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GS Paper: GS2

  • [30th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Bihar’s dark side — the hub of girl child trafficking

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGO’s and the private sector would be most productive?

    Linkage: This question is highly relevant because the article explicitly state that child trafficking in Bihar is a severe socio-economic issue rooted in “poverty” and “complete absence of regulatory oversight and social acceptance for girls being commodified.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: The trafficking and exploitation of minor girls in Bihar’s orchestra groups has sparked national concern after the rescue of over 270 girls this year alone—many of them subjected to sexual abuse and forced labour. Despite existing laws, trafficking networks thrive due to weak enforcement, poor inter-state coordination, and lack of regulation. The Patna High Court, responding to a plea by child rights groups, has recognized the issue as serious and directed the Bihar government to act urgently. This case highlights the systemic failures in preventing trafficking and calls for a comprehensive, prevention-based strategy to safeguard children from exploitation.

    Today’s editorial analyses trafficking and exploitation of minor girls. This topic is important for GS Paper III (Internal Security) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, there has been national concern over the trafficking and abuse of young girls in Bihar’s orchestra groups, after more than 270 girls were rescued this year.  

    What factors make Bihar a hub for child trafficking ?

    • Geographical vulnerabilities: Bihar’s porous border with Nepal and seamless railway connectivity to trafficking-prone states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Assam, and Uttar Pradesh facilitate trafficking routes.
    • Economic desperation and social acceptance: Deep poverty, especially in rural areas, and a cultural normalisation of girls being commodified contribute to vulnerability.
    • Deceptive recruitment practices: Traffickers exploit aspirations for dance, employment, or marriage, luring families with false promises, especially in districts like Saran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, and others in the ‘orchestra belt’.
    What are the existing laws to prevent child exploitation?

    • Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): Main law targeting commercial sexual exploitation, penalising brothel-keeping, trafficking for prostitution, and soliciting.
    • Indian Penal Code (IPC), Sections 370 & 370A: Define and criminalise trafficking for exploitation (e.g., slavery, forced labour), with enhanced punishment for trafficking of women and children.
    • Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Provides for protection and rehabilitation of trafficked children as “children in need of care and protection.”
    • Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976: Prohibits bonded and forced labour, often linked with trafficking for labour exploitation, and provides for release and rehabilitation of victims.
    • Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended 2016): Prohibits employment of children below 14 in hazardous occupations, including those linked to trafficking networks.

    Why do existing laws fail to curb trafficking despite being comprehensive?

    • Legal Framework Undermined by Weak Implementation

    • Under-enforcement and misclassification: Despite laws like POCSO, JJ Act, and Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, many trafficking cases are filed under generic categories like kidnapping or missing persons, weakening legal accountability.

    • Low conviction rates: There’s a sharp disconnect between the number of rescues and successful prosecutions. Convictions remain low due to lack of evidence, procedural delays, and poor legal follow-through.

    • Weak Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs): Most AHTUs are under-resourced, lack dedicated staff, and suffer from poor inter-state coordination – limiting their effectiveness.

    2. Poor Local Vigilance and Community-Level Gaps

    • Community silence and normalisation: In many villages and schools, missing children aren’t reported – either due to fear of police or because migration is seen as normal.
       Eg: In Saran district, Bihar, girls trafficked to orchestras weren’t reported by villagers who assumed they had migrated for work.

    • Delayed or uninformed local response: Panchayats and Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) often lack awareness or training to respond promptly.
       Eg: In East Champaran, a CWC failed to stop a trafficker from taking custody of a minor using a false identity.
    1. Fragmented Inter-Agency Coordination
    • Lack of coordination between police forces: Investigations often stall because police from different states don’t share real-time data or work collaboratively.
       Eg: A girl trafficked from Gopalganj (Bihar) to Howrah (West Bengal) remained untraced for months due to poor inter-state coordination.

    • No unified tracking database: Absence of a centralised system makes it hard to identify trafficking patterns or repeat offenders.
       Eg: Multiple cases from Sitamarhi went undetected because FIRs weren’t cross-referenced.

    4. Surveillance and Monitoring Gaps at Transit Points

    • Neglected transport hubs: Unlike railways (monitored by the RPF), bus stands and private vehicles lack surveillance protocols.
       Eg: A trafficking ring used night buses from Muzaffarpur to Odisha, bypassing detection entirely.

    What role can technology play in prevention of  trafficking?

    • Real-time Data Sharing for Border Monitoring: Technology-enabled platforms like PICKET (Prevention, Investigation, and Combating of Human Trafficking for Enforcement Tracking) help law enforcement agencies share real-time intelligence at interstate checkpoints.
    • Predictive Analysis and Hotspot Mapping: AI and data analytics can identify trafficking-prone areas, track patterns in missing persons reports, and trigger early alerts.
    • Victim Identification and Case Tracking: Digital tools help maintain a centralised database of trafficked persons, FIRs, and case progress, ensuring follow-up and victim rehabilitation. Eg: A rescued child in Odisha was linked to an FIR in West Bengal using PICKET, allowing swift family reunification and prosecution.

