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GS Paper: GS2

  • What is the District Election Management Plan? | Explained

    Why in the news?

    The conduct of elections has become increasingly complex and multifaceted, requiring meticulous planning and execution to ensure a free, fair, and inclusive electoral process

    • A cornerstone of this planning process is the District Election Management Plan (DEMP), a comprehensive document that uses statistics and analysis to ensure the smooth conduct of elections.

    Context:

    • What goes into a smooth and efficient electoral process?
    • How are electoral booths prepared before polling?

    When is the DEMP prepared?

    • Preparation of DEMP: As per the Election Commission of India, the DEMP is to be prepared at least six months before the tentative poll day. However, many things become clearer as the election is notified, so it becomes necessary to revise/update the plan occasionally.
    • Execution of DEMP: Executing the DEMP requires a collaborative effort involving election officials, administrative authorities, law enforcement agencies etc. Regular interactions with political parties and media are also planned to brief them on electoral rules.

    What are the elements of DEMP?

    • The foundation of the electoral strategy: The plan starts with a district profile that serves as the foundation of the electoral strategy which includes a political map outlining constituencies, key demographic and infrastructure statistics, and a brief on the district’s administrative setup and socio-economic features.
    • Accessibility of polling stations: The plan encompasses detailed strategies for improving the availability and accessibility of polling stations, ensuring that all stations have essential facilities like ramps, electricity, lighting, drinking water, toilets, and internet connectivity.
    • Voting for essential service personnel: Special attention is given to voters with disabilities (PwD) and senior citizens through help desks, 24/7 control rooms, home voting options, and advanced postal ballot voting for essential service personnel.

    Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) plan:

    • The Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) plan, focuses on increasing electoral participation which involves analyzing voter turnout data to identify polling stations with below-average or significantly low turnout and tailoring activities to address these issues.
      • It includes the use of social media, engagement with various community and youth organizations, and organizing events leading up to the poll day to increase awareness and participation.
    • Comprehensive Strategy: DEMP outlines a comprehensive strategy for planning, training, welfare, and deployment of election personnel.
    • Poll Personnel Database: Emphasizes the importance of creating a database of poll personnel, categorizing them by cadre and group, and assessing their requirements.
    • Addressing Personnel Gaps: Strategies are devised to address gaps in personnel needs across various election roles.
    • Force Deployment Plan: Detailed planning for force deployment involves coordination with district police. This includes vulnerability mapping of polling stations based on past disturbances and voter turnout.
    • Training Programs: Training programs are provided for district-level teams to enforce the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) and for all election personnel to ensure they possess necessary skills and knowledge.

    What about EVMs?

    Material management in the Detailed Election Management Plan (DEMP):

    • Crucial Component: Material management is identified as a critical aspect of DEMP. It involves procuring 61 essential items, including indelible ink, seals, stamps, stationary, and statutory forms.
    • Categorization: Items are categorized based on the level at which they are to be procured, either at the State/U.T. level or the district level.
    • Procurement Timelines: Timelines for procurement vary, ranging from two-to-three weeks to four months before the election.Emphasizes the importance of timely acquisition to ensure preparedness for the electoral process.

    Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) management in the Detailed Election Management Plan (DEMP)

    • Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) management is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the electoral process, with plans necessary for secure storage and availability of EVMs and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs), including plans for their transportation and maintenance.

    Significance of the Detailed Election Management Plan (DEMP):

    • Enhanced Voting Experience: DEMP enhances the voting experience by ensuring that the electoral process is organized, accessible, and efficient for all voters, promoting democratic participation and inclusivity.
    • Data-Driven Decisions: Using statistics and analysis, the DEMP enables data-driven decisions, highlighting the significance of evidence-based policymaking and strategic planning in effectively addressing challenges.
    • Stakeholder Collaboration: The collaborative effort involved in executing the DEMP underscores the importance of engaging stakeholders from various sectors, fostering cooperation and synergy to achieve common goals.
    • Transparency and Accountability: The emphasis on transparency in the DEMP promotes accountability in electoral processes, setting a precedent for openness and integrity in governance practices.
    • Adaptability and Resilience: The DEMP’s adaptability to changing circumstances and occasional revisions underscores the importance of resilience and flexibility in governance frameworks to address evolving needs and circumstances.

    Conclusion: The District Election Management Plan (DEMP) ensures organized, inclusive elections. Challenges include timely preparation, accurate electoral strategy foundation, polling station accessibility, and effective voter education. Overcoming these ensures transparent and efficient electoral processes.

  • [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    [26 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: China, a ‘want-to-be’ superpower

    PYQ Relevance:Mains: 

    Q) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018) 

    Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017) 

    Prelims:

    Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of the global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective?  (UPSC IAS/2011) 

    a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War
    b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India
    c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period
    d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: International Relations;

    Mains: International Relations;

    Mentor comments: The enmity between Iran, a Shia-majority theocracy, and Saudi Arabia, a Sunni-majority absolute monarchy, has been one of the dominant drivers of conflicts in the region. The Saudi-Iran reconciliation in a China-brokered agreement reflects the new reality in West Asia where old rivals are warming up to each other and Beijing is increasingly willing to play a bigger role at a time when the U.S., the region’s traditional great power, is preoccupied with challenges elsewhere. Iran has agreed to prevent attacks against Saudi Arabia, including those from the Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen, and both countries would restore full diplomatic relations, which were severed in 2016. The later years saw the Arab world and Israel, faced with the common Iran challenge, deepening their cooperation, despite Israel’s brutal occupation of Palestine territory. As the U.S. has deprioritized West Asia — it is now heavily focused on Ukraine and countering China’s Indo-Pacific influence — its allies in West Asia have started looking out for solutions for what they see as America’s diminishing security guarantees. This agreement also marks Dragon’s arrival on the Sand as a power broker.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Chinese strategy in West Asia seems aimed at working steadily to translate its economic clout in the region into geopolitical clout in the medium term.

