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GS Paper: GS2

  • [19th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Manipur as a case for imposing Article 356

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that priniciple is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q) Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Prelims Relevance: 

    If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (2018)
    (a) The Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 
    (b) The powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 
    (c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 
    (d) The President can make laws relating to that State.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Federal issues, state-centre conflicts, or the Northeast ethnic issues have always been the focal point for UPSC Mains and Prelims.

    Today’s editorial focuses on present ethnic crises and government failure in the Manipur state. It majorly talks about the implications that we can face after the application of the President’s Rule.

    We can use this content for topics like – Governance failure, Federal challenges, and Ethno-religious issues in India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The continued violence in Manipur since May 2023 shows a failure of governance, making it necessary for the President to use Article 356, even without waiting for the Governor’s report.

    About Article 356 

    • Provision of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President of India to take direct control of a state if its constitutional machinery fails, typically leading to the dissolution or suspension of the state government.
    • Conditions for Invocation: It can be invoked based on the Governor’s report or if the President is otherwise satisfied that the state cannot be governed under constitutional provisions.

    Why the state of Manipur reflects a classic case of failure of Constitutional machinery?

    • Manipur exemplifies a failure of constitutional machinery due to the unabated violence that erupted in May 2023, which has led to significant loss of life and displacement.
      • The ongoing ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities has resulted in over 250 deaths and the displacement of approximately 60,000 people, indicating a breakdown of law and order. 
    • The President of India is empowered under Article 356 to intervene when a state’s governance cannot be maintained according to constitutional provisions, and the situation in Manipur has prompted calls for such intervention.
      • The inability of both state and central governments to restore peace and protect citizens’ rights underscores this constitutional failure.

    What are the recent issues and challenges related to Manipur?

    • Ethnic Violence: Continuous clashes between the Meitei and Kuki communities have resulted in significant casualties and widespread destruction.
    • Displacement: More than 60,000 individuals have been displaced from their homes, living in precarious conditions in relief camps.
    • Government Inaction: Reports indicate a lack of effective response from both state and central governments, leading to accusations of complicity or negligence.
    • Human Rights Violations: Numerous reports highlight serious human rights abuses, including gender-based violence, extrajudicial killings, and the destruction of property.
    • Political Instability: The ruling party’s inability to manage the crisis has led to calls for accountability and demands for the Chief Minister’s resignation.
    What are the reasons behind the Manipur issues? 

    • Historical Ethnic Tensions and Insurgency: Long-standing ethnic conflicts between the Hindu Meitei and Kuki-Zomi tribal groups, fueled by land rights disputes and autonomy movements, have created a climate of mistrust and violence.
    • Immediate Triggers: The Manipur High Court’s directive to consider ST status for the Meitei community sparked protests by tribal groups, escalating into violent clashes on May 3, 2023.
    • Socio-Political Dynamics: Discriminatory perceptions of government policies, such as eviction drives, and the influx of Kuki refugees from Myanmar have heightened tensions over demographic shifts and resource competition.

    The Supreme Court has issued several orders regarding the situation in Manipur:

    • Initial Response: On May 8, 2023, the Court acknowledged a temporary lull in violence but emphasized the need for law and order maintenance and humanitarian relief.
    • Suo Motu Action: In July 2023, following disturbing reports of sexual violence against women during the riots, the Court demanded accountability from the government for these violations and required updates on actions taken against perpetrators.
    • Continued Oversight: Despite multiple hearings (27 reported), the Court’s interventions have been criticized as slow and ineffective given the ongoing violence and human rights abuses.

    Way forward: 

    • Restoring Law and Order: Deploy neutral central forces to ensure immediate cessation of violence, provide security to all communities, and expedite relief and rehabilitation efforts for the displaced.
    • Inclusive Dialogue and Policy Reform: Facilitate dialogue among ethnic groups to address grievances, implement impartial governance measures, and establish long-term frameworks to promote harmony and equitable resource distribution.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece

  • [pib] Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana

    Why in the News?

    Within just three weeks of its launch, over 10 lakh senior citizens have enrolled for the Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana.

