Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Global South; Role of India;
Why in the News?
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2025) and the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (2024), PM of India emphasised India’s leadership in advocating inclusive global governance and amplifying the Global South’s voice.
How can India effectively bridge the divide between the Global North and South?
- Alternate Paradigm of Development Cooperation: India needs to reinforce its call for an alternative development cooperation model that is not solely top-down and dictated by the Global North. It should focus on equal partnerships, but avoid an “India-first” approach, being open to learning from other Global South countries to address domestic challenges.
- Human-Centric Approach: India has partnered with countries like UAE, Japan, and Saudi Arabia under agreements like the India-UAE Skill Harmonization Initiative, ensuring Indian workers are trained to meet global skill standards. This model can be expanded to Global South nations, helping them create skilled labour forces for industrial growth.
- Advocating for Inclusive Global Governance: India can push for reforms in international institutions like the UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank to better represent Global South interests. Example: India championed the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during its presidency in 2023, making the grouping more representative.
- Learning and Listening: India needs to listen to the Global South to be a good leader, using trilateral partnerships and increased engagement with new partners as a learning process to scale up India-led global initiatives.
What are the key priorities and concerns of the Global South that India can champion?
- Debt Relief and Fair Financial Structures: Many developing nations are burdened by unsustainable debt, often due to high-interest loans from global financial institutions and major lenders like China. Example: India has advocated for debt restructuring in international forums like the G20 and supports initiatives like the Common Framework for Debt Treatment to assist Global South nations.
- Climate Justice and Sustainable Development: The Global South demands climate finance, technology transfer, and a fair transition to clean energy without compromising growth. Example: India spearheaded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to help developing nations access affordable solar energy and pushed for climate finance commitments at COP summits.
- Equitable Global Trade and Market Access: Many Global South nations struggle with restricted market access, unfair subsidies in developed countries, and dependence on primary commodity exports. Example: India has advocated for WTO reforms, sought duty-free access for developing countries’ exports, and promoted initiatives like ‘Make in Africa’ to reduce dependency on Western economies.
- Food and Energy Security: Rising food and fuel prices disproportionately impact Global South nations, making self-sufficiency in agriculture and energy a key concern. Example: India’s export of wheat and rice during global food crises and partnerships in biofuel development, such as the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA), help address these concerns.
- Technology and Digital Inclusion: The digital divide limits economic opportunities in many developing nations, making access to digital infrastructure and AI-driven solutions crucial. Example: India’s Aadhaar-based digital public infrastructure and UPI payment system have been shared with countries like Sri Lanka and Mauritius, promoting financial inclusion and governance reforms.
How can India balance its relationships with both to foster unified solutions? (Way forward)
- Strategic Multi-Alignment: India follows a multi-aligned foreign policy, maintaining strong ties with the U.S. and Europe while deepening its engagement with Global South nations. Example: India’s participation in the Quad (with the U.S., Japan, and Australia) while simultaneously leading the Voice of Global South Summits showcases its balancing act.
- Leveraging Common Agendas: India identifies shared global challenges like climate change, digital transformation, and healthcare to foster collaboration between developed and developing nations. Example: India played a key role in securing climate finance commitments for developing countries during its G20 presidency in 2023, aligning Global South needs with Global North priorities.
- Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India uses its democratic values, historical non-alignment stance, and rich cultural heritage to maintain trust across geopolitical divides. Example: India’s expansion of diplomatic missions in Africa, the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and Yoga Diplomacy have helped strengthen relationships across both blocs.
- Promoting Fair Investment Practices: Unlike China’s debt-driven infrastructure projects, India focuses on sustainable and transparent investment models that ensure local benefits. Example: India’s development assistance to Africa through concessional credit lines and capacity-building programs, such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), contrasts with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- Institutionalizing Global Development Initiatives: India is working towards creating its own robust mechanisms for international development cooperation while collaborating with established institutions. Example: India’s push for the African Union’s inclusion in G20 and engagement in trilateral cooperation with France and the UAE for African development reflects its long-term vision of bridging the Global North-South divide.
Mains PYQ:
Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate. (2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Budget related R&D;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget highlights science, technology, and innovation (STI) as important drivers of the country’s progress, supporting CSIR’s goal of making India more self-reliant and globally competitive.
How will the 2025 budget impact scientific research funding?
- Increased Funding for R&D: The Ministry of Science and Technology’s allocation sees a major boost due to a Rs 20,000 crore allocation for the R&D fund, increasing the total allocation from Rs 8,029 crore to Rs 28,508 crore.
- Support for Deeptech Startups: An additional Rs 10,000 crore will be allocated to the Small Industries Development Bank of India Fund for Startups, aimed at enhancing the “deep tech ecosystem,” particularly for startups focusing on AI, biotech, and space technology.
- Focus on Mission-Mode Projects: Funding is heavily directed towards specific mission-mode programs such as nuclear energy, AI, and the Jal Jeevan Mission, potentially at the expense of curiosity-driven research.
- CSIR’s Role in National Missions: The budget aligns CSIR’s various missions (Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, Green Hydrogen, etc.) with national initiatives, emphasizing value-added farming, self-reliance, and sustainable development.
- Concerns Regarding Basic Science and Education: Concerns exist regarding reduced funding for institutions like IISc and IISERs, a lower percentage increase in funding for Central Universities compared to IITs, and the overall low allocation for education as a percentage of GDP.
What specific allocations are being made for science and technology in the 2025 budget?
- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Funding Increase: The budget for MeitY has been increased by 48%, totalling over ₹26,000 crores. This substantial boost is directed towards initiatives such as the IndiaAI Mission and expanded Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for semiconductors, large-scale electronics, and IT hardware.
- IndiaAI Mission: The IndiaAI Mission has received an allocation of ₹2,000 crore for FY25, marking an almost 11-fold increase from the previous year’s revised estimate of ₹173 crore. This funding aims to enhance artificial intelligence research and development across various sectors.
- Semiconductor and Electronics Manufacturing Support: Allocations for the modified scheme to establish compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensor fabs, and semiconductor assembly and testing facilities have risen from ₹2,500 crore to ₹3,900 crore. Additionally, the scheme for setting up semiconductor fabs has seen an increase from ₹1,200 crore to ₹2,499.96 crore.
- Research and Development Fund: A dedicated fund of ₹20,000 crore has been established to promote research, development, and innovation, particularly supporting private-sector-led initiatives. This fund underscores the government’s commitment to advancing technological progress and fostering innovation.
- Research Fellowships and Deep Tech Support: The government plans to offer 10,000 research fellowships over the next five years under the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship scheme, focusing on advancing research in technology at premier institutions like IITs and IISc.
Are there any new initiatives for scientific research in the 2025 budget?