    Context:

    • On 9 October, two days after the horrific Hamas attack, Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman, Mao Ning, said China had been “deeply saddened” by the civilian casualties and opposes and condemns acts that harm civilians. She did not refer to Hamas by name and went on to add that it was “essential to restart the peace talks, implement the two-state solution, and settle the Palestine question fully and properly through political means.”
    • However, it has adopted a seemingly neutral stance, refusing to name Hamas in its condemnation of the violence there and reiterating its known positions on the need for a two-state solution to the Palestine issue.
    • It aims to ensure that it maintains its traction with the Arab states of the region, who are once again focused on the Palestinian issue.

    What are the present aims of Beijing?

    • Diplomatic aims: In early 2023, Wang Yi gave his endorsement to a plan to set up a new China-backed International Mediation Organization headquartered in Hong Kong. Countries like Algeria, Belarus, Cambodia, Djibouti, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Serbia, and Sudan were signatories to the initial statement as a preparatory office was launched.
    • Infrastructural Aims: The Chinese establishment hopes to link the mediation initiative to its expansive economic corridor, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI has extensive membership in West Asia as well, with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE among others being part of China’s economic highways.
    • Exceptional country: Israel, being heavily reliant on the United States for its security, is not a signatory. However, Israel’s embattled Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu aired the fact last year that China had invited him for a state visit.

    Efforts made by the Chinese government in West Asia to be a ‘Superpower’:

    • Multilateral Peace Talks: China has been involved in the Iran nuclear deal (2015) peace talks (from which the U.S. unilaterally withdrew in 2018), but this is the first time Beijing is using its leverage directly to bring conflicting parties to reconciliation.
    • Chinese concern: Stability in West Asia, a major energy source, is essential for China, which is the world’s largest oil importer. And unlike the U.S., which has hostile ties with Iran, Beijing enjoys good ties with Tehran and Riyadh, as a leading oil buyer and trading partner, respectively.
    • West Asian Scenario: Saudi Arabia, which is undergoing rapid changes, wants peace in its neighborhood, while Iran, which is under U.S.-imposed sanctions, wants more diplomatic and economic openings. Hence if this agreement holds towards its capacity, it will have far-reaching implications on regional geopolitics, from peace in Yemen to stability in Lebanon.

    Dilemma on Chinese Government stand: China’s absence in the Red Sea crisis

    • Beijing’s role in the Saudi-Iran agreement: The war in Gaza has drawn strong red lines between China and Israel. This raises interesting questions about the exact role Beijing played in the Saudi-Iran issue. The probability of China being pulled into the process by Riyadh and Tehran, rather than actively brokering a deal, remains high.
    • Efforts made by Western players: China has also been absent through the crisis in the Red Sea, where predominantly Western naval forces have attempted to maintain the free flow of trade in this critical waterway. Contrarily, Yemen-based Houthis were not targeting Chinese and Russian ships.
    • China’s crafty diplomacy: These two incidents show China’s diplomacy was to predominantly protect its interests and not wade into the crisis as an influential power looking to use its position to broker peace or even a ceasefire. Much of this kind of actual heavy lifting remains at the doorsteps of the White House.

    What is China’s actual role in the more challenging geopolitical regions such as West Asia?

    • On the Palestinian Issue: Beijing’s support for the Palestinian cause without criticizing Hamas practically aligns with the larger Arab posture. This stands against U.S. support for Israel, which is increasingly being criticized for its absolutist nature.
    • ‘Mediation’ which is non-existent in high-stake conflicts: Following both aims is to counter long-standing American influence and to take advantage of crevasses in regional diplomacy.
      • It aims to position itself as an antithesis to what Beijing sees as decades worth of Western interventionist policies, specifically in a region such as West Asia, where conflict has a direct correlation with colonial history.
      • It aims to increase its own geopolitical weight as a responsible international actor and power.

    In Global perspective:

    • West Asia (or the Middle East) is emerging as a premier playground for these new geopolitical fissures as Arab states look to renegotiate their historical relations with the United States.
    • Beyond these regional trends, the global order is also under duress. The US today is increasingly discussed, in the words of former US Secretary of Defense Robert M Gates, as a “dysfunctional superpower”.
    • The frameworks of Multipolarity, Multilateralism, and Minilateralism are being re-shaped and re-constructed amid issues of climate change, food security, and global health.