    Note: Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PM-VVY) is a pension scheme and insurance policy for senior citizens in India. One must not get confused with Ayushman-VVY.

    About Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana:

    Details
    Features and Provisions • Cashless health coverage up to ₹5 lakh per year for senior citizens aged 70 and above.
    • Beneficiaries receive an Ayushman Vay Vandana Card, which grants them access to free treatment in empaneled hospitals across India.
    • Coverage includes medical consultations, treatments, pre- and post-hospitalization expenses, and complex procedures such as angioplasty.
    Structural Mandate • Administered under the PM-JAY framework, ensuring structured implementation and integration with India’s health insurance network.
    • Implemented across empaneled hospitals in both urban and rural areas, ensuring nationwide reach.
    • Centralized digital system tracks treatments, patient details, and expenses for transparency and accountability.
    • Specifically designed for senior citizens, addressing their unique healthcare needs.
    Aims and Objectives • Universal healthcare for senior citizens, ensuring access to essential medical treatments without financial strain.
    • Seeks to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure for elderly citizens and their families.
    • Encourages preventive care and early medical intervention to address age-related health conditions.
    Eligibility Criteria • Open to all Indian citizens aged 70 and above.
    • There are NO income/ family size restrictions, making it accessible to all senior citizens, regardless of their economic status.
    • Beneficiaries must be Indian citizens.
    • Seniors need to register under PM-JAY to receive the AVV Card and avail of the benefits.

  • [18th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘new’ Justitia and reimagining justice

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have continuously focused on some micro themes in the Judiciary like – Judicial Governance (2023-24), major decisions taken by Apex Court, and the issues/challenges associated with Indian Judiciary (in 2021).

    World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index ranks India at 69th out of 139 countries,   reflecting public concerns about corruption and delays within the judiciary. Today’s Editorial talks about the challenges and some of the recent initiatives taken by the Judiciary.

    This Editorial can be effectively used as a ‘case study’ as well as for representing present ‘challenges’ faced by the Indian Judiciary.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new statue of Lady Justice at the Supreme Court premises, replacing the earlier version. The new statue features Lady Justice in a saree, without a blindfold, holding scales in one hand and the Indian Constitution in the other.

    What is the Background?

    • Origin of Lady Justice: The modern depiction of ‘lady justice’ is rooted in Justitia, the Roman goddess of justice, characterized by a blindfold (clossed eyes), scales, and a sword.
    • The symbolism of the Blindfold: Introduced during the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems, it later came to represent impartiality during the Enlightenment, emphasizing justice without bias related to wealth or social status.

    How does this new representation reflect societal demands for justice?

    • Colonial Influence: The British legal system established in India introduced a hierarchical court structure. ‘Lady justice’ became a prominent symbol in Indian courts during this period.
    • Decolonial Intent: The new statue aims to replace colonial symbols with representations more aligned with Indian traditions.
      • Cultural Representation: The statue’s attire is changed to a saree, reflecting Indian heritage.
      • Open Eyes: The removal of the blindfold signifies that justice is not blind. It acknowledges social diversity and the need for nuanced approaches to justice for underprivileged groups.
      • Constitution as Symbol: The sword is replaced with the Constitution, highlighting its supremacy in Indian jurisprudence while maintaining the scales to signify impartiality in weighing evidence.

    What are the implications of it?

    • Controversies Around Statues: Historical controversies surrounding judicial statutes highlight the need for careful consideration of how justice is visually represented. Questions arise about whether justice should embody protest and resistance or reflect lived experiences and struggles.
    • Re-envisioning Justice: There is a call for justice representations to signify virtues such as feminism, anti-caste sentiments, secularism, and judicial independence. The aim is to creatively challenge existing biases within the judiciary while fostering discussions on improving public perceptions without perpetuating new forms of discrimination based on caste or religion.

    Interpretation may differ related to the new statute of Lady justice but the Government should focus on issues related Judiciary in India: 

    What are the challenges related to the judiciary?

