ideas are transformed into commercially viable solutions. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs innovation for mass production.
    • Maximizing Economic Impact: Bridging the gap helps scale innovations, creating jobs and boosting economic growth. Eg: The pedal-operated washing machine requires innovation to reach larger markets.
    • Enhancing Global Competitiveness: Converting creative ideas into innovative products boosts India’s global market presence. Eg: India’s design sector can thrive by innovating creative concepts into market-ready products.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • One District One Product (ODOP) & One District One Innovation (ODOI): Promotes unique local products and innovations from each district to boost local economies and generate employment. Eg: ODOP has helped districts like Bhadohi in Uttar Pradesh gain recognition for carpet weaving, integrating traditional creativity with global markets.
    • Startup India and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): These initiatives foster innovation by supporting startups with funding, mentorship, and infrastructure. Eg: AIM’s Atal Tinkering Labs in schools promote problem-solving and innovation from a young age, nurturing future innovators.
    • Support for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Government has simplified patent filing, reduced fees for startups, and launched awareness programs to protect grassroots innovations. Eg: The National IPR Policy 2016 encourages creators, especially in rural India, to safeguard and monetise their innovations.

     

    How can grassroots innovations be scaled up for commercial success? (Way forward)

    • Improved Manufacturing Processes: To scale grassroots innovations, cost-effective and efficient manufacturing processes must be developed to meet larger market demands. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs affordable mass production techniques to reduce costs and increase accessibility.
    • Protection of Intellectual Property: Innovators need intellectual property (IP) protection to prevent replication and ensure fair returns from their ideas. Eg: IP protection for local innovations like the “amphibious bicycle” ensures exclusive market rights and encourages investment.
    • Market Research and Consumer Feedback: Conducting market research and incorporating consumer feedback helps tailor grassroots innovations to meet the needs of a broader audience. Eg: The “mitti cool” refrigerator could be adapted to different regional needs based on customer feedback.
    • Government Support and Policy Frameworks: Government policies and initiatives can help create an ecosystem for scaling grassroots innovations by providing infrastructure, legal support, and incentives for innovation. Eg: Programs like “One District One Innovation” could support scaling local innovations like sustainable farming tools across regions.

    Mains PYQ: 

    [UPSC 2018] What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.

    Linkage: The concept of industrial corridors emphasizes infrastructure development and sector-specific growth. Similarly, developing robust ecosystems and infrastructure for creative industries is a crucial pathway for the growth of India’s creative economy, aligning with the need for support and formalization discussed in the article.

     

     

     

  • Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress (CROP)

    Why in the News?

    The ISRO through its CROP remote sensing framework, has estimated that the total wheat production from eight major wheat-growing states will reach 122.724 million tonnes by March 31, 2025.

    About CROP:

    • CROP is a semi-automated and scalable framework developed by ISRO’s National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).
    • The primary goal of CROP is to provide a real-time view of the sowing, growth, and harvest progress of crops, especially wheat during the Rabi season.
    • CROP utilizes data from multi-source remote sensing satellites to monitor agricultural areas across India.
    • Technological Components of CROP:
      1. EOS-04 (RISAT-1A): Provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for crop monitoring, especially under varied weather conditions.
      2. EOS-06 (Oceansat-3): Offers optical remote sensing data for agricultural monitoring.
      3. Resourcesat-2A: Used for high-resolution optical imaging, focusing on agricultural areas for precise crop monitoring.

    Key Features of the Study:

    • The study used a combination of SAR and optical data to accurately assess crop progress during the 2024-25 Rabi season.
    • The wheat sown area, as of March 31, 2025, stands at 330.8 lakh hectares, which is in line with the figures reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (324.38 lakh hectares as of February 4, 2025).
    • Wheat production in the eight major wheat-growing states is estimated to be 122.724 million tonnes by March 31, 2025, based on the data gathered through the remote sensing method.
    [UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?

    1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location

    2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location

    3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*

     

  • Science behind Uterine Transplants

    Why in the News?

