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GS Paper: GS1

  • UNICEF’s ‘Global Outlook 2025: Strengthening the foundations of children’s futures

    Why in the News?

    Recently, UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025 emphasizes the urgent need for resilient systems to protect children’s rights amid crises like conflict, climate change, and economic instability, ensuring equitable access to essential services globally.

    What are the primary challenges facing children in the current global landscape as per UNICEF’s Global Outlook 2025?

    • Conflict and Displacement: Over 473 million children, or about 19% globally, live in conflict-affected areas—a figure that has nearly doubled since the 1990s. This exposes children to severe risks, including displacement, starvation, disease, and psychological trauma.
    • Economic Instability: Nearly 400 million children live in countries in debt distress, where financial pressures are reducing investments in essential services such as education and healthcare, further deepening their vulnerabilities.
    • Climate Change: Around 1 billion children are at extremely high risk from climate impacts. Disruptions from extreme weather events affect their access to education and healthcare, while only 2.4% of global climate finance is directed toward child-focused initiatives.
    • Digital Inequality: The expansion of digital public infrastructure (DPI) offers opportunities to improve service delivery, but significant digital divides persist, disproportionately affecting children in low-income and marginalised communities.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this flagship scheme aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and empowerment of girls.
    • Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY): This savings scheme encourages parents to save for their daughters’ education and marriage by offering attractive interest rates and tax benefits.
    • Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Established in 1975, ICDS focuses on improving the nutritional and health status of children under six years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
    • National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan): Launched in 2018, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition among children and women through a convergence of various schemes and community-based approaches.
    • Mission Vatsalya: This initiative focuses on child protection services, ensuring that vulnerable children receive necessary support and care.
    • Child Protection Policies: The government has enacted several laws, such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, to safeguard children’s rights and ensure their welfare.
    • National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): The NCPCR plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting children’s rights in India. It has launched various initiatives such as the POCSO e-Box for reporting child sexual abuse and the Bal Panchayat Abhiyan to encourage child-led governance.

    How can global governance and national systems be strengthened to support children’s rights and well-being?

    Global governance: 

    • Strengthening International Mechanisms: The United Nations should develop specialized frameworks to protect children’s rights in the digital environment, ensuring online safety and privacy are integral to global governance policies.
    • Ensuring Accountability: States and corporations must be held accountable for violations of children’s rights, with the adoption of measures like the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to ensure businesses prioritize child protection.
    • Fostering Global Collaboration: Promoting bilateral and multilateral cooperation can address challenges such as cyberbullying and online exploitation through shared best practices and coordinated efforts to safeguard children’s rights worldwide.

    National systems: 

    • Developing Child Rights Governance Systems: Nations should establish comprehensive frameworks that integrate children’s rights into laws and policies, aligning with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to prioritize children’s needs in governance.
    • Strengthening Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Enhancing the capacity of CSOs through training programs can improve their ability to advocate for and implement child rights initiatives while effectively engaging with government institutions.
    • Advancing Evidence-Based Advocacy: Utilizing data-driven approaches to shape policy priorities can ensure child rights are central to resource allocation and budgeting at global, regional, and national levels.
    • Empowering Children’s Participation: Encouraging children to actively participate in decision-making processes helps create policies that address their needs and aspirations, fostering a more inclusive governance system.
    • Establishing Robust Monitoring Systems: Implement mechanisms to regularly track and report on children’s well-being indicators to ensure accountability and measure progress in achieving child rights standards.

    Way forward: 

    • Integrated Global-National Synergy: Strengthen collaboration between international frameworks and national systems to prioritize children’s rights in governance, focusing on accountability, digital safety, and climate resilience through coordinated policies and resource allocation.
    • Child-Centric Policy and Participation: Develop evidence-based policies that directly address children’s vulnerabilities while empowering them to participate in decision-making, ensuring sustainable and responsive governance structures.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • McKinsey released Report on Demographic Transition and Depopulation

    Why in the News?

    The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.

    IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?

    Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.

    • Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
    • Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
    • Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
    • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.

    Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report 

    • Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
    • Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
    • Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
    • The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
    • In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
    • Consumption Patterns in India:
      • India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
      • By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
      • The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.

    About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend

    • India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
    • From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
    • This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
    • India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
    • By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
    • India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
    • Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
    • Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.

