💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

GS Paper: GS2

  • How PM Modi’s visit to Austria sends a message both to Moscow and the West

    Why in the news? 

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi selected Vienna as a neutral location to convey a message to both Moscow and the Western countries.

    What message it sent?

    • India’s Diplomatic Signal: Modi’s visit to Vienna after meeting Putin in Moscow underscored India’s commitment to global peace and non-violence.Statements emphasized India’s concern over civilian casualties in conflict zones and the futility of war as a solution.
    • Historical Context: Referencing Austria’s historical neutrality and diplomatic role during the Cold War, Modi’s visit reaffirmed India’s stance on maintaining strategic autonomy. Highlighted India’s support for negotiated settlements and dialogue in international disputes.

    Similarity in ideologies between both countries

    • Neutrality and Non-Alignment: Both India and Austria historically maintained neutrality in global conflicts. Shared values in promoting peace, diplomacy, and non-intervention in internal affairs of other nations.
    • Historical Ties: Nehru’s role in supporting Austria’s sovereignty post-World War II reflected shared principles of neutrality and independence. Both countries value multilateralism and respect for international law.

    Evolution of bilateral relations between India and Austria

    • Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Diplomatic ties between India and Austria were established in 1949, celebrating 75 years of engagement in 2024.Historical visits by leaders from both countries have strengthened political and economic cooperation.
    • Modern Partnerships: Focus on future-oriented collaborations in infrastructure, renewable energy, technology, and trade. Continuation of bilateral engagements despite global geopolitical shifts, maintaining a balanced approach in international relations.

    Key dimension related to relation between Austria and India: 

    • Political Relations: India intervened in Austria’s favor during negotiations with the Soviet Union on the Austrian State Treaty in 1953.India supported Austria on the UN-South Tyrol conventions. Austria expressed support for India’s bid for a permanent seat on a reformed United Nations Security Council.
    • Economic Relations: As of 2019, there are over 200 collaborations, including 100 technical collaborations and 60 joint ventures between Indian and Austrian firms.Bilateral trade between Austria and India was EUR 2.93 billion in 2023. Austria has received a cumulative foreign direct investment of EUR 1.159 billion from India as of 2023.
    • Cultural Relations: The Indo-Austrian cultural relations date back to the 16th century. The Austrian tradition of Indology began in the 19th century.Rabindranath Tagore visited Vienna in 1921 and 1926, fostering cultural exchange.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Political Dialogue: Increase high-level visits and diplomatic exchanges to deepen understanding and cooperation on global issues like climate change, terrorism, and global health.
    • Support for Multilateral Initiatives: Collaborate in multilateral forums such as the United Nations to promote shared values of peace, neutrality, and respect for international law. Work towards common positions on global challenges.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Release of SDG India Index 2023-24- NITI Aayog     

    Why in the news?

    Overall SDG score for the country is 71 for 2023-24, significant improvement from 66 in 2020-21 and 57 in 2018 (Baseline report).

    About SDG India Index:

    • The SDG India Index is a comprehensive tool developed by NITI Aayog to measure the progress of India and its states/UTs towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • The index tracks the progress on 113 indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

    Key highlights and results from the fourth edition of the SDG India Index:     

    • Top Performers: Uttarakhand and Kerala secured the top spots with a score of 79 out of 100, showcasing strong performance across Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as poverty eradication, health, education, and environmental sustainability.
    • National Improvement: India’s overall SDG score improved from 66 points in 2020-21 to 71 points in 2023-24, indicating significant progress in achieving the SDGs nationwide. This improvement reflects efforts in poverty reduction, economic growth, and environmental conservation.
    • State-wise Variations: Bihar ranked lowest with 57 points, indicating areas needing more attention and development. States like Punjab, Manipur, West Bengal, and Assam showed notable improvements, with Punjab leading the pack with an increase of 8 points to reach 76 points.
    • Goal-specific Insights: Goals such as “No Poverty,” “Decent Work and Economic Growth,” and “Life on Land” saw the highest increases in scores, reflecting advancements in income equality, employment opportunities, and biodiversity conservation efforts.
    • Challenges and Focus Areas: Gender Equality received the lowest score at 49 points, highlighting persistent challenges in achieving parity in workforce participation, education access, and political representation. Addressing issues related to hunger and nutrition remains a priority, with the “Zero Hunger” goal scoring 52 points, emphasizing the need for nutritious food access and combating malnutrition.