- Increased Focus on Health Research: There’s a greater emphasis on health research and biomedical devices, driven by concerns identified in the Economic Survey regarding the harms of ultra-processed foods. This suggests new initiatives and funding to address these health challenges through scientific research.
- Deeptech Startup Boost: The expansion of the SIDBI Fund for Startups with an additional Rs 10,000 crore specifically targets deeptech startups in AI, biotech, and space technology. This indicates a new initiative to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in these advanced technology areas.
- AI Education Push: The allocation of funds towards a Centre of Excellence in AI education signifies a new initiative to develop expertise and talent in artificial intelligence. The hope is that this center will also set benchmarks for the beneficial adoption of AI in Indian society.
- Green Hydrogen Mission: Spearheaded by CSIR, this mission supports research and development towards clean energy transition.
- Alignment of CSIR Missions: While not entirely new initiatives, the strategic alignment and emphasis on CSIR’s existing missions (like Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, etc.) with national goals represents a renewed focus and coordinated effort that will likely drive scientific research in those specific areas.
Way forward:
- Balanced Research Funding: Ensure a more balanced allocation between mission-driven projects and fundamental research to sustain long-term scientific innovation and discovery.
- Strengthening Scientific Workforce: Expand research fellowships, enhance funding for premier institutions, and create stronger industry-academia collaborations to develop a skilled workforce in emerging technologies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Illegal Immigration;
Why in the News?
A U.S. Air Force C-17 plane landed at Amritsar’s Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport on February 5, 2025, carrying around 100 Indian nationals. These individuals were suspected of trying to enter the U.S. illegally.
What are the Hotspots states of Illegal Immigration in India?
- Gujarat: North Gujarat, including the districts of Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Patan, and Banaskantha, is a major hotspot. Specific illegal immigration hotspots within these districts include Dingucha, Khalva, Nardipur, and Limdivas in Kalol taluka of Gandhinagar district; Vijapur, Andudar, Tundali, Bhadol, and Dhanali in Mehsana district; and Sola Science City Road and Bhadaj in Ahmedabad city.
- Punjab: Punjab is also a significant hotspot for illegal immigration.
- Haryana: Haryana is another state identified as a hotspot.
Andhra Pradesh tops the list of agents engaged in illegal manpower migration overseas. As of Oct 30, 2023, a total of 2925 such agents have been identified.
What are the most common methods used?
- Forged Documents: Agents create fake passports, visas, and other documents to facilitate illegal migration. This includes fake departure/arrival stamps, work permits, and educational or corporate papers.
- “Donkey Routes”: Agents organize travel through multiple countries to exploit visa loopholes and enable illegal border crossings into the desired destination. This often involves routing individuals through countries with visa-on-arrival options for Indian nationals.
- Exploiting Loopholes: Agents exploit student visas and family immigration categories, as well as sham marriages and adoptions, to facilitate illegal immigration.
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What are the Reasons for Illegal Migration?
- Economic Factors: Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and the desire for a better standard of living push individuals to seek opportunities in other countries. The promise of opportunities, like the “American Dream,” attracts migrants.
- Political and Religious Persecution: Individuals flee their home countries due to political and religious persecution, seeking refuge in other nations.
- Overpopulation and Natural Disasters: Overpopulation leading to a crisis of living space and natural disasters can force people to migrate for survival and better living conditions.
- Existing Social Networks: Established social networks attract more migrants from similar communities, often resulting in migration through illegal routes when other options are unavailable.
- Violence and Instability: Violence, exacerbated by gangs and the drug trade, and gender-based violence, such as honour crimes or forced marriage, drive individuals to seek safety elsewhere.
What are the consequences of such Migration?
- Clashes and Political Instability: Illegal migration can lead to clashes between locals and migrants due to competition over scarce resources, economic opportunities, and cultural dominance, resulting in political instability.
- Economic Exploitation: Undocumented migrants are vulnerable to economic exploitation, often facing informal, temporary, or unprotected jobs and even forced labour due to a lack of legal safeguards. Illegal immigration can also increase the labour supply, impacting the wages and employment of some domestic workers.
- Strain on Resources and Infrastructure: The influx of undocumented settlers can strain public services like healthcare, education, and transportation, while unregulated settlements may emerge with hazardous living conditions. A massive influx of immigrants can lead to increased consumption, creating crises as authorities struggle to maintain living conditions and provide housing and services.
- Increased Crime and Security Concerns: Illegal migrants may engage in illegal and anti-national activities, such as fraudulently acquiring identity cards, participating in trans-border smuggling, and other crimes, undermining the rule of law. Organized criminal groups may also be involved in smuggling migrants across borders.
- Violation of Human Rights: Illegal migrants are vulnerable to inhumane conditions and criminal offences like assault, rape, or extortion during their journeys or in destination regions2. They also face the risk of detention and deportation and may be mistreated during detention, such as having poor living conditions.
- Social Tensions: Large-scale illegal migration can distort existing demographics and pose a threat to existing socio-cultural identity, potentially leading to xenophobic, ultranationalist, and racial manifestations.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Border and Immigration Controls – Enhance surveillance, biometric tracking, and cooperation with international agencies to curb illegal entry and human smuggling networks.
- Regulating Migration Pathways – Streamline legal migration channels, enforce stricter penalties on fraudulent agents, and promote awareness campaigns to educate potential migrants on legal and safe alternatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure; Railways;
Why in the News?
The Railway Budget was once a major event before the Union Budget. Since merging with the general Budget in 2017, Indian Railways has lost prominence, with no mention in the July 2024 or February 2025 Budgets.
What specific safety measures are planned for the Railways?
- Enhanced Safety Budget – ₹1,16,514 crore allocated for safety-related initiatives, including infrastructure upgrades and accident prevention.
- Kavach Train Protection System – No new expansion beyond the initial 1,465 km; implementation delays remain a concern.
- Grade Separation & Track Upgrades – Elimination of level crossings, doubling of railway lines, and gauge conversion to reduce congestion and accidents.
- Modern Signaling & Electrification – Upgrading signaling systems and achieving 95% electrification to improve train control and safety.
- Station & Train Modernization – Redevelopment of key stations and introduction of new Vande Bharat and Amrit Bharat trains with better safety features.
Which states will benefit the most from the railway budget allocations?
- Uttar Pradesh – Major railway station redevelopments (e.g., Ayodhya, Varanasi), new Vande Bharat trains, and increased connectivity through high-speed rail projects.
- Maharashtra – Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail (Bullet Train), Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, and urban railway modernization projects.
- Gujarat – High investment in freight corridors, bullet train project, and Amrit Bharat station redevelopment.
- West Bengal – Expansion of railway network, doubling of tracks, electrification, and modernization of key stations like Howrah and Sealdah.