    PYQ:

    [2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:

    1. Low birth-rate with low death rate
    2. High birth-rate with high death rate
    3. High birth-rate with low death rate

    Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:

    (a) 1, 2, 3

    (b) 2, 1, 3

    (c) 2, 3, 1

    (d) 3, 2, 1

  • [16th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Social justice and a lost chance by a Prime Minister

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:

    UPSC mains have previously focused on topics like ‘Concept of Social Justice’ (2016) and ‘Implementation of Social Justice’ (2019 & 2021).

    The India Justice Report (IJR) 2022 emphasizes that effective leadership is crucial for fostering social justice by ensuring equitable access of resource allocation, infrastructure, and diversity within policy  and decision making. ‘Social justice’ involves not only addressing economic inequalities but also ensures access to education, healthcare, and political representation.
    Today’s editorial likely addresses several critical questions regarding the role of leadership in promoting social justice with respect to legislative reforms, social welfare programs, or policy decisions. This content can be used to present rational thinking for the future scope of the Socio-political nexus while addressing Social justice.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There are ongoing discussions about the state of liberalism and democratic values in both India and the United States. 

    • The recent political developments, such as shifts toward more nationalist or populist policies, have prompted reflections on the historical context of leadership (Barack Obama and Manmohan Singh’s) during a time when liberalism seemed more robust.
    • Additionally, this editorial serves as a reminder of the challenges both countries face in maintaining democratic principles and fostering inclusivity, particularly as political climates evolve.

    What were the historical paradoxes of Political Elections during 2004?

    The 2004 Elections embodies two significant paradoxes that highlight the vibrancy of Indian democracy. 

    • The Anti-Sikh riots of 1984 represented a dark period for Indian pluralism, yet two decades later, a Sikh became Prime Minister, reflecting a remarkable shift in societal acceptance among the majority Hindu population. 
    • The 2004 election was a rejection of market celebration, despite Singh being a proponent of economic liberalization (he was compelled to adhere to a welfarist agenda shaped by democratic pressures).
    Indian pluralism refers to the rich diversity and coexistence of various cultural, religious, linguistic, and social groups within the country. It embodies the idea that multiple identities can thrive together in a single nation, contributing to a vibrant and dynamic society. 

    What specific actions or policies have been missed that could have advanced social justice?

    • Coalition Dynamics: After the 2009 elections, the coalition was restructured, excluding subaltern representatives from the Hindi belt. Key figures held significant power, minorities were represented throughout the offices. The expulsion of subaltern castes in 2009 by Congress managers contributed to a political shift.
    • Political Control: The presence of religious minorities and upper caste Hindus at the top levels of power may have alienated Other Backward Classes (OBC) and Dalits, leading to their support for the 2014 elections. This dynamic mirrors trends observed in U.S. politics around the same period.
    • Indecision and Social Justice Agenda: In 2005, SC Ruling questioned state authority to enforce reservation policies in private educational institutions. As Minister of Human Resource Development, Arjun Singh sought to amend the Constitution to allow reservations in both aided and unaided private institutions.
      • The Anti-Reservation Movement was sparked in northern India while southern regions remained calm. 
      • HRD Minister drafted a proposal for OBC quotas in government institutions and private ones. During this time, Dr. Manmohan Singh had instructed that the bill for private institutions be shelved, focusing only on government quotas.
      • Further, the Sachar Committee was established to study the socio-economic conditions of Muslims, further fueling discussions on social justice.
      • Hence, the tension between secularism and social justice during Manmohan Singh’s leadership ultimately limited the UPA’s promise for progress due to indecisiveness on many issues.

    How does the current political climate affect the pursuit of social justice?

    • Deepening Rivalries: The rivalry between the major parties has been intensified, leading to a lack of constructive dialogue necessary for addressing social justice issues.
      • This hostility hampers collaboration on policies aimed at marginalized communities. One of the current examples can be the formation of the All India Federation for Social Justice (AIFSJ).
    • Contentious Legislation: Upcoming controversial legislation, such as the Constitution Amendment Bill for synchronizing elections and the regulation of Wakf properties, may further polarize political discourse and distract from social justice initiatives.
    • Focus on Women Voters: Political parties are increasingly recognizing women as a crucial voter base, with promises of financial support aimed at empowering them.
      • This focus could lead to greater demands for social justice from women voters, impacting policy decisions.
    Did you know?

