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GS Paper: GS2

  • [11th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Erdogan’s neo-Ottoman foreign policy

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.

    Linkage:  Under President Erdogan, Türkiye has moved away from its earlier identity as a secular, peaceful Cold War ally. Instead, it is now trying to become a strong regional power by following a foreign policy influenced by Islamic values. This question looks at how a country’s image and role are changing in today’s world.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Türkiye’s bold and ideology-driven foreign policy under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is changing the political balance in West Asia, North Africa, and the Caucasus. By mixing Islamic revival ideas with smart diplomacy, Türkiye has become a unique player — a NATO member that backs Islamic groups and also works closely with Russia and Iran. Its support for HTS in Syria, military presence in Qatar, and use of drones in Azerbaijan and Ukraine show a carefully planned but risky push to expand its regional influence.

     Today’s editorial discusses Türkiye’s bold and belief-based foreign policy, which is an important topic for GS Paper II (International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, under President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Türkiye has followed a foreign policy that leans towards Islamic values and focuses on making closer friendships with Muslim countries. But knowing Türkiye’s limits, he has also used a practicaland flexible approach along with his Islamic ideas.

    What are the key features of Türkiye’s foreign policy under President Erdogan?

    • Islamist-leaning tilt: Türkiye has shifted from secular foreign policy to an Islamist-oriented approach, drawing from Ottoman-era ideology like Ittihad-i Islam (Unity of Islam).
    • Strategic activism: Ankara has actively intervened in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) to expand influence and protect Islamist groups.
    • Balanced diplomacy: Despite its Islamist foreign policy, Türkiye continues to be a key NATO member and maintains military cooperation with the West.
    • Pragmatism with ideology: Erdogan blends ideological objectives with pragmatic diplomacy to gain leverage in regional and global affairs.

    Why has Türkiye blended Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances in recent years?

    • Strategic Leverage: Türkiye blends Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances to expand its influence in the Muslim world while continuing to benefit from Western military and economic support. Eg: It supported the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt while remaining a NATO member and hosting U.S. nuclear weaponsat Incirlik Airbase.
    • Geopolitical Balancing: By engaging with both the West and rivals like Russia, Türkiye positions itself as a key regional power using diplomatic flexibility. Eg: It supplied drones to Ukraine but refused to impose sanctions on Russia, and also bought Russia’s S-400 missile defence system.
    • Domestic Political Gains: The blend allows Erdogan to satisfy his conservative and Islamist voter base while keeping ties with the West to boost Türkiye’s global standing. Eg: While supporting Islamist groups in Syria and Libya, he also pursued EU accession negotiations and maintained U.S. relations.
    • Reclaiming Regional Influence: Erdogan aims to revive Türkiye’s past Ottoman glory by asserting leadership in the Islamic world through both ideology and realpolitik. Eg: Türkiye supported HTS in Syria, deployed troops in Qatar, and backed Azerbaijan against Armenia—moves tied to its historical influence in those regions.

    How has Türkiye’s involvement in Syria, Libya, and the Caucasus expanded its regional influence?

    • Support for Islamist Groups in Syria: Türkiye backed anti-Assad factions, including the Free Syrian Army and later Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), to expand its presence near the Israeli border and counter Kurdish militias. Eg: Türkiye created a buffer zone on the Turkish-Syrian border and opposed military operations against HTS, enhancing its influence in northern Syria.
    • Military Presence in Libya: Türkiye supported the Tripoli-based government, which was dominated by Islamist groups, against the eastern faction supported by Egypt and Russia. Eg: Its intervention shifted the power balance in Libya’s civil war, strengthening its role as a decisive actor in North Africa.
    • Backing Azerbaijan in the Caucasus: During the 2023 Armenia-Azerbaijan war, Türkiye supported Azerbaijanmilitarily and diplomatically against Russia-backed Armenia. Eg: Türkiye’s supply of drones and training helped Azerbaijan gain territory in Nagorno-Karabakh, solidifying Ankara’s role in Caucasian geopolitics.
    • Neo-Ottoman Strategic Depth: These interventions reflect Türkiye’s goal of restoring its Ottoman-era influence in regions it historically controlled. Eg: By actively engaging in conflicts across West Asia and the Caucasus, Türkiye revives its historical footprint under a neo-Ottoman vision.
    • Diplomatic Bargaining Power: Türkiye’s involvement in regional conflicts enhances its bargaining power with both the West and Russia, giving it room to extract concessions. Eg: Despite tensions over S-400, Türkiye supported Sweden and Finland’s NATO entry, using its strategic role to influence Western policy decisions.