    How did States and UT performed?    

    • Score Ranges: States’ scores range from 57 to 79, while UTs score between 65 and 77. This indicates an improvement compared to the 2020-21 scores, where the range was 52 to 75 for States and 62 to 79 for UTs.
    • Front Runner Category: There has been a significant increase in the number of States and UTs achieving Front Runner status. In the latest edition, 32 States/UTs scored between 65 and 99, up from 22 in the previous edition. Notably, 10 new States and UTs entered the Front Runner category, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
    • Score Improvements: Across all States and UTs, there has been improvement in composite scores ranging from 1 to 8 points since the 2020-21 edition. Leading in score improvements are Assam, Manipur, Punjab, West Bengal, and Jammu and Kashmir, each showing an increase of 8 points.
    • Methodology: The methodology involves compiling raw data for indicators, setting 2030 targets, normalizing data to a 0-100 score, and calculating Goal scores as means of relevant indicators. The composite score represents an average of all Goal scores, excluding Goal 14 focused solely on coastal States.

    Way forward: 

    • Targeted Interventions for Lagging States: Implement customized, data-driven interventions in States with lower scores, such as Bihar, to address specific challenges in poverty, health, and education.
    • Enhance Focus on Gender Equality and Nutrition: Strengthen policies and programs aimed at improving gender equality and combating malnutrition, particularly by increasing female workforce participation and ensuring access to nutritious food.
  • [12th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reading the tea lea/ves ahead of China’s Third Plenum

    [12th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reading the tea lea/ves ahead of China’s Third Plenum

    PYQ Relevance: 

    Q The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Mentors comment: Commentators in the West have long argued to move beyond the optimistic view of a post-Cold War world, suggesting that Moscow, Beijing, and their aligned states cannot be expected to uphold a rules-based international order. Attention is now focused on China’s upcoming Third Plenum of the 20th Party Congress, scheduled for July 15-18, for potential signs of policy shift. Despite pessimism about China embracing mutual security, there remains hopeful anticipation for surprises and directional changes following economic challenges and global interest in the plenum’s outcomes.

    Let’s learn!

    __ 

    Why in the news?

    There is optimism that the plenum could indicate a shift in China’s direction.

    About the Third Plenums: 

    Third Plenums historically set economic strategies for the next 5-10 years and are pivotal in China’s economic planning. 
    The 1978 Third Plenum under Deng Xiaoping marked a significant shift towards economic reforms that revitalized China’s economy.

    Economic reforms, issues

    • Advanced Timing of the Third Plenum: The early scheduling of the Third Plenum suggests China may be planning sweeping economic reforms to address current challenges and ensure future progress.
    • Current Economic Challenges: China faces several economic challenges, including an ageing population, a shrinking workforce, high debt levels, and ongoing economic issues despite previous measures. These factors contribute to domestic pessimism about China’s economic future.
    • Leadership Dynamics: There is uncertainty about whether the current leadership under Xi Jinping will embrace significant new economic reforms akin to those initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Any admission of past mistakes could impact Xi’s political standing and future leadership.
    • Reform Necessity: There is a perceived necessity for China to experiment with new economic ideas and reforms to address current economic challenges effectively. However, uncertainties remain about the extent and nature of reforms that will be introduced.

    The view about China’s ‘intentions’

    • Perceived Threats and Activities: The West and others view China’s tactics like ‘gray zone coercion’, disinformation campaigns, interference in elections, and military provocations in the South and East China Seas as ongoing threats. Taiwan remains a focal point of China’s military and propaganda efforts, adding to regional tensions.
    • Regional and Global Impact: China’s initiatives such as the Global Development Initiative (GDI), Global Security Initiative (GSI), and Global Civilization Initiative (GCI) reflect its strategic beliefs and influence. This perspective increases paranoia about China’s intentions, particularly in Asia, impacting regional stability.
    • India-China Relations: India-China relations have deteriorated, exacerbated by border tensions and China’s perceived inflexibility despite India’s attempts at flexibility. India is concerned about China’s military capabilities, including missile and nuclear advancements, and sees a need to prepare for potential conflict scenarios.

