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GS Paper: GS3

  • India’s Dhvani Hypersonic Missile

    Why in the News?

    The DRDO is preparing for the maiden test of the “Dhvani” hypersonic missile.

    About the Dhvani Missile and Its Features

    • Overview: The Dhvani hypersonic missile is being developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as part of its advanced hypersonic weapons programme.
    • Type: It is designed as a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) — a next-generation missile system capable of travelling at hypersonic speeds (beyond Mach 5 or over 7,400 km/h) while performing sharp maneuvers at high altitudes.
    • Range and Speed:
      • Expected operational range: 6,000–10,000 km, potentially doubling the reach of India’s Agni-V ICBM.
      • Speed: Exceeds Mach 5, making interception nearly impossible with current missile defence systems.
    • Flight Mechanism:
      • Launched to extreme altitudes before entering a glide phase in the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds.
      • The glide vehicle can change direction mid-course, allowing unpredictable trajectories that evade radar and anti-missile systems.
    • Design and Engineering:
      • Length: ~9 metres; Width: ~2.5 metres.
      • Blended Wing-Body Configuration: Enhances lift and stability while reducing aerodynamic drag.
      • Thermal Protection System: Uses ultra-high-temperature ceramic composites capable of withstanding 2,000–3,000°C during re-entry.
      • Stealth Features: Angled surfaces and smooth contours minimise radar cross-section, making it virtually undetectable to enemy radars.
    • Development Heritage:
      • Builds upon DRDO’s success with the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), which validated India’s scramjet propulsion and heat-resistant materials.
      • Represents the transition from technology demonstrator to operational weapon system, signalling India’s arrival in the hypersonic era.

    Comparison with Global Hypersonic Systems:

    System Name Type Speed (Mach) Operational Status
    Russia Avangard HGV 20+ Deployed
    China DF-ZF HGV 10 Deployed
    United States Dark Eagle / HACM Hypersonic Glide / Cruise 8–10 In testing
    India Dhvani (HGV) Hypersonic Glide Vehicle 5–6+ Pre-test stage (2025)

    Strategic Significance for India:

    • Global Standing: Positions India alongside the U.S., Russia, and China in the exclusive club of hypersonic powers, showcasing its advanced defence R&D capacity.
    • Regional Deterrence: Creates a technological and strategic edge over Pakistan and provides a credible counterbalance to China’s hypersonic arsenal.
    • Survivability and Precision: The missile’s speed, stealth, and maneuverability make interception nearly impossible while enabling pinpoint strikes on both land and sea targets.
    • Indigenous Achievement: Developed entirely through Indian expertise, aligning with the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision in critical defence technologies.
    • Force Multiplier: Strengthens India’s nuclear deterrent and strategic triad, ensuring readiness for long-range precision and deterrence missions.
    [UPSC 2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.

    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.

    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only  (b) 2 and 3 only  (c) 1 and 3 only  (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • News specie “Chlorophytum vanapushpam” found

    Why in the News?

    Researchers have discovered a new species of perennial herb Chlorophytum vanapushpam from the Vagamon hills of Idukki district, Kerala.

    Chlorophytum vanapushpam

    About Chlorophytum vanapushpam:

    • Discovery & Location: Newly discovered perennial herb of the Asparagaceae family, identified in Vagamon and Neymakkad hills (Idukki, Kerala) within the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.
    • Name & Meaning: “Vanam” (forest) + “Pushpam” (flower) = forest flower.
    • Publication & Context: Reported in Phytotaxa, reaffirming the Western Ghats as the centre of origin for the Chlorophytum genus (18 Indian species).
    • Related Species: Closely allied to C. borivilianum (safed musli) but differs in form and lacks underground tubers.

    Key Features:

    • Growth Form: Herb up to 90 cm tall, clinging to rocky hill slopes.
    • Habitat & Range: Found between 700 m – 2,124 m elevation in moist, rocky terrains.
    • Leaves & Flowers: Slender, grass-like leaves; white clustered blossoms.
    • Reproduction: Seeds 4–5 mm; flowering and fruiting Sep–Dec.
    [UPSC 2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp.

    In which part of India has it been discovered?

