💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (August Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

GS Paper: GS1

  • [20th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A community on the margins, its hidden scars

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have always been focused on Minority Section of the Society –esp. Women and children.  Some recent micro themes have been asked like – Mental Healthcare challenges faced by Women in India (Mains 2023).

    In major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai, HIV seroprevalence rates among ‘female sex workers’ have been reported between 50% to 90%.

    This alarming statistic places these women at a significantly higher risk (30 times more likely to contract HIV) compared to other women of reproductive age. Secondly, the mental health of sex workers is severely compromised due to the stigma associated with their profession. 

    Today’s editorial discusses the systemic barriers that prevent sex workers from accessing mental health care. This content can be used on a case-by-case basis depending upon the demand of the questions related to ‘Women Issues’ and the ‘Healthcare’ sector in India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent initiatives aimed at addressing HIV prevention among sex workers have highlighted gaps in mental health support, prompting calls for more integrated healthcare approaches that consider both physical and mental health needs.

    • Furthermore, with cultural representations of “Heeramandi,” there is a drawing attention to the resilience and agency of sex workers while also acknowledging their struggles.
    What are the Mental Health challenges faced by sex workers?

    • Common Disorders: Many sex workers suffer from high rates of depression and anxiety, with studies showing that up to 47% may experience depression. Due to exposure to violence and trauma, around 21% report symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
    • Violence and Stigma: Sex workers often face physical, emotional, and sexual violence from clients and others, leading to chronic stress and mental health issues. Societal stigma creates feelings of shame and isolation, making it hard for them to seek help.
    • Economic Pressures: Many enter sex work due to financial need, which adds ongoing stress and anxiety about their situation. To cope with stress and trauma, some may turn to drugs or alcohol, which can worsen their mental health.
    • Barriers to Care: Discrimination in healthcare settings and fear of judgment prevent many sex workers from getting the mental health care they need.

    Why is access to mental health services limited for sex workers?

    • Stigma and Discrimination: Many sex workers avoid seeking help due to fear of being judged by healthcare providers. Past experiences of discrimination can lead to distrust in the healthcare system.
    • Legal Barriers: In many areas, sex work is illegal, making workers afraid to seek help due to potential legal consequences. Many migrant sex workers do not have valid IDs, which can prevent them from accessing services.
    • Economic Constraints: Many sex workers struggle financially, making it hard to afford mental health care.
    • Limited Availability of Services: Few mental health services are designed specifically for sex workers, who may feel that existing options don’t meet their needs. Many sex workers are unaware of available mental health resources.
    • Cultural and Language Barriers: Migrant sex workers may face language barriers that complicate communication with healthcare providers.

    What comprehensive strategies can be implemented?

    • Creating Safe Spaces: Create specialized, free, and confidential mental health services for sex workers, staffed by trained professionals who understand their unique challenges.
    • Community-Based Support: Establish peer support groups and outreach programs to connect sex workers with resources and foster a sense of community.
    • Education and Empowerment: Provide workshops on mental health awareness and coping strategies, along with skill development programs to create alternative job opportunities.
    • Advocacy for Rights and Stigma Reduction: Work towards decriminalizing sex work and advocate for policies that protect sex workers’ rights, while also launching public awareness campaigns to combat stigma.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-community-on-the-margins-its-hidden-scars/article68886744.ece

  • Salt Chimneys discovered in the Dead Sea

    Salt Chimneys discovered in the Dead Sea

    Why in the News?

    Researchers have identified unique salt chimneys on the Dead Sea floor.

    Key facts about the Dead Sea:

    Details
    Location • Located between Jordan and Israel, with the eastern shore in Jordan and the western shore in Israel.
    • The southern half of the western shore belongs to Israel, and the northern half is in the West Bank.• Divided by Al-Lisan peninsula into two basins: the northern basin is deep (400 m), and the southern basin is shallow (< 3 m).
    Geographical Features • 430.5 meters below sea level, the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
    • Length: 50 km, Width: 15 km at its widest point.
    • Surrounded by the Judaea hills (west) and Transjordanian plateaus (east).
    Salinity and Density • Salinity: 34.2%, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawater, making it the fourth saltiest water body in the world.
    • Density: 1.240 kg/L, which allows people to float easily.
    Inlets and Outlets • Main inlet: Jordan River.
    • No outlet, water loss occurs primarily through evaporation.
    • High salinity and harsh climate result in no life except for algae and microorganisms.