    • Judicial Delays: The Supreme Court recently dismissed a plea for a three-year timeline to resolve over five crore pending cases, citing practical challenges due to overwhelming litigation.
    • Revised Memorandum of Procedure: There is an urgent need to finalize this document regarding judge appointments to enhance transparency and accountability in the judiciary.
    • Representation Issues: Less than 25% representation from backward classes, scheduled castes, tribes, and religious minorities exists in higher judiciary roles; women represent less than 15%. Appointments should reflect India’s social diversity.
    • Court Capacity: High Courts operate at only 60-70% capacity, exacerbating case backlogs. The government needs to expedite appointments based on collegium recommendations and fill vacancies in lower courts promptly.
    • Priority Cases: Constitutional validity cases and those concerning individual liberties should be prioritized by the higher judiciary to ensure timely justice delivery.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Judicial Capacity: Expedite appointments in higher and lower courts to address vacancies, enhance infrastructure, and streamline case management systems to reduce pendency.
    • Promote Diversity and Transparency: Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure for judicial appointments, ensuring representation of marginalized communities and women to reflect India’s social diversity and foster inclusivity.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-new-justitia-and-reimagining-justice/article68879316.ece#:~:text=The%20addition%20of%20the%20open,India%20in%20her%20left%20hand.

  • Will Riyadh summit have an impact on Gaza war?

    Why in the News?

    Saudi Arabia recently hosted a summit of Arab and Islamic leaders, urging an immediate halt to Israel’s military actions in Gaza and Lebanon while addressing the broader Palestine issue.

    What were the key outcomes of the Riyadh summit on the Gaza conflict?

    • Condemnation of Israeli Actions: The leaders from Arab and Islamic countries condemned the Israeli military’s actions in Gaza, describing them as “shocking and horrific crimes,” including accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing.
    • Call for Investigation: They demanded the establishment of an “independent, credible” international committee to investigate these alleged crimes committed by Israel.
    • Support for Palestinian Statehood: The summit urged for measures to end the Israeli occupation and called for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on the borders prior to June 4, 1967, with East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as its capital, aligning with the two-state solution and the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002.

    How does the summit reflect changing dynamics in regional politics?

    • Shift from Normalization: The summit reflects a significant shift in regional politics where Arab nations, which had previously moved towards normalising relations with Israel (as seen in the Abraham Accords), are now re-emphasizing the importance of addressing the Palestinian issue as a prerequisite for peace.
    • Collective Arab Stance: The gathering showcased a united front among Arab leaders in response to Israel’s actions, indicating a collective anger and a strategic pivot back towards supporting Palestinian rights rather than sidelining them for diplomatic ties with Israel.
    • Impact on Saudi-Israel Relations: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s strong condemnation of Israel’s actions signals a deterioration in potential normalization talks with Israel, as any future agreements are now explicitly linked to resolving the Palestinian question.

    What is the possibility of the Arab World Joining the war?

    • Unlikelihood of Military Action: Despite heightened tensions and strong rhetoric, it is highly unlikely that any Arab nation will engage militarily against Israel. Historical precedents show that while Arab states have condemned Israeli actions, they have refrained from direct military confrontation since 1973.
    • Focus on Diplomatic Solutions: The current sentiment among Arab nations leans towards seeking diplomatic resolutions rather than military involvement, especially given their previous moves towards normalizing relations with Israel.
    • Strategic Realignment: The recent developments suggest a subtle realignment in West Asia’s strategic landscape, where Arab states may prioritize internal stability and regional cooperation over direct military engagement, even as they express solidarity with Palestine.

    What can India do to resolve the Gaza conflict?

    • Mediation and Dialogue Facilitation: India can leverage its strong relationships with both Arab countries and Israel to act as a neutral mediator, facilitating dialogue and promoting peaceful negotiations between the conflicting parties.
    • Support for International Initiatives: India can advocate for a renewed focus on the two-state solution within international forums like the UN, aligning with global efforts to establish a sustainable, independent Palestinian state alongside Israel.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Efforts: Arab nations should focus on reinforcing diplomatic pressure on Israel and the international community to address the Palestinian issue, promoting dialogue and supporting peaceful resolutions.
    • Support Palestinian Unity: Arab countries should work towards fostering unity within Palestinian leadership to present a coherent political front and advance their cause for statehood in international forums.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • [pib] Press Council of India

    Why in the News?