    John Rawls’s concept of social justice, particularly in the Indian context, emphasizes that a fair and just societal framework can only be achieved if individuals envision themselves in a scenario where they must make decisions about societal organization without knowing their future position within that society. This thought experiment is encapsulated in what Rawls calls the “veil of ignorance.“

    Under this veil, individuals are entirely unaware of their potential status or role in society, which prevents them from making decisions based solely on personal interests. Instead, they would consider the implications of their choices for everyone, particularly focusing on the most disadvantaged members of society. By doing so, they ensure that the principles they establish will be beneficial for all, especially those who are worst off, thereby promoting a more equitable future.

    Way Forward: The interplay between political rivalries, legislative challenges, and economic conditions creates a complex environment for advancing social justice in India. While there are initiatives aimed at empowerment, the overall climate may hinder meaningful progress unless collaborative efforts are prioritized.

  • Makaravilakku Festival

    Makaravilakku Festival

    Why in the News?

    The Makaravilakku festival was celebrated at the hill shrine of Sabarimala Ayyappa temple.

    About the Makaravilakku Festival

    • Makaravilakku is a significant annual Hindu festival celebrated at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
    • It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) and coincides with Makara Sankranti.
    • Celebrations are centred at the Sabarimala Temple, nestled in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
    • The event draws millions of devotees who chant “Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa” in reference to Lord Ayyappa.
    • The festival typically lasts for seven days, beginning on Makara Sankranti.
    • Key Rituals and Events:
      • A symbolic lamp ‘Makaravilakku’ is lit at Ponnambalamedu, a hill near Sabarimala, on the evening of Makara Sankranti.
      • A divine star Makara Jyothi is believed to appear in the sky, symbolizing the blessings of Lord Ayyappa.
      • Devotees undertake a strict 41-day penance (Vratham) before making the pilgrimage to the temple.

    It’s Significance:

    • The festival signifies the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, celebrating devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
    • The tradition emphasizes equality, with all devotees wearing black or blue attire and carrying the “Irumudi Kettu” (a sacred bundle).

    PYQ:

    [2017] Consider the following pairs:

    Traditions- Communities

    1. Chaliha Sahib Festival- Sindhis

    2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra- Gonds

    3. Wari-Warkari- Santhals

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) None of the above

  • [14th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Transforming ‘men’-talities, redefining masculinity

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘social attitude towards women’ (2021) and ‘sexual violence against women’ (2014).

    On November 25, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, we are reminded that nearly one in three women worldwide has faced violence by men. While men are often responsible, they can also help create change. This requires rethinking ideas of masculinity based on dominance and promoting equality, kindness, and non-violence instead.

    Today’s Editorial focuses on issues related to women and key initiatives taken by the government to address the issues. This content will help answer the writing of GS mains papers.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    UNESCO has a program aimed at changing how men understand and support gender equality, and it is making good progress.

    What is UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities initiative?

    The Transforming MENtalities initiative by UNESCO aims to engage men and boys as active participants in promoting gender equality and combating violence against women. This initiative recognizes that traditional notions of masculinity often perpetuate harmful behaviors and attitudes that contribute to gender-based violence. 

    Key objectives:

    • Challenging Stereotypes: The initiative seeks to redefine masculinity, moving away from traits associated with dominance and aggression towards those promoting empathy, respect, and equality.
    • Education and Awareness: It emphasizes the importance of education in reshaping boys’ perceptions of gender roles from an early age.
    • Community Engagement: Encouraging men to participate in community programs that advocate for gender equality and support survivors of violence.

    What are the gender issues in India?

    • Gender-Based Violence: Nearly one-third of women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence, as reported by the National Family Health Survey-5. This highlights the pervasive issue of gender-based violence that affects women’s safety and well-being across the country.
    • Economic Participation: India has achieved only 36.7% parity in economic participation and opportunity, according to the Global Gender Gap Report 2023. While female labor force participation increased from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23, it remains significantly lower than male participation rates.
    • Educational Disparities: Despite efforts to improve access to education, significant gaps persist. Cultural norms and economic constraints continue to hinder girls’ enrollment, retention, and completion rates in schools, affecting their long-term opportunities.
    • Political Representation: Women hold 15.1% of parliamentary seats in India, reflecting a gender parity of 25.3% in political empowerment. However, local governance shows better representation with women comprising 44.4% of local council seats, indicating progress at grassroots levels.
    • Health Indicators: The Maternal Mortality Ratio in India has improved to 97 per lakh live births (2018-20), showing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target of 70 by 2030. However, disparities in health outcomes remain, particularly influenced by socio-economic factors and access to healthcare services.
    What are the steps taken by the government? 

    • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this campaign aims to combat female feticide and promote the education and empowerment of girls through awareness campaigns, financial incentives for families, and initiatives addressing gender-based violence.
    • One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme: Established in 2015, OSCs provide comprehensive support services for women affected by violence, including medical, legal, and counseling assistance, along with temporary shelter.
    • Nirbhaya Fund: Created to enhance women’s safety, this fund supports various initiatives aimed at preventing violence against women and ensuring their security across the country.
    • Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK): This initiative focuses on empowering rural women through skill development and employment opportunities, helping them become self-reliant and economically independent.
    • Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): This scheme facilitates financial support for women entrepreneurs to start their businesses, promoting economic empowerment and encouraging women’s participation in the workforce.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Inclusive Education and Awareness: Strengthen gender-sensitive education from an early age to challenge stereotypes, reshape societal attitudes, and instill values of equality, empathy, and mutual respect.
    • Enhance Implementation of Policies: Ensure effective enforcement of existing gender-focused schemes and laws, while fostering community-driven initiatives that engage men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality and combating violence.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/transforming-men-talities-redefining-masculinity/article69096729.ece#:~:text=The%20defining%20role%20of%20public,violence%20and%20empowered%20to%20thrive

  • [pib] SECL launches Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB) Cell

    Why in the News?

    South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a Chhattisgarh-based subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL) has established a Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB) Cell.

    About Coal India Limited (CIL)

    • Coal India Limited (CIL) was founded in 1975 and is the world’s largest coal producer.
    • It is a ‘Maharatna’ public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, Government of India.
    • CIL operates through 8 subsidiaries, including South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), which is its largest coal-producing subsidiary.
    • It supplies 78% of India’s total coal production, supporting more than 50% of the country’s coal-based power capacity.
    • CIL operates across 8 Indian states, managing 84 mining areas and a total of 313 active mines.

    What are the aims and objectives?

    • Provide a centralized platform for retired employees to access all post-retirement benefits and services under one roof.
    • Simplify and expedite the resolution of issues related to pensions, provident funds, medical benefits, and other entitlements.
    • Eliminate the need for retirees to coordinate with multiple departments, minimizing delays and miscommunication.
    • Reinforce Mission Sambandh, SECL’s initiative to build stronger connections and improve communication with stakeholders.

    What are the key benefits of the PRB Cell?

    • Acts as a one-stop solution for all post-retirement benefit queries and services.
    • Consolidates services like pensions, medical benefits, and financial queries, making it convenient for retirees.
    • Dedicated personnel ensure faster response times and seamless service delivery.
    • Officers from key departments, including Personnel, Finance, and Medical, are stationed at the PRB Cell to provide specialized support.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. Coal sector was nationalised by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
    2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
    3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [11th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Forging leadership with India’s youth power

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC CSE 2016)
    Q) Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘Demographic Dividend’ (2016) and ‘Literacy Issues in India’ (2021 & 2024).

    The 2021 Youth Report highlighted that 36% of youth consider unemployment their primary concern, followed by 16% citing poverty. These economic issues create significant obstacles for youth aspiring to take on leadership roles.

    Today’s Editorial explores how educational institutions, community programs, and innovative initiatives can cultivate leadership among the youth, preparing them to tackle future challenges. This content can be used while writing your answers based on Population issues, Literacy and Employment Issues in the Indian Youth.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Every year on January 12, India celebrates National Youth Day to honor the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. 

    • This year, the Prime Minister will participate in the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue, aimed at engaging youth in the nation’s development. 
    • In line with India’s commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the festival has incorporated workshops, seminars and cultural activities that align with the vision of a greener, more inclusive, future. 
    What are the key areas of the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025?