    Where India stands

    • Economic Strength and Leadership: India is transitioning from a ‘middle level’ power to a ‘major’ power, with robust economic parameters that are among the best globally. The country is perceived to have strong and focused leadership, which enhances its capability to take significant initiatives on the global stage. India’s economic position and leadership are considered advantageous for taking proactive steps towards promoting world peace.
    • Diplomatic History and Initiatives: India has a history of taking diplomatic initiatives, especially in its relations with China, which have had notable outcomes. Examples include past initiatives such as Sumdorong Chu and Wangdung, and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s pivotal visit to China in 1988, which contributed to decades of peace between the two nations. These historical precedents suggest that India has the capacity to play a proactive role in regional and global diplomacy.
    • Current Strategic Advantage: The current geopolitical environment between India and China is relatively less tense compared to historical periods of conflict. India is seen to hold a stronger position vis-à-vis China than at any time in modern history, presenting an opportune moment for India to initiate significant diplomatic efforts. There is potential for India to leverage its position and historical diplomatic successes to foster positive outcomes for both countries, Asia, and the broader world.

    Way forward: 

    • Diplomatic Engagement and Conflict Avoidance: India should prioritize diplomatic engagement with China to manage and mitigate tensions effectively. Focus on dialogue, negotiation, and confidence-building measures to prevent escalation of conflicts, particularly regarding border disputes and military posturing.
    • Regional Leadership and Global Initiatives: Utilize India’s emerging status as a major global power to lead initiatives that promote peace and stability in the region and beyond. Engage proactively in international forums to advocate for peaceful resolutions to regional conflicts and enhance India’s diplomatic influence on the global stage.

  • India hosts BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers amid raging Myanmar crisis

    Why in the News? 

    At the first BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ retreat, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized that BIMSTEC must address regional challenges internally, fostering collaboration among member nations.

    About BIMSTEC Countries  

    BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) is a regional organization comprising seven member countries lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal. These countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

    Significance of BIMSTEC:

    • Economic Cooperation: Facilitates trade and investment among member countries.
    • Connectivity Projects: Enhances regional connectivity through road, rail, and maritime links.
    • Technical and Technological Collaboration: Promotes capacity building and technology sharing.
    • Security Cooperation: Addresses transnational crimes, terrorism, and humanitarian assistance.
    • Cultural Exchange: Strengthens cultural ties and people-to-people contacts.

    India’s Stand on Myanmar Crisis

    India has adopted a cautious and balanced approach to the crisis in Myanmar, emphasizing the following points:

    • Connectivity Projects: India focuses on the importance of ongoing connectivity projects for the future of BIMSTEC, which are crucial for regional integration.
    • Humanitarian Assistance: Discussions on humanitarian assistance remain limited to displaced populations and some military personnel seeking refuge in Mizoram, reflecting India’s cautious humanitarian stance.
    • Border Stability: India emphasizes maintaining stability along its border with Myanmar, considering the volatile situation and the control of trade routes by Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).
    • Security Cooperation: Countering transnational crimes, including cyber, narcotics, and illegal arms, remains a priority, reflecting India’s security concerns.

    India Pushes to Link South Asia with Southeast Asia via BIMSTEC

    • Enhanced Connectivity: Promoting infrastructure projects such as road and rail links, and port development to improve trade routes.
      • Encouraging cultural exchanges, tourism, and academic collaborations to strengthen regional bonds
    • Economic Integration: Facilitating trade agreements and economic cooperation to boost regional trade and investment.
    • Energy Cooperation: Exploring opportunities for energy trade and development, including renewable energy projects.
    • Security Collaboration: Addressing common security challenges, including terrorism, human trafficking, and maritime security.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Permanent Secretariat: Enhance coordination and efficiency by establishing a fully functional permanent secretariat for BIMSTEC with adequate resources and authority to implement and monitor projects.
    • Promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Launch joint initiatives to combat climate change, focusing on disaster risk reduction, sustainable management of natural resources, and renewable energy projects, leveraging the diverse ecological systems within the member states.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? Waht are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • A case of people versus Population    

    Why in the news? 

    Since 1989, July 11 has been designated as World Population Day, marking the global population surpassing the five billion mark.

