Distribution: weekly

[25th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Gaza war and the Global South’s ‘interventions’

PYQ Relevance:

[2018] India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.
[2022] How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?Prelims:
[2013] The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of:
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen

Mentor’s Comment: Israel’s war in Gaza, launched in response to the October 7 Hamas attacks, once again took center stage at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) this week. The UN General Assembly brought up the issue of illegal Israeli settlements at the court, with public hearings set to conclude on February 26.

The hearings highlighted a deeper divide, as Western countries largely defended Israel’s airstrikes on Gaza as an act of “self-defense,” while many Global South nations backed South Africa’s push for the ICJ to charge Israel with “war crimes” for its actions. The hearings took place against the backdrop of a major dispute between Brazil and Israel.

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

Most of the speakers at the hearings were from the Global South, with Brazil and South Africa taking the lead in the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
All permanent members of the UN Security Council submitted comments, though Israel did not take part. India did not speak at the hearings, but its neighbors, Pakistan and Bangladesh, strongly criticized Israel’s actions.

Global South View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:

Fragmented Global South Response: The Global South has not presented a unified stance toward the Israel-Palestine conflict. While some countries have sought legal actions against Israel, others have taken more cautious approaches, focused on diplomacy and ceasefire calls.
South Africa’s Legal Action: Driven by its own history of apartheid, South Africa took Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in December 2023, seeking a warrant against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Divergence Within BRICS: China and India, the two biggest powers within the Global South construct, have taken divergent positions based on their national interests rather than building consensus within newer multilateral formats like BRICS.
The Role of BRICS Expansion: The BRICS group recently expanded, a move supported by China but not particularly favored by India, illustrating differing priorities even within major Global South frameworks.

China’s View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:

China’s Support for Palestinian Sovereignty: China aligns its position with Arab interests, supporting Palestinian sovereignty from a decolonization perspective. In July 2024, it hosted a conference aimed at unifying various Palestinian factions.
China’s Strategic Calculations: China refrained from condemning Hamas after the October 2023 attacks, aiming to keep its mediation options open, especially after the high-profile Iran-Saudi Arabia mediation. However, recent developments, including the killings of Ismail Haniyeh and Yahya Sinwar, have disrupted these efforts.
China’s Use of Multilateral Forums: China seeks to leverage forums like BRICS to promote the Global South narrative in its favor. The expansion of BRICS and Palestine’s interest in joining reflect China’s strategy to broaden its influence.

India’s View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:

India’s Balanced Approach: India maintains a consistent and balanced position, supporting both Israel’s counter-terrorism efforts and the Palestinian cause. Its stance includes a two-state solution and recognition of Palestine since 1988.
Counter-Terrorism Focus: India’s stance on the conflict focuses on counter-terrorism, reflecting its own experiences with cross-border terrorism, similar to Israel’s challenges. The 2011 release of Sinwar by Israel is comparable to India’s release of Masood Azhar in 1999.

The disunity in the Global South affects India’s interests in several ways:

Limits Diplomatic Leverage: The lack of a unified stance weakens India’s ability to push for collective action on issues like terrorism or multilateral reforms.
Challenges in BRICS Consensus: Diverging views within BRICS complicate India’s efforts to shape the group’s agenda in line with its own interests, such as counter-terrorism and economic cooperation.
Reduces Influence in West Asia: Fragmented approaches hinder India’s ability to play a significant mediating role in the Israel-Palestine conflict or other regional matters.
Complicates Strategic Alignments: Disunity forces India to navigate complex diplomatic relationships individually, rather than benefiting from coordinated Global South support.
Dilutes Global South’s Voice: The lack of coherence limits India’s capacity to effectively champion developing countries’ concerns on global platforms like the UN.

Way forward:

Strengthen Diplomatic Alliances: India should work on building stronger bilateral and regional partnerships to create support for its positions within the Global South, focusing on areas of mutual interest such as counter-terrorism and economic development.
Leverage Multilateral Platforms Strategically: India can actively shape the agenda in forums like BRICS by promoting consensus on common issues, such as peace initiatives and reforming global governance, to enhance its influence and the collective voice of the Global South.

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-gaza-war-and-the-global-souths-interventions/article68792576.ece

October 25, 2024

US court to decide whether elephants get human rights

Why in the News?

Colorado’s highest court recently reviewed whether older African female elephants can legally contest their captivity, as the NonHuman Rights Project claims they are unlawfully confined.