    What are the ethical issues? 

    • Support for Militant Groups: Backing groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which has links to terrorist networks, raises serious ethical concerns regarding state sponsorship of violence. Eg: Türkiye’s protection of HTS in Syria, despite its al-Qaeda roots, may undermine international counter-terrorism norms.
    • Civilian Impact and Regional Instability: Türkiye’s military involvement in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) can lead to civilian casualties and human rights violations, raising questions about just war ethics. Eg: Drone strikes in Libya and Azerbaijan, though tactically effective, risk collateral damage and contribute to prolonged violence.

    What would be the impact on India? 

    • Strengthened Türkiye-Pakistan Alliance: Türkiye’s open support for Pakistan in regional disputes, especially during India-Pakistan tensions, could undermine India’s diplomatic interests. Eg: During the India-Pakistan flare-up, Türkiye backed Islamabad, which may influence international forums like the UN or OIC against India.
    • Rival Narrative in the Muslim World: Türkiye’s Islamist foreign policy positions it as a champion of Muslim causes, potentially creating a counter-narrative to India’s efforts to engage Gulf and West Asian countries. Eg: Türkiye’s support for Kashmir-related discussions at the OIC can affect India’s relations with Muslim-majority countries.
    • Strategic Presence Near India’s Periphery: Türkiye’s increasing engagement in South Asia and Central Asia through military and diplomatic ties (e.g., with Azerbaijan and Pakistan) may reduce India’s strategic space in the extended neighbourhood. Eg: Türkiye’s participation in military drills with Pakistan and support for joint defence production could enhance Islamabad’s military capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Strategic Partnerships in West Asia and Eurasia: India should deepen ties with countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, and Central Asian republics to counterbalance Türkiye’s growing regional influence. Eg: Expanding the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and increasing energy and security cooperation with Gulf nations can help secure India’s interests.
    • Enhance Global Diplomacy and Narrative Building: India must actively engage in multilateral platforms (like OIC, UN, SCO) to neutralize anti-India rhetoric and promote a moderate, inclusive image. Eg: Leveraging its civilizational diplomacy and diaspora to reinforce its role as a responsible power in the Islamic world.

  • India’s legal bridge is one of reciprocity, not roadblocks 

    Why in the News?

    In May 2025, the Bar Council of India (BCI) officially put into effect new rules called the “Bar Council of India Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India.” This is a major step in India’s legal system, as it allows foreign lawyers to work in India in a regulated way while protecting Indian legal standards.

    What is the Bar Council of India (BCI)? 

    The BCI is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961 to regulate the legal profession and legal education in India.

    Why did the Bar Council of India (BCI) enforce the new rules?

    • To Regulate and Monitor Foreign Legal Practice in India: With growing cross-border trade and legal demands, there was a need to formally regulate how foreign lawyersoperate in India. The rules provide a clear framework for registration, scope of work, and ethical standards. Eg: Foreign law firms advising Indian clients on international mergers or arbitration cases must now register and follow BCI rules, ensuring accountability.
    • To Ensure Reciprocity and Protect Indian Legal Interests: The rules were introduced to allow foreign legal entry based on mutual terms, ensuring Indian lawyers are treated fairly abroad. It also prevents unregulated entry that could undermine local legal professionals. Eg: U.S. law firms can now operate under defined conditions, but only if similar access is given to Indian lawyers in the U.S., ensuring balanced opportunities.

    What are the key criticisms of the BCI rules by U.S. law firms?

    • Procedural Restrictions as Non-Tariff Barriers: U.S. law firms argue that the BCI rules impose excessive procedural requirements that act as a non-trade barrier, limiting their entry into India. Eg: Mandatory disclosures and registration conditions are seen as restrictive and protectionist.
    • Conflicts with U.S. Confidentiality Norms: The requirement to reveal the “nature of legal work” and “client identity” allegedly conflicts with the American Bar Association (ABA) rules on client confidentiality. Eg: U.S. lawyers are bound by rules that prevent even general disclosure of client details.
    • Lack of Reciprocity and Sudden Implementation: The fly-in, fly-out rule imposes limits (e.g., 60 days stay) without ensuring similar access for Indian lawyers in the U.S., and critics say the rules were implemented without a transition phase. Eg: No equivalent restrictions exist for U.S. law firms visiting India earlier, but now sudden compliance is required.

    Why are legal services excluded from trade agreements in India?