    • National Press Day is celebrated annually on November 16 to honour the critical role of a free and responsible press in society.
      • It marks the start of the Press Council of India in 1966, established as a moral watchdog to uphold press standards and protect it from undue influence or threats.

    About the Press Council of India (PCI):

    Details
    Historical Background • Constituted on July 4, 1966, as an autonomous, statutory, and quasi-judicial body.
    • Established to act as a moral watchdog over the press to ensure it operates with ethics and independence.
    • First Press Commission of India (1954) recommended forming a council to uphold professional standards in journalism.
    • Initially governed by the Press Council Act of 1965, later replaced by the Press Council Act of 1978.
    Composition of PCI • Comprises 28 members and a Chairperson.
    • Chairperson appointed by a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and a representative of the President.
    • Member Representation:
    – 13 working journalists representing different news organizations.
    – 6 members from editors and newspaper owners.
    – 5 members from Parliament (3 from Lok Sabha, 2 from Rajya Sabha).
    – 1 nominee each from the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Bar Council of India (BCI), and Sahitya Akademi.
    • Term: Each member serves a 3-year term and can be re-elected.
    Powers and Functions of PCI • Quasi-Judicial Authority: PCI has statutory powers to hold inquiries into complaints against the press or journalists for professional misconduct.
    • Inquiry Powers: PCI can summon witnesses and call for documents if necessary.
    • Disciplinary Action: PCI has the authority to censure or admonish newspapers, editors, or journalists for violating professional ethics.
    • Recommendations: Although PCI cannot enforce laws or impose penalties, it can recommend actions to the relevant authorities in case of serious violations.Functions:
    • Upholding Press Freedom: Ensures that the press in India is free from undue influence and performs its duties with responsibility.
    • Protecting Journalists: Investigates complaints of harassment or threats against journalists and defends their rights.
    • Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on policy issues that affect press freedom and media laws.
    • Studies and Reports: Conducts studies on media issues, such as election reporting, defense coverage, and journalist safety, to provide guidelines on responsible reporting.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?

    (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
    (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
    (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
    (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.

  • [16th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Universities are different from religious institutions

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on Governance and Policy issues related to Education in India – Free and Compulsory Education (in 2022), National Education Policy (in 2021), and Inclusive development through SDG 4 (in 2020).

    In the 2022 Global Education Ranking, India was placed 107th out of 140 countries in terms of educational quality, reflecting ongoing challenges in achieving equitable access across different religious communities.

    Being an old civilization known for its rich tapestry of culture, Why is India standing back? 

    Is the Government/Judiciary taking any initiative to improve this situation?

    Today’s editorial focuses on the Educational Universities in India that need the governance call to ensure educational policies are free from religious bias while promoting a culture of tolerance. This editorial analysis can be used in both cases – for ‘Educational Policy Development’ and ‘Inclusive Development’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Apex Court in a landmark 4:3 ruling by a seven-judge bench has overruled its past 1967 decision that denied AMU minority status.

    • In a new ruling, the court clarified that universities founded by minority communities should be recognized as such, even if they are governed by an Act of Parliament.
    • The court has now sent the question of AMU’s minority status to another panel for further review, which could have important implications for student admissions and the university’s independence.
    Background of this Case:

    • 1981 Reference: The AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981 was enacted by the Indian Parliament to restore the minority status of AMU after it had been challenged in previous judgments, including the landmark case of S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India (1967) This amendment recognized AMU as a minority institution, allowing it to reserve seats for Muslim students.
    • 2019 Reference: In 2019, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court referred the issue of AMU’s minority status to a larger seven-judge bench for further examination due to ongoing legal debates about the university’s classification as a minority institution and its implications for educational policies.
    • 2024 Judgement: The present AMU judgment is unique because the dissenting opinions did not truly oppose the broader interpretation of Article 30 of the Constitution, which protects minority educational institutions. Article 30 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    • The ruling emphasized that past judgments should not limit the Constitution’s ability to evolve (as it did in the K.S. Puttaswamy case of 2017), and the minority status should involve a flexible and comprehensive approach.
    • The upcoming decisions regarding AMU’s status could significantly affect educational policies and minority rights in India.