    Conclusion: In all of these, Beijing’s role is not insular nor is it avoidable as it continues to be an economic and military power, the world’s biggest factory and consumer, and more than often the refiner of natural resources.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/china-a-want-to-be-superpower/article67991729.ece#:~:text=The%20war%20in%20Gaza%20colours,Beijing%20stand%20out%20as%20hollow.

    https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-long-game-in-west-asia

    https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-dragon-in-the-sands-unpacking-china-s-presence-in-contemporary-west-asia

  • [25 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: TB Control in India Calls for person-centered Solutions

    PYQ Relevance:Mains: 
    Q) “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. ( UPSC IAS/2021) 

    Q) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC IAS/2018) 

    Prelims:
    In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of  (UPSC IAS/2020) 
    a) Digital security infrastructure
    b) Food security infrastructure
    c) Health care and education infrastructure
    d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Governance; Health Care; TB Elimination Program 2025;

    Mains: Governance; Health Care Syatem in India; Issues  related to TB and measures;

    Mentor comments:  Globally, and in India, tuberculosis (TB) continues to loom large as a public health challenge impacting millions. About 85% of people who develop TB can be successfully treated with drug regimens of 6 months. Universal health coverage (UHC) is necessary to ensure that all those with the disease can access these treatments. Today although India aims for 2025, the recent TB elimination policy in India necessitates person-centered solutions to address the challenges of tuberculosis effectively. 

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    On account of World TB Day (March 24), we must recognize the needs and interests of TB patients, and the communities must form the basis of disease elimination.

    Context:

    • The theme for World TB Day 2024: ‘Yes! We can end TB!‘.
    • The MoHFW along with various development partners of the Health Ministry launched the Tuberculosis (TB) Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan in 2021 under the NSP India 2020–25 for TB Elimination in a major mission activity for ending the epidemic of TB by 2025.
    • Despite ambitious goals set by India’s health authorities to eliminate TB, the challenge is huge and progress is not fast enough. 
    Present Scenario:

    National Strategic Plan for Eliminating TB (2020-25): NSP India 2020–2025 intends to accelerate the national response to TB.
    The actions included:

    Provide top-priority reinforcements to the existing workforce;
    Scale up private provider engagement;
    Changes in approach from passive community to active community participation and ownership;
    Investment in TB surveillance staff and systems for accurate, complete and timely information;
    Deployment of new precision diagnostic tools;
    Support patients comprehensively throughout treatment;
    Redesign and pursue targeted active case finding;

    Deploy and evaluate ambitious plans to implement TB preventive treatment in households and other close contacts, children, People living with HIV (PLHIV), and other locally defined “high-risk” groups, using new and short regimens.

    Why there is a need for a person-centered approach to TB care and management?

    1) Need to Understand through shift paradigm:

    • TB as a human crisis: Tuberculosis is one of the ten major causes of mortality worldwide. The trend of increasing TB cases and drug resistance in India is very disturbing.
    • TB as a gendered crisis: Women and other gender minorities living in violently patriarchal societies face unique challenges in accessing timely diagnosis and treatment for TB. It is particularly difficult for gender minorities to seek care due to structural and social barriers, stigma in the health system, and widespread poverty.
    • TB as an economic challenge: The largest indirect cost of TB for a patient is income lost by being too sick to work. Studies suggest that on average three to four months of work time are lost, resulting in average lost potential earnings of 20% to 30% of annual household income.
    • TB as a Social and Environmental Challenge: For centuries, TB has been linked anecdotally with environmental risk factors that go hand-in-hand with poverty: indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, malnutrition, overcrowded living conditions, and excessive alcohol use.

    2) Care needs to be more Humane 

    • Need for Strengthening Community-Based Care: Efforts are needed to strengthen community-based TB care models, empowering frontline healthcare workers to deliver comprehensive care that is closer to where patients live.
    • Need for Mental Support: This is important as survivor narratives tell us the stigma, discrimination, and mental stress they go through, not to mention the side effects of treatment.
    • Need to address discrimination: While TB can affect people of any class, religion, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status, it disproportionately affects the most marginalized in society, including children, the urban poor, prisoners, and people living with HIV/AIDS. It is needed to address that disease has gone beyond being a health crisis alone.

    How technology can be tapped to address these challenges?

    • Leveraging technology and innovation: The adoption of AI and digital health solutions for TB diagnosis, adherence, and surveillance can revolutionize the way TB care is delivered and accessed in the country.
    • Working on treatments: The path to TB elimination in India requires a concerted effort to prioritize person-centered care, address social determinants of health, and embrace innovation. By investing in developing better vaccines, we can hope to ultimately eliminate this airborne disease.
      • The System for TB Elimination in the Private Sector (STEPS) has been introduced as a low-cost solution to address gaps in quality care for TB patients accessing the private sector.

    Conclusion: By adopting a holistic and person-centered approach, India can overcome the barriers that stand in the way of TB control and create a healthier future for all its citizens.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/tb-control-in-india-calls-for-person-centred-solutions/article67988183.ece

  • Charting women’s trajectory in parliaments globally

    Why in the news? 

    The year 2024 is being hailed as the biggest year for democracy, with 45% of the global population preparing to exercise their voting rights or having already cast their ballots

    Context:

    • Women’s representation in political spheres improved in the latter half of the 20th century, with significant progress made in many nations in securing voting rights and parliamentary seats, and in climbing to the highest political offices.
    • Despite substantial gains, women continue to constitute a minority in most parliamentary bodies and are rarely seen in top political leadership positions.