    • Constitutional Separation from Trade: Legal services fall under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (administration of justice and legal profession), not under trade and commerce entries. Hence, they are constitutionally excluded from trade negotiations. Eg: In the UK-India Free Trade Agreement negotiations, India intentionally excluded legal services, reinforcing this constitutional boundary.
    • Nature of Legal Practice as Personal Service: Indian courts have ruled that legal practice is a contract of personal service, not a commercial activity, making it unsuitable for inclusion in trade deals. Eg: In Bar of Indian Lawyers vs D.K. Gandhi (2024), the court held that legal services are distinct from trade or business, confirming their exclusion from trade frameworks.

    How do the BCI rules ensure a balance between openness and standards?

    • Structured entry for foreign lawyers and firms: The BCI rules permit foreign law firms and practitioners to operate in India through a registration-based model, ensuring regulated access rather than blanket entry. Eg: Rules 3 and 4 allow entry subject to ethical and professional conditions, preventing unregulated practice.
    • Fly-in, fly-out provisions with safeguards: The rules enable temporary legal visits under the fly-in, fly-out model, while imposing limits on duration (60 days/year) and type of legal work, ensuring such visits stay within approved bounds. Eg: Under Rule 3(1) proviso, a foreign lawyer may advise on foreign law but cannot represent clients in Indian courts.
    • Flexibility with accountability: The rules allow the BCI to assess foreign qualifications and credentials case-by-case (Rule 6), ensuring professional standards are upheld without being rigid. Eg: Rule 4(h) requires a ‘good standing’ certificate, but the BCI can make exceptions after holistic verification.

    Which laws and judgments guide India’s regulation of foreign legal practice?

    • Constitutional Framework under Union List: Legal practice in India is governed under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (Seventh Schedule, Constitution of India), making it a sovereign regulatory domain, distinct from trade and commerce. Eg: Legal services are not treated as tradable commodities, hence excluded from Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
    • Bar Council of India Act and Professional Standards: The Advocates Act, 1961 and the Bar Council of India (BCI) rules provide the statutory mandate for regulating legal education, enrolment, and conduct of lawyers in India. Eg: The BCI Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms (2023) ensure ethical compliance and reciprocity.
    • Bar Council of India vs A.K. Balaji (2018): Held that foreign firms can’t set up offices but can advise clients on fly-in, fly-out basis.
    • Lawyers Collective vs BCI (2009): Reiterated that foreign firms must follow Indian law to practice in any capacity.

    What are the implications of applied ethics?

    • Guides Real-World Decision Making: Applied ethics helps individuals and institutions make morally sound decisions in specific practical fields such as medicine, law, business, or environmental policy. Eg: In medical ethics, principles like informed consent ensure that patients are not treated without their knowledge or will.
    • Resolves Ethical Dilemmas in Professional Practice: It provides frameworks to address conflicting moral values in complex situations, balancing individual rights, social good, and professional duty. Eg: In business ethics, whistleblowing policies balance the duty to the employer with the public’s right to know about harmful practices.

    Note: Applied Ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with the practical application of moral principles to real-world issues and professional fields.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Bilateral Legal Dialogue Mechanisms: India can establish a structured legal diplomacy framework with countries like the U.S. to address concerns through dialogue rather than trade disputes.
    • Introduce a Phased Liberalisation Model with Safeguards: India can consider a calibrated liberalisation of legal services with clearly defined transition periods, limited practice areas (e.g., foreign law, arbitration), and stringent professional standards to ensure reciprocity and ethical compliance while maintaining regulatory control.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based.

    Linkage:  These basic tenets influence legal and regulatory philosophies. The article underscores that India’s rules are not “roadblocks” but a “balanced approach” to liberalizing its legal ecosystem in a “structured and regulated manner. The understanding of the foundational differences in how these two democracies approach regulation, particularly in a professional service sector, is crucial for comprehending India’s justification for its “legal bridge of reciprocity.

  • Tighten the process: On the Election Commission of India, election processes

    Why in the News?

    After the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly elections, Rahul Gandhi, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, raised serious concerns about the fairness and transparency of how the elections were conducted.

    What are the concerns about voter roll changes in Maharashtra?

    • Abnormal Increase in Voter Numbers: Over 39 lakh new voters were added within just six months after the general election. Eg: The Hindu’s analysis revealed similar spikes before Assembly polls in 2014 as well, suggesting a pattern of inflated rolls.
    • Lack of Transparency and Verification: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has not released machine-readable data to allow public or party-level verification. Eg: Without verifiable voter roll data, political parties cannot check for duplication or manipulation.
    • Insufficient Involvement of Political Parties: The voter roll update process often excludes timely input from political parties, reducing scrutiny and accountability. Eg: Parties raise objections post-election rather than being involved during roll revision, weakening trust in the process.