    Way forward

    • Strengthen Local and Border Surveillance: Deploy trained staff at village, block, and border levels with access to real-time data for early detection of trafficking.
    • Scale Up Tech Platforms like PICKET: Expand AI-based tracking, digital case monitoring, and inter-state data sharing for coordinated, victim-focused action.

  • Five years of National Education Policy (2020)

    Why in the News?

    It has been five years since the introduction of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 which replaced the 1986 National Policy on Education.

    About the National Education Policy, 2020:

    • Origin: Drafted by a committee chaired by Dr. K. Kasturirangan under the Ministry of Education.
    • 5 Core Pillars: Based on Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, and Accountability.
    • Vision: Seeks to build a knowledge society by unlocking every learner’s potential.
    • Global Link: Aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 (Education for All).

    Key Provisions:

    • [A] School Education:
      • Curriculum Structure: Introduces 5+3+3+4 design (Foundational to Secondary), replacing 10+2.
      • ECCE Focus: Early Childhood Care and Education via Jaadui Pitara kits and play-based learning.
      • Vocational Training: Begins from Grade 6 with internships.
      • Basic Literacy & Numeracy: Achieved through National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy.
      • Language Medium: Emphasis on mother tongue/regional language up to Grade 5.
      • Assessment Reform: Launch of Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development (PARAKH) as a national evaluation centre.
    • [B] Higher Education:
      • Four-Year Degree: Multidisciplinary courses with multiple exit points.
      • Credit Bank: Academic Bank of Credit ensures credit mobility across institutions.
      • Research Boost: National Research Foundation supports innovation and research.
      • Single Regulator: Higher Education Commission of India proposed (pending law) to replace multiple bodies.
      • Language Promotion: Establishment of Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation for Indian languages.

    Implementation Initiatives:

    • Foundational Mission: NIPUN Bharat aims to achieve basic literacy and numeracy by Class 3.
    • Unified Credit System: Rollout of Academic Bank of Credit and National Credit Framework.
    • Common Entrance: Common University Entrance Test introduced for fair UG admissions.
    • Early Prep: Vidya Pravesh – a 3-month play-based module for Grade 1 entrants.
    • Tech Education in Regional Languages: Promoted by the All-India Council for Technical Education.
    • Digital Backbone: National Digital Education Architecture launched to support e-learning.
    • SAFAL Assessments: Structured competency-based testing in Grades 3, 5, and 8 by Central Board of Secondary Education.

    Key Achievements:

    • Curriculum and Textbooks: NCERT released new content for Classes 1–8.
    • ECCE Adoption: Early childhood curriculum implemented in several states.
    • Language Expansion: Regional language instruction expanded at foundational levels.
    • Academic Flexibility: Credit-based transfer systems in use via Academic Bank of Credit and National Credit Framework.
    • Global Presence: Indian Institutes such as Indian Institute of Technology (Zanzibar) and Indian Institute of Management (Dubai) now abroad.
    • International Collaboration: Foreign universities invited to set up campuses under new regulations.
    [UPSC 2016] “SWAYAM’, an initiative of the Government of India, aims at

    Options:

    (a) promoting the Self-Help Groups in rural areas

    (b) providing financial and technical assistance to young start-up entrepreneurs

    (c) promoting the education and health of adolescent girls

    (d) providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free*

     

  • [29th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Justice on hold: India’s courts are clogged

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ?

    Linkage: The article states that Lok Adalats, for instance, have successfully resolved over 27.5 crore cases between 2021 and March 2025, including pre-litigation and pending court cases. This question directly addresses Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms, which are highlighted in the sources as a “promising way forward to ease the burden on traditional courts and deliver quicker, more affordable, and citizen-friendly justice.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:   India’s judicial delays have come under sharp focus due to the enormous case backlog—over 5 crore cases pending across the Supreme Court, High Courts, and district courts. This crisis undermines the public’s trust in the legal system, as highlighted by President Droupadi Murmu’s reference to the ‘black coat syndrome’. The issue has resurfaced in light of systemic problems such as judicial vacancies, ineffective case management, and poor infrastructure, especially at the district level, where civil cases face the longest delays. The situation has sparked urgent calls for reform, improved judge strength, and the expansion of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms like Lok Adalats, which have successfully resolved over 27.5 crore cases since 2021.

    Today’s editorial analyses India’s judicial delays. This topic is important for GS Paper II (Indian Polity) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, India’s problem of slow court cases has gained attention because more than 5 crore cases are still waiting to be heard in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and district courts.

    Why is timely justice vital for public trust?