    Uterine transplant surgery offers a groundbreaking solution for women with absolute uterine infertility, as seen in the recent birth of the first child in the U.K. born to a mother who received a donated uterus.

    About Uterine Transplants:

    • Uterine transplantation is a surgical procedure where a woman who lacks a functional uterus receives a donor uterus, enabling her to carry and give birth to a child.
    • The transplant is typically temporary, allowing for one or two pregnancies, after which the uterus is usually removed to avoid complications.
    • Donor Criteria:
      • Age: Between 30 to 50 years.
      • Health: Must be in good overall health, with a BMI under 30, and no history of diabetes, cancer (within 5 years), or STIs.
      • Exclusions: Women with HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, or other complications.
    • The procedure requires gynecological transplant surgeons with specific training. A 6-month recovery period is needed before attempting pregnancy.

    Indian Scenario:

    • India’s first transplant was performed on May 18, 2017, at Galaxy Care Hospital in Pune. The recipient was a 26-year-old woman who received her mother’s uterus.
    • In October 2018, India’s first baby was born via Caesarean section, weighing 1.45 kg and healthy.
    • This success story reflects India’s growing capabilities in reproductive medicine, providing hope to women with uterine infertility, offering them an opportunity for biological motherhood.
    [UPSC 2020] In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, “Pronuclear Transfer” is used for:

    Options: (a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm (b) genetic modification of sperm producing cells (c) development of stem cells into functional embryos (d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring

     

  • Exercise Desert Flag 10

    Why in the News?

    Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent has recently departed for the Desert Flag-10 exercise, being held at the Al Dhafra air base in the UAE.

    About Exercise Desert Flag:

    • Exercise Desert Flag is a multi-nation air combat exercise held at Al Dhafra Air Base in the UAE.
    • It offers participating air forces the opportunity to engage in complex fighter operations and enhance combat capabilities in a collaborative environment.
    • Focus Areas: Fighter engagements, interoperability, and the exchange of operational knowledge.
    • Participants: Air forces from United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, France, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, and India.

    Significance of the Exercise:

    • Improving Interoperability: Enhances the ability of air forces from different nations to work together seamlessly, sharing information and responding to regional security challenges.
    • Learning from Global Air Forces: Provides the IAF with exposure to advanced combat tactics and air defence technologies from the world’s top air forces.
    • Diplomatic and Strategic Influence: India’s participation underscores its role in global security and enhances its defence diplomacy.
    [UPSC 2008] Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?

    Options: (a) China * (b) Japan (c) Russia (d) USA

     

  • Enabling legislation: on Tamil Nadu Bills, persons with disabilities

    Why in the News?

    Affirmative action is a powerful way to correct past injustices and ongoing discrimination. Tamil Nadu’s latest step to support persons with disabilities is a strong move that could greatly improve their lives and opportunities.

    Why is Tamil Nadu’s appointment of persons with disabilities seen as a major step for social empowerment?

    • Political Inclusion of a Marginalised Group: Tamil Nadu is the first State in India to ensure statutory representation of PwDs in all local bodies through nomination, giving them a formal voice in grassroots governance. Eg: With these Bills, over 13,000 PwDs will be appointed across panchayats and municipal bodies, a leap from the current count of just 35 in urban areas.
    • Dismantling Stigma and Promoting Leadership: The initiative helps challenge stereotypes by projecting PwDs as leaders and decision-makers, rather than passive recipients of welfare. This enhances their visibility and social status. Eg: A PwD nominated to a municipal council can directly influence accessibility policies, public infrastructure design, and welfare schemes.
    • Ensures Real Empowerment, Not Just Welfare: Unlike schemes focused only on aid, this move offers dignity through participation, aligning with the constitutional vision of equality and justice for all. Eg: Just as women’s political reservation has created strong women leaders at the village level, this step is likely to produce role models within the disability community.

    How does this initiative differ from earlier affirmative actions like women’s reservation in political bodies?