    Why is restricting CCTV access controversial?

    • Reduces Transparency in the Voting Process: Limiting access to CCTV footage raises suspicion about irregularities or malpractice. Eg: The Centre’s amendment to the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 restricts access, despite demands by political parties like Congress.
    • Hinders Complaint Verification: Without footage, it’s difficult to verify allegations of booth-level misconduct. Eg: Parties cannot validate anomalies in voter turnout after 5 p.m. or respond effectively to irregularities.
    • Undermines Democratic Accountability: Lack of access is viewed as eroding public trust and weakening institutional checks. Eg: Denial of footage suggests the Election Commission is avoiding scrutiny instead of ensuring electoral integrity.

    How did the ECI address late voting allegations?

    • Dismissed Claims of Abnormal Turnout Post 5 PM: The Election Commission of India (ECI) clarified that there was no significant spike in voter turnout after 5 p.m. during the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly elections. Eg: Analysis showed that the voting pattern was consistent with past trends, not unusually high after 5 p.m.
    • Clarified Nature of Provisional Turnout Data: ECI stated that provisional turnout figures, especially those shared via apps, are based on manual inputs and may contain discrepancies. Eg: App-based data can differ from final turnout due to delays and entry errors during polling day.
    • Relied on Final Booth-Level Data (Form 17C): The ECI emphasized that accurate data comes from Form 17C, which is compiled after polling ends and includes machine-verified figures. Eg: Final turnout is based on actual vote counts from EVMs and VVPATs, not manual estimates.

    What was the recommendation of supreme court? 

    The Supreme Court, in a 2023 judgment, recommended that the Chief Justice of India (CJI) be part of the selection committee for appointing Election Commissioners, to ensure independence and neutrality. Eg: The Court proposed a 3-member panel comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and CJI to prevent unilateral government control.

    Way forward: 

    • Ensure Transparent Electoral Roll Management: Involve all political parties in the electoral roll revision process, with machine-readable public data access for verification and accountability.
    • Implement Supreme Court’s Recommendations: Reconstitute the Election Commissioner selection panel to include the Chief Justice of India, ensuring impartiality and strengthening public trust in electoral institutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?

    LInkage: The “trustworthiness of elections in India” and the challenges faced by the Election Commission of India (ECI) in this regard, which is a core concern behind the need to “tighten the process.” The article highlight various issues that challenge election trustworthiness, such as questions raised by the Leader of the Opposition, Rahul Gandhi, concerning “abnormal increase in voters listed in electoral rolls,” “higher turnout numbers after 5 p.m. on voting day,” and the Centre’s amendment to rules restricting “access to CCTV footage of the polling process.

  • Mizoram and Goa declared Fully Literate under ULLAS Scheme

    Why in the News?

    In a major achievement for adult education in India, Mizoram and Goa have declared themselves “fully literate” under the ULLAS Scheme (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society).

    What does “Fully Literate” mean under ULLAS?

    • As per the Ministry of Education (August 2024):
      • A person is literate if they can read, write, and compute with comprehension, including essential life skills.
      • A state is considered fully literate if it achieves 95% literacy or more.
    • This aligns with the National Education Policy, 2020 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target of achieving universal youth and adult literacy by 2030.

    About the ULLAS Scheme:

    • Launch: It is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2022.
    • Vision: It is based on the spirit of ‘Kartvya Bodh’ (DUTY) and is being implemented through volunteerism.
    • Official Name: It is formally known as the New India Literacy Programme and is being implemented over a five-year period (2022–2027).
    • Core Objective: The scheme aims to provide foundational literacy and numeracy to 5 crore non-literate individuals aged 15 years and above.
    • Key Learning Components:
      • Beyond Basics: In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, learners are taught critical life skills, such as financial literacy and digital literacy.
      • Beneficiary Identification: Individuals are identified through door-to-door surveys conducted by schools and local officials across states and UTs.
      • Volunteer Teaching Model: Teaching is provided by volunteers, including school and college students, teacher trainees, and community members.
    • Learning Support and Certification:
      • Learning Materials: The NCERT develops the core content, which is translated and adapted into 22 languages of India by state authorities.
      • Digital and Offline Modes: A mobile app supports the learning process, though offline teaching is also included for inclusive access.
      • Assessment Process: Learners appear for the Functional Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) — a 150-mark exam in multiple languages.
      • Certification: Those who pass the FLNAT are certified by the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) for achieving basic literacy and numeracy.