    • Maintains faith in the rule of law: When justice is delivered promptly, people believe that the system works and protects them. Eg: The Jessica Lal murder case initially led to public outrage due to delays, but the eventual conviction in a fast-tracked appeal restored some public confidence.
    • Deters future crimes: Swift punishment sends a strong message that wrongdoing will not go unpunished, discouraging potential offenders. Eg: Fast-track courts for sexual assault cases post-Nirbhaya have increased deterrence and quicker resolution.
    • Reduces prolonged trauma for victims: Delayed trials prolong emotional and mental stress for victims and their families. Eg: In the 2002 Gujarat riots cases, delayed justice caused continued trauma to survivors; timely convictions like in the Best Bakery case brought some closure.
    • Prevents misuse of legal loopholes: Delays allow the accused to manipulate evidence, threaten witnesses, or use legal tricks to avoid punishment. Eg: In the Bhopal gas tragedy case, delay of over two decades led to very mild punishments, causing loss of trust in the judiciary.

    What causes structural delays in courts?

    • Judicial Vacancies: A shortage of judges leads to an overwhelming case burden on existing judges, slowing down the process. Eg: As of 2024, over 30% of High Court posts remain vacant across India, increasing pendency.
    • Procedural Inefficiencies: Outdated procedures, frequent adjournments, and lengthy documentation cause unnecessary delays. Eg: In civil suits, routine adjournments under Order XVII of CPC often delay hearings for years.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: Lack of proper courtrooms, digital tools, and support staff hampers smooth functioning. Eg: Rural courts often lack basic IT infrastructure, affecting e-filing or virtual hearings.
    • Pending Government Cases: A large number of cases are filed by or against the government, clogging the judicial pipeline. Eg: Government is the biggest litigant, responsible for nearly 50% of pending cases.
    • Lack of Case Management Systems: Courts often don’t follow structured timelines or track progress systematically. Unlike fast-track courts, regular trial courts lack proper scheduling, leading to indefinite extensions.

    Why are civil cases slower in district courts?

    • Frequent Adjournments Requested by Parties: Parties often misuse the provision of adjournments to delay proceedings unnecessarily. Eg: In a property dispute in Uttar Pradesh, the defendant sought over 20 adjournments in 5 years, delaying the verdict significantly.
    • Insufficient Judicial Strength: A shortage of judges leads to excessive caseloads, slowing the pace of case disposal. Eg: In Madhya Pradesh, one district judge was handling over 2,000 cases, making timely resolution nearly impossible.
    • Delay in Filing and Responding to Documents: Government departments and advocates often delay submitting necessary replies or documents. Eg: In a civil suit against a municipal corporation in Maharashtra, a delay of 18 months occurred because the civic body failed to file its written statement on time.

    What role does ADR play in reducing pendency?

    • Eases Burden on Courts: ADR mechanisms like mediation, arbitration, and conciliation help resolve disputes outside the formal court system, thus reducing the number of cases pending in courts. Eg: In Delhi, the mediation centre at Tis Hazari Courts has resolved over 2 lakh cases since 2005, significantly easing judicial workload.
    • Faster and Cost-Effective Resolution: ADR offers a quicker, less expensive, and more flexible approach compared to traditional litigation, encouraging parties to settle early. Eg: In commercial disputes, arbitration under the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act often concludes within 12–18 months, unlike civil suits which may take years.

    How effective are Lok Adalats in clearing backlogs?

    • High Volume Disposal: Lok Adalats are effective in disposing of a large number of cases quickly, especially compoundable civil and petty criminal cases.
      Eg: In the National Lok Adalat held in November 2023, over 1 crore cases were settled in a single day, significantly reducing court backlog.
    • Reduced Litigation Time & Cost: They offer speedy and cost-free resolution, which encourages litigants to settle disputes without lengthy trials, thus clearing cases that would otherwise clog lower courts.
    • Binding and Final Awards: The decisions are legally binding, and there is no appeal, which ensures that the disposed cases do not re-enter the judicial system, helping in permanent reduction of pending cases.
    • Focus on Pre-litigation Cases: Lok Adalats also take up pre-litigation matters, preventing disputes from entering the formal court system, and thereby curbing future backlog.

    However, they are less effective for complex or non-compoundable cases (like serious criminal or constitutional matters), so their impact is limited to specific case types.

    What are the differences between ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) and Lok Adalat? 

