From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrocarbons;
Mains level: The extraction of Hydrocarbons;
Why in the news?
The geological processes, extraction methods, and environmental impact of hydrocarbon extraction.
BACK2BASICSWhere are Hydrocarbons located?
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How Hydrocarbons are extracted?
The extraction of hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, has several negative impacts on the environment:
- Damage to Marine Life and Ecosystems: The extraction process can lead to the release of toxic substances and chemicals, which can harm marine life and ecosystems. This can lead to the death of fish, birds, and other marine animals, as well as the destruction of habitats.
- Deforestation and Destruction of Flora: The search for hydrocarbon deposits often involves the clearing of large areas of land, which can lead to deforestation and the destruction of plant life. This can have a significant impact on local ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Water Pollution: The extraction process can lead to the contamination of groundwater and surface water.
- Destruction of Fertile Land: The extraction process can destroy fertile land, which can have serious consequences for agriculture and food production. This can lead to soil erosion, desertification, and the loss of biodiversity.
Renewable sources that can serve as alternatives for hydrocarbons include:
- Hydroelectricity: This is the most significant renewable energy source at 6% of the global total
- Solar Energy: Solar power is a promising renewable energy source that can be harnessed using solar panels to convert sunlight into electrical energy. The solar power development sector is the fastest-growing renewable energy sector in the U.S
- Wind Energy: Wind turbines can generate electricity from wind power, and this technology is becoming increasingly popular and efficient
- Biomass Energy: Biomass energy can be derived from organic materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and municipal solid waste.
- Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is generated and stored in the Earth’s crust. This energy source can be used for heating, cooling, and electricity generation
- Renewable Natural Gas (RNG): RNG is a pipeline-quality gas that can be utilized by utilities interchangeably with conventional natural gas. RNG can be produced from methane waste sources such as farm and landfills
Conclusion: Hydrocarbons, found in subterranean rock formations, are extracted using petroleum geology techniques. Extraction poses environmental risks like marine damage, deforestation, and water pollution. Renewable alternatives include hydroelectric, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and renewable natural gas.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
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