What is nonhuman?

Nonhuman animals are living beings other than humans, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and insects, recognized for their capacity to feel, behave, and interact.

What is Legal personhood?

Legal personhood is the status granted to an entity, allowing it to hold legal rights and obligations, traditionally applied to humans and some organizations.
Example: All human individuals are recognized as legal persons. This allows them to enter into contracts, sue, and be sued in court.

What Constitutes Legal Personhood for Nonhuman Animals?

Legal Personhood Definition: Legal personhood refers to the capacity of an entity to have legal rights and duties. In law, a “person” is not strictly limited to human beings; corporations, for example, are considered legal persons.
Application to Nonhuman Animals: Extending legal personhood to nonhuman animals involves granting them certain legal rights, such as the right to not be unlawfully confined or exploited. This would require redefining animals’ status from property to beings with inherent rights.
Arguments in Favor: Proponents argue that certain highly intelligent and socially complex animals, such as elephants, dolphins, and great apes, should be granted legal rights because they can experience suffering and possess a degree of autonomy akin to that of humans.
Arguments Against: Opponents of legal personhood for animals argue that the legal system is designed for human society and extending personhood to animals could lead to complex legal issues.
- They contend that animal welfare can be ensured through legislative protections rather than redefining personhood.

How can societies balance animal welfare with cultural practices that might clash with today’s views on animal rights?

Engagement and Dialogue: Encourage conversations between cultural leaders, communities, and animal rights advocates to understand different perspectives and find common ground on how to improve animal welfare while respecting traditions.
Education and Awareness: Promote education about animal welfare and the capacity of animals to feel pain and suffering, helping communities to reconsider practices and adopt alternatives that align with both cultural values and humane treatment.
Legal Frameworks: Implement laws that protect animal welfare while allowing for cultural practices to continue in a regulated manner, ensuring that such practices do not involve cruelty or inhumane treatment of animals.

What are the Rights of Animals in the Indian Context?

Traditional and Cultural Practices: In India, animals play a significant role in various cultural and religious practices. For instance, cows are considered sacred in Hinduism, while elephants are used in festivals and ceremonies.
Legal Framework for Animal Rights: India has several laws aimed at protecting animal rights, such as the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. These laws establish standards for animal welfare and criminalize cruelty.
- However, they stop short of granting legal personhood to animals.
Judicial Intervention: The Indian judiciary has taken progressive stances on animal rights in some cases.
- For example, the Uttarakhand High Court in 2018 declared all animals in the state to be legal entities, with citizens acting as guardians. This ruling emphasized the need to protect animals’ dignity and well-being, though it did not grant full legal personhood.

Conclusion: India can look toward a framework that balances animal welfare with cultural practices by adopting context-specific policies. This could include creating more robust welfare standards, engaging with communities to find humane alternatives, and fostering a cultural shift toward greater empathy for animals.

October 25, 2024

Cyclone Dana

Why in the News?

West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.

What are Cyclones?

Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as

Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.

Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

They form over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.

What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?

Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.

How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?

The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.

PYQ:

[2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?

(a) Sea Surface temperature are low

(b) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

(d) Absence of land in those regions

October 25, 2024

[pib] PM-YASASVI Scheme

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has implemented the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI).

About PM-YASASVI Scheme

	Details
Launch Year	2021-22
Purpose	To provide financial assistance and educational support to students from Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and De-notified Tribes (DNT).
Eligibility Criteria	• Students from *OBC, EBC,* and *DNT(Denotified Tribes)* categories • Annual family income up to ₹2.50 lakh • Additional criteria may apply based on specific schemes.
Benefits	• Scholarships for pre-matriculation (Class 9-10) and post-matriculation (higher studies) • Covers tuition, hostel expenses, and academic costs • Hostel facilities for OBC students • Promotes educational advancement for marginalized communities.
Scholarship Amounts	• Class 9 and Class 10: ₹75,000 annually • Class 11 and Class 12: ₹1,25,000 annually
Selection Criteria	• Based on performance in the YASASVI Entrance Test (YET) conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA)
Application Process	• Applications submitted online through the National Scholarship Portal (scholarships.gov.in)
Significance	Promotes inclusivity and social progress by supporting students from OBC, EBC, and DNT backgrounds in their educational pursuits.

October 25, 2024

[pib] Environmental Ship Index (ESI)

Why in the News?