    • Scope and Types: ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) is a broad umbrella that includes various methods like mediation, arbitration, negotiation, and conciliation. Lok Adalat is a specific type of ADR, institutionalized under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
    • Legal Status and Binding Nature: In ADR, some methods like arbitration are legally binding, while mediation/conciliation may not be. In Lok Adalat, the award is final, binding, and enforceable as a court decree with no appeal.
    • Formality and Cost: ADR mechanisms can range from formal (arbitration) to informal (mediation) and may involve fees. Lok Adalats are informal, cost-free, and designed for speedy resolution of civil and compoundable criminal cases.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutional Strengthening and Legal Awareness: Strengthen infrastructure and ensure regular training for mediators and conciliators. Promote legal literacy to make citizens aware of ADR mechanisms and Lok Adalats as effective alternatives to litigation.
    • Digital Integration and Monitoring: Introduce e-Lok Adalats, expand online dispute resolution (ODR), and use data-driven monitoring to track disposal rates and identify bottlenecks in the system for continuous improvement.

  • The medical boundaries for AYUSH practitioners

    Why in the News?

    A recent controversy on X (Twitter) between a hepatologist and an Indian chess Grandmaster has reignited the long-standing debate over whether practitioners of traditional medicine (such as Ayurveda and Unani) can legitimately claim the title of “doctor” and prescribe modern medicine.

    What are the concerns with Ayurvedic doctors prescribing modern drugs?

    • Lack of scientific training: Ayurvedic doctors often lack formal training in modern pharmacology and diagnostic methods, which may result in inappropriate prescriptions. For instance, there have been cases where Ayurvedic practitioners prescribed steroids or antibiotics without understanding their side effects or dosage.
    • Violation of legal norms: According to the Supreme Court judgment in Dr. Mukhtiar Chand case, non-MBBS practitioners are not permitted to prescribe allopathic medicines. However, several states have passed conflicting executive orders, creating legal ambiguity.
    • Consumer deception and litigation: When Ayurvedic doctors prescribe modern drugs, patients may assume they are consulting an MBBS-qualified doctor, leading to misrepresentation. This has led to consumer lawsuits, such as a case in Delhi where the doctor’s qualification was challenged in court.
    • Endangerment in critical care: Some private hospitals employ Ayurvedic doctors in emergency wards to cut costs, risking patient safety. There have been cases where treatment by BAMS doctors during emergencies led to worsened outcomes due to delayed or incorrect interventions.
    • Undermining rational drug use: The unregulated prescription of allopathic drugs by Ayurvedic doctors contributes to antibiotic resistance and irrational drug use. A Uttar Pradesh health audit found significant instances where AYUSH doctors prescribed modern medicines without oversight.

    How has traditional medicine regulation evolved in India?

    • Establishment of AYUSH systems: Post-independence, India formally recognized traditional systems like Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH). The Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISM&H) was established in 1995, later upgraded to the Ministry of AYUSH in 2014 to promote and regulate these practices.
    • Legal and institutional frameworks: The Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970 set up the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) to regulate education and professional standards. This was later replaced by the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) under the NCISM Act, 2020, to enhance transparency and accountability.
    • Integration with mainstream healthcare: Over time, traditional medicine has been increasingly integrated into public health policies, like the National Health Policy (2017), and programs such as AYUSH Health and Wellness Centresunder Ayushman Bharat. This reflects a shift toward pluralistic healthcare governance while ensuring regulation and quality control.

    Why is Rule 2(ee) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules debated?

    • Rule 2(ee) defines “registered medical practitioners” who may prescribe modern drugs. It allows State governments discretion to include non-MBBS practitioners under certain conditions. This loophole is used to let Ayurvedic and Unani doctors prescribe modern medicine.
    • The Supreme Court judgment (Dr. Mukhtiar Chand case) clarified this as unconstitutional, yet many states persist. The Indian Medical Association frequently contests such misuse in courts.

    What is the impact of AYUSH on public health insurance?

    • Inclusion in Ayushman Bharat: The AYUSH systems have been included under the Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), allowing beneficiaries to access treatments in AYUSH hospitals. This expanded the coverage of services, particularly in rural and underserved areas where traditional medicine is widely trusted.
    • Cost-effective care delivery: Treatments under AYUSH are often less expensive than allopathic interventions. For instance, Panchakarma therapy for lifestyle disorders or Ayurvedic treatments for arthritis are cost-efficient, thus reducing the financial burden on insurance providers and the government.
    • Increased utilisation and trust: With AYUSH covered under insurance, more people are opting for traditional medicine. This has led to higher utilisation rates of AYUSH healthcare facilities and promoted medical pluralism, contributing to a broader public health reach in India.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Evidence-Based Integration: Establish an independent regulatory body for traditional medicine that ensures scientific validation, clinical trials, and safety monitoring before public endorsement or inclusion in health schemes. This helps maintain credibility and public trust.
    • Depoliticise Health Governance: Formulate traditional medicine policies through expert-driven committees with representation from all health systems, free from political interference. This ensures balanced development, equitable support, and harmonised integration into the national health framework.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

    Linakge: The article highlights the consequences for public health when state governments allow registered Ayurvedic and Unani practitioners to prescribe modern medicine or perform surgeries, leading to friction with modern medical associations. This question directly addresses the role of the state in the public healthcare system and enhancing its reach at the grassroots level.