    Major two observations in recent times:

    1) The share of countries with universal Right to Vote: Initially, there was a significant gap between men and women regarding political participation, with men gaining voting rights while women were excluded in many nations.

    • New Zealand’s Role: New Zealand stands out as a pioneer in breaking this pattern by granting universal suffrage to women in 1893, thus allowing them to vote alongside men.
    • Widening Gap: Despite women gaining suffrage in more countries, the gap between male and female political participation widened in the early 20th century. Men’s voting rights continued to expand while women remained excluded in many places.
    • World War II: By the onset of World War II, men had voting rights in a higher proportion of countries compared to women. The disparity was stark, with men having voting rights in one out of three countries, while women had them in only one out of six countries.
    • Rapid Closure of the Gap: The gap between male and female political participation rapidly closed after the discrimination against women in voting rights ended in many countries. Both men and women gained the right to vote in many nations, leading to greater equality in political participation.

    2) Gender gap in the Chief-executive roles: “Chief-executive” refers to the head of state or head of government, depending on who holds more power within the political system. While women’s representation in parliament is crucial, it’s equally important for women to hold the highest political office in a country.

    • Gender Disparity in Political Chief Executives: Data from the V-Dem project indicates a significant gender gap in political chief executives. At any given time, the vast majority of political chief executives have been men.
    • Limited Increase in Female Leadership: Over the last three decades, there has been a slight increase in the proportion of countries led by women. However, the overall share of countries where women occupy the post of chief executive remains low, accounting for less than 10%.
    • Persistent Gender Disparity: Despite some progress, the data underscores the persistent gender disparity in holding the highest political office globally. Women continue to be underrepresented in top political leadership positions.

    Global Scenario for women’s share as a Parliamentarian:

    • Absence of Women in National Parliaments: In the early 20th century, women were largely absent from national parliaments across the globe.
      • Norway marked a significant milestone in 1907 when women first entered parliament. Nearly 10% of the parliamentary seats were occupied by women, indicating progress in political representation.
    • Surge in Women Entering Parliament: The latter half of the 20th century witnessed a notable increase in the number of women entering parliaments worldwide.
      • This trend of increasing female representation in parliaments accelerated notably in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
    • Rwanda’s Remarkable Achievement: Rwanda stands out as a remarkable example, with its parliamentary composition surpassing the 50% mark for women’s representation in 2008. This achievement set a notable precedent for gender equality in political representation.
    • Other Countries’ Progress: In 2008, several other countries, including Argentina, Cuba, Finland, and Sweden, had significant proportions of women parliamentarians, ranging between 40% and 50%. This indicates a global trend toward greater gender parity in political representation.

    Recent Trend since 2022:

     

    • Low Representation in Many Countries: Despite advancements, women’s political representation remains constrained and inconsistent globally. Women constitute approximately half of the population but are significantly underrepresented in parliaments worldwide.
    • Persistent Gender Gap: Only a few countries have achieved gender parity in political representation, where women make up about half of all representatives. In the majority of countries, the share of women in parliament remains low. As of 2022, in nearly 60 countries, women’s representation in parliament was 20% or less.
    • Extreme Cases: In three countries, no women are represented in parliament, indicating extreme gender disparities in political participation and representation.

    Suggestive Measures to improve Women’s representation in Parliament:

    • Implement Quotas for Female Representation: Setting quotas for the number of women parliamentarians has proven effective in increasing female representation. Countries with quotas have significantly higher percentages of women in parliament compared to those without quotas
    • End Violence Against Women in Politics: Gender-based violence, including physical, sexual, and psychological violence, is a significant barrier for women in politics. Establishing measures to combat violence, harassment, and hate speech is crucial to creating a safer environment for women parliamentarians
    • Increase Women’s Participation in Media: Addressing gender stereotypes perpetuated by the media is essential. Media coverage often focuses on irrelevant aspects of women politicians’ lives, reinforcing stereotypes. Educating journalists and monitoring media coverage can help combat gender bias and promote a more balanced portrayal of women in politics
    • Expand Participation through Women’s Caucuses: Women’s parliamentary caucuses provide a platform for women to amplify their voices and influence in parliament. Supporting these caucuses with resources, leadership, and organizational backing can empower women to promote legal reforms and advocate for gender equality in politics

    Significant steps taken to improve women’s participation in parliament

    • Gender Quota Legislation: India has approved a landmark bill reserving 33% of seats in parliament for women. This quota is expected to lead to the promotion of women-friendly policies related to health, education, and jobs.  
    • Political Will and Proactive Measures: Despite challenges and slow progress, there is a growing recognition of the importance of women’s representation in Indian politics. Some political parties are taking proactive measures to nominate more women for assembly and parliament elections. However, there is a need for greater political will to address gender disparities and ensure a more inclusive political landscape
    • Empowerment through Representation: Increasing women’s representation in political parties and building a pipeline of female leaders are crucial steps to enhance women’s political participation.

    Conclusion: Despite strides, global women’s political representation remains low. Quotas, combatting violence, media reform, and supporting women’s caucuses are vital to enhancing female participation in parliaments and fostering inclusive democracy.

    Practice questions for the Mains

    Q) Discuss the trajectory of women’s representation in global parliaments, highlighting persistent gender disparities and measures to enhance female participation. (250 words)

     

  • Postal Ballot Voting: Eligibility and Process for Lok Sabha elections 2024

    Why in the news?