    Options: (a) Andaman Islands * (b) Anaimalai Forests (c) Maikala Hills (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast

     

  • [6th October 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Treating employment as a national priority

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity. Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity

    Linkage: The article highlights that India needs consistent, job-oriented growth policies focusing on labour-intensive sectors like textiles, tourism, and MSMEs to ensure “growth with jobs” rather than jobless productivity gains — directly aligning with the UPSC 2022 question’s call for a balanced growth pattern.

    Mentor’s Comment

    Employment generation is not just an economic issue, it is the moral and strategic foundation of India’s long-term growth story. As India moves toward Viksit Bharat 2047, it must transform its demographic dividend into productive employment. This article explores why employment must be treated as a national mission, the urgent need for an integrated framework, and how inclusive job creation can become the cornerstone of equitable and resilient growth.

    Why in the News?

    India is standing at a historic demographic crossroads, poised to add 133 million people to its working-age population in the next 25 years, accounting for 18% of the global workforce addition. However, this window is closing fast, with the working population expected to peak by 2043. Despite multiple government schemes, India still lacks a unified national framework for employment and livelihoods. Sanjiv Bajaj, Past President of CII, argues for treating employment as a national priority through a coherent, multi-level policy that integrates growth, skilling, social protection, and mobility. This issue is not merely about job numbers; it’s about ensuring equity, inclusion, and sustainable economic resilience. In a consumption-driven economy like India, employment is both the driver and the outcome of growth.

    India’s Employment Challenge: The Demographic Window is Closing

    1. Demographic Dividend – India will add 133 million working-age individuals by 2047, nearly 18% of global addition, creating a unique window for productivity gains.
    2. Limited Timeframe – Worker population expected to peak by 2043, after which the demographic advantage will fade.
    3. Risk of Wasted Potential – Without large-scale, quality employment, India risks a demographic disaster rather than a dividend.
    4. Consumption Linkage – Quality jobs at scale broaden consumption, ensuring equitable and stable growth.

    Why a Unified Employment Policy is the Need of the Hour?

    1. Fragmented Efforts – Despite initiatives like Skill India, PMEGP, and social security schemes, India lacks an Integrated National Employment Policy (INEP).
    2. Need for Coordination – Employment generation spans multiple ministries — Labour, Skill Development, Industry, and Education — requiring unified planning and execution.
    3. Institutional Mechanism – Bajaj recommends an Empowered Group of Secretaries for oversight and District Planning Committees for implementation.
    4. Policy Alignment – Trade, industrial, education, and labour policies must be synchronised to ensure job-oriented growth.

    Bridging the Demand–Supply Divide in Labour Markets

    1. Demand-Side Drivers – Growth in high-employment-potential sectors like textiles, tourism, healthcare, agro-processing, real estate, and MSMEs.
    2. Supply-Side Gaps – Low employability of graduates, outdated curricula, and poor skilling alignment with emerging technologies (AI, robotics, green tech).
    3. Policy Reform – Curricula revamp, vocational training integration, and targeted skilling to meet industry needs.
    4. Mobility Barriers – Need for Centre–State cooperation on migration policies and worker support systems to promote “One India for Employment”.

    Labour Codes, Urban Employment, and MSME Empowerment

    1. Labour Code Implementation – Timely execution of the four Labour Codes is critical, with clear transition and business support guidelines.
    2. MSMEs as Job Engines – Employing over 25 crore people, MSMEs need enhanced access to finance, markets, and technology to drive “growth with jobs.”
    3. Urban Employment Guarantee – Piloting schemes in selected cities can address urban job distress, akin to MGNREGA for urban India.
    4. Regional Focus – Targeted interventions in 100 underdeveloped districts and rural internships for graduates can promote balanced employment.

    The Gig Economy Revolution

    1. Current Size – The gig economy currently employs 80 lakh–1.8 crore workers, expected to rise to 9 crore by 2030.
    2. Opportunity for Formalisation – With Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities participating, gig platforms can transform informal work into semi-formal, tech-enabled livelihoods.
    3. National Gig Policy – Should ensure worker protection, financial inclusion, and social security, supported by a centralised worker registry.
    4. Workplace Dignity – Ensure fair contracts, safety standards, and grievance redressal mechanisms.