  • Understanding Russia’s Taliban gauntlet

    Why in the News?

    On July 3, 2025, Russia officially recognised the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), becoming one of the first major powers to do so since the Taliban’s return to power in 2021. This move follows the accreditation of the Taliban’s ambassador to Moscow, and marks a major shift in Russia’s Afghanistan policy, which had previously labelled the Taliban as a terrorist organisation.

    Why did Russia recognise the Taliban regime now?

    • Acknowledging Ground Reality: Russia views the Taliban as the de facto rulers of Afghanistan with control over territory and administration. Eg: Since 2021, the Taliban have exercised uninterrupted control over Kabul and provinces, making them the sole authority maintaining internal order.
    • Counterterrorism Cooperation: Russia sees the Taliban as a potential partner in counterterrorism, especially against Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-K), which threatens regional and Russian security. Eg: After the Moscow concert hall attack (March 2024) attributed to IS-K, Russia enhanced backchannel security coordination with the Taliban.
    • Maintaining Strategic Influence in the Region: By recognising the Taliban, Russia aims to safeguard its geopolitical influence in Central and South Asia, countering Western absence and Chinese rise. Eg: Russia’s engagement through the Moscow Format strengthens its regional leadership in Afghan dialogue.
    • Preceding Legal and Diplomatic Softening: In April 2025, Russia’s Supreme Court suspended the 2003 ban on Taliban activity, allowing legal recognition without full delisting. Eg: The suspension of the terrorist tag created a diplomatic opening for formal recognition.

    What are the regional implications of Russia’s move?

    • Shift in Regional Power Dynamics: Russia’s recognition challenges the Western-led isolation of the Taliban and may encourage other regional powers to formalise ties. Eg: Countries like Iran and China, already engaged economically with the Taliban, may now consider official recognition, altering the diplomatic status quo.
    • Boost to Taliban’s Legitimacy and Regional Acceptance: Recognition provides the Taliban diplomatic credibility, enabling greater participation in regional forums and access to aid or investment. Eg: The Taliban may now join regional security formats like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) observer sessions more freely.
    • Enhanced Security Cooperation Against Terrorism: Russia may now collaborate more openly with the Taliban to counter threats like IS-K, stabilising parts of Central Asia. Eg: Joint discussions on border security with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan may increase, helping curb militant infiltration.

    How has Russia’s Taliban policy evolved since 1996?

    • Rejection and Hostility (1996–2001): Russia declared the Taliban a terrorist organisation, opposing its rise in Afghanistan due to fears of Islamist extremism spreading to Chechnya and Central Asia.
    • Cautious Engagement (2001–2021): While still labelling the Taliban a terrorist group, Russia began unofficial contacts to safeguard regional interests and hosted intra-Afghan peace talks in Moscow.
    • Strategic Recognition (Post-2021): Following the U.S. withdrawal and Taliban takeover, Russia shifted to a realpolitik approach, officially recognising the Taliban in 2024 to secure influence, counter the West, and stabilise its southern flank.

    What does this recognition mean for India and China?

    • India – Strategic Marginalisation: Russia’s recognition may reduce India’s diplomatic influence in Afghanistan, where it has supported a democratic and inclusive political setup. Eg: India’s $3 billion investments in Afghan infrastructure (like the Afghan Parliament building) may lose strategic value amid a Taliban-dominated regime backed by regional powers.
    • China – Regional Leverage: It boosts China’s ability to engage the Taliban diplomatically and economically, securing interests in security (Xinjiang) and resource extraction. Eg: China has initiated talks on expanding the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) into Afghanistan and invested in Mes Aynak copper mines, which may progress with Russian support.

    How should India engage with the Taliban post-recognition? (Way forward) 

    • Pragmatic Diplomatic Channels: India should maintain non-recognition-based engagement through back-channel talks and functional diplomacy to protect its strategic and security interests, especially in areas like counter-terrorism and regional connectivity.
    • Conditional Development Cooperation: India can offer developmental aid and economic projects in health, education, and infrastructure, conditioned on Taliban commitments to human rights and non-support for cross-border terrorism.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.

    Linkage: The article explicitly states that Russia’s decision to officially recognize the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA) government sets a “precedent” and that “some Central Asian states and even China may well follow suit”. This direct link indicates that Russia’s strategic shift regarding the Taliban significantly impacts the diplomatic, economic, and strategic relations of CARs, making understanding this “gauntlet” crucial for analyzing regional and global geopolitics.

  • Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana

    Why in the News?

    The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has launched the ‘Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana’, aimed at improving legal aid for defence personnel and their families.