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced that media persons covering “polling day activities” are now eligible to vote in the upcoming Lok Sabha elections 2024 and state Assembly polls through postal ballots.

    What are Postal Ballots?

    • Postal ballots, also known as mail-in ballots, allow registered voters to cast their votes by mail instead of physically going to a polling station.
    • It is governed by the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961.
    • This system serves as a convenient alternative for individuals unable to vote in person due to various circumstances, such as being away from their home constituency, facing a disability, or performing essential services on Election Day.

    Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS)

     

    • The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 was amended in 2016 to allow service voters to use the ETPBS. Under this system, postal ballots are sent electronically to registered service voters.
    • The service voter can then download the ETPB (along with a declaration form and covers), register their mandate on the ballot and send it to the returning officer of the constituency via ordinary mail.
    • The post will include an attested declaration form (after being signed by the voter in the presence of an appointed senior officer who will attest it).

    Who is eligible to cast their vote through postal ballots?

    Eligible electors who can opt to vote through postal ballots include:

    • Special voters: It includes President of India, Vice President, Governors, and Union Cabinet ministers, Speaker of the House and government officers on poll duty.
    • Service voters: Members of the armed forces, paramilitary forces, and government employees deployed on election duty far from their home constituencies.
    • Absentee voters: Individuals unable to vote in person due to reasons like work commitments, illness, or disability. Senior citizens above 80 years are also included.
    • Electors on election duty: Government officials and polling staff assigned duties at polling stations other than their own.
    • Electors under preventive detention: Individuals detained under preventive custody orders during the election period.
    • Divyangjans: In October 2019, the Ministry of Law and Justice amended the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, lowered the age from 85 to 80 and allowed Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) to cast votes through postal ballots in the 2020 Delhi Assembly polls.
    • Essential services covering polling day activities: Media persons with authorisation letters from the EC and those involved in essential services such as metros, railways, and healthcare have the option to vote using postal ballots in Lok Sabha and four state Assembly polls.

    Applying for a postal ballot

    • To apply for a postal ballot, eligible voters must apply, Form 12 D, to the returning officer (RO) of their respective constituency.
    • The application typically requires personal details, voter identification information, and the reason for seeking a postal ballot.
    • For service voters, the RO sends the postal ballot paper through the record office, directly or through the Ministry of External Affairs for service voters serving outside India.
    • For senior citizens, a team of two polling officials, a videographer, and security personnel will visit the residence of the elector to facilitate this process.

    What is the process of postal voting?

    • Receiving the postal ballot: Once approved, the RO sends the postal ballot to the voter’s registered address, including the ballot paper, declaration form, secrecy sleeve, and pre-paid return envelope.
    • Marking the ballot: Voters mark their preferred candidate(s) on the ballot paper in the secrecy sleeve to ensure confidentiality.
    • Completing the declaration form: Voters fill out the declaration form, providing their signature and other relevant details.
    • Sealing the envelope: Voters seal the marked ballot paper and declaration form inside the secrecy sleeve and place it into the pre-paid return envelope.
    • Returning the postal ballot: Voters affix the postage stamp and mail the return envelope to the designated address within the specified time.

    Counting of postal ballots

    • Postal ballots are counted separately from votes cast at polling stations.
    • On the designated counting day, postal ballots are collected by postal authorities and brought to the counting centre.
    • The RO and election officials scrutinise postal ballots for validity and integrity, adding valid ballots to the respective candidate’s vote count.

     

    PYQ:

    Q.For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by-

    1. Anyone residing in India.
    2. A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
    3. Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.
    4. Any citizen of India.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Q.Consider the following statements:

    1. The right to cast vote is not a fundamental right
    2. NRI settled in foreign land can become an elector in the electoral roll in India
    3. Individuals in lawful custody of the police and those serving a sentence of imprisonment after conviction cannot vote

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 1,2 and 3

  • [23 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Two wars, the consequences for America’s standing

    Relevance: GS II (International Relations)

    Prelims- Conflict zone with geographical location

    Mains- Impact of conflict over world 

    Why in the news? 

    The extent to which the Ukraine and Gaza wars will be influenced by U.S. election-year politics versus following their own course remains uncertain.

    The U.S. and the Ukraine War /  Ukraine War influenced by US election- 

    • Global Issues and U.S. Elections: The conflicts in Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas are unfolding amidst the lead-up to the U.S. presidential elections in November 2024. The extent to which these conflicts will be influenced by election-year politics versus their own course is unclear, but the U.S. plays a significant role in both.
    • U.S. Assistance to Ukraine: The U.S. has provided substantial military and civil aid to Ukraine, totaling $75 billion since February 2022. However, an additional $60 billion in assistance has been held up in the U.S. Congress, potentially impacting Ukraine’s military capabilities.
    • Uncertainty Surrounding Further U.S  Military Aid: There is uncertainty about whether the U.S. will provide further military aid to Ukraine in 2024, as a new package approved by the Senate needs to pass the House of Representatives.
    • U.S. Position on Ukraine Conflict: The U.S. aims to prevent a Russian victory in Ukraine but also wants to avoid further escalation or prolongation of the conflict.
    • Political Dynamics in the U.S. Congress: Speaker Mike Johnson faces challenges in passing the Senate bill for further military aid to Ukraine in the House of Representatives, as it may lead to divisions within the Republican Party.