    About Malthus Theory of Population

    • Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    • He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    Present Scenario

    • Population Growth and Food Production: Despite significant population growth, currently estimated at 8.1 billion globally, advancements in technology and agriculture have enabled food production to keep pace. This disproves Malthus’ prediction of widespread famine due to population outstripping food supply.
    • India’s Demographics: India, the most populous nation with 1.44 billion people, has seen its annual population growth rate fall below 1%, with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2, just below the replacement level. Economic growth has surged, with per capita GDP increasing sixfold from $400 to $2,400 over the past 27 years.
    • Poverty Reduction and Challenges: The percentage of Indians living below the poverty line has decreased from 43% to 11%. However, significant disparities persist, with certain states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand accounting for 83% of the nation’s poverty. Climate change remains a critical challenge, disproportionately affecting poorer populations.

    Changes in India

    • Population : Population Growth has Increased from 1 billion to 1.44 billion (44% increase). The Annual population growth rate decreased from nearly 2% to below 1%. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 3.4 to 2, below the replacement level of 2.1.
    • Economic Indicators: Per Capita GDP has rose sixfold from $400 to $2,400, signifying substantial economic growth. And percentage of people living below the multi-dimensional poverty line decreased from 43% to 11%.
    • Life Expectancy: Increased from 61 years to 70 years, indicating improvements in healthcare and living standards.

    Impact of Climate Change on Population

    • Increased Vulnerability of the Poor: Climate change disproportionately affects poorer populations in developing countries like India. Inadequate housing, infrastructure, and resources make these communities more susceptible to the adverse effects of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves.
    • Agricultural Disruption: Unpredictable weather patterns and extreme climate conditions disrupt agricultural productivity, leading to food insecurity. This particularly impacts rural populations who depend on farming for their livelihoods, exacerbating poverty and malnutrition.
    • Migration and Displacement: Climate change-induced events, such as rising sea levels and severe weather, force people to migrate from their homes. This internal displacement puts additional strain on urban areas and exacerbates existing social and economic challenges, leading to overcrowding and increased competition for resources.

    Agenda of Global South Population 

    • Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication: Developing nations in the Global South prioritize economic growth to reduce poverty and improve living standards. The focus is on sustainable development, ensuring that economic progress is not compromised while addressing the immediate needs of their populations. India’s aim to achieve zero poverty within the next decade exemplifies this priority.
    • Sustainable Development and Climate Responsibility: The Global South advocates for a balanced approach to climate change, emphasizing the need for developed countries (with higher historical emissions) to take greater responsibility. The G-20 New Delhi Declaration (2023) highlights the importance of the circular economy, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility in achieving sustainable development without hindering economic growth.

    A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation (Way Forward) 

    • Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: India must continue prioritizing economic growth to alleviate poverty and improve living standards while integrating sustainable practices. Emphasizing circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility can help decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
    • Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Targeted efforts to address regional disparities and uplift impoverished populations are crucial. Programs focusing on education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, particularly in states with high poverty levels like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, are essential to ensure inclusive growth.
    • Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: India should implement strategies to mitigate climate change impacts, such as investing in renewable energy, enhancing disaster resilience, and promoting sustainable agriculture. While striving for net-zero emissions by 2070, India must ensure that climate actions do not compromise its economic growth and poverty eradication goals.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Muslim Women entitled to seek Alimony, says SC

    PC: Hindustan Times

    Why in the News?

    • The Supreme Court has ruled that a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to seek maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).
      • The court asserted that any discrimination against Muslim women in matters of alimony under the secular laws of the country would be regressive and against gender justice, equality.

    Story so far:

    • The Supreme Court bench rejected the argument that Section 125 of the CrPC does not apply to Muslims because they have their own personal law.
    • The court ruled that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, does not override the secular law.

    Key Points of the Judgment

    • Legal Standing: “There cannot be the disparity in receiving maintenance on the basis of the law under which a woman is married or divorced.”
    • Application of Section 125: Justice Nagarathna emphasized, “Section 125 of the CrPC cannot be excluded from its application to a divorced Muslim woman irrespective of the law under which she is divorced.”
    • Role of the 1986 Act: The judgment underscored that rights granted under the 1986 Act to receive maintenance during ‘iddat’ are in addition to, not in derogation of, those under Section 125 of the CrPC.

    Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986:

    Purpose:

    • To protect the rights of Muslim women who have been divorced by, or have obtained a divorce from, their husbands.
    • To provide for matters connected with or incidental to their divorce.