    Enhancing Female Labour Force Participation

    1. Current Gaps – India’s female labour force participation (FLFP) remains among the lowest globally.
    2. Policy Incentives – Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) schemes, childcare and eldercare infrastructure, and formalising Anganwadi and ASHA roles can improve participation.
    3. Societal Barriers – Campaigns must challenge gender norms restricting women’s economic mobility.
    4. Economic Multiplier – A 10% rise in FLFP could add up to $700 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 (McKinsey estimate).
    5. The Missing Link: Reliable Employment Data
      • Data Gaps – Existing surveys understate informal and rural employment realities.
      • Need for Real-Time Data – A dedicated task force must improve methodologies and reduce data publication lag.
    6. Policy Relevance – High-frequency data can guide interventions in dynamic sectors like gig work and MSMEs.

    Conclusion

    India’s demographic dividend offers a fleeting window to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth. Treating employment as a national priority through an integrated policy, labour reforms, skill alignment, and gender inclusion is essential. Generating growth with jobs will ensure equitable prosperity and long-term resilience. Employment, therefore, is not just an economic goal, it is the foundation of nation-building and social justice.

  • India’s direction for disaster resilience

    Introduction

    India’s approach to disaster management has entered a new phase, one that focuses not only on response and recovery but equally on risk reduction, preparedness, and resilience. With climate change intensifying heat waves, floods, and landslides, the country’s policy architecture, led by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), has embraced a multi-hazard, multi-stakeholder, and science-backed model. The guiding compass remains the Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction (2016), now reinforced by major financial and institutional reforms.

    Why in the News

    For the first time, India’s disaster management strategy has been fully integrated into public finance planning, through the 15th Finance Commission’s ₹2.28 lakh crore allocation for disaster risk reduction over five years. This is a paradigm shift: from ad hoc post-disaster relief to structured, science-driven, and nature-based risk mitigation. With new funding for fire safety, glacial risk monitoring, and bioengineering-led landslide prevention, the government’s efforts represent a bold move towards building a climate-resilient India. The initiative is also significant because it establishes clear budget-to-project chains, accountability mechanisms, and cross-institutional linkages, something missing in previous regimes.

    India’s Evolving Disaster Management Framework

    1. Multi-hazard nation: India faces diverse risks, floods, droughts, landslides, heat waves, cyclones, necessitating a multi-faceted approach.
    2. Shift in focus: Earlier systems were relief-centric; now, they integrate prevention, mitigation, capacity building, and sustainable reconstruction.
    3. Institutional leadership: The MHA and NDMA lead both pre- and post-disaster phases, ensuring coordination across States and institutions.
    4. Guiding vision: The Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda (2016) promotes risk-informed investments, community participation, and technology integration.

    How the 15th Finance Commission Redefined Disaster Financing

    • Historic allocation: ₹2.28 lakh crore ($30 billion) allocated over five years, a landmark in linking public finance with disaster resilience.
    • Segmented approach:
      • Preparedness and Capacity Building – 10%
      • Mitigation – 20%
      • Response – 40%
      • Reconstruction – 30%
    • End of debt dependency: Earlier, post-disaster reconstruction relied on multilateral loans; now, domestic fiscal mechanisms fill that gap.
    • Five priority reforms:
      1. Evaluate multi-hazard risks and prioritize them.
      2. Integrate scientific mitigation models into fiscal systems.
      3. Avoid duplication with other schemes.
      4. Enhance Centre-State and institutional synergy.
      5. Ensure light-touch regulation for flexibility and speed.

    Investing in Pre-Disaster Preparedness and Capacity Building

    1. Fire safety modernization: ₹5,000 crore earmarked for upgrading urban and rural fire infrastructure.
    2. Community-based volunteers: Apda Mitra and Yuva Apda Mitra programs train 2.5 lakh volunteers to act as first responders.
    3. Strengthening institutions:
      1. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) given a central role with geo-spatial training labs and action-based research.
      2. 36 streams of disaster management courses were introduced to mainstream DRR down to the panchayat level.
    4. Outcome: Shift from theoretical to practical, localised risk management.

    Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Adaptation

    1. ₹10,000 crore mitigation projects across States emphasize nature-based, long-term solutions.
    2. Bioengineering for landslides: Stabilizing slopes in Himalayan regions using vegetation and soil binding.
    3. Urban flood control: Revitalizing water bodies and green spaces to restore natural drainage.
    4. Glacial lake monitoring: Remote sensing and automated stations for real-time surveillance.
    5. Forest fire prevention: Creating break lines, rejuvenating water bodies, and fuel evacuation corridors.
    6. Brahmaputra beels rejuvenation: Ecological restoration to mitigate monsoon flooding.
    7. Precursor success: National Cyclone Mitigation Programme (2011–22): ₹5,000 crore initiative, drastically reduced coastal vulnerability through shelters, embankments, and early warnings.

    Building Technological and Institutional Resilience

    1. Advanced early warning systems: Multi-hazard platforms with seven-day lead time for cyclones.
    2. Common Alerting Protocol: Delivers region-specific alerts in local languages via multi-media.
    3. Human resource development:
      • Training at NIDM, NDRF Academy, and National Fire Service College for hundreds of officers annually.
      • Mock drills, school safety programmes, and local awareness drives improve community response.
      • Network of 327 universities: Build research and innovation pipelines for disaster science and policy.

    India’s Global Leadership in Disaster Resilience

    1. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI): India-led global initiative for climate-resilient infrastructure systems.
    2. Active participation: G-20, SCO, BIMSTEC, and IORA platforms for sharing best practices.
    3. Knowledge exchange: India’s experience in nature-based DRR and community-driven risk management now shaping global policy dialogues.

    Conclusion

    India’s journey from disaster relief to disaster resilience marks a tectonic policy evolution. With fiscal integration, scientific innovation, and community participation, the nation is shifting from reactive recovery to proactive risk management. The emerging focus on nature-based, sustainable, and locally-driven mitigation reflects India’s understanding that resilience is not built after a disaster, it is cultivated every day, across every sector.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2024] What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).

    Linkage: This PYQ is directly linked as the article highlights India’s evolving resilience framework under NDMA and the 15th Finance Commission, reflecting Sendai-aligned efforts to mainstream disaster risk reduction into national policy and finance.

  • Southeast Asia’s Coral Cryobank Initiative

    Why in the News?

    The Philippines is establishing Southeast Asia’s first Coral Larvae Cryobank at the Coral Triangle to preserve and restore coral species using advanced cryogenic techniques.

    What is the Coral Triangle?

    • Extent: A 5.7 million sq km marine zone covering Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.
    • Biodiversity: Hosts 76 % of coral species, 33 % of reef fish, 6 of 7 turtle species, and vast mangrove ecosystems.
    • Human Link: Supports 120 million people via fishing and tourism.
    • Threats: Facing global warming, coral bleaching, destructive fishing, and pollution; UNEP warns 90 % of reefs may vanish by 2050 if warming exceeds 1.5 °C — underscoring the Cryobank’s urgency.

    About Coral Cryobank Initiative:

    • Overview: A project to freeze and preserve coral larvae and symbiotic algae at ultra-low temperatures, ensuring long-term survival of coral genetic material.
    • Launch & Coordination: Initiated by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute, supported by Taiwan.
    • Regional Network: Links institutes across Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, forming a network of coral cryobanks within the Coral Triangle.
    • Cryopreservation Technique: Uses vitrification, where larvae are treated with cryo-protectants and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen (–196 °C); laser-assisted thawing revives and regrows them within milliseconds.
    • Model Species: Initially focuses on Pocillopora (cauliflower coral), later extending to Acropora and Galaxia, key reef-building corals.
    • Significance:
      • Genetic Insurance: Serves as a biological seed bank, conserving coral diversity for future reef restoration.
      • Scientific Breakthrough: Marks a milestone in marine cryobiology by preserving large, lipid-rich coral larvae.
      • Cooperation: Enhances Southeast Asian collaboration in marine science and conservation.
    [UPSC 2022] “Biorock Technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations?