    Key Achievements on Full Literacy under ULLAS:

    • State Declarations:
      • Ladakh: First region to be declared fully literate (June 2024)
      • Goa: Declared fully literate with 99.72% literacy
      • Mizoram: Declared fully literate with 98.2% literacy
    • Performance Insights:
      • 100% pass rate in Goa and Tamil Nadu
      • Over 95% in Punjab, Assam, UP
      • Women-majority participation in several states (over 70% in Mizoram, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, etc.)
    • Historical Context: ULLAS Scheme builds on earlier adult literacy programs such as:
      • Saakshar Bharat (2009–2018)
      • National Literacy Mission (1988–2009)
      • National Adult Education Programme (1970s–1980s)
    [UPSC 2004] Consider the following statements: As per 2001 Census:

    1. the two States with the lowest sex ratio are Haryana and Punjab. 2. the two States with the lowest population per sq. km of area are Meghalaya and Mizoram. 3. Kerala has both the highest literacy rate and sex ratio.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 3 only* (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1 and 3

     

  • Extreme Poverty in India down to 5.3% in 2022-23: World Bank

    Why in the News?

    According to a new World Bank report, extreme poverty in India has fallen from 27.1% in 2011–12 to just 5.3% in 2022–23, based on a revised international poverty line.

    Understanding World Bank’s Poverty Lines:

    • The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than a fixed amount per person per day, adjusted using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) to account for inflation and cost of living.
      • PPP compares currencies by showing how much money is needed in different countries to buy the same goods. It helps measure real cost of living and economic strength.
    • Previous thresholds:
      • $1.90 per day (2011 PPP)
      • $2.15 per day (2017 PPP)
    • Revised in June 2025:
      • Low-income countries: $3 per day
      • Lower middle-income countries (LMIC): $4.20 per day (up from $3.65)
      • Upper middle-income countries: $8.40 per day (up from $6.85)
    • Why it matters: These new thresholds help track progress in poverty reduction and align better with today’s economic conditions.

    India’s Progress and Challenges:

    • Reduction in Poverty:
      • At the $3/day level, poverty dropped from 27.1% (2011–12) to 5.3% (2022–23).
      • At the $2.15/day level, poverty fell from 16.2% to 2.3%, lifting 171 million people.
      • At the $4.20/day level, poverty declined from 61.8% to 28.1%, benefiting 378 million people.
    • Rural-Urban Trends:
      • Rural poverty dropped from 69% to 32.5%, and urban poverty from 43.5% to 17.2%.
      • The rural-urban gap narrowed from 25 to 15 percentage points.
    • Inequality Measures:
      • Consumption inequality improved (Gini fell from 28.8 to 25.5).
      • Income inequality, however, worsened (Gini rose from 52 to 62).
    • Employment Trends:
      • Since 2021–22, employment growth has outpaced the working-age population.
      • Urban unemployment dropped to 6.6%, the lowest since 2017–18, but youth unemployment remains high at 13.3%, and 29% among graduates.
    • State-Level Dynamics:
      • UP, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and MP contributed to 65% of the extreme poor (2011–12) and now represent 54% of the remaining poor.
    • Multidimensional Poverty:
      • Declined significantly from 53.8% in 2005–06 to 15.5% in 2022–23, reflecting progress in health, education, and living standards.
    [UPSC 2019] In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because:

    Options: (a) poverty rates vary from State to State (b) price levels vary from State to State* (c) Gross State Product varies from State to State (d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State

     

  • Digital Postal Index Number (DIGIPIN)

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has launched DIGIPIN, a geo-coded digital address system that aims to bring precision and efficiency to address identification across the country.

    Tap to read more about PIN Codes in India.

    What is DIGIPIN?