    • Focus on Economic Empowerment, Not Just Representation: Earlier efforts like political reservations aimed at ensuring women’s presence in governance. This initiative emphasizes economic inclusion through schemes, skills, and leadership roles. Eg: Women’s reservation in Panchayats gave political voice; this promotes financial independence via SHGs, entrepreneurship, etc.
    • Holistic and Multi-sectoral Approach: Unlike single-domain reservations, this initiative spans education, health, digital access, and finance, aiming at overall empowerment. Eg: Beyond seats in politics, it includes Ujjwala, Jan Dhan, and STEM skill-building for women.
    • Outcome-Oriented and Data-Driven: Newer policies use real-time monitoring and performance tracking to ensure impact, unlike earlier blanket quotas. Eg: Mission Shakti uses dashboards to track women’s welfare schemes, unlike static political reservation measures.

    What are the key provisions in Tamil Nadu’s Bills to boost disability representation in local bodies? 

    • Direct Nomination Without Elections: The amendments to the Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act, 1998, and the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 1994, allow for the direct nomination of PwDs to local bodies, eliminating the need for them to contest elections. This move seeks to ensure their active participation in governance. Eg: Approximately 650 PwDs will be nominated to urban local bodies, and 12,913 to village panchayats.
    • Tenure and Entitlements: Nominated members will serve terms concurrent with the respective councils and will receive honoraria, fees, or allowances similar to those granted to elected councillors. However, they will not possess voting rights in council proceedings.
    • Enhanced Representation Based on Council Size: In municipal councils where the number of members exceeds 100, two PwDs will be nominated to ensure adequate representation.

    What is the current status of disability representation in local bodies across India?

    • Lack of Mandatory Reservation Nationwide: Most Indian states do not have legally mandated seats reserved for persons with disabilities (PwDs) in local self-government institutions (panchayats and municipalities). Eg: Unlike SC/ST or women’s reservations, there is no uniform constitutional or legal mandate for PwD representation across all states.
    • Scattered State-Level Initiatives: A few states like Tamil Nadu have taken progressive steps by amending local body laws to allow nomination of PwDs, but such moves remain isolated and not yet a nationwide norm. Eg: Tamil Nadu recently passed laws to nominate over 13,000 PwDs to local bodies without requiring them to contest elections.
    • Limited Political Participation and Influence: Even where PwDs are included, their roles are often symbolic, with limited decision-making power due to lack of voting rights or institutional support. Eg: In Tamil Nadu, nominated PwD members will not have voting rights in council meetings, limiting their legislative influence.

    Way forward: 

    • Legal Mandate for Nationwide Inclusion: Introduce a constitutional or statutory provision to ensure uniform representation of PwDs in local bodies across all states. Eg: Amend the Representation of the People Act to include PwD nomination or reservation guidelines.
    • Empower with Voting Rights and Capacity Building: Grant voting powers to nominated PwD members and provide leadership training for meaningful participation. Eg: Like elected members, PwDs should influence decisions on local infrastructure and welfare schemes.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.

    Linkage: Tamil Nadu government tabled Bills to increase the representation of persons with disabilities in local bodies, is relevant because the Bills directly impact the structure and composition of these local bodies. The question’s focus on the role and governance of local bodies aligns with the intention of the Tamil Nadu legislation to ensure the inclusion of persons with disabilities in decision-making at the grassroots level, which is expected to enhance governance by bringing diverse perspectives.

  • Coenzyme Q: A Vital Molecule for Energy Production

    Why in the News?

    A recent paper published in Nature by a team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences explored the genetic modification of rice plants to increase Coenzyme CoQ10 production.

    What are Coenzymes and CoQ?

    • Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
    • Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions, making cellular metabolism more efficient.
    • Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that helps stabilize cells under stress. It is crucial for cellular energy production.
    • CoQ exists in 10 forms (CoQ1 to CoQ10), all present in the respiratory chain within cells.