    Key Provisions:

    • Maintenance:
      • During Iddat Period: A Muslim woman is entitled to a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance from her husband during the iddat period (a waiting period after divorce).
      • Post-Iddat Maintenance: If she cannot maintain herself after the iddat period, she can claim maintenance from her relatives who would inherit her property on her death. If no relatives are available, the State Wakf Board is responsible for her maintenance.
    • Mehr (Dower): The woman is entitled to the payment of mehr (dower) that was agreed upon at the time of marriage.
    • Return of Property: The woman is entitled to all the properties given to her before or at the time of marriage or after the marriage by her relatives, friends, husband, or any other person.
    • Rights of Children: The Act also provides for the maintenance of children born out of the marriage until they reach the age of two years.
    • Application to Magistrate:
      • A divorced woman, or someone acting on her behalf, can apply to a Magistrate for an order under the Act.
      • The Magistrate has the authority to make orders for payment of maintenance, mehr, and return of property.

    Criticisms and Issues:

    • Limited Scope: Critics argue that the Act’s provisions are limited to the iddat period and do not ensure long-term maintenance.
    • Dependence on Relatives: Post-iddat maintenance depends on relatives, which might not always be practical or feasible.
    • Role of Wakf Board: The effectiveness of the Wakf Board in providing maintenance has been questioned due to administrative and financial constraints.
    • Violation of Right to Equality: The MWPRD Act has been criticized for creating discriminatory practices by limiting the maintenance period for Muslim women compared to women of other communities, thus violating the Right to Equality under Article 14 of the Constitution.

    Context and Historical Perspective:

    • Shah Bano Case (1985): The court referenced the landmark Shah Bano case, which affirmed Muslim women’s right to maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.
    • Danial Latifi Case (2001): It highlighted subsequent interpretations ensuring that the 1986 Act does not deprive Muslim women of rights under Section 125.
    • Rejection of Restrictions: The court rejected restrictive interpretations that could hinder gender justice and emphasized the importance of providing adequate maintenance, not minimal amounts, to destitute Muslim women.
    • Continuation of Section 144: The judgment noted that the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which has replaced the CrPC, retains the older provision on alimony under Section 144.

    Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)

    Purpose:

    • Maintenance Orders: Section 125 of the CrPC provides for the maintenance of wives, children, and parents who are unable to maintain themselves.

    Key Provisions:

    • Eligible Persons:
      • Wife: Includes a divorced wife who has not remarried.
      • Legitimate and illegitimate minor children.
      • Adult children are unable to maintain themselves due to physical or mental abnormalities.
      • Parents: Includes both father and mother who are unable to maintain themselves.
    • Conditions:
      • The person liable to pay maintenance has sufficient means.
      • The person liable has neglected or refused to maintain the eligible person.
    • Order: The Magistrate can order a monthly allowance for the maintenance of the eligible person.
    • Maximum Amount: There is no fixed maximum amount; it is determined by the Magistrate based on the circumstances.

    Significance:

    • Social Justice: It aims to prevent vagrancy and destitution by ensuring that dependents are provided for.
    • Secular Applicability: It applies to all religions and is not specific to any particular religion.

    Implications and Legal Precedent

    • Equality under Law: The judgment reinforces the principle that Muslim women have the same legal recourse as women of other faiths under Section 125 of the CrPC.
    • Additional Remedies: It affirmed that provisions like the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, do not exclude rights under Section 125.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?

    [2019] Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

  • What is the draft Digital Competition Bill?  

    Why in the news? 

    In February 2023, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) established a Committee on Digital Competition Law (CDCL) to assess the necessity for distinct legislation concerning competition within digital markets.

    What is an ex-post framework?

    • An ex-post framework refers to a regulatory approach where authorities intervene and enforce regulations after potentially harmful activities or behaviors have already occurred.
    • In the context of competition law, it means that enforcement actions are taken against anti-competitive practices only after they have been observed or reported.

    How is an ex-post framework different from an ex-ante framework?

    Timing of Intervention:

    • Ex-post framework: Intervenes after anti-competitive conduct has occurred and its effects are observed. It relies on retrospective enforcement based on complaints or identified issues.
    • Ex-ante framework: Proactively sets rules and obligations before anti-competitive behavior happens, aiming to prevent market distortions and protect competition from potential harms.