    Israel and its Gaza actions/ criticism of Israel action by USA-

    • U.S. Concerns and Criticisms: President Joe Biden and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer have publicly raised concerns about Israeli strategy in the conflict with Hamas, signaling a shift in public sentiment within the Democratic Party and the liberal Jewish-American community.
    • Criticism of Netanyahu’s Leadership: Former U.S. official Richard N. Haass, along with others, criticizes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s handling of the conflict, suggesting it has damaged Israel’s relationship with the U.S. and caused harm to innocent Palestinians.
    • Israeli Military Actions in Gaza: The destruction in Gaza due to Israeli military operations is highlighted, with concerns about potential further civilian casualties if Israeli forces target Rafah.
    • Netanyahu’s Political Motivations: Netanyahu’s motivations are questioned, with suggestions that his actions are primarily driven by his own political survival rather than strategic considerations.

    The Trump factor/ Trump’s potential impact on the situation are-

    • Potential Disruption with Trump Victory: A victory for Mr. Trump in the upcoming U.S. election could lead to significant disruptions in U.S. policy, particularly regarding Ukraine. Trump’s policies towards Ukraine are expected to differ from those of the current administration.
    • Continued Support for Israel: Trump is likely to maintain strong support for Israel, as evidenced by his decision to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital.
    • Implications for NATO and European Security: A Trump victory may lead to uncertainty and shifts in U.S. commitment to NATO and European security. European allies are concerned about filling potential gaps left by a change in U.S. policy.
    • Potential Ukrainian Collapse: The momentum in the conflict is currently with Russia, and if Ukraine is unable to regain it and the U.S. decides to step aside, there is a possibility of a Ukrainian collapse.
    • Wider Consequences: American unreliability in European security matters could have broader consequences, impacting alliance relationships in the Indo-Pacific region, including with countries like South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and India.

    Impact of Gaza crises on Ukraine war –

    • Diverting attention- The conflict in the Middle East, particularly the Israel-Hamas war, is diverting attention away from Russia’s war in Ukraine, benefiting Russia by shifting focus from its aggression against Ukraine
    • Support from Africa and Latin America- Russia is seeking allies globally to support its interests, especially in Africa and Latin America, as part of a strategy that started under Vladimir Putin’s leadership
    • Decline in Moscow’s influence Israel-Hamas conflict serves as a distraction from the war in Ukraine but poses risks for Russia, potentially leading to a decline in Moscow’s influence in the Middle East regardless of the conflict’s outcome

    Conclusion-

    The conflicts in Ukraine and Israel’s actions in Gaza are intertwined with U.S. politics, especially the upcoming presidential elections. U.S. assistance to Ukraine faces uncertainty, while criticism of Israel’s actions and concerns about a potential Trump victory add complexity to the situation.

    Prelims PYQ-

    Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of the global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective? (UPSC IAS/2011)

    a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War

    b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India

    c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period

    d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian oceans and its pre-eminent maritime character

    Mains PYQ-

    Q-There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/two-wars-the-consequences-for-americas-standing/article67981473.ece#:~:text=the%20Ukraine%20war-,The%20Israel%2DHamas%20and%20the%20Ukraine%20wars%20are%20two%20important,own%20future%20course%20is%20unclear.

  • China objects to US recognizing Arunachal as Indian Territory

    Why in the news? 

    China on Thursday said it firmly opposes the US recognition of Arunachal Pradesh as part of Indian territory

    Context-

    • China’s strong reaction came hours after US State Department Principal Deputy Spokesperson Vedant Patel’s remarks that the United States “recognises Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory.
    • US representative strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions or encroachments, military or civilian, across the Line of Actual Control.

    Border Issues between Indian and China-

    • Aksai Chin: China administers it as part of Xinjiang, while India claims it as part of Ladakh.Aksai Chin holds strategic importance due to its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its potential as a military route.
    • Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entire state as “South Tibet,” while India administers it as a northeastern state.
    • Lack of Clear Demarcation: The border between India and China lacks clear demarcation throughout. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) was established after the 1962 Indo-China war, contributing to the complexity of the situation.Absence of a mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC) along certain stretches leads to ambiguity and potential for conflicts.

    Military Standoffs between India and China- 

    • 1962 Sino-Indian War– It was a conflict over border disputes, primarily centered around Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, resulting in a decisive victory for China.
    • Confrontations have escalated since 2013-The most serious  conflict were in Galwan Valley in Ladakh in 2020 and in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh in 2022.

    Border Dispute Settlement Mechanisms between India and China-

    • Panchsheel Agreement of 1954: The Panchsheel doctrine distinctly expressed a commitment to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
    • Peace and Tranquility Agreements1993: Both countries have signed several agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquility along the border, such as the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the India-China Border Areas signed in 1993.
    • The Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the LAC- It was signed in 1996, which laid down pledges on non-aggression, prior notification of large troop movements, and exchange of maps to resolve disagreements over the LAC.
    • Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC): This mechanism, established in 2012, aims to address day-to-day management of the border, enhance communication, and prevent misunderstandings or conflicts.
    • Joint Military Exercises: India and China occasionally conduct joint military exercises aimed at improving mutual understanding and cooperation, which indirectly contributes to confidence-building measures. For example Hand in Hand.