    Back2Basics: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

    • Established under: Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (in force from 1995)
    • Mandate: Ensure free, competent legal aid to the socially and economically disadvantaged
    • Leadership:
      • Patron-in-Chief: Chief Justice of India
      • Executive Chairman: Senior Supreme Court Judge
    • Core Functions:
      • Legal literacy campaigns
      • Lok Adalats for amicable dispute resolution
      • Legal aid in civil and criminal matters
      • Outreach in rural and vulnerable communities

    About Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana:

    • Launched by: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).
    • Objective: Provide legal assistance to defence personnel, ex-servicemen, and their families.
    • Key Features:
      • Legal Clinics: Set up at Zilla, Rajya, and Kendra Sainik Boards
      • Welfare–Legal Integration: Sainik Boards become legal service hubs
      • Paralegal Volunteers: Defence families encouraged to participate, enhancing local legal access
    • Legal Assistance includes:
      • Land and property disputes
      • Matrimonial and family matters
      • Service-related entitlements
      • Utility/civil grievances (e.g., billing disputes)
      • Support for personnel in remote/conflict zones

    Free Legal Aid in India:

    • Constitutional Backing
      • Article 21 (FR): Access to justice as part of the right to life
      • Article 39A (DPSP): Legal aid and equal justice, added via 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
    • Legal Framework:
      • Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: Four-tier system—National, State, District, Taluka
      • Section 341, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023: Legal aid for indigent accused persons
    • Eligibility Criteria:
      • Women and children
      • Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes
      • Persons with disabilities
      • Industrial workmen
      • Victims of disasters (natural or human-made)
      • Persons in custody or shelter homes
      • Economically weak (annual income:
        • Below ₹1 lakh generally
        • Below ₹5 lakh for Supreme Court cases)
    [UPSC 2020] In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following type of citizens?

    1. Person with an annual income of less than Rs 1,00,000

    2. Transgender with an annual income of less than Rs 2,00,000

    3. Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less than ₹ 3,00,000

    4. All Senior Citizens

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only

     

  • Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) under POSH Act

    Why in the News?

    A student in Odisha, died by suicide after her sexual harassment complaint was rejected by her college’s Internal Complaints Committee (ICC), showing the urgent need for stronger grievance systems.

    About Internal Complaints Committee (ICC):

    • Legal Basis: Mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act).
    • Applicability: Mandatory in all organizations with 10 or more employees.
    • Purpose: Provides a redressal mechanism to ensure a safe and dignified workplace for women.
    • Composition:
      • A Presiding Officer who is a senior woman employee.
      • At least two internal members with legal or social expertise.
      • One external member from an NGO or with knowledge of sexual harassment issues.
      • Minimum 50% of ICC members must be women.

    Powers and Functions:

    • Complaint Handling:
      • Accepts complaints within 3 months of the incident.
      • Offers conciliation (on request) or initiates a formal inquiry.
    • Inquiry Process:
      • Holds powers similar to a civil court (summon, evidence collection, sworn statements).
      • Must complete inquiry within 90 days.
    • Confidentiality: Identity of complainant, respondent, witnesses, and proceedings must be kept confidential.
    • Post-Inquiry Actions:
      • Recommends disciplinary action or closure.
      • Employer must act on recommendations within 60 days.
      • Assists in filing FIRs if the complainant seeks criminal action.

    Back2Basics: POSH Act, 2013

    • Full Form: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
    • Background:
      • Originated from the Vishaka Guidelines (1997) issued by the Supreme Court.
      • Inspired by the Bhanwari Devi case and public pressure after the Nirbhaya case (2012).
    • Constitutional and Global Basis:
      • Upholds gender justice under Article 15.
      • Based on India’s commitment to CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979) (ratified in 1993).
    • Key Provisions
      • Workplace Scope: Includes private and public sectors, government offices, NGOs, informal sectors, and domestic work.
      • Definition of Harassment: Covers physical contact, unwelcome advances, sexually coloured remarks, explicit content, and verbal or non-verbal conduct.
      • Mandatory ICC: All organizations with 10+ employees must set up an Internal Complaints Committee.
      • Local Committee: District-level Local Committees must be set up for smaller workplaces or domestic workers.
    • Employer Responsibilities:
      • Conduct awareness sessions and training.
      • Ensure safety and publish the organization’s POSH policy.
    • Timelines:
      • Complaints must be filed within 3 months.
      • Inquiries must be completed within 90 days.
    • Penalties:
      • Fine of up to ₹50,000 for non-compliance.
      • Repeat violations can lead to license cancellation.

     

    [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Judge (Inquiry) Bill 2006 contemplates establishing a Judicial Council which will receive complaints against Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices, and Judges.

    2. Under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, a woman can file a petition before a 1st Class Judicial Magistrate.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Healing Manipur Fragile peace demands political actors pursue genuine reconciliation

    Why in the News?