    The dialogue is a four-stage competition aimed at engaging and empowering youth in India’s development.
    • Evaluation Criteria is based on the submissions are assessed based on originality, knowledge, creativity, leadership, and communication skills. The finale provides a unique opportunity for participants to influence national policy and contribute to India’s vision of a Viksit Bharat.
    • Viksit Bharat Quiz: Conducted digitally on the My Bharat platform, this stage tests participants’ knowledge of India’s achievements and challenges related to sustainable development, technology, and national policies.
    • Essay and Blog Writing: Top scorers from the quiz advance to write essays or blogs on themes like “Tech for Viksit Bharat” and “Empowering Youth for Viksit Bharat,” focusing on their vision for India’s future.
    • Vision Pitch Deck: Participants present innovative development ideas at the State level through a compelling pitch deck, with the best teams moving forward.

    The 2025 National Youth Festival will feature: 

    • Workshops and panels on leadership and innovation: With a focus on recent and emerging topics it will equip participants with the skills necessary to drive change in their communities.
    • Cultural programmes: The festival will celebrate India’s rich cultural heritage through music, dance, theatre, and folk art performances. 
    • Tech and innovation showcase: It will include exhibitions and presentations from young tech innovators and entrepreneurs who are building solutions to real-world problems in sectors such as health, education, agriculture, and urban development. (included with expanded virtual participation)
    • Engagement with leaders: The direct engagement between youth and key leaders as pathbreakers from various sectors, which include government, business and academia will provide participants with insights into leadership, governance, and the path to national progress.
    • Recognition of youth contributions: Awards and recognitions will be presented to young individuals and organisations.

    By focusing on these areas inclusively, India can cultivate a new generation of leaders equipped to address the nation’s challenges.

    What are the barriers preventing youth from participating in leadership opportunities?

    • Lack of Representation: Minimal youth representation in decision-making bodies, such as government and political parties, leads to a disconnect between young voices and policy-making.
      • For example, our youth representation in decision-making bodies is minimal, with less than 1.5% of Lok Sabha MPs under Age 30.
    • Financial Barriers: A notable 60% of students pursuing higher education come from families earning less than Rs. 5 lakh annually, indicating that many youth face financial challenges that limit their access to educational and leadership opportunities. (Youth Report 2021)
    • Age-Related Biases: Societal biases against younger individuals in positions of authority discourage them from seeking leadership roles.
    • Limited Resources and Mentorship: Many young people lack access to mentorship and resources necessary for developing leadership skills (particularly women and less abled people), especially in rural areas.
    Recent Government Initiative: 

    • Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat): It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, plays an instrumental role in shaping and guiding the direction of the National Youth Festival. 
    • As a platform that empowers youth by promoting engagement, knowledge sharing, and participation in nation-building activities, it is crucial in curating the festival’s programmes and ensuring that they align with the aspirations of India’s youth. 

    “Give me one hundred ‘believing’ young men… I will transform India as the number one nation in the entire world….”       — Swami Vivekanand

    In what ways can educational institutions contribute to nurturing future leaders?

    • Structured Leadership Development Programs: Institutions can implement tailored leadership programs that focus on skill development, strategic visioning, and adaptive leadership.
      • For example, the UGC has approved guidelines for such programs in higher education institutions.
    • Experiential Learning Opportunities: Programs that combine theoretical knowledge with practical experiences can enhance leadership skills.
      • For example, initiatives like the EdLEAP program at IIM Calcutta focus on contemporary management practices.
    • Mentorship and Peer Learning: Establishing mentorship frameworks and peer learning communities can foster collaboration and knowledge sharing among aspiring leaders.
      • For example, the programs like the Primary Leadership Development Program (PLDP) in Delhi emphasize continuous learning and improvement.
    • Focus on Inclusivity and Diversity: Institutions should promote inclusivity by encouraging diverse participation in leadership roles, ensuring that underrepresented groups have access to leadership training and opportunities. This approach helps create a more equitable environment for developing future leaders.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/forging-leadership-with-indias-youth-power/article69086126.ece

  • Why the sex ratio in Haryana dropped to an eight-year low in 2024?

    Why in the News?

    The sex ratio at birth in Haryana, which reached a peak of 923 in 2019, declined to 910 in 2024, marking an eight-year low.

    What is the present sex ratio in India? 

    As of January 2025, the sex ratio at birth in India is approximately 933 females per 1,000 males.

    World Bank

    Why Historically has there been an Imbalance in the Sex Ratio in India?