    • About: DIGIPIN is a digital address system introduced by the Government of India to improve location identification across the country.
    • Development Team: The system was developed by the Department of Posts, in collaboration with IIT Hyderabad and the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) under ISRO.
    • Technology Base: It uses GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data to geo-code each physical location with high accuracy.
    • Key Features:
      • Accessibility: Users can access their DIGIPIN through the India Post’s online portal, and it works seamlessly on any GPS-enabled device.
      • Nature of the System: It is open source, interoperable, and privacy-focused, meaning it is publicly accessible, works across platforms, and does not store personal data.
      • Code Format: Each location is assigned a unique 10-character alphanumeric code (e.g., 39J-53M-TJF9) that corresponds to an area of approximately 4×4 square meters.
      • Coverage Area: DIGIPIN works across urban, rural, forest, and oceanic regions throughout India, even where no formal addresses exist.

    digipin

    Significance of DIGIPIN:

    • Precision Mapping: DIGIPIN enables highly accurate geolocation, even in places without traditional street addresses or house numbers.
    • E-Commerce Enhancement: The system boosts last-mile delivery efficiency for platforms like Amazon, Flipkart, and other logistics providers.
    • Emergency Response: DIGIPIN supports police, ambulance, and fire services in reaching destinations quickly, especially in dense or unmapped areas.
    • Public Service Delivery: It improves government outreach by making it easier to deliver welfare schemes, notices, and essential services in remote areas.
    • Inclusion of Remote Regions: The system brings digital address visibility to forests, tribal regions, and maritime zones, aiding national mapping efforts.
    [UPSC 2022] Consider the following:

    1. Aarogya Setu

    2. CoWIN

    3. DigiLocker

    4. DIKSHA

    Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4*

     

  • Maintaining India’s progress in food safety standards

    Why in the News?

    World Food Safety Day 2025 is observed with the theme “Food Safety: Science in Action.” It highlights India’s progress in food safety, though there are still some gaps to address.

    What is the theme of World Food Safety Day 2025?

    Theme: “Food Safety: Science in Action”. It emphasizes the importance of applying science to ensure food safety.

    How does it reflect India’s evolving approach to food safety?

    • Shift from Adulteration to Risk-Based Framework: Earlier, the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act, 1954 focused on whether food was adulterated or not. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 introduced a scientific, risk-based approach through the creation of FSSAI.
    • Adoption of International Scientific Standards: India aligned its food regulations with global norms like those of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Eg: Standards for Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values are now scientifically defined.
    • Efforts to Strengthen Scientific Capacity: India is focusing on generating its own toxicological data and conducting Total Diet Studies (TDS) to suit local needs. Eg: Indian-specific dietary patterns and environmental factors are being considered to improve food safety regulations.

    What are Toxicology Studies?

    These are scientific assessments that evaluate the harmful effects of chemicals or substances (like pesticides, additives, contaminants) on living organisms, especially humans.

    Why are India-specific toxicology studies important for food safety?

    • Reflect Local Dietary Habits: International toxicology data may not match Indian dietary patterns and consumption levels. Eg: An average Indian may consume more rice or spices than Western populations, affecting exposure to contaminants.
    • Consider Unique Agricultural Practices: India’s crop varieties, pesticide usage, and farming methods differ from global practices. Eg: Pesticide residues on Indian-grown vegetables may vary significantly compared to Europe, requiring tailored safety limits.
    • Account for Environmental and Genetic Differences: Climate, water quality, and genetic factors influence how toxins impact health in India. Eg: Heavy metal contamination in groundwater in Indian regions could cause higher cumulative exposure, not captured by foreign studies.

    What is monosodium glutamate (MSG)? 

    MSG is a flavour enhancer commonly added to food to intensify the umami taste (a savoury flavour). It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid found in many foods.

    How has the regulation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in India differed from global practices?

    • Continued Use of Outdated Warning Labels: While global authorities like JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) have declared MSG safe since 1971, India still mandates a warning label stating it is unsafe for infants. Eg: Most countries have removed such warnings, but India continues them despite scientific consensus.
    • Misleading Public Perception: The mandatory label in India has led to consumer fear and confusion, with many believing MSG is inherently harmful. Eg: This is misleading, as natural glutamates (chemically identical to MSG) are found in tomato, mushroom, garlic, and even breast milk.
    • Lag in Regulatory Modernisation: India has been slow to align its food safety regulations with global scientific evidence. Eg: Despite MSG receiving an “ADI not specified” status globally (indicating high safety), India still treats it with caution due to legacy regulations.

    What can improve food safety risk communication in India?

    • Simplify Scientific Language: Communicate complex terms like MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits) and ADIs (Acceptable Daily Intake) in easy-to-understand formats for the public. Eg: Instead of stating “0.1 mg/kg,” explain it as a level safe for lifelong consumption in common quantities of food.
    • Replace Misleading Labels with Evidence-Based Information: Outdated or alarming labels should be updated to reflect current scientific understanding. Eg: The MSG warning label in India should be replaced with factual information about its safety, as done in other countries.
    • Enhance Public Engagement and Transparency: Build public trust through open communication with consumers, industry, and media to explain regulatory changes and safety updates. Eg: When MRL limits for pesticides were revised, clearer messaging could have prevented public fear and misunderstanding.