    Suggestive measures to resolve the border dispute between India and China:

    • Diplomatic Dialogue: Both countries should engage in sustained diplomatic negotiations at various levels to address the underlying issues causing the dispute.
    • Bilateral Agreements: Continuation and reinforcement of existing bilateral agreements aimed at maintaining peace and tranquillity along the border.
    • Border Management Mechanisms: Strengthening and enhancing border management mechanisms such as Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs) and the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) to effectively manage and resolve disputes.
    • Clarification of LAC: Work towards mutual clarification and delineation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to reduce ambiguity and prevent misunderstandings.
    • Disengagement and De-escalation: Prioritize efforts to disengage troops and de-escalate tensions in disputed areas along the border.
    • Conflict Prevention: Implement measures aimed at preventing confrontations and conflicts, such as prior notification of military exercises and troop movements.
    • Third-Party Mediation: Consider the involvement of neutral third-party mediators or international organizations to facilitate dialogue and negotiation.
    • People-to-People Contacts: Promote cultural and people-to-people exchanges to foster better understanding and trust between the two nations.

    How USA can help to resolve border dispute between India and China- 

    • Facilitate Diplomatic Dialogue: The USA can encourage and facilitate diplomatic dialogue between India and China to resolve the border dispute peacefully.
    • Mediation Role: Offer to mediate or provide assistance as a neutral third-party mediator if both parties consent to such involvement.
    • Provide Strategic Support: Offer strategic support and expertise in conflict resolution to help address the complex issues underlying the dispute.
    • Pressure for Peaceful Resolution: Use diplomatic channels to exert pressure on both India and China to prioritize peaceful resolution of the dispute.
    • Regional Stability: Emphasize the importance of resolving the border dispute for regional stability and economic development.
    • Support Existing Mechanisms: Support existing border dispute settlement mechanisms, such as the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC), through funding or technical assistance.

    Conclusion-

    China’s objection to the US recognizing Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory underscores the need for diplomatic dialogue. The US can play a constructive role by facilitating negotiations and supporting existing mechanisms for peaceful resolution. 

  • How House terms and poll schedules are decided

    Why in the news? 

    • The date of counting for Assembly elections in Arunachal and Sikkim has been advanced by two days to make sure that the terms of their existing Houses don’t end before the election process is complete.

    Context-

    • The Election Commission of India (ECI) holds a crucial responsibility in coordinating and supervising electoral procedures nationwide.
    • This encompasses setting timetables for elections to legislative bodies like state assemblies and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

    What was the original schedule for the election and counting in these two states? (2024)

    • Schedule Announcement: The schedule for Assembly elections in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, as well as the Lok Sabha elections, was announced on March 16. The Assembly elections in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim were set to be notified on March 20.
    • Nomination Period: Candidates could file their nominations for the elections until March 27.
    • Withdrawal Period: The deadline for withdrawing nominations was set for March 30.
    • Date of Polling: Both Assembly and Lok Sabha elections were scheduled to take place on April 19, marking the first phase of polling.
    • Seven-Phase Lok Sabha Elections: The Lok Sabha elections were planned to be held in seven phases on the following dates: April 19, April 26, May 7, May 13, May 20, May 26, and June 1.
    • One-Day Elections: Twenty-two states and Union Territories, including Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, were scheduled to conduct one-day elections.
    • Counting Date: Counting for all seats in the Lok Sabha and the four Assemblies would occur on June 4, according to the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Rajiv Kumar.

    So what has changed now?

    • Change in Counting Date: The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced a change in the counting date for Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim from June 4 to June 2.
    • Reason for Change: ECI officials stated that the decision to change the counting date was made after realizing that the terms of the Assemblies in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim were ending on June 2.
    • Completion of Election Process: The decision to bring forward the counting date was based on the constitutional mandate that the election process must be completed before the term of an Assembly ends.
    • Ensuring Constitutional Compliance: By adjusting the counting date to align with the end of the Assembly terms, the ECI ensures that the electoral process remains per constitutional requirements.

    What exactly does the Constitution say about the terms of state Assemblies and Lok Sabha?

    • Lok Sabha Term: Article 83(2) outlines that the Lok Sabha unless sooner dissolved, continues for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. Similar to state Assemblies, the expiration of the five years leads to the dissolution of the House.
    • State Assembly Term: Article 172(1) of the Constitution specifies that every Legislative Assembly of every State shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting unless sooner dissolved. The expiration of the five years results in the dissolution of the Assembly.
    • Extension of Assembly Term: During a Proclamation of Emergency, Parliament has the authority to extend the term of the Assembly by up to one year at a time, not exceeding six months after the Proclamation ceases to operate.

    How does this apply to the Assemblies of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim?

    • Constitutional Mandate: The Constitution mandates that the term of Legislative Assemblies lasts for five years from the date of their first meeting unless dissolved earlier.
    • Completion of Electoral Process: With the term of the Assemblies ending on June 2, 2024, the electoral process, including voting and counting, must be completed before this date to ensure a smooth transition to the new Assemblies.

    What are the things that the ECI looks at while fixing the election schedule?