    (a) Restoration of damaged coral reefs *

    (b) Development of building materials using plant residues

    (c) Identification of areas for exploration/extraction of shale gas

    (d) Providing salt licks for wild animals in forests.

     

  • Cyclone Shakhti forms over Arabian Sea

    Why in the News?

    The India Meteorological Department (IMD) confirmed the formation of Cyclone Shakthi (named by Sri Lanka) over the northeast Arabian Sea.

    About Cyclogenesis in the Arabian Sea:

    • Overview: Cyclogenesis is the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones under favourable oceanic and atmospheric conditions.
    • Seasonality: Most active during pre-monsoon (Apr–Jun) and post-monsoon (Oct–Dec) periods, when sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exceed 27 °C, moist convection intensifies, and the Coriolis effect induces rotation.
    • Formation Process: Warm moist air rises forming low pressure; latent heat of condensation deepens the system; upper-level outflow and low vertical wind shear sustain vertical growth, producing a warm eye with spiral rainbands.
    • Historical Pattern: The Arabian Sea was once less cyclone-prone than the Bay of Bengal due to cooler waters, dry winds, and high wind shear. Limited basin size and monsoon winds restricted cyclone growth.
    • Recent Change: Ocean warming and climate change have sharply increased cyclonic activity, making the region far more active in the last decade.
    • Rapid Intensification Trend: Short-term surges in wind speed (< 24 hrs) are now common, linked to warmer SSTs, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) shifts, and monsoon wind variability.
    • Oceanic–Climatic Drivers:
      • Indonesian Throughflow imports warm Pacific waters, raising SSTs.
      • Southern Ocean inflow brings cooler deep water, stabilising lower layers.
      • Dual cyclone seasons arise from monsoon wind reversal unique to the region.
    • Climate Change Impact:
      • IMD data show a 52 % rise in Arabian Sea cyclones in two decades, while Bay of Bengal activity slightly declined.
      • The Indian Ocean is among the fastest-warming oceans, increasing heat-moisture availability, altering global weather, and heightening coastal risks to life and infrastructure.

    Recent Examples:

    • Tauktae (2021) – winds > 185 km/h, heavy damage along Gujarat–Konkan.
    • Biparjoy (2023) – lasted 13 days, fed by SSTs ~31 °C.
    • Tej (2023) – hit Oman & Yemen, showing cross-basin movement.
    • Shakthi (2025) – latest late-season, fast-intensifying cyclone.

    Back2Basics: Tropical Cyclones

    • What is it: Large low-pressure systems over warm oceans, marked by rotating winds, heavy rain, and storm surges.
    • Conditions: Form when ocean temps >27°C, with moist rising air releasing latent heat to fuel convection.
    • Rotation: Driven by the Coriolis force – anticlockwise in Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in Southern.
    • Structure: Eye (calm), Eyewall (violent winds/rains), Rainbands (widespread showers).
    • Regional Names: Typhoons (Pacific), Hurricanes (Atlantic/Caribbean), Cyclones (Indian Ocean).
    • Drivers & Frequency: Common in Southeast Asia due to warm Pacific waters, El Niño/La Niña cycles, and climate change.
    • Impacts: Loss of life, property damage, flooding, soil salinisation, displacement, and disease outbreaks.
    • Climate Change Link: Global warming is making tropical cyclones stronger, less predictable, and more frequent, raising risks for coastal populations.

     

    [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only.

    2. Only some cyclones develop an eye.

    3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10°C lesser than that of the surroundings.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only* (d) 1 and 3 only

     

  • What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

    Why in the News?

    Major Indian private sector corporations expressed formal interest in setting up Small Modular Reactor (SMR)-based nuclear projects as part of the ‘Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMR)’ programme.

    What is the Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMR) Programme?

    • Overview: India’s flagship nuclear programme, led by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
    • Reactor Models:
      • BSMR-200 – 200 MWe Pressurized Water Reactor with passive safety.
      • BSR-220 – PHWR-based small reactor.
      • SMR-55 – 55 MWe PWR for captive or remote use.
    • Implementation: NPCIL retains ownership and operational control, while private companies fund and use generated power for captive needs. About 16 potential sites identified across Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.
    • Policy & Financing: ₹20,000 crore allocated under the Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat (2025-26) to operationalise five SMRs by 2033.
    • Private sector interest: Includes Reliance Industries, Tata Power, Adani Power, JSW Energy, Hindalco, and Jindal Steel & Power.
    • Reforms & Impact: Amendments to the Atomic Energy Act (1962) and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) are proposed to facilitate investment and technology sharing.