     

    About the Salt Chimneys 

    • Salt chimneys are tall, chimney-like structures made of crystallized salt, recently discovered on the Dead Sea floor.
    • They are found by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) during an underwater survey.
    • These chimneys range from 1 to over 7m in height.
    • Formation Process:
      • Groundwater from surrounding aquifers flows through old salt deposits around the Dead Sea basin, dissolving halite (salt) and carrying it as brine.
      • Despite being saline, the brine is less dense than the Dead Sea water due to its high salinity, causing it to rise as a plume from the lake bed.
      • When this brine contacts the colder Dead Sea water, it rapidly crystallizes, forming chimney structures that can grow several centimeters in height each day.

    Potential Role in Sinkhole Forecasting

    • Thousands of sinkholes have appeared near the Dead Sea in recent decades; understanding chimney formation may aid in preventing future collapses in vulnerable areas.
    • Researchers have linked the formation of salt chimneys to underground cavities, which are often the precursors to sinkholes.
    • The location of these chimneys may help predict areas at high risk for sinkhole formation, offering a way to monitor and mitigate potential hazards.

  • Barak River

    Why in the News?

    Police found dead bodies floating in the Barak River (inflicted due to Manipur Violence).

    About the Barak River:

    Details
    Geographical Location • Originates from Japvo mountain in Manipur hills at 3,015 m altitude.
    • Flows south, forming the border between Assam and Manipur up to Jirimat.
    • Flows for 524 km in India, and then enters Bangladesh as Surma and Kushiyara, later becoming Meghna River.• The river is navigable in parts, with National Waterway 6 (121 km).
    Physical Features • Length: 564 km in total, with 524 km in India.
    • Drainage area in India: 41,157 sq. km (1.38% of India’s total area).
    • Tributaries: Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
    Flora and Fauna/Important Sites • Fauna: Home to over 2,000 species of fish and rare creatures like the Siamese crocodile, susu dolphin, smooth-coated otter, and black mugger crocodile.
    • Flora: Includes Varzea forest, Los llamjao, tidal forests (mangroves), Pats (flat-topped table mountains), and large tropical swamps.
    • Wetlands support farming and biodiversity.
    • Hydropower projects: Tipaimukh Dam, Tista Champamati, Dhansiri Barrages.
    • Affected by flooding and soil erosion, especially during monsoon.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Consider the following rivers:

    1. Barak

    2. Lohit

    3. Subansiri

    Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] Janjatiya Gaurav Divas

    Why in the News?

    • Since 2021, November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to honor the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
      • This day commemorates the birth anniversary of the legendary Sri Birsa Munda.

    Who was Birsa Munda?

    • Born on November 15, 1875, in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand), during a period of significant changes for the Munda community.
    • He spent his early years traveling with his parents; received primary education under Jaipal Nag.
    • He was influenced by the Sardari agitation, a peaceful movement against British rule, Birsa emerged as a leader advocating tribal rights.

    Causes of the Rebellion:

    • British policies like the Permanent Settlement Act (1793) disrupted traditional land systems, leading to displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.
    • The Mundas’ khuntkatti land rights system was eroded by jagirdars and thikadars, resulting in land alienation.
    • Increased migration of non-tribals under British rule led to exploitation through high-interest money lending and forced labor.
    • Missionary-led education raised awareness among tribals, creating social divides but also sparking movements for tribal rights.

    Historical Background:

    • Birsa started the Birsait faith to counter Christian missionary conversions among tribals. It became a challenge to British conversion efforts.
      • Members of the Munda and Oraon communities joined the Birsait sect.
      • The Mundas honored him as Dharati Aaba (Father of the Earth).
    • The Ulgulan Movement: Also known as the Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900.
      • Concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
      • The goal was to establish Munda Raj (self-rule) and independence, known as Ulgulan or the “Great Tumult.”
      • The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by British forces, leading to Birsa Munda’s capture and death.
    • Birsa Munda’s mobilization left a lasting impact, prompting government reforms like the repeal of the Begar system and enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
    • The movement was violently suppressed, and Birsa Munda died in jail on June 9, 1900.

    Significance:

    • Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is significant in preserving the legacy of tribal resistance leaders and advocating for tribal rights.
    • It promotes a more inclusive society that values the contributions of all communities in India’s historical and cultural fabric.

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?

    (a) The Revolt of 1857

    (b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921

    (c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60

    (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900

  • [13th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Debating the ‘healthy longevity initiative’

    PYQ Relevance:  

    Q) Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Q) The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    India’s Public Health System needs to focus on preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cancer. These diseases affect people of all income levels, but the poor and old aged population is the most vulnerable.