    • Factors Considered by ECI: The Election Commission of India (ECI) considers various factors while fixing the election schedule, including weather conditions, festivals, important examinations, availability of school buildings for polling stations, and mobilization of teachers for election duty.
    • Logistical Considerations: The ECI takes into account the country’s historical and geographic situation, as well as logistical requirements such as moving security forces to ensure free and fair elections.
    • Term of the Legislature: The date of expiration of the term of the legislature is the primary consideration for fixing the election schedule. This date is known five years in advance, calculated from the date of the first sitting of the existing House.
    • Completion of Election Process: The ECI aims to complete the election process at least one day before the end of the term of the House. Results are declared a few days prior, allowing time for documentation and other formalities.

    Has something similar occurred earlier too? 

    • Change in Counting Date in Andhra Pradesh (2004): In 2004, the Election Commission of India (ECI) scheduled the counting of votes for the Assembly election in Andhra Pradesh on May 11, two days earlier than the scheduled counting for Lok Sabha and other states. This adjustment was made because the tenure of the Assembly in Andhra Pradesh was set to end on May 13.
    • Changes for Festivals or Locally Relevant Events: The ECI has made changes to the announced election schedule to accommodate festivals or locally relevant events. For example, in Mizoram in the previous year, the date of counting for the Assembly election was changed from December 3 to December 4 to avoid a clash with Sunday, which holds special significance for the Christian-majority population.
    • Delinking Counting in Specific States: The ECI has previously drawn up schedules that delink the counting in a particular state from the counting in the rest of the country or from the counting of other elections held simultaneously. This strategy allows for the smooth conduct of elections while respecting the constitutional timeline for the end of the term of the House.

    Conclusion:

    The Election Commission adjusts the counting date for Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim Assemblies to align with the constitutional mandate. Factors like legislative terms, logistical considerations, and past precedents guide the ECI in fixing election schedules.

    Mains PYQ-

    Q- Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • [pib] India to co-chair of its ITU Digital Innovation Board

    What is the news-

    • Neeraj Mittal, Secretary of the Department of Telecommunications, Government of India was unanimously elected as co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

    About ITU Digital Innovation Board

     

    • This board is established under the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance for Digital Development.
    • It comprises of Ministers and Vice Ministers of Telecom/ICT of 23 Member Countries.
    • The Alliance establishes the Board to provide strategic guidance, expertise and advocacy regarding its mission of building critical local enablers.

     

    Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance

     

    • ITU has started this Alliance to respond to significant unmet needs of ITU Membership in the area of innovation.
    • It is based on the Kigali Action Plan adopted at the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2022 (WTDC-22) and the Outcomes of the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2022 (PP-22).
    • The Alliance has three main vehicles: –
    1.     Digital Transformation Lab
    2.     Network of Acceleration Centres
    3.     Digital Innovation Board

    What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?

    • The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for issues related to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
    • It was established in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, making it one of the oldest international organizations.
    • In 1932, the organization was renamed the International Telecommunication Union to reflect its broader mandate.
    • It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Its functions include:
    1. Allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits,
    2. Develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and
    3. Strives to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

    Membership:

    • ITU’s membership includes 193 member states (countries) and over 900 private sector entities, including telecommunications companies, equipment manufacturers, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
    • India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869 and has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952.

    PYQ:

    2020: In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of

    1. Digital security infrastructure
    2. Food security infrastructure
    3. Healthcare and education infrastructure
    4. Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

     

    Practise MCQ:

    The global telecom body International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recently elected India as the co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board. Which of the following statements about ITU is/are correct?

    1. It is the United Nations specialised agency for Information and Communication Technologies.
    2. Its entry is open to all countries, Private Companies as well as institutions.
    3. India has been a member of ITU since 1869.

    Select the correct option:

    1. All are correct
    2. Only 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 1 and 2

  • World Happiness Report, 2024: Key Highlights

    What is the news-

    • India was ranked 126th out of 143 nations in the World Happiness Report 2024, a global happiness index which was released, March 20 to mark the UN’s International Day of Happiness.

    About the World Happiness Report

    • The WHR is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    • It is released in partnership by Gallup, the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the World Happiness Report’s Editorial Board
    • It measures three main well-being indicators: life evaluations, positive emotions, and negative emotions (described in the report as positive and negative affect).
    • The report considers six key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, and the absence of corruption.
    • It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.

    Key Highlights of the 2024 Report

    • Top: For the seventh successive year, Finland topped the list of the happiest countries in the world.
    • Runner-ups: The other countries in the top ten were Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Australia.
    • Bottom: Afghanistan was at the bottom of the list.

    Indian Scenario

    • Ranking: India maintains its position at 126th in the happiness index. Surprisingly, it is behind Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Palestine and Niger.
    • Neighbourhood: China was ranked 60th, Nepal at 93, Pakistan at 108, Myanmar at 118, Sri Lanka at 128 and Bangladesh at 129th spots.
    • Influencing Factors: Marital status, social engagement, physical health, and satisfaction with living arrangements influence life satisfaction among older Indians.
    • Gendered Happiness: Older Indian women tend to report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors and health challenges.
    • Key Predictors: Factors like education level, social caste, social support, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health significantly impact life satisfaction among older Indians.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following?

    1. Amnesty International
    2. International Court of Justice
    3. The Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights
    4. World Justice Project

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the World Happiness Report, 2024, consider the following statements:

    1. The report is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    2. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.
    3. India’s ranking has been consistently improved in this report in last two years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None