    Importance of CoQ9 and CoQ10

    • CoQ9: It is found in cereal crops (wheat, rice, oats, barley, etc.), bamboo, and flowering plants like cinnamon, avocado, and pepper. It is rich in daily foods, making it an accessible nutrient.
    • CoQ10: It is vital for mitochondrial energy production. Concentrated in high-energy organs like the heart. CoQ10 is crucial for health, especially in those with neurological issues or age-related deficiencies.
    • Health Benefits of CoQ10:
      • 2008: CoQ10 supplementation helped patients with neurological disorders, improving their health (Montini et al., Milan).
      • 2012: Infants with CoQ10 deficiency benefitted from ubiquinone analogues (Shamima Ahmed, London).
    • CoQ10-based supplements are now commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals.
    [UPSC 2007] Question: Which one of the following is not a digestive enzyme in the human system?

    Options: (a) Trypsin (b) Gastrin* (c) Pepsin (d) Amylase

     

  • 50 years since the launch of Aryabhata 

    Why in the News?

    50 years ago on April 19, 1975, India marked a major milestone in its space history with the successful launch of Aryabhata, its first satellite.

    About Aryabhata

    • Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975, with Soviet assistance from the Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome.
    • Named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata, the satellite was a significant milestone in India’s space journey.
    • It had a unique 26-sided polyhedron design, measuring 1.4 meters in diameter and weighing 360 kg.
    • The satellite’s faces were covered with solar panels, except for the top and bottom.
    • Aryabhata orbited the Earth every 96.3 minutes with an inclination of 50.7 degrees, and its apogee and perigee were 619 km and 563 km, respectively.
    • Its mission was to conduct experiments in solar physics and X-ray astronomy.
    • Despite experiencing a power failure after 5 days, Aryabhata continued transmitting data for several more days, completing a remarkable 17 years in orbit.
    • This success was pivotal for India, establishing the country’s space capabilities.

    Inception of India’s Space Program:

    • India’s space program began in the 1960s, led by Vikram Sarabhai, the founder of ISRO.
    • Sarabhai envisioned a space program to advance technological and scientific progress in India.
    • Initial efforts included developing sounding rockets under the Rohini rocket program for atmospheric research.
    • In 1972, India partnered with the Soviet Union for the launch of Aryabhata, marking the nation’s entry into space.

     

    [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:

    1. In the year 2006, India successfully tested a full-fledged cryogenic stage in rocketry.

    2. After USA, Russia and China, India is the only country to have acquired the capability for use of cryogenic stage in rocketry.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Davis Strait Proto-Microcontinent

    Why in the News?

    A hidden landmass, called the Davis Strait proto-microcontinent, has been discovered beneath the icy waters between Canada’s Baffin Island and Greenland.

    About the Davis Strait Proto-Microcontinent:

    • The Davis Strait Proto-Microcontinent is a hypothesised landmass located in the Davis Strait, believed to have existed during the Paleozoic era.
    • It is composed of 19–24 km thick thinned continental crust, surrounded by two narrow bands of 15–17 km thick continental crust.
    • It is thought to have broken apart due to tectonic movements.
    • Geological evidence, including similarities in rock formations and tectonic features found in Greenland and parts of the Canadian Arctic, supports the idea of this ancient landmass.
    • While its exact nature and extent remain debated, the proto-microcontinent is crucial for understanding the tectonic processes that shaped the Atlantic Ocean and surrounding regions.

    About Davis Strait:

    • The Davis Strait is a large body of water located between southeastern Baffin Island (Canada) and southwestern Greenland, serving as part of the Northwest Passage.
    • It separates the Baffin Bay (to the north) from the Labrador Sea (to the south), and it connects the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
    • It is an important maritime route for shipping and trade.
    • Named after John Davis, the English explorer who navigated the area in the late 16th century, the Davis Strait plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Arctic region.
    [UPSC 2013] Consider the following:

    (1). Electromagnetic radiation (2). Geothermal energy (3). Gravitational force (4). Plate movements (5). Rotation of the earth (6). Revolution of the earth

    Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None*