    Recently, President’s Rule in Manipur has been extended by another six months from August 13, 2025, amid an ongoing ethnic conflict between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities.

    What led to the decline in misuse of the President’s Rule?

    • S.R. Bommai Judgment (1994) – Judicial Review Introduced: The Supreme Court ruled that the President’s decision under Article 356 is subject to judicial review. Eg: This judgment set a precedent for checking arbitrary dismissals of State governments.
    • Rise of Coalition Politics and Regional Parties: Since the 1990s, strong regional parties became key players in national coalitions, reducing the Centre’s dominance. Eg: Parties like TDP, DMK, and TMC gained influence during UPA and NDA regimes, deterring misuse.
    • Increased Public Awareness and Media Scrutiny: Growing media vigilance and civil society activism led to public opposition against politically motivated President’s Rule. Eg: Protests and legal action followed the controversial imposition of President’s Rule in Uttarakhand (2016).
    • Strengthening of Federal Values and Political Maturity: A maturing democracy and greater respect for federalism encouraged restraint in using Article 356. Eg: Even in politically complex States like Tamil Nadu or Maharashtra, elected governments were allowed to continue despite crises.
    • Legal and Political Repercussions of Misuse: Judicial reversals and reputational damage have made misuse risky for ruling parties at the Centre. Eg: Arunachal Pradesh (2016) – SC restored the dismissed government, exposing the misuse of President’s Rule.

    Why was President’s Rule extended in Manipur?

    • Continued Ethnic Conflict and Fragile Peace: The deep-rooted ethnic tensions between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities remain unresolved. Though violence has reduced, the situation is still fragile, and buffer zones continue to segregate communities.
    • Political Vacuum after Resignation of N. Biren Singh: The resignation of the Chief Minister and collapse of the elected BJP government led to a governance void, necessitating central intervention.
    • Need for Security and Rule of Law: Despite some return of displaced families, the situation requires de-weaponisation and control of militant groups. President’s Rule enables stronger administrative and security measures to restore normalcy.

    What is the background history of the Manipur Crisis?

    • Ethnic Composition and Historical Tensions: Manipur is divided between Meiteis (majority, valley-based) and Kuki-Zo tribes (minority, hill-based). Ethnic fault lines have persisted due to political underrepresentation and land ownership issues.
    • Trigger: Meitei Demand for ST Status: In April 2023, the Manipur High Court asked the state to consider granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to Meiteis. Tribal communities opposed it, fearing erosion of constitutional protections in hill areas.
    • Outbreak of Violence – May 2023: The “Tribal Solidarity March” on May 3 turned violent, leading to clashes, displacement, and destruction of homes and churches. Over 60,000 people were displaced and more than 200 killed.
    • Governance Failure and Communal Polarisation: The state government, led by CM N. Biren Singh, was accused of ethnic bias and failure to act impartially. Security forces struggled to maintain order amid growing militia activity and creation of buffer zones.
    • Central Intervention and Stalemate: The Centre imposed President’s Rule in 2024, but a political solution remains elusive. The Kuki-Zo community is now demanding a separate administration, while tensions continue.

    What role should the Centre play in resolving Manipur’s crisis? (Way forward)

    • Foster Political Dialogue and Reconciliation: The Centre must take proactive political initiatives to bridge the ethnic divide and not leave the crisis entirely to bureaucracy and security forces. Eg: A central-led peace process involving both Meitei and Kuki-Zo groups can build trust and prevent hardliner dominance.
    • Ensure Rule of Law and Demilitarisation: Continued action is needed to de-weaponise the region and curb militant groups that promote ethnic violence. Eg: The crackdown on armed groups since President’s Rule helped reduce open violence and enabled the return of displaced families.
    • Support Inclusive Civil Society Engagement: The Centre should empower moderate voices and civil society organisations that seek peace and reconciliation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s.

    Linkage: This question directly relates to President’s Rule, which is explicitly mentioned in the Manipur source as being extended due to the severe internal security challenges, despite its general decline since the 1990s due to factors like the S.R. Bommai judgment and the rising influence of regional parties. The Manipur situation is a contemporary example of Article 356’s application in a crisis.

  • [pib] Lokpal of India

    Why in the News?

    The Lokpal of India, India’s central anti-corruption ombudsman, is moving forward to fill 81 approved posts on a deputation basis.