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in India-Specific Scientific Research: Conduct localized toxicological studies and Total Diet Studies (TDS) to ensure food safety standards reflect Indian dietary habits, agricultural practices, and environmental conditions.
    • Strengthen Risk Communication and Public Awareness: Simplify scientific terms for the public, revise outdated labels, and build transparent engagement with stakeholders to promote informed consumer choices and trust in regulatory decisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Briefly discuss the status and significance of the food processing industry in India.

    Linkage: The “status and significance of the food processing industry” in India is directly and fundamentally linked to the country’s food safety standards. For this industry to achieve and maintain a significant status, it must adhere to and uphold rigorous food safety standards. The perception and reality of food safety directly influence consumer trust, market access (both domestic and international), and overall economic contribution of the sector.

  • Assam CM on Pakistan ‘scare narrative’: Could Chinese dams affect Brahmaputra flow in India?

    Why in the News?

    India has rejected the “scare stories” spread by Pakistan and others about China building dams upstream on the Brahmaputra River, especially the big 60,000 MW Medog Hydropower Project in Tibet.

    What is the significance of the Brahmaputra’s flow originating mostly in India?

    • Major Contribution to River Flow: Although India has only about 34.2% of the Brahmaputra basin area, it contributes over 80% of the river’s total water flow due to higher rainfall and tributary inflows. Eg: The Indian basin receives an average annual rainfall of 2,371 mm, much higher than Tibet’s 300 mm.
    • Flood Management Potential: Control over a major share of the river’s flow gives India better scope to design flood control infrastructure and storage systems to reduce monsoon-related disasters. Eg: Assam CM stated that reduced flow from China could help mitigate annual floods in Assam.
    • Strengthened Riparian Rights and Development Planning: India’s dominant share in flow enhances its claim as a principal riparian state, empowering it to undertake hydropower and irrigation projects without heavy external dependency. Eg: India is developing hydropower projects like Dibang and Subansiri in Arunachal Pradesh based on its flow share.
    Note: A “riparian state” refers to a state or country that shares a river or stream border with another state or country.

     

    What about the Medog Hydropower Project?

    The Medog Hydropower Project is an ambitious and controversial initiative by China to construct the world’s largest hydropower dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. With a planned capacity of 60,000 megawatts (MW) and an estimated cost of $137 billion, the project has significant environmental, geopolitical, and social implications for the region

    Why is China’s proposed Medog hydropower project raising concerns for India?

    • Strategic Control Over Water Flow: China’s 60,000 MW Medog dam could allow manipulation of the Brahmaputra’s flow, risking reduced water in dry seasons or artificial floods during monsoons. Eg: Sudden releases from Chinese dams have previously caused flash floods in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
    • Environmental and Seismic Hazards: The dam’s location in a seismic zone threatens biodiversity, increases landslide risks, and may disrupt sediment flow critical for downstream agriculture. Eg: Trapped sediments can reduce soil fertility, impacting farming in India and Bangladesh.
    • Absence of Water-Sharing Agreements: China’s unilateral actions without consultation violate equitable sharing norms, worsening trust deficits. Eg: Unlike the Indus Treaty with Pakistan, no formal pact exists between India and China on the Brahmaputra.

    What steps has India taken or proposed to utilise the Brahmaputra’s water potential?

    • Development of Hydropower Projects: India is actively constructing and planning large hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh to harness the Brahmaputra’s energy potential and establish water-use rights. Eg: Projects like the Dibang Multipurpose Project (2880 MW) and Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (2000 MW) are designed to generate clean energy and regulate river flow.
    • Construction of Multipurpose Storage Reservoirs: India is focusing on creating dams and storage facilities to control floods, store monsoon water, and ensure water availability in dry seasons. Eg: The proposed Upper Siang project aims to store floodwaters and generate electricity while supporting irrigation and drinking water needs in the region.
    • Promotion of Inland Waterways and River Navigation: The Brahmaputra is being developed as a key navigable waterway under India’s Act East Policy to boost trade and regional connectivity. Eg: The National Waterway-2 (NW-2) on the Brahmaputra facilitates cargo movement between Assam and Bangladesh, promoting economic use of the river.