    In this scenario, Health Longevity is an evidence-based approach to help countries define prioritized, costed interventions and policy changes to save and extend people’s lives. According to World Bank, investing in healthy longevity could save 150 million lives in low- and middle- income countries.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the issues related to the health sector in India especially with respect to Non-communicable diseases.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The World Bank publishes an important and forward-thinking report on a key issue affecting people’s well-being. The report is Unlocking the Power of Healthy Longevity: Demographic Change, Non-communicable Diseases, and Human Capital, released in Washington D.C. in September 2024.

    Key Findings of the Report:

    ●     Aging and NCD Burden: Global aging is accelerating, with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) causing over 70% of deaths, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
    ●     Potential Life Savings: Investing in healthy longevity could save 150 million lives and significantly improve productivity and economic growth by 2050.
    ●     Life-Course Health Investments: Addressing health from maternal to elderly care, with a focus on NCD prevention, is essential for promoting healthier aging populations.
    ●     Gender and Social Equity: Women, who often bear caregiving responsibilities and live longer with NCDs, require targeted health and social protections to ensure equity in aging.

    Issues related to the Elderly Population in India:

    • Size of Elderly Population: India has the second-largest elderly population in the world, with approximately 140 million people aged 60 years and above.
    • Growth Rate: The elderly population is growing at a rate nearly three times higher than India’s overall population growth, indicating a significant demographic shift.
    • Aging Population Challenge: This rapidly aging population places considerable pressure on health services, social systems, and the economy.

    What are the Disease Concerns in India?

    • Rise in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): India is witnessing an increasing burden of NCDs, including heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases, which are now the leading causes of death.
    • Health Risks for the Elderly: As the elderly population grows, the prevalence of age-related diseases and NCDs is expected to surge, straining healthcare systems.
    • Impact on Public Health: The health challenges are compounded by the underdeveloped infrastructure for treating chronic diseases, particularly in rural areas.

    Issues related to Hospital Expenses in India:

    • Rising Healthcare Costs: Medical expenses for elderly care, especially for chronic diseases and long-term care, are escalating. Private hospitals often charge exorbitantly, making healthcare unaffordable for many elderly individuals.
    • Inaccessibility of Healthcare: The elderly often face challenges in accessing healthcare facilities due to geographic and economic barriers, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.
    • Catastrophic Health Expenditure: Many elderly people, particularly in lower-income segments, face catastrophic health expenses that can push them into poverty. Even with government schemes, the out-of-pocket expenses remain high.
    Steps taken by the Indian Government:

    ● National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE):
    This program aims to provide comprehensive healthcare services specifically tailored for older adults.
    ● National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Aimed at providing financial assistance to the elderly who are below the poverty line.
    ● Maintenance and Welfare of Senior Citizens Act, 2007: This act mandates maintenance and welfare provisions for senior citizens.
    ● Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY): A scheme focused on promoting the welfare of senior citizens through various support services.
    ● Elderline: A national helpline established to assist elderly individuals in accessing information and services related to their needs

    Efficacy of Social Security Schemes:

    • Limited Coverage: India’s social security schemes, including pensions and health insurance, often do not adequately cover the elderly, especially those in lower income brackets or rural areas.
    • For example: Public health schemes like Ayushman Bharat aim to provide health insurance to underprivileged populations, but the coverage and access remain limited for the elderly.
    • Vulnerable Groups: The elderly in India, particularly those without formal employment or savings, remain highly vulnerable to financial distress from healthcare expenses and lack sufficient social security support.

    Way forward:

    • Enhance and Expand Social Security Coverage: Strengthen existing social security schemes like Ayushman Bharat to ensure comprehensive health insurance and pension coverage for elderly populations, particularly in rural and low-income areas. This can help alleviate financial strain from healthcare costs.
    • Invest in Geriatric Healthcare Infrastructure: Improve healthcare facilities and services for the elderly, focusing on chronic disease management and accessible healthcare, especially in rural areas. This includes training healthcare workers in geriatric care and increasing the availability of affordable long-term care options.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/debating-the-healthy-longevity-initiative/article68860898.ece

  • Calling out exploitative labour dynamics on platforms 

    Why in the News?

    Amid the ongoing evolution of the “gig worker” concept, India recently witnessed a groundbreaking movement a nationwide digital strike organized by women gig workers this Deepavali.

    What are the specific exploitative practices faced by gig workers?