    What are the fundamental differences between Universities and Religious Institutions?

    • Mission and Values: Universities focus on academic excellence, research, and critical thinking and offer diverse programs across various disciplines without a religious foundation.
      • Religious Institutions are based on specific religious beliefs, integrating faith and moral values into education that includes courses on theology and ethics.
    • Infrastructure and Networking opportunities: Universities often have larger classes, and a wide range of clubs and organizations, leading to less individual attention.
      • While religious institutions typically feature smaller classes, and emphasize faith-based activities, allowing for personalized mentorship that includes spiritual guidance.
    • Policies: Universities are open to all qualified students, adhering to non-discrimination policies. On the other hand, religious institutions may prioritize applicants who share their faith or require adherence to specific values.

    What are the implications of these differences on Academic Freedom?

    • Academic Freedom in Universities: A collegial governance model supports academic freedom by allowing faculty to pursue research and teaching without undue interference. It promotes an environment where diverse viewpoints can be expressed, fostering critical thinking and innovation.
      • However, increasing corporatization leads to a focus on profitability and market-driven priorities, which can undermine traditional academic values.
    • Academic Freedom in Religious Institutions: The hierarchical governance may restrict academic freedom, as decisions are often influenced by religious beliefs and doctrines. Faculty may face limitations if they conflict with the institution’s religious values.
      • While religious institutions may be more vulnerable to ideological conformity based on their foundational beliefs.

    What are the concerns about Minority Status criteria?

    • Governance Structure: Presently, the judges have argued that a university should not be granted minority status just because it has a governance structure/infrastructure similar to other universities.
    • Exclusive Communal Character: According to the judiciary, the minority status should depend on an institution primarily serving one particular community. However, this approach could limit the diversity and inclusivity that universities should promote.
    • Universities vs. Religious Institutions: The universities should not be treated like religious institutions, which have specific beliefs defining their identity.
    • Expecting secular universities to segregate based on community contradicts the principles of Article 30 of the Indian Constitution, which supports inclusive education for all.

    What needs to be focused?

    • Emphasize the Incorporating Act: Justice M.H. Beg, in Xaviers Case (1974), clearly stated that any law forcing a minority institution to give up its fundamental rights would be considered invalid.
    • Determining Criteria for Minority Status: The Chief Justice pointed out that simply mentioning the founder’s name in the law should not be the only factor in deciding minority status.
    • For example, other institutions face much stricter government oversight than AMU, including the power to dissolve them due to the unavailability of such criteria.
    • Need to increase the Government Regulations: Regulations mainly ensure that institutions operate efficiently and meet standards, not to determine whether they are minority institutions.
    • Increased government control is generally justified to protect the interests of non-minority students and others affected by decisions made by minority management.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/universities-are-different-from-religious-institutions/article68873247.ece

  • India needs a globally recognized public policy school

    Why in the News?

    India, the world’s largest democracy, still doesn’t have a top-tier public educational policy institution like those in the United States and Europe.

    What are the gaps between public policy education and job market demands?