    Nature of Regulation:

    • Ex-post framework: Reactive in nature, focusing on remedial measures and enforcement actions against established instances of anti-competitive behavior.
    • Ex-ante framework: Proactive in nature, establishing upfront rules and obligations to guide behavior and prevent market abuses by dominant players before they occur.

    Focus and Objectives:

    • Ex-post framework: Focuses on addressing past harms to competition, ensuring fair market practices, and correcting market distortions post-occurrence.
    • Ex-ante framework: Focuses on maintaining competitive markets, promoting innovation, and protecting consumer choice by setting clear rules and preventing anti-competitive behavior from developing in the first place.

    Why does the draft Bill encourage an ex-ante competition regulation?

    • Proactive Prevention: Digital markets exhibit characteristics such as rapid growth, network effects, and economies of scale that can lead to quick and irreversible market dominance. An ex-ante framework allows regulatory authorities to preemptively set rules and obligations to prevent anti-competitive practices before they occur, thereby maintaining market competition and ensuring consumer choice.
    • Timely Intervention: The existing ex-post framework under the Competition Act, 2002 is considered inadequate for digital markets, where traditional enforcement mechanisms may be too slow to effectively address evolving market dynamics and prevent potential harms to competition. An ex-ante approach enables timely intervention and regulatory oversight to curb monopolistic tendencies and promote a level playing field for all market participants.

    What framework does the European Union follow?

    • The European Union follows an ex-ante competition framework under the Digital Markets Act (DMA). It regulates large digital platforms identified as gatekeepers, imposing specific obligations to ensure fair competition.
    • Objectives: To promote competition, innovation, and consumer choice in digital markets by proactively addressing potential market distortions caused by dominant players.

    What are systemically significant digital enterprises (SSDEs)?

    • SSDEs are digital enterprises identified as dominant in specific digital market segments under the draft Digital Competition Bill.Identified through quantitative tests based on financial strength and user reach in India, or qualitatively based on significant influence and market impact.
    • SSDEs are required to operate transparently, refrain from anti-competitive practices like self-preferencing and data misuse, and ensure fair access to their platforms for other businesses.

    Conclusion: Ensure that the criteria used to designate SSDEs are well-defined and balanced. Conduct periodic reviews to adjust these criteria based on market dynamics and technological advancements to accurately capture entities with significant market power without overly burdening smaller players.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indians. Are they competing with the MNCs satisfactorily? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • India, Russia to boost bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030

    Why in the News? 

    During the 22nd Annual Summit on Tuesday, both countries agreed to elevate bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030. This agreement includes the use of national currencies to bypass Western sanctions.

    Bilateral ties between India-Russia  

    • Long-standing strategic partnership: India and Russia have enjoyed a strong strategic partnership since the Cold War era.
      • This was further strengthened with the signing of the “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” in 2000, which elevated cooperation in various areas including politics, security, defense, trade, and culture.
      • In 2010, the partnership was elevated to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”.
    • Robust defense cooperation: Russia is India’s largest defense partner, accounting for approximately 68% of India’s military hardware imports in 2017.
      • The two countries have an Inter-Governmental Commission on Military-Technical Cooperation that meets annually.
      • Major defense projects include the MiG-21, Su-30, and the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.
    • Economic and Trade Relations: Russia is India’s 7th largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $45 billion, surpassing the target of $30 billion by 2025.
      • Key areas of economic cooperation include energy, nuclear energy, and the North-South Transport Corridor.
      • Russia is also an important partner in India’s energy security, with investments in the oil and gas sectors.
    • Geopolitical coordination: India and Russia closely collaborate on matters of shared national interest at international forums such as the UN, BRICS, G20, and SCO.
      • Russia supports India’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council and its membership in the NSG and APEC.
      • The two countries also coordinate on regional issues like Afghanistan and the Indo-Pacific.

    Key highlights of the 22nd Annual Summit   

    • Trade and Economic Cooperation: India and Russia have set an ambitious target to increase bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030. They plan to use national currencies for trade to bypass Western sanctions, reflecting a strategic shift in their economic engagements.
    • Defense and Strategic Partnership: The countries discussed delays in defense supplies and committed to enhancing the co-production of defense equipment.
    • Response to Ukraine Conflict: Prime Minister Modi made a plea for ending civilian casualties and the conflict in Ukraine. Both countries called for a peaceful resolution to the Ukraine conflict in their joint statement, highlighting mediation efforts and adherence to international law.
    • Institutional Agreements and MoUs: Several MoUs were signed on topics including climate change, polar research, legal arbitration, and pharmaceutical certification, demonstrating broad-based cooperation.
    • Recognition and Future Engagements: Modi received Russia’s highest civilian honor, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Putin invited Modi to the “Extended BRICS” summit in Kazan in October 2024, emphasizing ongoing and future high-level engagements.