    About Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):

    • Concept: SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors generating up to 300 Megawatt electric (MWe) each — about one-third the size of conventional reactors. They are “modular”, meaning major components are factory-fabricated, transported, and assembled on-site, cutting cost and construction time.
    • Working Principle: Operate on nuclear fission (splitting Uranium-235 atoms) to produce heat that converts water into steam for turbines. Most use the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) design with passive safety systems that cool the reactor without human intervention.
    • Distinct Features:
      • Compact and Scalable – suitable for remote or repurposed sites.
      • Factory-built – ensures quality and quicker rollout.
      • Safer Design – smaller radioactive inventory, underground containment.
      • Flexible Use – can supply electricity, industrial heat, desalination, or hydrogen.
    • Global Examples:
      • Akademik Lomonosov (Russia) – world’s first floating SMR (70 MWe, 2020).
      • HTR-PM (China) – high-temperature gas-cooled SMR (2023).
      • Key developers: Rolls-Royce (UK), NuScale (US), GE-Hitachi, Westinghouse (AP-300).
    [UPSC 2012] To meet its rapidly growing energy demand, some opine that India should pursue research and development on thorium as the future fuel of nuclear energy. In this context, what advantage does thorium hold over uranium?

    1. Thorium is far more abundant in nature than uranium. 2. On the basis of per unit mass of mined mineral, thorium can generate more energy compared to natural uranium. 3. Thorium produces less harmful waste compared to uranium.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 *

     

  • [pib] Exercise KONKAN-25

    Why in the News?

    Exercise KONKAN-25 has commenced off the western coast of India, marking two decades of India–UK maritime cooperation.

    About Exercise KONKAN:

    • Nature & Objective: Exercise KONKAN is an annual bilateral maritime exercise between the Indian Navy and the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom.
    • Objective: To strengthen interoperability, joint maritime operations, and mutual understanding.
    • Origin: Initiated in 2004, the exercise has expanded into a multi-domain naval engagement involving surface, sub-surface, and aerial warfare.
    • Venue Rotation: Conducted alternately in Indian and UK waters, it symbolises the long-standing India–UK strategic defence partnership.
    • Vision: It aligns with the India–UK Vision 2035, promoting free, open, and rules-based seas across the Indo-Pacific.

    Key Features:

    • Two-Phase Format:
      • Harbour Phase – Professional interactions, cross-deck visits, sports & cultural events, subject-matter expert exchanges, and working group meetings.
      • Sea Phase – Complex operational drills including anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare, flying operations, seamanship drills, and live-fire gunnery.
    • Major Participants (2025):
      • India – Carrier Battle Group led by INS Vikrant, supported by destroyers, frigates, submarines, and naval air assets.
      • United Kingdom – Carrier Strike Group 25 (CSG-25) led by HMS Prince of Wales, joined by allies Norway (HNoMS Roald Amundsen) and Japan (JS Akebono).
    • Special Highlight: First-ever carrier strike group collaboration between India and the UK, marking a new milestone in joint naval power projection.
    [UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.

    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).

    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.

    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4*

     

  • India’s clean energy rise needs climate finance expansion

    Introduction

    India’s clean energy story has entered a defining phase. With 24.5 GW of solar capacity added in 2024, India now stands as the third-largest solar power contributor in the world, after China and the U.S. This achievement reflects not only technological progress but also the country’s growing global leadership in renewable energy. Yet, behind this success lies a serious constraint, the widening climate finance gap, estimated at over $2.5 trillion by 2030. Without adequate and innovative financing, India’s clean energy momentum risks slowing down, threatening its ability to stay on course for its 1.5°C-aligned climate targets.