    • Mismatch of Skills and Employability: According to the India Skills Report 2024, only 51.8% of fresh graduates meet industry employability standards, with the employability rate for individuals aged 22-25 at 58.6%.
      • This indicates that many graduates, including those from public policy programs, lack the skills required by employers.
    • Limited Policy-Specific Job Opportunities: Despite approximately 130 institutions offering public policy courses in India, there are few dedicated policy-specific jobs available.
      • Graduates often compete for roles in think tanks and NGOs, where job openings are limited, leading to intense competition and underemployment in their field.
    • High Unemployment Among Educated Youth: The India Employment Report 2024 shows that educated youth (with secondary or higher education) account for 65.7% of the total unemployed youth, a significant increase from 35.2% in 2000.
      • The unemployment rate for graduates is reported at 29.1%, highlighting a disconnect between educational attainment and job availability.
    • Theoretical Focus Over Practical Experience: Many public policy programs primarily emphasize theoretical knowledge rather than practical skills.
      • A report from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy notes that these programs often lack hands-on training opportunities, limiting students’ ability to apply academic concepts to real-world situations.
    • Barriers to Government Employment: Access to government jobs remains limited compared to countries like the U.S., where structured recruitment routes exist for public policy graduates.
      • In India, there are no dedicated pathways for these graduates to enter government service, restricting their career options and diminishing the effectiveness of public policy education.

    How can India bridge the gap between public policy education and job market demands?

    • Curriculum Alignment: Public policy institutions must develop curricula that align closely with the needs of the job market, emphasizing practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge. This includes training in data analysis, policy evaluation, and understanding local governance dynamics.
    • Internship and Field Experience: Integrating mandatory internships and fieldwork into public policy programs can provide students with real-world experience and enhance their employability.
    • Focus on Local Contexts: Training should include a focus on India’s unique political dynamics, informal power structures, and socio-economic challenges to prepare graduates for effective policy-making in the Indian context.
    • Continuous Learning and Adaptability: Encouraging a culture of lifelong learning among students will equip them to adapt to evolving job market demands. This could involve offering short courses or certifications in emerging areas of public policy.

    What structural changes are necessary to improve Public Policy Education?

    • Decentralization of Power: Reforming the decision-making structure within public policy institutions to allow greater input from diverse stakeholders, including civil society and academia, can enhance the relevance and impact of policy education.
    • Interdisciplinary Approach: Incorporating interdisciplinary studies that combine economics, sociology, political science, and environmental studies can provide a holistic understanding of public policy issues.
    • Strengthening Research Capabilities: Investing in research facilities and encouraging academic contributions to policy debates can help bridge the gap between theory and practice, making institutions more influential in shaping policies.
    • Creating Non-Partisan Spaces: Establishing independent platforms for dialogue among various political factions can foster a more inclusive environment for policy discussions, reducing sycophancy and promoting evidence-based policymaking.
    • Partnerships with Global Institutions: Collaborating with established international public policy schools can enhance curriculum development and provide exposure to global best practices in governance and policy analysis.

    How can India establish itself as a global leader?  

    • Promoting Innovation in Policy Making: Encouraging innovative approaches to problem-solving within public policy education can position India as a leader in addressing complex global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and economic inequality.
      • The Indian government has to set a target to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP, aligning with the recommendations of the Kothari Commission.
    • Investment in Human Capital: Prioritizing education and skill development across sectors will create a knowledgeable workforce capable of contributing to both national development and global governance.
      • For example, schools like the Harvard Kennedy School in the U.S. and the London School of Economics train leaders who influence both National and Global politics.
    • Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):  India can bridge the gap in public policy education by aligning curricula with job market needs, promoting internships, and fostering global partnerships. This aligns with SDG Goal 4 (Quality Education) and Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), ensuring skilled and employable graduates.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • [15th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A 2024 election result that leaves many astounded

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Indian and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC has always focused on major countries like the USA (2018), Russia, and China (2024) as well as minor regions like ‘the Malay Peninsula’ (2017) whenever there are major political or economical shifts at the regional/global level.

    India ranks 108th on the Electoral Democracy Index 2023, a decline from its previous position of 100th in 2022. Similarly, the USA ranks 36th and is also facing significant challenges concerning Democratic integrity.

    What is the cause of declining Democracy? And how does it affect Worldwide?

    Today’s editorial focuses on observations from the 2024 elections that reflect broader trends in global politics — both in the West and the East. This editorial can be used as an example whenever we need to give our analysis on ‘Democratic institutions/strategies and their global impacts’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The 2024 election results, particularly in the United States and India, signify a shift in political dynamics that have left political analysts and voters worldwide alike in a state of astonishment.