    • Wage Theft and High Commissions: Many gig workers receive only a fraction of their earnings after substantial deductions for company commissions, which can range from 10% to 35% of their total income. This often leaves them with minimal take-home pay, insufficient to meet basic living expenses.
    • Forced Purchases and Costs: Workers are often required to buy product kits at full retail prices from their employers, which further erodes their earnings. This practice restricts their ability to purchase necessary supplies at more affordable wholesale rates.
    • Job Insecurity and Rating Systems: Gig workers are subjected to biased rating systems that can lead to job insecurity. If they refuse “auto-assigned” jobs or fail to meet performance metrics, they risk being blocked from the platform or terminated without recourse.
    • Lack of Social Security: Gig workers are excluded from essential benefits such as minimum wages, health protections, and social security rights, leaving them vulnerable in times of need.

    How do platform dynamics contribute to labour exploitation?

    • Misclassification of Workers: Gig workers are often classified as independent contractors rather than employees, which denies them access to fundamental labour rights and protections. This legal loophole allows companies to evade responsibilities related to wages and benefits.
    • Algorithmic Control: Companies utilize complex algorithms to manage worker assignments and ratings, creating a system where workers are constantly monitored and evaluated based on performance metrics that may not accurately reflect their work quality.
    • Patriarchal Structures: The gig economy perpetuates existing patriarchal norms by relegating women to traditionally female roles such as beauticians and housekeepers, limiting their job options and negotiating power within the labour market.

    What measures can address and combat labour exploitation in this sector? (Way forward)

    • Legal Recognition as Employees: Governments should legislate the recognition of gig workers as employees rather than independent contractors, thereby extending labour rights such as minimum wage laws and social security benefits.
    • Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing comprehensive labour laws specific to the gig economy would help protect workers’ rights. This includes mechanisms for grievance redressal, ensuring fair treatment and accountability from platform companies.
    • Collective Bargaining Rights: Supporting unionization efforts like those of the Gig and Platform Services Workers Union (GIPSWU) can empower workers to negotiate better wages and working conditions collectively. This grassroots organizing is crucial for achieving meaningful change in labour practices within the sector

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.  (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • In news: Bidar Fort

    Bidar Fort

    Why in the News?

    • The Karnataka Waqf Board has identified 17 monuments within the historic Bidar Fort as its own property.
      • These include the 16-Khamba Mosque (Sixteen Pillar Mosque) and 14 tombs of Bahmani rulers and their family members, including Ahmed Shah-IV, Allauddin, Hassan Khan, and others.

    About Bidar Fort:

    • It is situated in Bidar City on the northern plateau of Karnataka, India.
    • The fort’s history dates back over 500 years, beginning with the Western Chalukya dynasty.
    • Sultan Ahmed Shah Wali of the Bahmani dynasty made Bidar his capital in 1430 and renovated it into a strong citadel.
    • Architectural Features:
      • Constructed from trap rock with stone and mortar used for walls.
      • Notable for its Islamic and Persian architectural elements, including:
        • Seven main entrances
        • 37 octagonal bastions equipped with metal-shielded cannons
        • Mosques, mahals, and over 30 Islamic monuments
      • The entrance gate features a lofty dome painted in bright colors.

    About the Bahmani Kingdom

    • The Bahmani Kingdom was established in 1347 when Ala-ud-din Hassan Bahman Shan revolted against Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.
    • This marked the creation of the first independent Islamic kingdom in South India.
    • The kingdom covered areas in present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • Initially, the capital was set in Ahsanabad (Gulbarga) but was later moved to Bidar.
    • The Bahmani Kingdom had 14 sultans in total, with prominent rulers like Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad Shah I, and Firoz Shah.
    • One of the kingdom’s notable statesmen, Mahmud Gawan, served as the Prime Minister for 23 years, from 1458 to 1481.
      • Under his guidance, the kingdom expanded its territories, including reclaiming Goa from the Vijayanagar Empire.
    • The Bahmani Kingdom began to decline around 1518 when Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar Empire defeated its last ruler, leading to the dissolution of the Bahmani rule in the region.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?​

    1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.​

    2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanangara Empire.​

    3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.​

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only​

    (b) 2 only​

    (c) 2 and 3 only​

    (d) 3 only ​

  • [6th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rising STEM research demands revitalized education

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) National Education Policy, 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The SDG India Index, developed by NITI Aayog, reports an overall score of 71 out of 100, up from 66 in the previous edition, indicating progress in areas such as quality education (SDG 4), where the score improved from 66 to 75.  Despite progress, challenges remain, including disparities in educational quality across regions and inadequate infrastructure. 