- Tamil Nadu – Focus on gauge conversion, station redevelopment (e.g., Chennai), and enhanced connectivity with new semi-high-speed trains.
- Bihar & Jharkhand – Increased railway line expansion and connectivity improvements, particularly for freight movement and passenger services.
- Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh – Dedicated freight corridor benefits, track doubling, and station upgrades for better passenger services.
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How will the new Amrit Bharat trains improve connectivity?
- Infrastructure Development & New Tracks: Expansion of railway lines to extend connectivity to new areas to ensure broader access to transportation. Example: Increased track laying to enhance regional rail access.
- Modernization of Stations: Upgrading stations to improve passenger experience and integrate different modes of transport. Example: Redevelopment projects enhancing station facilities and efficiency.
- Expansion of Rail Network to Underserved Areas: The introduction of Amrit Bharat trains will improve connectivity to tier-2 and tier-3 cities, bridging gaps in regional transportation. Example: Faster and more frequent services to cities like Hubli, Gorakhpur, and Siliguri.
- Faster Travel Between Major Economic Hubs: These trains will operate at semi-high speeds, reducing travel time between key business and industrial centers. Example: Quicker connectivity between Mumbai–Surat and Bengaluru–Hyderabad, supporting trade and commerce.
- Boost to Religious & Tourism Circuits: The new trains will enhance access to religious and tourist destinations, promoting cultural and economic growth. Example: Improved rail access to Ayodhya, Varanasi, Puri, and Rameswaram for pilgrimage travelers.
- Better Regional Connectivity in the Northeast & Border Areas: Amrit Bharat trains will strengthen rail links in remote and border regions, enhancing security and development. Example: Enhanced rail connectivity in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram to integrate them with the national rail network.
What are the challenges?
- Underwhelming Returns on Investment: Despite a ₹13 lakh crore investment in modernization and freight traffic is growing at just over 2%, failing to match India’s economic growth.
- Passenger revenue is increasing, but ridership remains below pre-COVID levels, limiting overall gains.
- Slow Implementation & Execution: Major projects like the New Delhi station redevelopment have been delayed for nearly a decade due to repeated re-tendering.
- Safety initiatives like Kavach have seen no expansion beyond the initial 1,465 km rollout near Secunderabad.
- Financial and Sustainability Concerns: Expenses are exceeding earnings, raising doubts about maintaining new infrastructure under the EPC model.
- The aggressive electrification push has left 5,000 diesel locomotives worth ₹30,000 crore idle or underutilized, questioning cost-effectiveness.
Way forward:
- Prioritize Efficient Implementation & Safety Expansion – Expedite key infrastructure projects, expand Kavach beyond the initial 1,465 km, and streamline bureaucratic approvals to prevent further delays.
- Enhance Financial Sustainability & Asset Utilization – Optimize freight revenue growth, repurpose idle diesel locomotives strategically, and adopt a phased electrification approach to balance costs and efficiency.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure related to urban;
Why in the News?
The 2025 Budget has set up a ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund to help cities grow and develop.
What was the allocation for urban India?
- Increased Allocation but Underutilization: The Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry received ₹96,777 crore for FY 2025-26, a 17% increase from the previous year. However, the Revised Estimate for 2024-25 stood at ₹63,669.93 crore, indicating significant underutilization of funds.
- Urban Challenge Fund and PMAY Focus: A ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund has been proposed for city redevelopment and water & sanitation projects, with ₹10,000 crore allocated for FY 2025-26. Additionally, ₹78,126 crore has been allocated to both rural and urban PMAY for housing development.
- Support for Urban Workers and Street Vendors: The government aims to uplift urban workers through PM SVANidhi, which has benefited 68 lakh street vendors. The scheme will be revamped with enhanced bank loans, UPI-linked credit cards (₹30,000 limit), and capacity-building support to reduce reliance on informal sector loans.
How has the reduction happened?
- Decline in Direct Transfers to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): With the abolition of octroi and the implementation of GST, ULBs lost a key revenue source, expecting compensation through central devolution. However, the central share for ULBs declined from ₹26,653 crore (last year) to ₹26,158 crore in 2025-26, increasing financial pressure on local bodies.
- Cuts in Key Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
- PMAY (Urban) faced a drastic cut, with its allocation reduced from ₹30,170.61 crore to ₹13,670 crore in the Revised Estimate (RE) for 2024-25.
- AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission allocations fell below ₹10,400 crore, with almost no new funds for the Smart Cities Mission.
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) retained ₹5,000 crore, but RE shows only ₹2,159 crore was spent—a 56% underutilization.
- Shift in Priorities Toward Capital-Intensive Metro Projects: While many urban development schemes saw cuts, metro rail projects received increased funding.
- Metro projects’ allocation rose from ₹21,335.98 crore to ₹24,691.47 crore in RE (2024-25) and is further proposed to increase by 46% to ₹31,239.28 crore in 2025-26.
- This shift prioritizes large infrastructure over comprehensive urban mobility, employment generation, and local governance funding.
Does the Union Budget focus on capital-intensive projects?
- Priority to Large Infrastructure Projects: The budget significantly increases funding for metro rail projects (₹31,239.28 crore, up 46%), while allocations for urban schemes like PMAY (Urban), AMRUT, and Smart Cities Mission have been reduced or underutilized.
- Reliance on Private Investment for Urban Development: The ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund requires 50% private sector participation, which may slow implementation, shifting focus from government-driven urban welfare programs to capital-intensive projects.
What next?
- Urban Challenge Fund Implementation Risks: The government has introduced a ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund, but 50% of the funding is expected from private investments.
- Given the limited private sector participation in past urban initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission, relying on private funding could slow implementation.
- Balancing Infrastructure with Livability and Sustainability: The budget favors metro expansion but lacks a broader focus on comprehensive urban mobility, employment generation, and sustainable urban planning.
- Future policies must integrate green jobs, affordable housing, and local governance empowerment to create more inclusive cities.
- Strengthening Financial Autonomy for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The decline in direct transfers and devolution post-GST has weakened ULB finances, forcing cities to raise taxes or cut essential services.
- Strengthening municipal revenue sources, revising property tax frameworks, and ensuring timely fund disbursal can help cities plan better for growth.
Conclusion: Need to Strengthen municipal revenue sources through property tax reforms, land monetization, and timely fund transfers, reducing dependency on central allocations. The government should ensure equitable investment in metro expansion, affordable housing, sanitation, and employment generation, fostering livable, sustainable, and inclusive urban growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Market Economy; Demand and Supply; Gold Market;
Why in the News?
According to the World Gold Council, Gold investments in India increased by 60% in 2024, reaching $18 billion (around Rs 1.5 lakh crore), compared to the previous year.