Mormugao Port Authority has gained global recognition as an incentive provider on the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) platform.
- It is the first port in India to implement Green Ship Incentives under the ESI, promoting eco-friendly practices in shipping.
- The port launched the “Harit Shrey” scheme in October 2023, offering port fee discounts based on ESI ratings of commercial vessels.

About the Environmental Ship Index (ESI):

	Details
What is it?	A scoring system that measures the environmental performance of ships, specifically their air pollution emissions.
Establishment	Launched in 2011 by the World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP) under the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH).
Scope	ESI evaluates emissions of: • Sulfur oxides (SOx) • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) • Particulate matter from seagoing vessels.
Purpose	To encourage ships to adopt technologies and practices that minimize emissions, contributing to air quality improvement and climate change mitigation.

How effective is ESI to reduce emissions, and what metrics are used to evaluate this effectiveness?

The ESI provides a framework for incentivizing ships based on their environmental performance, specifically targeting reductions in air emissions such as CO2, SOx, and NOx.
The effectiveness of the ESI is evaluated using specific metrics, including a ship’s ESI score, which is derived from factors such as engine efficiency, fuel quality, and the implementation of emission reduction technologies.
The ESI enables ports to analyze the overall impact of green shipping initiatives through aggregated data on participating vessels.

What are the future developments planned for the ESI?

Future plans include expanding metrics to cover additional pollutants and carbon intensity for a more comprehensive environmental assessment.
Enhancements in digital reporting for easier tracking of emissions data and performance analytics.
Planned updates will aim to support the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2050 decarbonization targets, including zero-emission technology.

How will they align with global maritime regulations aimed at decarbonization?

ESI updates will align with IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI regulations on pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG).
ESI’s future adaptations will address carbon intensity targets and promote alternative fuels like ammonia and hydrogen, in line with IMO’s goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
The ESI is part of the broader World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP), promoting sustainability in port operations and low-carbon maritime trade.
ESI aims to further incentivize the adoption of energy-efficient engines, battery systems, and hybrid propulsion to support long-term emission reduction.

PYQ:

[2015] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements:

It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.
It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

October 25, 2024

Betelgeuse, one of the Brightest Stars predicted to Explode

Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

Why in the News?

Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

About Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
- A short-term cycle of about one year.
- A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.

Indicators and Scientific Evidence

Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.

Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System

Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.

PYQ:

[2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:

(a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

(b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

(d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

October 25, 2024

[pib] 200 Years of Kittur Vijayotsava

Why in the News?

A commemorative postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage within the Kittur Fort premises to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava.

About Kittur Rani Chennamma

Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now Karnataka).
She was trained in horse riding, sword fighting, and archery from an early age.
She married Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a small principality in Karnataka.
The Kittur Uprising (1824):
- The British East India Company refused to recognize her adopted son, Shivalingappa, as the rightful successor under the Doctrine of Lapse.
- She declared war on the British in response to their annexation attempt.
- In October 1824, she led the Kittur army against 20,000 British soldiers stationed near the Kittur Fort.
- During the battle, British official John Thackery was killed, and the Company forces faced significant losses.
- After initial resistance, British forces returned in December 1824 with a larger army.
- Despite her courageous efforts, Rani Chennamma was captured along with her forces and imprisoned.
- She was held captive in Bailhongal Fort, where she spent her remaining years. She died in captivity in 1829.

Legacy and Significance

Rani Chennamma is celebrated as one of the first women in Indian history to lead an anti-colonial uprising.
She is revered as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and resistance against colonial oppression.
She is honored in Kannada folklore, particularly through lavani (folk songs) that celebrate her bravery and sacrifice.
Statues have been erected across Karnataka, including a prominent one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House.

Doctrine of Lapse

Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine aimed at expanding British territories in India.
The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.

PYQ:

[2013] Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.

[2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?

To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
To regulate East India Company’s trade with India

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

October 25, 2024

[24th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Manipur crisis, the issue of managing diversity

PYQ Relevance:

Q) Human right activists constantly highlight the fact that the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human right abuses by security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists. Critically evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by Apex Court. (UPSC CSE 2015)

Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)

Q) Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (UPSC CSE 2021)

Mentor’s Comment: Since 2012, there has been a constant demand led by the Scheduled Tribes Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) for granting the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community. On 20 April 2023, a judge of the Manipur High Court directed the state government to consider the request of the Meitei community to be included in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list. The Kuki community feared that the ST status would allow the Meiteis to purchase land in the prohibited hilly areas and hence the total shutdown began.