    How does Donald Trump’s rise to prominence highlight a ‘Democratic Flaw’?

    • Erosion of Democratic Norms: There is some evidence of systematically undermining trust in electoral processes, and promoting conspiracy theories about voter fraud.
      • His potential return to power raises concerns about authoritarianism and the erosion of checks and balances, threatening democratic governance.
    • Populism and Nationalism: Trump’s appeal to populism capitalizes on economic discontent and cultural anxieties, often at the expense of inclusivity.
      • His messaging resonates with voters feeling marginalized by globalization, reinforcing societal divisions.
    • Demographic Shifts: For the first time in decades, the proportion of white voters increased significantly, favoring Trump. His campaign resonated particularly well with white voters without a college degree, who overwhelmingly identified with the Republican Party.
    • Voter Turnout: Trump’s support surged among male voters, while Kamala Harris struggled to replicate Joe Biden’s previous performance among women voters, particularly non-college-educated white women.

    What are the challenges faced by the world democracies due to the Authoritarian rise?

    • Erosion of Democratic Norms: Democratic institutions are increasingly being undermined by leaders who exploit their power to consolidate control.
      • For example, Hungary has transformed from a democratic success story into a state with diminishing civil liberties and media freedoms, becoming a model for authoritarian governance within the EU.
    • Political Polarization: The political landscape in countries like the United States has become highly polarized, with populist leaders like Donald Trump questioning the legitimacy of elections and undermining trust in democratic processes.
      • This polarization makes it easier for authoritarian figures to gain support by appealing to nationalist sentiments.
    • Disillusionment with Political Institutions: Many citizens are losing faith in traditional political parties and institutions, leading to increased support for authoritarian leaders who promise quick solutions.
      • For example, this trend is evident in India too, where Political Parties have faced accusations of using anti-terrorism laws to suppress dissent and silence opposition.
    • Manipulation of Electoral Processes: Authoritarian regimes often manipulate electoral systems to maintain power. In the U.S., numerous bills aimed at voter suppression have emerged since the 2020 election, reflecting a broader trend of undermining electoral integrity.
    • External Influences: Countries like China and Russia actively promote authoritarian values globally, influencing political dynamics like cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns aimed at destabilizing democratic institutions in other nations.

    How to address these challenges?

    • Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Ensure Free and Fair elections by reinforcing electoral commissions and implementing transparent voting processes. Organizations like the UNDP can help enhance electoral systems and promote inclusive participation
      • Invest in the development of Parliaments to ensure they represent diverse interests and maintain checks and balances on executive power.
    • Strengthening Media Literacy: Implement comprehensive media literacy programs in schools and communities to equip citizens with critical thinking skills. This empowers individuals to identify and resist disinformation.
    • Supporting Independent Journalism: Governments can provide financial support or incentives for independent media outlets to ensure diverse and reliable information.
    • Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Regulate Social Media Platforms: Governments should establish clear platforms to disclose their policies on disinformation and hold them accountable for their role in spreading false information. Self-regulation alone has proven insufficient.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-2024-election-result-that-leaves-many-astounded/article68869227.ece

  • Leverage similarity, complementarity in Nigeria

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa and its second-largest economy.

    Historical Background of Bilateral Relations between India and Nigeria

    • Long-standing Ties: India and Nigeria have maintained a bilateral relationship for over six decades, marked by shared values of democracy, pluralism, and economic cooperation. This partnership has evolved significantly since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1960.
    • First Direct Contact: Historical ties trace back to around 1500 AD with the arrival of Baba Ghor, a gem merchant from Kano, who settled in Gujarat, symbolizing early trade connections between the two regions.
    • Strategic Partnership: The formalization of their strategic partnership began in 2007, focusing on economic, energy, and defense collaboration. Since then, both countries have engaged in multiple dialogues to strengthen their ties.
    • Cultural Exchange: Indian influence in Nigeria is notable through education and healthcare, with many Nigerians studying in India and receiving medical treatment there. Indian cultural products like Bollywood films are also popular among Nigerians