What are the Key highlights of the Report?
- The World Gold Council (WGC) was founded in 1987 by leading gold mining companies. Its purpose is to stimulate and sustain demand for gold.
- It aims to promote gold as a strategic asset and to advance a responsible, transparent, and accessible gold supply chain.
- The WGC has 32 members with mining operations in over 45 countries and is headquartered in London, UK.
- Best Price Performance Since 2010: Gold recorded its strongest annual price rise since 2010, driven by geopolitical uncertainties and interest rate expectations.
- Global demand: It grew by 25% whereas investment demand increased by 29% (2023).
- Global Supply: It increased by 1% mainly on account of mine production and recycling.
- India accounted for 20% of the global gold investment demand, which stood at 1,180 tonnes in 2024.
- Outlook for 2025: Central banks and Gold Exchange Traded Funds are likely to drive demand.
- India: RBI added 73 tonnes of gold to its forex reserves, raising gold’s share to a record 11%.
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What are the reasons for the Increase in Gold Demand in India?
- Cultural Significance: Gold is deeply ingrained in Indian culture, and its purchase is considered auspicious during festivals and weddings. For example, bridal jewelry alone accounts for at least half of the gold jewelry market share in India.
- Investment and Hedge Against Uncertainty: Gold is seen as a safe haven investment, especially during times of economic and geopolitical instability. For instance, geopolitical tensions, such as the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, have increased demand for gold as investors seek a safe-haven asset.
- Inflation Hedge: Gold is considered a hedge against inflation, preserving wealth when the purchasing power of fiat currencies declines. For every 1% increase in inflation, gold demand increases by 2.6%.
- Central Bank Buying: Central banks, including the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), increase their gold holdings to diversify forex reserves and hedge against external uncertainties. The RBI bought 19 tonnes of gold in the first quarter of 2024, already surpassing the 16 tonnes purchased in all of 2023.
- Weakening Dollar: When the US dollar weakens, it becomes cheaper for investors holding other currencies to buy gold, increasing demand and driving prices up. A weaker dollar boosts demand, as seen with the US dollar easing by 0.2% and leading to an increase in gold prices.
What is the present Status of Gold Resources?
- In November 2024, central banks globally added 53 tonnes to their gold reserves. This indicates a continued recognition of gold as a stable and secure asset, particularly in emerging markets.
- As of November 2024, the United States holds the largest gold reserves in the world, with 8,133.5 tonnes. India is among the top 10 countries in the world with the highest gold reserves.
- As of April 1, 2015, India had an estimated 501.83 million tonnes of gold ore reserves. Approximately 17.22 million tonnes were categorized as reserves, with the remainder classified as remaining resources.
- The largest reserves of gold ore are located in Bihar (44%), followed by Rajasthan (25%), Karnataka (21%), West Bengal (3%), Andhra Pradesh (3%), and Jharkhand (2%).
- The remaining 2% of reserves are distributed among Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is actively involved in geological mapping and mineral exploration to identify potential mineral-rich zones.
- To encourage private sector participation, the Indian government has amended the Minerals Evidence of Mineral Contents Rules for the exploration and mining of deep-seated minerals, including gold.
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What are the negatives of buying physical gold for the country?
- Increases Trade Deficit & Current Account Deficit (CAD): Countries with high gold imports, like India, see a widening trade deficit, as more foreign exchange is spent on gold rather than productive assets. Example: In 2023, India’s gold imports surged to over $43 billion, contributing to a rising CAD (Current Account Deficit) and putting pressure on the rupee.
- Encourages Smuggling & Black Market Activities: High demand and import duties often lead to illegal gold smuggling, fueling the underground economy. Example: In 2022, 1,000+ kg of gold was smuggled into India, bypassing import duties and causing tax revenue losses for the government.
- Non-Productive Asset & Storage Risks: Unlike stocks or bonds, gold does not generate income and remains idle in lockers, reducing capital available for economic growth. Example: In Turkey, during economic crises, citizens hoarded gold instead of investing in businesses, slowing economic recovery.
Way forward:
- Promote Gold-Backed Financial Instruments: Encourage investments in Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs), Gold ETFs, and Digital Gold to reduce reliance on physical gold while ensuring capital appreciation and interest earnings.
- Implement Smarter Import Policies & Monetization Schemes: Rationalize import duties to curb smuggling and expand gold monetization schemes to bring idle gold into the formal financial system, boosting liquidity and economic growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme.(UPSC IAS/2015)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Health Sector;
Why in the News?
India has around 3,00,000 diagnostic labs, and the number is increasing. However, the sector is largely unregulated, scattered, and concentrated in urban areas.
What is the significance of India’s Diagnostics Sector?
- Market Size and Growth: The Indian diagnostics market was valued at approximately US$13 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach US$25 billion by FY28. It is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 14%. Some projections estimate the market could reach US$40 billion by 2034.
- Essential Component of Healthcare: Diagnostics play a crucial role in disease prevention, early detection, and effective management, making them an essential part of modern healthcare. Doctor recommendations drive a major part of the diagnostic business, with tests being conducted for most patients before prescribing medication.
- Key Market Segments: The sector is primarily divided into pathology (60%) and radiology (40%). Pathology is further broken down into illness (acute and chronic) and wellness segments.
- Drivers of Growth: Several factors contribute to the sector’s growth, including increasing life expectancy, a growing middle class, higher penetration of government insurance schemes, rising income levels, and increasing awareness of preventive testing. An aging population and the rise in chronic diseases also fuel the demand for diagnostic services.
What are the challenges faced by the Diagnostics Sector?
- Urban-Rural Divide: A significant portion of diagnostics revenue (76%) comes from urban areas, even though 70% of India’s population resides in rural areas.
- Disparities in Infrastructure: Rural areas have fewer healthcare facilities, with only about 36.5% of the total hospital beds, leading to delayed treatments and poorer health outcomes
- Regulatory Issues: The Kerala State Clinical Establishments Act faces resistance due to stringent space (300 sq. ft. in rural areas, 500-700 sq. ft. in urban areas) and educational requirements, making compliance unviable for many small labs.
- Standardization Needs: Lack of uniform testing protocols leads to errors. Example: A government lab in Karnataka reported a platelet count of 0.47 lakh/cmm, but a private lab retest showed 2.2 lakh/cmm, highlighting the need for mandatory NABL accreditation and standard SOPs to ensure diagnostic accuracy.
- Infrastructure Gaps in Public Sector: Lack of essential upgrades in government labs (e.g., Osmania and Gandhi Hospitals in Hyderabad). Limited operational hours and unavailability of specialists in government hospitals force patients to private facilities.
What are the present Regulations implemented by the govt for this Sector?