    Historical Context of the Lokpal:

    • Initial Proposal (1966): First proposed by the First Administrative Reforms Commission to tackle high-level corruption.
    • Legislative Failures (1971–2008): Multiple Lokpal Bills introduced in Parliament but none were passed.
    • Jan Lokpal Movement (2011): Nationwide agitation led by Anna Hazare demanded a powerful and independent anti-corruption body, catalyzing public and political support.
    • Enactment of Law (2013): The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was passed in 2013, providing for:
      • A Lokpal at the central level.
      • Lokayuktas in states.
    • Formal Establishment (2014): Lokpal of India was notified on January 16, 2014 under Section 3 of the Act.
    • Initial Functioning: Operated with encadred staff (mostly Central Secretariat Service); became functionally active only in 2019.
    • Organisational Restructuring (2024):
      • Due to rising complaints and staffing gaps, a new Organogram was approved in August–September 2024.
      • The Full Bench of Lokpal, using powers under Section 34, sanctioned 81 deputation posts.
      • These are stop-gap until regular recruitment begins under the upcoming Service Regulations, 2024.

    About Lokpal [vs. Lokayukta, A Comparative Overview]:

    Lokpal (Central) Lokayukta (State)
    Legal Basis Established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 Also mandated under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 (Section 63); specifics vary by state
    Jurisdiction Covers central public servants, including the Prime Minister (with some exceptions), Ministers, MPs, and officials in Groups A–D Handles cases involving state public servants, such as Chief Ministers, Ministers, MLAs, and state officials
    Appointment Appointed by the President based on recommendations of a Selection Committee (PM, LoP, CJI, jurist) Appointed by the Governor; appointment process defined by state legislation
    Composition Chairperson (former CJI/SC judge/eminent person) + up to 8 members (50% from SC/ST/OBC/Women/Minorities) Composition varies by state; usually includes a Chairperson and members with similar qualifications
    Tenure 5 years or until the age of 70, whichever is earlier Defined by respective state laws
    Salary & Removal Chairperson = salary of CJI;

    Members = salary of SC Judges;

    Removal by President after SC inquiry

    		 Modelled on Lokpal Act; removal by Governor based on state-specific processes
    Powers
    • Investigates corruption under Prevention of Corruption Act
    • Can confiscate illegal assets
    • Can refer cases to CBI
    • Jurisdiction over NGOs receiving significant foreign or govt. funds
    • Submits reports to President, tabled in Parliament
    • Investigates under state anti-corruption laws
    • Can recommend prosecution/disciplinary actions
    • Handles complaints related to state schemes, contracts
    • Submits reports to Governor, tabled in State Legislature
    Recent Institutional Reform
    • In 2024, Lokpal approved a new Organogram and framed Service Regulations, 2024 for structured staffing.
    • As a stopgap, 81 posts are being filled via deputation.
    		 Varies across states; no uniform push for staff standardization as seen at the central level.

     

    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements about Lokpal:

    I. The power of Lokpal applies to public servants of India, but not to the Indian public servants posted outside India. II. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a Member of the Parliament or a Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory, and only the Chief Justice of India, whether incumbent or retired, has to be its Chairperson. III. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a person of less than forty-five years of age on the date of assuming office. IV. Lokpal cannot inquire into the allegations of corruption against a sitting Prime Minister of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) III only* (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) None of the above statements is correct

    [2013] ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.

     

  • [pib] PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)

    Why in the News?

    The Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme has been officially launched as the PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY), effective from 1st August 2025.

    About PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY):

    • Objective: Promote formal employment and inclusive job creation.
    • Outlay: ₹99,446 crore (Aug 2025 – July 2027).
    • Aim:  3.5 crore new jobs, including 1.92 crore first-time entrants into the workforce.
    • Focus: Expanding EPFO coverage and supporting Viksit Bharat vision.
    • Sectoral Coverage: Open to all sectors, with special focus on manufacturing for long-term growth.

    PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)

    Key Features:

    1. Incentives for Employees
      • Eligible: First-time EPFO-registered workers earning ≤ ₹1 lakh/month.
      • Benefit: 1-month EPF wage (max ₹15,000) in two parts — after 6 and 12 months.
      • Condition: Completion of a financial literacy programme; Part of the amount is locked in a savings scheme.
    1. Incentives for Employers
      • Applies to: New hires with salary ≤ ₹1 lakh/month.
      • Minimum hires: 2 (if firm <50 employees), 5 (if ≥50).
    • Incentive per employee/month:
      • ₹1,000 (wages ≤ ₹10,000)
      • ₹2,000 (₹10,001–₹20,000)
      • ₹3,000 (₹20,001–₹1 lakh)
    • Manufacturing sector: Extended benefits for 3rd & 4th years.
    1. Payment Mechanism
    • To employees: Direct Benefit Transfer via Aadhaar-based system.
    • To employers: Paid to PAN-linked bank accounts.
    [UPSC 2024] With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) Yojana, consider the following statements:

    1. The entry age group for enrolment in the scheme is 21 to 40 years

    2. Age specific contribution shall be made by the beneficiary

    3. Each subscriber under the scheme shall receive a minimum pension of ₹ 3,000 per month after attaining the age of 60 years

    4. Family pension is applicable to the spouse and unmarried daughters

    Options: (a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 3* (c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 4