    SDG 4.4 aims to substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs, and entrepreneurship by 2030.

    Additionally, SDG 8 also plays a significant role in this context, as it promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. 

    In light of the increasing global demand for skilled professionals in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), today’s editorial focuses on the urgent need for revitalizing educational frameworks to better prepare students for future challenges. 

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The NITI Aayog reports highlight the need for increased investment in teacher training, digital resources, and facilities to enhance learning environments.

    What is the significance of STEM Education?

    • Economic Growth and Competitiveness: STEM education equips students with essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which are crucial for success in technology-driven industries. A strong foundation in STEM fields enables India to compete globally and contribute to the global talent pool in science and technology.This is vital for India’s economic expansion, as a skilled workforce can drive innovation and attract investments.
    • Equity and Access: STEM education fosters a multidisciplinary approach, where students learn to apply scientific principles to develop innovative solutions for these challenges. Efforts to promote STEM education also focus on empowering women and marginalized groups, reducing gender disparities in these fields. 
    • Curriculum Innovation: Integrating STEM into the curriculum encourages a shift from traditional rote learning to hands-on, project-based learning. Well-trained STEM educators are needed to implement these educational strategies effectively. 

    What are the key barriers to effective STEM education in current curricula?

    • School-Related Barriers: Many schools lack sufficient laboratory equipment and materials necessary for hands-on STEM learning, which limits practical experiences for students.
      • Secondly, high student-to-teacher ratios hinder personalized instruction and effective classroom management, making it difficult to engage all students in STEM subjects.
    • Teacher-Related Barriers: A shortage of qualified STEM teachers and inadequate professional development opportunities result in a lack of effective teaching methods in STEM education. 
    • Student-Related Barriers: Students often show low levels of motivation towards STEM subjects, which can stem from a lack of relatable content or perceived difficulty. Some educators need to be made aware that focusing on STEM will detract from traditional academic subjects, leading to resistance.
    • Curriculum and Instructional Barriers: Current curricula are rigid and do not integrate interdisciplinary approaches, limiting students’ ability to make connections between different fields.
    • Technology-Related Barriers: In many areas, particularly rural regions, students do not have adequate access to technology that supports STEM learning, such as computers and internet connectivity

    How can Educational Institutions adapt their teaching methodologies in STEM fields?

    • Project-Based Learning (PBL): PBL encourages students to work on projects that promote creativity, teamwork, and practical application of knowledge in real-world problems, as students take ownership of their learning from start to finish.
    • Problem-Based and Analytical Thinking (PBAT): In this approach, students are presented with complex problems that do not have straightforward solutions. They must analyze the situation, evaluate different perspectives, and devise solutions, thereby enhancing their critical thinking skills.
    • Encouraging Curiosity: This method allows students to ask questions and explore topics of interest through investigation and experimentation. It fosters a deeper understanding of STEM concepts and develops research skills, as students learn to seek out information independently.
    • Integration of Technology: Utilizing technology in the classroom—such as simulations, coding platforms, and digital collaboration tools—can enhance student engagement and provide access to a wider range of learning resources. 

    What role does industry collaboration play in enhancing STEM education?

    • Real-World Application of Knowledge: Industry partnerships help students see how STEM concepts apply to real-world challenges, making learning more relevant and engaging. This connection motivates students to pursue STEM subjects by illustrating their practical importance in various fields.
    • Access to Resources and Expertise: Partnerships with industry can supply schools with access to the latest technologies, enhanced research, and expert knowledge. This access ensures that students are learning with up-to-date tools and methodologies relevant to current market demands.
    • Authentic Assessment: Industry partners can provide valuable and experienced feedback on student projects and educational practices, helping educators refine their curricula to better meet industry standards and expectations.
      • They provide students with insights into various STEM careers through guest speakers, mentorship programs, skill development, and industrial visits.
    • Strengthening Industrial Community: They collaborate with local businesses foster community involvement in education, creating a supportive environment for students. These partnerships can also contribute to local economic development by preparing a skilled workforce
    A collaborative Project by UNESCO and Huawei on “Revitalizing STEM education to equip next generations with STEM competency” 

    • Launched in March 2024, this initiative aims to enhance STEM education across Europe by focusing on several key areas:
    ○ To support innovative educational projects through a competitive selection process. For empowering girls and women in STEM fields, addressing gender disparities in these areas.
    ○ Initiates to integrate gender perspectives in Romania, support refugees in Germany, enhance earthquake engineering education in North Macedonia, and improve mathematics teaching in Malta.
    • It aims to improve teaching practices, promote STEM research, and create a Regional STEM Clearinghouse for knowledge sharing, all while aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Way Forward: By implementing these adaptive methodologies, educational institutions and Industries can create a dynamic learning environment that not only enhances students’ understanding of STEM subjects but also cultivates the critical thinking and innovative skills necessary for future success in these fields.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/rising-stem-research-demands-revitalised-education/article68833729.ece

  • Jagannath Puri Temple

    Why in the News?

    Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

    About Jagannath Puri Temple

    • The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
    • The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
    • The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.

    It’s Architecture:

    • With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
    • The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
    • This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
    • Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

    The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

    1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
    2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
    3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
    4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

    PYQ:

    [2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:

    (a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent

    (b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified

    (c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture

    (d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India

  • First Asian Buddhist Summit

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.

    About the Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)

    • ABS is a high-level conference organized to bring together Buddhist leaders, scholars, and practitioners from across Asia.
    • The theme of the first summit was ‘Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia’.
    • It aligns with India’s Act East Policy, aiming to deepen cultural and spiritual ties across Asian nations.
    • Key topics discussed at the summit include:
      • The role of Buddhist art, architecture, and heritage.
      • The dissemination of Buddha Dhamma and its cultural influence across Asia.
      • The significance of holy Buddhist relics and their societal impact.
      • The relevance of Buddhist philosophy and literature in the 21st century.
      • Exploring the relationship between Buddhism and scientific research for health and well-being.

     

    About Buddhism:

    Details
    Origin of Buddhism • Originated in India over 2,600 years ago.
    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 563 BCE.
    • Born into the royal family of the Sakya clan in Lumbini, near the Indo-Nepal border.
    • At age 29, Gautama renounced a life of luxury and embraced asceticism.
    • Attained Bodhi (enlightenment) after 49 days of meditation under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya, Bihar.
    • Delivered his first sermon in Sarnath, known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
    • Died at 80 in Kushinagara (Mahaparinirvana) in 483 BCE.
    Tenets of Buddhism • Advocated the Madhyam Marg (Middle Path) between indulgence and asceticism.
    • Emphasized individual responsibility for happiness.
    • Four Noble Truths (ariya-sachchani):
    1. Dukkha: Suffering is inherent.
    2. Samudya: Every suffering has a cause.
    3. Nirodha: Suffering could be extinguished.
    4. Atthanga Magga: Achieved through the Eightfold Path.
    • Eightfold Path (astangika marg): Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, mindfulness, effort, concentration.
    • Ultimate goal: Attaining Nirvana (Nibbana).
    • Five Precepts (Panchasil): Prohibitions against violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants.
    Major Buddhist Texts • Initially oral teachings, memorized by the Sangha.
    • Written down around 25 BCE in Pali.
    • Three Pitakas:
    1. Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules.
    2. Sutta Pitaka: Main teachings, divided into five Nikayas (Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka).
    3. Abhidamma Pitaka: Philosophical analysis of teachings.
    • Other important texts: Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha.
    Role of the Buddhist Councils • Important turning points in early Buddhism, leading to sectarian clashes and the Great Schism.
    • Four Major Councils:
    1. First Council (483 BCE): Presided by Mahakasyapa, aimed to preserve teachings.
    2. Second Council (383 BCE): Addressed monastic discipline.
    3. Third Council (250 BCE): Under Ashoka, focusing on spreading Buddhism.
    4. Fourth Council (72 CE): Led to division into Mahayana and Hinayana.
    Different Schools of Buddhism • Mahayana: “Great Vehicle,” emphasizes Bodhisattva ideal and idol worship; spread to Central and East Asia.
    • Hinayana: “Lesser Vehicle,” focuses on individual salvation and original teachings; Theravada is a major branch.
    • Theravada: Closest to original teachings; dominant in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
    • Vajrayana: “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt,” complex rituals; developed around 900 CE.
    • Zen: Focuses on meditation, developed in China and Japan.
    Spread of Buddhism in Ancient India • Monastic organization through Sangha for spreading teachings.
    • Rapid growth during Buddha’s lifetime.
    • Ashoka’s influence post-Kalinga conquest; adopted Dhamma conquest, sending missions to various regions, including Gandhara, Kashmir, Greece, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Egypt, and Thailand.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

    1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.

    2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.

    3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3