- Clinical Establishments Act, 2010: This act aims to regulate diagnostic centers but has been adopted by only 12 states and Union Territories, leading to inconsistent regulations across the country.
- Medical Devices Rules, 2017: These rules govern medical devices, an integral part of the diagnostics framework, focusing on manufacturing, import, sale, distribution, and quality and safety control. They provide risk-based categorization, establish product standards, and set timelines for obtaining licenses.
- State-Specific Regulations: Some states like Karnataka and Kerala have separate regulatory frameworks, but enforcement remains inconsistent. Tamil Nadu’s Clinical Establishments (Regulations) Rules, 2018, mandate minimum space requirements for labs.
- Pricing Regulations for Government-Led Diagnostic Schemes: Limits test costs to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for patients. Example: Telangana’s T-Diagnostics Programme has conducted 18.10 crore tests at subsidized rates, saving ₹1,100 crore for patients.
- Mandatory Quality Control & External Audits: Enforces periodic inspections to maintain test accuracy. Example: Karnataka’s KPME Act mandates SOPs for sample collection, testing, and reporting, with penalties for non-compliance.
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Way forward:
- Expand Rural Diagnostic Infrastructure: Strengthen public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enhance diagnostic services in rural areas, improve affordability, and ensure equitable access through mobile labs and telemedicine integration.
- Enforce Uniform Regulatory Standards: Implement a nationwide mandatory NABL accreditation and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for all diagnostic centers to ensure quality, accuracy, and compliance across states.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regionalism v/s nationalism;
Why in the News?
Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar said that some groups take advantage of the legal system for their own gain and weaken the country’s unity.
Why is the discussion of regionalism v/s nationalism considered problematic in the context of India?
- Threat to National Unity: Excessive emphasis on regionalism can fuel separatist tendencies, as seen in the Khalistan movement in Punjab and insurgencies in the Northeast, undermining India’s unity and sovereignty.
- Federalism vs. Centralization Conflict: India’s governance relies on cooperative federalism, where both the Union and states share powers. However, debates like Tamil Nadu’s opposition to central exams like NEET highlight tensions between regional autonomy and national policies.
- Political Exploitation & Vote Bank Politics: Political parties sometimes exploit regional sentiments for electoral gains, leading to polarization. For example, Maharashtra’s “sons of the soil” policy has led to conflicts over job reservations for locals, creating friction between states.
- Economic Disparities & Development Hurdles: Overemphasis on regional identity can obstruct national projects. Protests against infrastructure projects like hydroelectric dams in Arunachal Pradesh due to local concerns show how regional interests can sometimes slow down national development.
- Cultural & Linguistic Divides: Attempts to impose a singular national identity, such as making Hindi the sole link language, have faced resistance from states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, highlighting the delicate balance between regional pride and national integration.
What are the specific divisive forces that undermine national unity?
- Caste and Religious Polarization: Social divisions based on caste and religion are exploited for political and electoral gains, leading to communal tensions (e.g., Muzaffarnagar riots in 2013 fueled by religious divisions).
- Regionalism and Sub-Nationalism: Excessive regional pride sometimes leads to demands for secession or special status, disrupting national integration (e.g., Gorkhaland agitation in West Bengal, calls for an independent Nagalim in the Northeast).
- External Influence and Misinformation: Foreign-backed propaganda and misinformation campaigns on social media create unrest by deepening societal divisions (e.g., Pakistan-backed online campaigns related to Article 370 abrogation in Jammu & Kashmir).
How are attempts being made to influence the electoral process?
- Foreign Interference & Propaganda: External forces use misinformation campaigns on social media to shape voter perceptions (e.g., Allegations of foreign-backed digital campaigns influencing Indian elections, as seen in narratives around Article 370).
- Money Power & Undisclosed Funding: Illicit election financing and opaque political donations influence outcomes (e.g., Concerns over electoral bonds and their impact on political funding transparency).
- Judicial Route & PIL Misuse: Frequent litigation is filed to delay elections, challenge candidates, or question EVMs without solid evidence (e.g., Multiple PILs questioning EVM credibility, despite SC and EC assurances).
- Targeted Voter Suppression: Manipulative voter deletion campaigns and fake voter registration attempts (e.g., Complaints of large-scale voter deletions in Karnataka elections, raising concerns over fairness).
- Big Tech & Algorithmic Manipulation: Social media platforms and AI-driven algorithms are used to spread divisive narratives and influence voter sentiment (e.g., Allegations of biased content promotion on platforms like Facebook and X (Twitter) during elections).
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Electoral and Judicial Integrity: Implement stricter regulations on election funding, curb misuse of judicial processes, and enhance transparency in political donations to safeguard democratic institutions.
- Promoting National Cohesion Through Inclusive Policies: Foster cooperative federalism, ensure balanced regional development, and encourage cultural inclusivity to prevent divisive narratives and reinforce national unity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? (UPSC CSE 2020) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Environmental Impact Assessment studies (2015), and conventional energy generation (2020).
On December 30, 2024, the MoEFCC extended the deadline for thermal plants to meet SO₂ emission norms by three years without explanation. Originally set for December 31, 2024, this delay affects 20 GW of plants near densely populated areas. These norms were set in 2015 to tighten particulate matter limits and introduced SO₂ norms for the first time, aligning them with standards in countries like Australia, China, and the U.S., despite the short timeline for compliance.
Today’s editorial talks about the revised emission norms for Indian thermal plants and impact of these norms. This content will help in GS Paper 3.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On December 30, 2024, India’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) changed the Environment Protection Rules, extending the deadline for thermal power plants to meet sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emission standards by three years without providing any explanation.
What are the revised emission norms for Indian thermal plants?
- New Deadlines: On December 30, 2024, India’s Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) extended the deadlines for thermal power plants to comply with sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emission norms by three years. The revised deadlines are:
- Category A (By Dec 31, 2027) – Thermal plants within 10 km of NCR or cities with over 1 million population (e.g., Dadri NTPC, Koradi) must comply first due to high pollution and population density.
- Category B (By Dec 31, 2028) – Plants in critically polluted areas or non-attainment cities (e.g., Singrauli, Korba, Chandrapur) get extended timelines due to severe environmental concerns.
- Category C (By Dec 31, 2029) – All other plants (e.g., Talcher, Mundra, Simhadri) must comply last as they are in lower-risk areas with relatively better air quality.
- Historical Context: The original norms were established in December 2015, with an initial compliance deadline set for December 2017. This was later extended multiple times due to various challenges.
Note: The categories for compliance with SO₂ emission norms for Indian thermal power plants are based on location and environmental impact. |
What are the challenges around implementing the flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) technology?