    Russia Offers Compensation and Citizenship to Kin of Indians Killed in War Against Ukraine

    • Expedited Discharge of Indian Recruits: President Putin accepted Prime Minister Modi’s request to expedite the discharge of Indian nationals recruited by the Russian military. Approximately 40 Indians, currently at the war front, are to be discharged through diplomatic processes.
    • Compensation and Citizenship Offer: Russia has offered compensation and citizenship to the families of Indian nationals who have been killed in the conflict in Ukraine. This move aims to provide support and recognition to the families of the deceased.

    New Delhi and Moscow call for ‘zero tolerance’ towards terrorism

    • Joint Statement on Terrorism: India and Russia reiterated their strong stance against terrorism, emphasizing the need for “zero tolerance” towards all forms of terrorism.
    • Commitment to International Cooperation: Both countries underscored the importance of international cooperation to combat terrorism effectively. They highlighted the necessity for a coordinated global response to address the threat of terrorism.
    • Condemnation of Terrorist Acts: The leaders condemned terrorist acts worldwide and stressed that no cause or ideology could justify the killing of innocent people. They called for the strictest measures to combat and eliminate terrorism.

    Do you know – Why Western sanctions haven’t worked on Russia?

    While the U.S. and some European countries have imposed extensive sanctions, enforcement has been uneven across the coalition. Some nations lack robust mechanisms to prevent violations and struggle to track and penalise offenders effectively. Russia has found ways to sidestep restrictions on critical technologies and dual-use items by re-labelling shipments, diverting products through third countries, and exploiting loopholes in regulations.  They are:

    • Collaborative evasion tactics: Russia’s partnerships with countries like China, Iran, and North Korea enable it to circumvent sanctions and sustain its military capabilities. These strategic alliances facilitate the procurement and transfer of goods, including weapons used in Ukraine.
    • Mutual economic dependence: Europe’s reliance on Russian energy, particularly natural gas, complicates the imposition of severe sanctions without causing significant repercussions for European economies.
      • Russia’s dependence on energy export revenue also makes it reluctant to disrupt energy flows to Europe.
    • Resilience of the Russian economy: Despite the sanctions, Russia’s economy has shown remarkable adaptability. It has redirected trade to China, found alternative suppliers for critical goods, and maintained robust oil and gas sales.

     

    Conclusion: India should work on broadening the range of goods and services exchanged with Russia. Focusing on sectors like pharmaceuticals, information technology, and agricultural products can reduce dependency on any single industry and promote sustainable trade growth.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • India to ratify High Seas Treaty

    Why in the News? 

    India has chosen to endorse and formally adopt the High Seas Treaty, a global accord aimed at conserving and safeguarding biodiversity in the oceans.

    • This treaty is frequently linked to the 2015 Paris Agreement due to its extensive scope and potential influence.

    What is the ‘High Seas Treaty’ agreement?

    • The agreement being referred to is the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty.
    • Aim: To address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, which constitute about 64% of the ocean surface.
    • Objective:  To establish a framework for governing activities in these high seas areas to ensure environmental protection, regulate resource extraction, and promote equitable sharing of benefits from marine genetic resources.
      • It operates within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and aims to strengthen international cooperation and governance for the preservation of marine biodiversity.

    Significance of the Treaty:

    • Conservation of Marine Biodiversity: It covers a vast portion of the global ocean- these areas are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions that are vital for global marine health.
    • Governance and Regulation: The treaty establishes a framework for governing human activities in the high seas, such as fishing, mining, and bioprospecting. It seeks to regulate these activities to ensure they are sustainable and do not cause irreversible harm to marine ecosystems.
    • Global Environmental Protection: Similar to the Paris Agreement on climate change, the BBNJ Agreement represents a global effort to protect and manage resources that are essential for the well-being of present and future generations.
      • Addressing threats like overfishing and habitat destruction, it contributes to global efforts towards sustainable development and environmental conservation.
    • Equitable Sharing of Benefits: The treaty includes provisions such as pharmaceutical developments. This ensures that benefits derived from these resources are shared fairly among countries and communities, promoting global equity and access to valuable resources.
    • International Collaboration: It fosters international cooperation and collaboration in ocean governance.
      • By bringing together countries it strengthens the rule of law and promotes transparency and accountability in global ocean management.