    Why in the News

    India added 24.5 GW of solar capacity in 2024, emerging as the third largest contributor globally, after China and the U.S., a historic leap for a developing country. Recognised in the UN Secretary-General’s 2025 Climate Report alongside Brazil and China, India has shown that clean energy growth can power both employment (over 1 million jobs) and GDP (5% contribution). However, the optimism hides a crisis: a climate finance gap exceeding $2.5 trillion by 2030, threatening to stall India’s 1.5°C-aligned pathway. The stakes are massive — India’s global credibility, energy security, and development model now depend on how swiftly it can scale climate finance.

    The Economic Momentum of India’s Clean Energy Transition

    1. 24.5 GW solar addition (2024): Makes India the third-largest solar contributor globally, marking a defining milestone in renewable energy leadership.
    2. Global recognition: The UN 2025 Climate Report identifies India as a leading developing nation in scaling solar and wind energy.
    3. Employment boost: Renewable energy employed over 1 million people in 2023, with off-grid solar alone employing 80,000 (2021).
    4. GDP contribution: Renewables added 5% to India’s GDP growth, underscoring its macroeconomic importance.
    5. International Solar Alliance (ISA): India’s leadership in creating ISA has positioned it as a norm-setter in global clean energy diplomacy.

    Where Lies the Climate Finance Gap?

    Massive funding shortfall:

    1. $1.5 trillion required (IRENA) by 2030 for a 1.5°C pathway.
    2. $2.5 trillion+ estimated by the Ministry of Finance for national targets — double the earlier projections.
    3. Finance distribution gaps: Needed for battery storage, green hydrogen, grid strengthening, sustainable agriculture, and transport transition.

    Green bonds surge:

    1. Cumulative GSS+ debt issuance: $55.9 billion (2024), up 186% since 2021.
    2. Green bonds: Account for 83% of total sustainable issuance.
    3. Private sector dominance: 84% of green bond issuance.
    4. Key concern: MSMEs and agri-tech innovators face barriers in accessing concessional finance and risk-sharing tools.

    How Can India Unlock Climate Finance?

    1. Public finance as catalyst: National and State governments must use budget allocations and fiscal incentives to de-risk green investments.
    2. Blended finance models:
      • Credit enhancement tools (partial guarantees, subordinated debt) to improve risk-return profiles.
      • Performance or loan guarantees to unlock finance for Tier II & III cities.
    3. Domestic institutional capital:
      • Mobilising funds from EPFO, LIC, pension and insurance funds for green portfolios.
      • Requires regulatory reforms, ESG frameworks, and green project pipelines.

    Policy Innovations and Carbon Market Potential

    • Carbon Credit Trading Scheme: Offers a new finance stream, provided it remains transparent, regulated, and equitable.
    • Adaptation and Loss & Damage Financing: Focus must extend beyond mitigation to resilience building.
    • Tech-driven climate finance: 
      • Use of Blockchain for finance tracking.
      • AI-based risk assessment for green portfolios.
      • Tailored blended finance suited to India’s socio-economic landscape.

    Private Sector and Sovereign Initiatives in Climate Finance

    1. Sovereign Green Bonds: Successful issuance has crowded-in private capital for green projects.
    2. SEBI-regulated Social Bonds: Directed funds to education, healthcare, and climate action.
    3. Solar Park Scheme: Competitive auctions have encouraged private investment in large-scale solar infrastructure.

    Conclusion

    India’s clean energy transition stands at a defining crossroad — its success no longer depends on technology or intent, but on finance. The renewable boom has demonstrated economic and employment dividends, but without a parallel rise in climate finance mechanisms, it risks plateauing. To sustain momentum, India must blend innovation, public-private synergy, and institutional capital. The clean energy rise must now be matched by a climate finance revolution.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.

    Linkage: The article complements the 2022 question by highlighting that India’s progress toward meeting 50% renewable energy by 2030 hinges on bridging its $2.5 trillion climate finance gap. It emphasizes that shifting fiscal support and private capital from fossil fuels to renewables is crucial to sustain this transition.