- Technical and Financial Hurdles: The implementation of FGD technology has faced delays primarily due to high costs, inadequate supply chains, and operational complexities. Many plants tendered contracts for FGDs but did not progress at a pace necessary to meet earlier deadlines.
- Debate on Necessity: Recent studies commissioned by NITI Aayog and conducted by CSIR-NEERI have questioned the urgency and necessity of FGD installations for improving air quality, suggesting that focus should instead be on particulate emissions. This has led to confusion and varied interpretations of compliance requirements among stakeholders.
How successful has India been in implementing emission norms for thermal power plants?
- Limited Progress: As of late 2024, only about 22 GW of thermal capacity had installed FGDs, which is less than 8% of the total coal-fired power generation capacity in India. The overall progress has been slower than anticipated since the introduction of the norms.
- Compliance Monitoring Issues: There is a lack of transparency regarding adherence to existing norms, as pollution control boards have not consistently verified compliance. This raises concerns about the effectiveness of regulatory oversight.
What are the economic and environmental consequences of noncompliance and what measures are in place to address this?
- Health Impacts: The extension of compliance deadlines poses risks to public health, especially in densely populated areas like Delhi-NCR, where air pollution is already a critical issue. SO₂ is known to contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
- Financial Burden on Consumers: Electricity regulators have allowed thermal plants to pass on the costs of installing FGDs to consumers, regardless of whether emission norms are met. This means consumers may end up paying for pollution control equipment that remains unused due to extended compliance timelines.
- Environmental Compensation: For non-compliance beyond specified timelines, MoEFCC has introduced an environmental compensation scheme that penalizes plants based on their duration of non-compliance. This includes fees that escalate over time but may not be sufficient to incentivize timely compliance.
Way forward:
- Strict Enforcement & Incentives – Strengthen regulatory oversight with real-time emissions monitoring, enforce penalties for non-compliance, and provide financial incentives or subsidies to accelerate FGD adoption.
- Balanced Policy Approach – Address technical and financial barriers by improving supply chains, supporting domestic FGD manufacturing, and ensuring a phased yet firm transition while prioritising high-risk areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to welfare;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Bhopal district collector banned begging in the district and imposed strict rules, including filing police cases against both those who beg and those who give alms.
What legal basis is Bhopal using to criminalize begging?
- Section 163 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023: The orders by the collectors of Indore and Bhopal are under this section, which empowers officials like the District Magistrate or any Executive Magistrate to issue orders in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger. This order can direct any person to abstain from a certain act and may apply to residents or the public frequenting a particular area.
- Section 223 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Action will be taken under this section, which punishes those disobeying an order announced by a public servant lawfully empowered to do so.
What are the penalties for violating the order?
- Disobedience of the order can result in simple imprisonment for up to six months, a fine of up to Rs 2500, or both.
- If the disobedience causes or tends to cause danger to human life, health, or safety, imprisonment can extend to one year, and the fine to Rs 5000.
How have different regions in India approached the issue?
- Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act, 1959: The first law against begging, with colonial roots, aimed to clear streets of destitute persons, leprosy patients, or those with mental illnesses by sending them to institutions. Mumbai still has detention centres under this Act, allowing police to detain those without visible means of subsistence, with punishment extending to detention for 10 years.
- Delhi High Court (2018) Struck down some sections of the Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act as unconstitutional, decriminalizing begging in Delhi. The court stated that people beg out of need, as a last resort for survival, and the government has a mandate to provide social security3.
- Other States Many states, including Maharashtra, continue to criminalise begging under the Bombay Prevention of Beggary Act. There is no central act on begging, but many states have enacted their own laws based on the 1959 Act.
- Rehabilitation Efforts In 2020: the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment proposed focusing on rehabilitation rather than criminalising begging in ten cities, including Mumbai
How have different regions in India approached the issue?
- State-Level Criminalization: Around 22 states and union territories have anti-begging laws, many modeled after the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, which criminalizes begging, vagrancy, and soliciting alms, allowing arrest without a warrant.
- States like Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and others have enacted similar laws.
- Decriminalization Efforts & Judicial Interventions: The Delhi High Court (2018) struck down parts of the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act as unconstitutional, decriminalizing begging in Delhi. The Supreme Court (2021) also refused to ban begging nationwide, recognizing that criminalizing it unfairly targets the poor. Rajasthan has taken a more rehabilitative approach.
What are the arguments for and against criminalizing begging?
Arguments in favour:
- Curbing Organized Begging Rackets – Criminalization helps tackle forced begging, where vulnerable individuals, including children and disabled people, are exploited by criminal networks.
- Public Safety and Order – Authorities argue that begging creates nuisance, disrupts traffic, and can lead to petty crimes, making public spaces unsafe.
- Encouraging Rehabilitation – Some laws claim to detain beggars for rehabilitation, ensuring they receive food, shelter, and vocational training instead of relying on alms.
Argument against:
- Violation of Fundamental Rights – Criminalizing begging punishes poverty, not crime, violating the right to life (Article 21) by penalizing individuals who have no means of survival.
- State’s Failure in Social Security – The presence of beggars reflects gaps in government welfare, and punishing them shifts the burden away from state accountability.
- Arbitrary and Unjust Implementation – Many laws allow arrests without warrants, disproportionately targeting the homeless, disabled, and elderly, rather than addressing systemic issues.
Way forward:
- Rehabilitation-Centered Approach – Shift focus from criminalization to social welfare programs, including skill development, housing, mental health support, and reintegration into society.
- Legislative Reforms & Judicial Oversight – Enact a uniform national policy that prioritizes rehabilitation over punishment, while ensuring judicial oversight to prevent misuse of anti-begging laws.
Mains question for practice:
Q Critically examine the rationale behind criminalizing begging in India. Discuss the legal and constitutional challenges associated with such measures. (250 words) 15M
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Unlawful conversion; Fundamental Rights;
Why in the News?
Recently, the bill was introduced in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly to prevent “unlawful” religious conversions.
What are the Draft Provisions under the Bill?
- Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion – The Bill bans religious conversions through misrepresentation, force, coercion, allurement, fraud, or marriage.
- Declaration & Inquiry for Voluntary Conversion – Individuals must submit a declaration to the District Magistrate (DM) 60 days in advance, with authorities conducting an inquiry to verify the intent.
- Burden of Proof & FIR Filing – The person facilitating the conversion must prove it was voluntary, and an FIR can be filed by the affected individual or close relatives.
- Punishments & Penalties – General unlawful conversion leads to 1-5 years of imprisonment, increasing to 2-10 years for minors, women, or SC/ST individuals; mass conversions attract 3-10 years in jail.
- Legal Consequences & Compensation – Marriages done solely for unlawful conversion are invalid, the offense is non-bailable, and courts may award compensation up to ₹5 lakh to victims.