The ongoing crisis in Manipur, a northeastern state of India, highlights the complexities of managing ethnic diversity in a region marked by historical grievances and socio-political dynamics. Today’s editorial examines the roots of the conflict, the government’s response, and potential pathways to peace.

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

Since May 2023, over 250 people have died, and tens of thousands have been displaced due to ongoing ethnic clashes primarily between the Meitei and Kuki communities. The violence has intensified again, with at least 11 casualties reported in September 2024.

What are the historical and socio-political factors contributing to the Manipur crisis?

1) Historical Factors:

Colonial Legacy: Manipur was an independent kingdom before British colonization. In the year 1891 Manipur became a Princely State under British Rule after the Anglo-Manipur War.
- Later, the Britishers employed a “divide and rule” strategy, which resulted in tensions between the valley-dwelling Meitei and the hill tribes, including the Kukis and Nagas.
Forced Merger into India: In 1947, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a Treaty of Accession merging Manipur into India. This merger occurred without adequate consultation with local leaders, leading to widespread discontent among various ethnic groups.
Insurgency and Ethnic Clashes: The rise of insurgent groups in the 1960s and 1970s, fueled by demands for autonomy or independence, has led to ongoing violence.
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) was introduced in 1980 to manage insurgency but has resulted in increased militarization and human rights abuses, further inflaming local grievances.

2) Socio-Political Factors

Ethnic Identity and Land Rights: Conflicts over land ownership and ethnic identity are central to the crisis. The Meitei community’s recent demand for Scheduled Tribe status has intensified fears among Kukis and Nagas regarding their rights and land security.
Government Policies: Central government policies perceived as favoring certain ethnic groups have led to resentment among others. For instance, the withdrawal from Suspension of Operations agreements with Kuki militant groups has raised tensions.
Economic Disparities: Developmental disparities between the valley and hill regions have fueled resentment, as marginalized communities feel neglected by state initiatives.
Drug Trade and Economic Exploitation: The proximity to the Golden Triangle and porous international borders make Manipur vulnerable to drug trafficking and other cross-border criminal activities.
2023 Violence: A court order regarding Scheduled Tribe status for the Meiteis sparked violent protests, leading to significant casualties and displacement. This incident underscores the fragile nature of inter-community relations in Manipur.

How has the Indian government’s response impacted the situation in Manipur?

Military Deployment: The government deployed approximately 17,000 troops and this heavy military presence led to allegations of human rights abuses and a deepening trust deficit between the state and local communities.
- Curfews were imposed across multiple districts which disrupted daily life and hindered communication among communities.
Central Government’s 100-Day Plan: The resolution of the Manipur conflict is part of the new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s 100-day plan. It has also faced criticism for being slow and lacking transparency regarding concrete actions.

Humanitarian Response: The government has initiated compensation packages for affected farmers but faces challenges in addressing the broader humanitarian needs of displaced populations.
Long-Term Stability Concerns: The situation is compounded by geopolitical factors involving neighboring countries like Myanmar and Bangladesh, necessitating innovative solutions from the government to ensure long-term peace in the region.

Constitutional Provisions:

• The Indian Constitution uniquely addresses diversity through special provisions for various states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Karnataka.
• The special provisions aim to ensure equitable development and safeguard cultural identities that seek to reconcile competing interests in northeastern states by institutionalizing power-sharing and representation, promoting autonomy in governance.
• Article 371F (introduced after Sikkim’s accession in 1975), empowers Parliament to protect the rights of various population sections and grants the Governor special responsibilities for socio-economic advancement.
• The Supreme Court upheld Article 371F in the R.C. Poudyal case (1993), justifying increased representation for the Bhutia-Lepcha community based on historical context and the need for political stability.
• Given the increasing violence and displacement in regions like Manipur, revisiting these constitutional provisions is crucial for national interest and social harmony.

CASE STUDY:

• Tripura is a model of peace achieved via constitutional measures during its insurgency, particularly through the 6^th Schedule, which grants autonomy to tribal areas. It empowered district councils to legislate on education, land use, and social customs.
• Tripura Accord (1988) reserved one-third of State Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes, exceeding their population proportion.
Unlike Tripura, Manipur is governed by Article 371C, which lacks similar provisions for tribal autonomy and requires Hill Area Committee approval for governance matters.