  • A red sunset? Why Maoist movement is on the decline

    Introduction

    For nearly six decades, the Maoist insurgency has tested India’s state capacity, governance, and security architecture. Born from socio-economic inequalities and agrarian distress, it once posed a threat spanning the “Red Corridor” from Andhra Pradesh to Bihar. However, in 2025, India seems to be witnessing what could be a historical inflection point, a near end of the movement. The combination of relentless security operations, developmental outreach, and ideological erosion has pushed the insurgency to its lowest ebb in history, limited now to just 38 districts.

    Why is this in the news?

    For the first time in six decades, the Maoist movement has reached the brink of extinction. This sharp decline is a historic reversal from the early 2000s, when the insurgency had spread across nearly 180 districts, posing an existential challenge to internal peace.

    The Union Home Ministry’s data for 2025 reveals:

    1. 270 Maoists killed, 680 arrested, and 1,225 surrendered.
    2. The insurgency is now confined to 38 districts, a dramatic fall from its 2005 peak.
    3. Top Maoist leaders, including Mallojula Venugopal Rao, have called for the “cessation of armed struggle”, signaling an ideological collapse within.
    4. This represents a turning point in India’s counter-insurgency history, where military, governance, and psychological strategies appear to have converged successfully.

    What led to the decline of the Maoist movement?

    • Relentless Security Operations
      1. Persistent operations by security forces under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs and state police coordination have dismantled Maoist strongholds.
      2. Leaders such as Katta Ramachandra Reddy and Kalayari Reddy have been neutralized, causing organizational paralysis.
    • Curtailment of Resources: Maoists face acute shortages of arms, ammunition, and funding, with security blockades choking supply lines across Bastar-Dandakaranya region.
    • Collapse of Ideological Unity: 
      1. Internal ideological fractures deepened after the deaths of key leaders like Kishenji and Charu Majumdar.
      2. Letters by surviving leaders calling for surrender reflect a moral fatigue within the movement.
    • Tribal Alienation: Once rooted in tribal grievances, the Maoist narrative lost resonance as tribal communities began benefiting from welfare schemes, education, and employment programs.

    Has this happened before? Understanding the cyclical pattern

    • Historical Fluctuations: The Maoist movement, born in Naxalbari (West Bengal, 1967), has seen cycles of rise and suppression.
      1. 1970s: Spread into Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
      2. 1990s: Revival through the People’s War Group (PWG).
      3. 2000s: Peak insurgency affecting nearly 180 districts.
    • Distinctiveness of 2025 Phase: Unlike previous lulls, this decline is structural, not temporary—rooted in the erosion of ideology and grassroots support rather than mere state force.

    Is the movement really over?

    1. Residual Threats Persist:
      1. Maoist influence lingers in border areas of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
      2. Their transition to smaller, mobile guerrilla units may prolong low-intensity violence.
    2. Surrender vs. Rehabilitation:
      1. While many cadres have surrendered, effective reintegration policies—jobs, skill-building, and psychological counseling—remain key to ensuring they don’t relapse into militancy.
    3. Need for Vigilance: Experts warn against complacency. Maoism thrives in governance vacuums—where corruption, displacement, or inequality persist, new movements could emerge.

    What lessons does this offer for internal security and governance?

    1. Integrated Strategy Works: A mix of security action, development, and psychological outreach has proven effective—embodying the “Samadhan Doctrine” (Solution through Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation, and Action).
    2. Development as Deterrence: Expanding roads, schools, and welfare programs in tribal areas helped dismantle Maoist influence.
    3. Institutional Coordination: Joint efforts by the Centre and States, under continuous review of MHA, have created sustained momentum.

    Conclusion

    The “Red Sunset” of the Maoist insurgency is not just a victory of arms but a triumph of governance and persistence. India’s approach, combining security precision with socio-economic inclusion, offers a replicable model for countering internal conflicts.

    However, sustaining peace will depend on addressing root causes, land alienation, forest rights, and local governance deficits, lest another insurgency rises from the same soil.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] Naxalism is a social, economic and development issues manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.

    Linkage: The 2025 developments highlighted in “A Red Sunset” perfectly exemplify how the government’s multi-dimensional approach, combining security operations, socio-economic welfare, and ideological disengagement, has yielded tangible results. It reinforces the UPSC 2022 theme that Naxalism is not merely a law-and-order issue but a socio-economic one demanding a holistic, multilayered strategy.