    The Role of Soft Power in India-Nigeria Relations

    • Cultural Diplomacy: India’s soft power is evident through cultural exchanges, educational scholarships, and training programs that foster goodwill and strengthen people-to-people connections.
    • Healthcare Collaboration: India’s reputation as a destination for medical treatment enhances its soft power, with many Nigerians seeking healthcare services in Indian hospitals.
    • Capacity Building: Initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program provide training to Nigerian professionals, contributing to human capital development and fostering long-term relationships.
    • Shared Values: Both countries share common challenges such as governance issues and socio-economic development needs, which can be addressed collaboratively through dialogue and mutual support.

    Importance of Nigeria for India: 

    • Major Trading Partner: Nigeria is India’s second-largest trading partner in Africa, with bilateral trade valued at approximately $7.89 billion in 2023-24. This trade encompasses vital sectors such as crude oil, natural gas, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.
    • Investment Opportunities: Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across various sectors, including infrastructure, manufacturing, and consumer goods.
    • People-to-People Ties: There is a significant Indian diaspora in Nigeria, comprising around 50,000 individuals who contribute to the local economy and foster cultural exchange. This community enhances bilateral relations through trade, education, and healthcare links.
    • Educational Collaboration: India has been a preferred destination for Nigerian students seeking higher education. Initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program provide scholarships and training opportunities for Nigerians.

    How India and Nigeria Can Enhance Their Economic Collaboration?

    • Strengthening Trade Agreements: Finalizing a comprehensive economic partnership agreement can facilitate smoother trade flows and address market access issues for both nations.
    • Local Currency Settlement: Implementing a Local Currency Settlement System can mitigate exchange rate risks and streamline transactions between the two countries.
    • Sectoral Cooperation: Focusing on key sectors such as hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, agriculture, and infrastructure can diversify economic exchanges and enhance mutual benefits.
    • Investment in Infrastructure: India can invest in Nigeria’s infrastructure development projects, leveraging its experience in various sectors to address Nigeria’s physical and social infrastructure deficits.
    • Utilizing the Indian Diaspora: Engaging the Indian diaspora in Nigeria as a bridge for business opportunities can enhance bilateral trade and investment flows.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Economic and Trade Partnership: Finalize a comprehensive economic partnership agreement and implement a Local Currency Settlement System to boost trade, reduce exchange risks, and expand collaboration in high-potential sectors like hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.
    • Leverage Soft Power and People-to-People Connections: Enhance cultural diplomacy and skill development initiatives, expanding ITEC programs and engaging the Indian diaspora to deepen ties and foster mutual goodwill, creating a resilient foundation for bilateral relations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • What is the Student Direct Stream visa?

    Why in the News?

    Canada has discontinued the Student Direct Stream (SDS), ending faster processing for students from specific countries, including India.

    What is the Student Direct Stream (SDS) Visa?

    • The SDS is a fast-track visa processing program introduced by Canada in 2018 to expedite study permits for students from certain countries, including India.
    • Under SDS, applicants typically experienced processing times of around 20 days.
    • This stream was designed to simplify and speed up the application process for eligible students by requiring proof of financial stability (such as a Guaranteed Investment Certificate) and specific educational documentation.
    • The SDS applied to students from 14 countries, including: India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Trinidad and Tobago, among others.
    • Since its launch, SDS has been popular among Indian students, with a high approval rate for study permits in recent years.

    Why was SDS discontinued?

    • Fair Access: Moving to a single, standardized process aims to provide equal opportunity for all applicants.
    • Strengthened Protection: Canada intends to address student vulnerability by improving safeguards in its regular process.

    The changes are part of Canada’s broader immigration reforms, which also update financial requirements and study permit caps.

    How does the discontinuation affect Indian Students?

    Indian students will face:

    • Longer Processing Times: Visa approvals may now take longer under the standard process.
    • Additional Financial Proof: More financial documentation will be required.
    • Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) Changes: New rules from November 1, 2024 may impact work options after graduation.