What Manipur needs to do?

In light of the unique challenges faced by Manipur, it is essential to recognize that, unlike other northeastern states, its District Council lacks veto power, leading to heightened anxieties over over-representation and resource allocation.
Thus, true peace and solutions for diversity must be cultivated through Constitutional evolution and Democratic processes, rather than superficial measures.

October 24, 2024

Madarsa Education Act: SC reserves order on appeals against Allahabad HC’s ‘Unconstitutional’ verdict

Why in the News?

The Supreme Court reserved its decision on appeals challenging the Allahabad HC’s verdict, which declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 as ‘Unconstitutional’.

What is the UP Madarsa Education Act of 2004?

The UP Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004, was enacted to establish a regulatory framework for madrasas in the state.
Aim: To ensure the delivery of quality education in these institutions while aligning them with constitutional principles.
Key Provisions: The Act set up the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, responsible for prescribing curricula, conducting examinations, and certifying students in registered madrasas.
State Involvement: It allowed the government to provide grants, regulate the functioning of madrasas, and inspect their adherence to standards, ensuring uniformity and compliance with educational norms.

On what grounds did the Allahabad HC declare the Madarsa Act as ‘Unconstitutional’?

Violation of Secularism: The Allahabad High Court ruled that the Act violated the principle of secularism, which is a fundamental aspect of the Indian Constitution.
- The court held that the state’s direct involvement in the administration and funding of religious institutions like madrasas contradicted the secular character enshrined in the Constitution.
Equality Before Law: The Act was also found to contravene Article 14, which ensures equality before the law.
- The court noted that providing special educational arrangements for madrasas amounted to favoring a particular religious community, which was deemed discriminatory against others.

What are the key arguments on the Constitutionality of the Madarsa Education Act before the SC?

For the Act’s Constitutionality:
- Promoting Educational Rights: Petitioners argued that the Act was intended to improve the quality of education in madrasas by incorporating modern subjects, thereby fulfilling the state’s obligation under Article 21A (Right to Education).
- Minority Rights Protection: They contended that the Act safeguarded the rights of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice under Article 30.
Against the Act’s Constitutionality:
- State Involvement in Religious Education: Critics argued that the state’s involvement in regulating and funding madrasas blurred the line between state and religion, thus it leads to violating the secular framework.
- Discriminatory Approach: It was contended that the Act granted privileges to one community’s educational institutions, potentially discriminating against others.
- Alternative Educational Models: The state’s direct regulation of madrasas was seen as unnecessary when secular education could be provided through other existing educational frameworks.

What are the wider Implications of the SC’s decision on the Madarsa Education Act?

Impact on Minority Educational Rights: If the Supreme Court upholds the Act, it may strengthen the right of minorities to receive state support for their educational institutions.
- Conversely, striking down the Act could set a precedent for limiting state involvement in religious institutions.
Revisiting the Secularism Principle: The ruling could lead to a reassessment of how secularism is interpreted, particularly concerning state interactions with minority educational institutions.
Implications for Other Religious Schools: The judgment could have broader ramifications for other religious institutions that receive government aid or regulation, potentially prompting similar legal challenges.
Integration of Madrasas into Mainstream Education: If the Act is declared unconstitutional, the state may need to find alternative ways to integrate madrasa students into the formal educational system without compromising on their cultural and religious needs.

What reforms are necessary to modernize madrasa education and address public perceptions?

Curriculum Integration: Need to introduce a balanced curriculum that combines religious studies with modern subjects like science, mathematics, and social studies to make madrasa education more holistic and aligned with mainstream education standards.
Teacher Training and Certification: Ensure that madrasa teachers receive proper training in contemporary pedagogy and modern subjects.
Infrastructure Development: Improve madrasa facilities to provide a conducive learning environment. This includes better classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and access to technology for digital learning.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework to regularly assess and monitor the quality of education in madrasas.
Vocational and Skill-Based Training: Incorporate vocational courses and skill development programs to equip students with practical skills that can improve their employability.
Awareness Programs: Need to run awareness campaigns to inform the community about the value of modernizing madrasa education.

Way forward:

Reform the Act to Align with Secular Principles: Amend the Act to focus on educational standards without direct state involvement in religious affairs, ensuring compliance with constitutional values of secularism and equality.
Promote Inclusive Educational Models: Integrate madrasa education into the mainstream system by introducing modern subjects while respecting cultural and religious contexts, allowing students to benefit from both secular and religious education.