What about those wanting to convert voluntarily?
- Those wanting to convert voluntarily would undergo a detailed process. A prescribed declaration form must be filled out and submitted to the District Magistrate (DM) or the relevant authority 60 days in advance and violations invite up to three years’ punishment and a minimum fine of Rs 10,000.
- The person performing the conversion ceremony would give a month’s advance notice to the DM via a prescribed form, and violating this would invite up to five years’ imprisonment and a minimum fine of Rs 25,000. An officer not below the rank of Additional DM will conduct a police inquiry regarding the real intention, purpose, and cause of the proposed religious conversion.
- The converted person must send a declaration in a prescribed form within 60 days of conversion to the DM, including details such as date of birth, address, and religion before and after conversion. The convert has to appear before the DM within 21 days from the date of filing the declaration to establish their identity and confirm the contents of the declaration.
Were attempts made to pass such a Bill earlier?
- 2006: BJP-led government under Vasundhara Raje introduced the Rajasthan Freedom of Religion Bill, 2006, to curb “forced” conversions.
- 2008: Amended version required prior approval from the District Collector but was stuck with the Centre.
- 2013-2018: Raje’s second tenure saw efforts to revive the 2008 Bill, but the Centre rejected it in 2017, citing deviation from national policy.
- 2017: Rajasthan High Court issued guidelines to prevent forced conversions in the absence of a law.
- 2025: The current Bill is seen as a successor to these previous attempts and is expected to pass in the budget session.
What would be the impact on Fundamental Rights?
- Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25) – Every individual has the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. However, the Bill imposes state scrutiny on religious conversions, which may be seen as a restriction on this right.
- Right to Privacy (Article 21) – The requirement of mandatory declaration to the District Magistrate and police inquiry into personal religious choices could infringe upon the right to privacy, recognized as a fundamental right in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017).
- Burden of Proof Issue – Placing the burden of proof on the person facilitating the conversion contradicts the legal principle of “innocent until proven guilty”, potentially violating Article 14 (Right to Equality).
- Criminalization and Fear – The stringent punishments and criminalization of conversion through marriage might discourage individuals from exercising their right to choose their faith or marry interfaith partners, potentially violating their personal liberty (Article 21).
Way forward:
- Ensure Constitutional Safeguards – Amend the Bill to align with Article 25 by distinguishing forced conversions from voluntary ones, reducing state overreach in personal religious choices, and upholding the right to privacy (Article 21).
- Fair Implementation & Oversight – Establish independent judicial review for conversion inquiries to prevent misuse, ensure burden of proof remains balanced, and introduce strict safeguards against harassment of individuals exercising their religious freedom.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.(UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-USA relation;
Why in the News?
A day after U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order that might lead to sanctions on India for investing in Iran’s Chabahar port, the Indian government did not comment on the order or its impact.
How will the potential modification by the US impact India’s Chabahar Port project?
- Increased Uncertainty: The potential withdrawal or modification of the U.S. waiver could put India’s long-term investment and operations at Chabahar at risk.
- Disruptions in Operations: If U.S. sanctions extend to businesses involved in shipping, insurance, and logistics, Indian firms operating at Chabahar may face compliance challenges.
- Delays in Expansion Plans: India’s plans to integrate Chabahar into the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and use it for trade with Russia and Central Asia may be significantly slowed.
- Strategic Setback: Chabahar serves as a counterbalance to Pakistan’s Gwadar port (developed by China). Any disruption could weaken India’s strategic positioning in the region.
What are the significance of the Chabahar Port project?
- Strategic and Geopolitical Importance: Provides India a trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan, and counters China’s influence at Gwadar Port under CPEC.
- Economic and Trade Connectivity: Acts as a key link in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), enhancing India’s trade with Iran, Russia, and Central Asia.
- Humanitarian and Security Role: Facilitates aid delivery to Afghanistan, strengthens India-Iran ties, and enhances India’s presence in the Indian Ocean region for maritime security.
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What will be the implications for India’s connectivity to Eurasia and Afghanistan?
- Disruption in Trade Routes: Chabahar is India’s key route for accessing Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. U.S. sanctions could make trade difficult, impacting economic ties with these regions.
- Humanitarian Concerns: The port has been critical in facilitating food and medical aid to Afghanistan. New restrictions could hamper India’s ability to provide humanitarian assistance.
- Geopolitical Recalibration: If access to Chabahar becomes restricted, India may need to explore alternative routes, potentially shifting focus towards Russia and Central Asia via Iran’s Bandar Abbas port or strengthening ties with the Taliban for land-based transit through Afghanistan.
How will India and the US address this issue in their bilateral conversations? (Way forward)
- Diplomatic Negotiations: India is expected to lobby the U.S. for a continued waiver by emphasizing Chabahar’s role in humanitarian aid and regional stability.
- Strategic Arguments: New Delhi could argue that Chabahar helps counterbalance China’s influence (via Gwadar and the Belt and Road Initiative) and aids the U.S. interest in regional connectivity.
- Possible Compromise: India might propose limiting Chabahar’s use for trade with Afghanistan while finding alternative routes for trade with Russia and Central Asia to align with U.S. geopolitical concerns.
- Bilateral Trade-Offs: India may leverage its growing defense and economic partnerships with the U.S. to seek exemptions, similar to the earlier waiver granted under the Trump administration.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation?(UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Forest Right; Forest Cover;
Why in the News?
On December 18, 2024, the Supreme Court ordered Rajasthan’s Forest Department to map all sacred groves using satellite and ground surveys based on their cultural and ecological importance, regardless of their size.
Note: In Rajasthan, sacred groves, locally known as ‘orans’, are estimated to number around 25,000, covering approximately 6 lakh hectares across the state. |
What are the implications of the December 18 order?
- Conflict with the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 – The order contradicts the FRA, which was enacted to recognize and vest forest rights with gram sabhas. Instead, the decision shifts control from communities to the Forest Department.
- Loss of Community Autonomy – Sacred groves, which have been traditionally protected by local communities, will now be governed by state authorities, potentially disrupting cultural conservation practices.
- Potential Erosion of Traditional Governance Systems – The transfer of management could weaken customary laws and traditional conservation practices that have preserved these groves for generations.
- Legal Precedence for Future Cases – By prioritizing the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972, over the FRA, this order may set a precedent for other community-managed lands to be taken over by the Forest Department.
- Impact on Livelihoods and Religious Practices – Communities that depend on sacred groves for religious, medicinal, and cultural purposes may face restrictions under the new classification as ‘community reserves’.
What did T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India establish about the definition of ‘forest land’?