    Historically, India has faced a skewed sex ratio primarily due to cultural preferences for male children, leading to practices such as female foeticide. The sex ratio was recorded at 943 females per 1,000 males during the 2011 Census. Factors contributing to this imbalance include:

    • Cultural Preference for Sons: Societal norms often favour male children, viewing them as economic assets while daughters are seen as financial burdens due to dowry practices.
    • Female Foeticide: The availability of prenatal sex determination technologies has led to sex-selective abortions, contributing to the skewed ratio.
    • Economic Factors: Families may prefer fewer children and opt for sons to secure lineage and support in old age.

    What are the Government Initiatives to Improve the Sex Ratio?

    The Indian government has implemented several initiatives aimed at improving the sex ratio:

    • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Campaign: Launched in 2015, this campaign focuses on preventing female foeticide and promoting the welfare of girls.
    • Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT Act): Enforced to curb sex-selective abortions and promote gender equality.
    • Financial Incentives: Programs such as providing financial assistance at the birth of a girl child (e.g., Rs 21,000) encourage families to value daughters.
    • Education and Awareness Programs: Efforts are made to improve female education and reduce dropout rates among girls, which are crucial for long-term improvements in gender equality.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Law Enforcement and Monitoring: Ensure strict implementation of the PCPNDT Act with increased vigilance and swift action against violations.  
    • Address Cultural and Economic Barriers: Launch targeted campaigns to challenge patriarchal norms, promote gender equality, and incentivise families to raise daughters.  

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • Prez invite Republic Day reception set to honour crafts from South India

    Why in the News?

    Rashtrapati Bhavan’s revamped “At Home” reception for the 75th Indian Republic now includes a box of GI Tagged handcrafted items from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh along with the invitation card.

    Prez invite Republic Day reception set to honour crafts from South India

    About the GI Tagged products crafted for the Invittees

    The curated box features a variety of handcrafted items with Geographical Indication (GI) tags and sourced from the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative:

    • Bamboo Weave Box: Decorated with Kalamkari paintings crafted by Nimmalakunta artisans from Andhra Pradesh.
    • Ikat-Pochampalli Cover: Reusable even after dismantling the box.
    • Mysore Ganjifa Fridge Magnet: Inspired by the intricate art seen in traditional Ganjifa playing cards.
    • Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch: Handcrafted in Tamil Nadu.
    • Etikopakka Dolls: Male and female wooden dolls from Andhra Pradesh.
    • Screwpine Leaf Bookmark: Woven by artisans from Kerala.

    What is the One District One Product (ODOP)?

    • ODOP initiative is a flagship scheme designed to foster balanced regional development, enhance local economic potential, and promote employment generation by focusing on a unique product from each district.
    • Originally launched by the Uttar Pradesh Government in January 2018, it was later adopted nationwide by the Central Government.
    • It is managed by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries and coordinated with the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Districts as Export Hubs initiative.
    • It is centrally sponsored, with funding shared between the Central and State Governments in a 60:40 ratio.
    • Key Products Under ODOP
      • Handicrafts: Banarasi silk (Varanasi), Chikankari embroidery (Lucknow), and Madhubani painting (Bihar).
      • Agricultural Products: Alphonso mangoes (Ratnagiri), Litchi (Muzaffarpur), and Black rice (Manipur).
      • Processed Foods: Pickles, spices, and traditional sweets.
      • Industrial Goods: Leather products, pottery, and brassware.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status? (2015)

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees
    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention in Odisha

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister has inaugurated the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention. The theme for this year was the “Diaspora’s contribution to a Viksit Bharat”.

    About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)

    • Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
    • This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
    • Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
    • The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.

    Who are the Girmitiyas?

    • The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
    • The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
    • The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
    • These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.

    Contributions of the Indian Diaspora

    • Economic Contributions: In 2024, India received $129.1 billion in remittances, accounting for 14.3% of global remittances. This inflow has been a vital source of economic support.
    • Professional Contributions: Over 73% of Indian-Americans are employed in high-skill sectors such as STEMM, business, law, and academia. The diaspora acts as a bridge between India and global markets, facilitating skill transfer, trade, and foreign direct investment.
    • Cultural and Soft Power: The Indian diaspora serves as cultural ambassadors, promoting traditions such as Bollywood, Yoga, and festivals like Diwali.
    • Global Presence: The Indian diaspora is spread across the globe, with 31.3 million people residing in countries such as the United States, UAE, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia.

    PYQ:

    [2020] ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples.

    [2017] The Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context.