    Way forward: 

    • Bilateral Water-Sharing Framework: India and China should initiate dialogue to establish a formal transboundary water-sharing agreement, ensuring data transparency, flow regulation, and emergency notification mechanisms—similar to the Indus Waters Treaty.
    • Regional Environmental Assessment Mechanism: Promote a joint environmental impact assessment (EIA) involving India, China, and Bangladesh under a multilateral platform like the UN or SAARC, to ensure sustainable and equitable river basin management.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013} What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?

    Linkage: The articles talks about the Chinese infrastructure interventions on the Brahmaputra are “hydropower projects with minimal storage”. It also mentions the massive planned Medog project as the world’s largest hydropower facility, and India’s own Upper Siang Project which will generate power and serve as a buffer against flow variations. This question directly relates to a type of hydropower project pertinent to river development and control.

  • India elected to UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)  

    Why in the News?

    India has been elected to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the term 2026–2028.

    About the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):

    • Establishment: It is one of the 6 principal UN organs, created in 1945 under the UN Charter.
    • Mandate: It coordinates the UN’s economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural work.
    • Role: ECOSOC serves as the central platform for global policy dialogue, review, and development recommendations.
    • Composition: ECOSOC has 54 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year terms.
    • Decision-Making: Decisions are made by simple majority; no permanent members; presidency rotates annually.
    • Functions and Powers:
      • Coordination: Oversees 15 specialized agencies (e.g., WHO, ILO), 8 functional commissions, and 5 regional commissions.
      • Promotion Areas: Focuses on living standards, employment, human rights, education, healthcare, and environmental protection.
      • Engagement with NGOs: Grants consultative status to over 1,600 NGOs and organizes global conferences.
      • UN Oversight: Supervises agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNHCR.
    • Sessions and Meetings:
      • Main Sessions: Held each July, along with an organizational session.
      • Finance Dialogues: Hosts April meetings with finance ministers from the IMF and World Bank.
      • SDG Monitoring: Organizes the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) to track progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • Legal and Institutional Details:
      • UN Charter Basis: Defined under Chapter X (Articles 61–72) of the Charter.
      • Headquarters: Located in New York.
      • Scope: ECOSOC is the largest and most complex UN body, shaping global development policy.

    India and ECOSOC:

    • Membership: India is serving its 18th term as a member, elected for the 2026–28 period.
    • Subsidiary Roles: India has held positions in bodies like the UN Statistical Commission, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and UNAIDS Board.
    • Recent Milestone: India recently joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), highlighting its data expertise.
    • Policy Priorities: India supports inclusive growth, SDG progress, and south-south cooperation through evidence-based multilateral leadership.
    [UPSC 2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:

    1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.

    2. It is elected by a 2/3 majority of The General Assembly for a 3-year term.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • UMEED Portal for Waqf Properties

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister for Minority Affairs has launched the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development (UMEED) portal—a centralised digital platform to manage Waqf properties across India.

    Tap to read more about the Waqf and the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

    About the UMEED Portal

    • Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs on June 6, 2025.
    • Core Purpose: It ensures real-time registration, verification, and monitoring of Waqf properties across India.
    • Legal Alignment: The portal is aligned with the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, which received presidential assent in April 2025.
    • Governance Shift: UMEED aims to promote transparency, accountability, and public participation by making Waqf data digitally traceable.

    Key Features:

    • Centralized Registration: All Waqf properties must be registered on a single digital platform.
    • Documentation: Each property receives a 17-digit ID and must include ownership papers, exact measurements, and geotagged location data.
    • User-Friendly Design: Features include dropdown-based input, GIS mapping, and a grievance redressal system.
    • 3-Tier Verification:
      • Maker: Mutawalli enters the property data.
      • Checker: District official verifies the entry.
      • Approver: CEO or authorised Waqf Board officer grants approval.
    • Transparency and Privacy: Public access to basic property details is allowed, while data privacy is ensured.
    • Eligibility Rule: Properties registered in women’s names are not eligible as Waqf properties, though women and vulnerable groups remain priority beneficiaries.
    • Support System: A toll-free helpline is available for technical assistance.

    Registration Process:

    • Responsible Authority: State Waqf Boards are in charge of registering properties.
    • Deadline: All registrations must be completed within 6 months of the portal’s launch.
    • Required Data: Includes property size, ownership documents, geotagging, and whether the land is government-owned.
    • Extension Policy: A 1–2 month extension may be granted upon valid request.
    • Non-Compliance: Unregistered properties will be marked as “disputed” and referred to the Waqf Tribunal.
    • Missing Documents: In such cases, the mutawalli must approach the Tribunal for validation.