Back2Basics: Minority Educational Institutions in India:

	Details
Constitutional Provision	Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India grants linguistic and religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Legislative Framework	National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 safeguards the educational rights of minorities as per Article 30(1).
Definition	A “Minority Educational Institution” is defined as a college or institution established or maintained by a person or group from amongst the minorities (Section 2(g) of the Act).
Judicial Precedent	In T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that minority status is determined by state demographics, not national population.
Rights of Minority Institutions	Article 29 protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture. Minority institutions do not have an absolute right to appoint staff; This was upheld in the context of the West Bengal Madrasah Service Commission Act, 2008.
Recognized Minority Communities	Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) are recognized as minority communities under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992.
Significance	Minority educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of minority communities while providing access to education.

Mains PYQ:

Q National Education Policy 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

October 24, 2024

Biodiversity COP16

Why in the News?

For the upcoming Annual Climate Change meeting set to take place in Baku (Azerbaijan), on November 11, countries are currently gathered in Cali, Colombia, for the biennial UN Biodiversity Conference.

What is the significance of COP16 in the context of Global biodiversity?

Post-Kunming-Montreal Framework Implementation: COP16 is the first meeting after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in 2022, which set ambitious targets for biodiversity conservation, including the 30 x 30 initiative (conserving 30% of lands and oceans by 2030).
Elevated Focus on Biodiversity: The conference seeks to bring biodiversity discussions to the forefront, similar to climate change negotiations, acknowledging the interconnectedness of biodiversity and climate crises.
Strengthening Global Commitments: COP16 aims to accelerate actions to halt biodiversity loss and set the stage for tracking the implementation of the GBF’s goals and targets, emphasizing the urgency of reversing ecosystem degradation.

Key Agendas for COP16:

30 x 30 Targets: A key focus will be expediting progress on the 30 x 30 goals, ensuring protected areas cover at least 30% of lands and oceans, and initiating restoration in at least 30% of degraded ecosystems.
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs): Countries will discuss and submit their NBSAPs, outlining time-bound actions to achieve GBF targets. Only 32 out of 196 countries have submitted NBSAPs so far.
Access and Benefit Sharing (Nagoya Protocol): Negotiations will continue on sharing the benefits from genetic resources, particularly the use of digital genetic information, ensuring fair distribution of profits, especially to indigenous communities.
High Seas Treaty Alignment: Discussions will focus on the agreement for the conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions, including establishing protected marine areas and equitable sharing of resources.
Financing Biodiversity Conservation: Mobilizing $200 billion per year by 2030, including $20-30 billion annually from developed to developing countries, will be a key topic.

How will countries align their NBSAPs with the Global Biodiversity Framework?

Time-Bound Action Plans: NBSAPs will mirror the approach of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, setting national goals aligned with the GBF’s targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
Monitoring and Reporting: Countries will have to ensure that their NBSAPs reflect the GBF’s goals and include mechanisms for tracking progress, adapting strategies, and reporting regularly to the CBD Secretariat.
Integrating Regional Priorities: The NBSAPs will need to account for country-specific biodiversity challenges and regional ecological characteristics while aligning with the global targets set under the Kunming-Montreal Framework.

What role do various stakeholders play in achieving the objectives set out at COP16?

National Governments: Responsible for formulating and implementing NBSAPs, mobilizing financial resources, and creating policies that align with the GBF’s goals.
Indigenous and Local Communities: Vital for implementing conservation initiatives, especially in biodiversity-rich areas, and ensuring the fair sharing of benefits derived from traditional knowledge and resources.
Private Sector and Corporations: Expected to contribute to financing biodiversity conservation, adopt sustainable practices, and support the development of biodiversity credits and conservation-related projects.
International Organizations and NGOs: Will play a role in monitoring progress, providing technical assistance, advocating for biodiversity-friendly policies, and raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity conservation.
Scientific and Academic Institutions: Crucial for research, data collection, and providing evidence-based recommendations to guide biodiversity conservation strategies and the sustainable use of natural resources.

Way forward: India needs to enhance it’s regulatory frameworks and establish robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of biodiversity conservation goals, including the 30 x 30 targets, and prevent the exploitation of ecosystems.

Previous Years Question:

Q). Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

Q). Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC CSE 2021)

October 24, 2024