    Comparison with the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change

    Dimensions  High Seas Treaty- Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) 2015 Paris Agreement 
    Scope and Focus Marine biodiversity conservation in the case of BBNJ Focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts
    Legal Framework It integrates with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Paris Agreement operates under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    Approach to Governance Promotes governance structures that facilitate cooperation among nations to achieve common environmental goals. same
    Implications for Global Cooperation Underscore the importance of multilateralism and collective action in addressing global environmental challenges. same

     

    Conclusion: Need to establish robust mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the BBNJ Agreement at national and international levels. This includes setting up effective reporting systems, conducting regular assessments of biodiversity conservation measures, and ensuring compliance with regulations on resource extraction and marine genetic resources.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    Why in the News?

    The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”.

    Advisory on “Sarv Dharma Meetings”

    • NCM advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”:
    1. At Sub-divisional level of States monthly.
    2. At District level half-yearly.
    • It is aimed at curbing attacks and hate crimes against minority communities to prevent communal disharmony.
    • NCM emphasized that hate crimes stem from mental weakness and anger, highlighting citizens’ rights to practice and preach their religion freely.

    Responsibilities and Recommendations

    • Citizens and society urged to disown and condemn hate crimes.
    • Advocated for punitive actions by authorities against anti-social elements.
    • Proposed mechanisms involving civic society to deter anti-social and anti-national forces and prevent societal violence.

     

    About National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    • It is a statutory body formed on the basis of National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 and replaced an earlier body called Minorities Commission.
    • The Commission consists of a total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.
    • It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice- Chairperson and 5 Members.
    • Each Member holds office for a period of 3 years from the date of assumption of office.

    Functions of NCM:

    1. Evaluate minority development progress.
    2. Monitor constitutional and legal safeguards.
    3. Recommend effective safeguard implementation.
    4. Address complaints regarding deprivation of rights.
    5. Conduct studies on discrimination and recommend measures.
    6. Research socio-economic and educational development.
    7. Suggest measures to Central or State Governments.
    8. Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government.
    9. Address any matter referred by the Central Government.

    Powers of NCM:

    1. Summon and enforce attendance of any person from India.
    2. Require discovery and production of documents.
    3. Receive evidence on affidavit.
    4. Requisition public records from courts or offices.
    5. Issue commissions for examining witnesses and documents.

    Who are Minorities?

    • The Central has notified minority communities at the national level in consultation with various stakeholders under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), Act, 1992.
    • The six communities notified as minority communities under Section 2(c) of the NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains.
      • Jains were notified as minority community in January 2014.
    • Notification of any community-specific to a State as a minority community within a State comes under the purview of the respective State.

    Total Minority Population in India as per 2011 Census: 

    19.3% of the total population (Muslims: 14.2%; Christians: 2.3%; Sikhs: 1.7%; Buddhists: 0.7%; Jains: 0.4%; Parsis: 0.006%)

    Rights & Safeguards for Minorities:

    Under Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 29(1): Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture.
    2. Article 30(1): Right to establish and administer educational institutions.
    3. Article 30(2): Freedom from discrimination in receiving state aid.

    Under Official Language (Part XVII of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 347: Rights for language spoken by any section of the population.
    2. Article 350A: Instruction in mother tongue.
    3. Article 350B: Special officer for linguistic minorities.

    Sachar Committee Report (2006):

    Constitution Date: 9 March 2005

    Key Recommendations:

    • Create a National Data Bank (NDB) for socio-religious data.
    • Establish an Equal Opportunity Commission.
    • Provide incentives for a ‘diversity index.’
    • Ensure high-quality education for children aged 0-14.
    • Set up government schools in Muslim-concentrated areas.
    • Increase Muslim employment share in public-facing jobs.
    • Enact state laws for minority representation.
    • Support initiatives in Muslim-concentrated occupations.
    • Improve minority participation in commercial banks.
    • Focus on inclusive development while respecting diversity.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?

    1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
    2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.
    3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3