- Broad Definition: The Supreme Court established that ‘forest land’ includes not only areas understood as forests in the dictionary sense but also any area recorded as forest in government records, regardless of ownership.
- Expert Committees: The ruling directed state governments to form expert committees to identify areas that fit this definition of ‘forest land’.
How are sacred groves traditionally conserved by communities?
- Watershed & Ecological Functions: Many sacred groves protect natural water sources, prevent soil erosion, and regulate local climate. Example: Orans (Rajasthan) – These groves support perennial water streams and serve as critical grazing lands for livestock.
- Strict Protection through Customary Laws & Taboos: Communities impose strict prohibitions on tree felling, hunting, or resource extraction in sacred groves. Example: Sarpa Kavu (Kerala) – These groves are dedicated to serpent deities, and cutting trees is considered a bad omen.
- Religious & Cultural Practices for Conservation: Rituals, festivals, and community prayers reinforce the spiritual importance of these groves. Example: Devara Kadu (Karnataka) – Annual worship ceremonies maintain local participation in conservation efforts.
- Community Governance & Management: Local elders, priests, or village councils oversee the maintenance and enforcement of protection norms. Example: Jahera (Odisha, Chhattisgarh) – Tribal communities like the Gonds and Santhals manage these groves as sacred spaces.
- Role in Biodiversity Preservation: The groves act as biodiversity hotspots, protecting endemic flora, fauna, and medicinal plants. Example: Law Kyntang (Meghalaya) – Khasi communities conserve these forests, which shelter rare orchids and medicinal herbs.
Way forward:
- Harmonizing Legal Frameworks – Amend policies to ensure the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, and Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA), 1972, work in tandem, recognizing gram sabhas’ authority in managing sacred groves while ensuring ecological conservation.
- Community-Centric Conservation – Strengthen traditional governance systems by legally empowering local communities to manage sacred groves, integrating scientific conservation methods with cultural practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the status of forest resources in India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Health Sector;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Budget has acknowledged health care as a cornerstone of national growth and development.
What are India’s steps towards healthcare transformation in Budget 2025-26?
- Increased Healthcare Spending: The budget includes a substantial allocation of ₹99,859 crore to the healthcare sector, marking a 9.8% increase from the previous fiscal year.
- Expansion of Medical Education: The budget allocates resources to add 10,000 new seats in medical colleges across India in FY26, with plans to add 75,000 seats over the next five years. This expansion aims to address the rising demand for skilled healthcare professionals.
- Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: There is an increase of ₹1,000 crore allocation under the PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM), which aims to strengthen health infrastructure at all levels.
- Digital Health Focus: The budget emphasizes the expansion of digital health portfolios, including telemedicine and AI-driven diagnostic solutions, to bridge care gaps and offer efficient healthcare solutions to underserved regions.
- Promoting Medical Tourism: With the launch of the ‘Heal in India’ initiative, the budget aims to position India as a top medical tourism destination by introducing on-arrival visas for international patients and streamlining visa norms.
- Healthcare Coverage for Gig Workers: The budget extends Ayushman Bharat coverage to one crore gig workers, recognizing their contribution to the new-age services economy.
- Support for AI in Healthcare: The budget announces the establishment of India’s Centre of Excellence for AI, and the expansion of the Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) initiative, will further propel research within the Indian healthcare sector.
What would be the implications of Customs duty exemptions?
- Cost Reduction: The budget includes a full exemption of customs duty on 36 life-saving drugs used to treat cancer, rare diseases, and other severe chronic conditions. This measure will significantly reduce the cost of these essential medications, making them more accessible to patients, especially those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
- Improved Access to Medications: The exemption extends to specific drugs under Patient Assistance Programs run by pharmaceutical companies, along with adding 37 new medicines and 13 new patient assistance programs by next year. This will improve access to critical medications for patients, particularly those with chronic conditions.
What are the objectives of synergy – ‘Heal in India’?
- Promote Medical Tourism: The ‘Heal in India’ initiative aims to promote medical tourism by simplifying visa procedures for international patients.
- Establish India as a Global Healthcare Destination: By enhancing hospital infrastructure and streamlining visa processes, India is poised to become the preferred medical destination for international patients.
What are the challenges in India?
- Inadequate Infrastructure: India faces a shortage of healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, leading to unequal access to services.
- For example, India has only 0.9 beds per 1000 population, with only 30% of these beds located in rural areas. This is significantly lower than the WHO’s suggested norm of 3.5 beds per 1000 population.
- The underdeveloped state of roads and railways, along with erratic power supply, further complicates the establishment of rural health facilities.
- Financial Barriers: A significant portion of the population faces affordability issues, with many households bearing healthcare expenses out-of-pocket.
- For instance, a large proportion of the Indian population lacks health insurance coverage, exacerbating the financial burden and limiting access to necessary healthcare services.
- High costs of intensive care units (ICUs), averaging ₹60,000-90,000 per day, are beyond the reach of most Indians.
- Shortage of Healthcare Professionals: There is a shortage of trained healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and specialists.
- For example, shortages of surgeons, obstetricians and gynaecologists, general physicians, and paediatricians range from 74.2% to 81.6% of the required strength in Community Health Centers (CHCs). The doctor-patient ratio is significantly low, especially in rural areas.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Rural Healthcare Infrastructure – Increase investments in rural hospitals, improve transport and power infrastructure, and incentivize private sector participation to bridge accessibility gaps.
- Expand Medical Workforce & Insurance Coverage – Enhance training programs for doctors and nurses, increase medical seats, and extend affordable health insurance schemes to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for low-income groups.
Mains PYQ:
Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-USA relations;
Why in the News?
The U.S. deporting dozens of Indians for being illegal immigrants is not unexpected or new.
What are the reasons behind it?
- Illegal Immigration Enforcement: The deportations are part of intensified Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) operations aimed at identifying, detaining, and deporting individuals who are in the U.S. without proper documentation.
- Large-Scale Illegal Migration – Many Indians, particularly from Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, attempt to enter the U.S. illegally through Mexico and Canada due to economic distress and job shortages.
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What is the potential impact of US immigration policies on Indian students and professionals?
- Legal Migration Channels: The Indian government is keen on ensuring that legal migration channels to the U.S. for Indian nationals are not restricted by the U.S. administration. These legal routes include H-1B visas for skilled workers and visas for students.
- Deterrence of Illegal Migration: Both the U.S. and India are engaged in deterring illegal migration while creating more avenues for legal migration from India to the U.S.
- Increased Deportations: Deportation of Indian nationals from the United States surged by 400% in the past three years. In 2024, 1,529 Indians were deported, a significant jump from 292 in 2021.
- Impact on Undocumented Indians: Approximately 725,000 undocumented Indians reside in the U.S., primarily from Punjab and Gujarat. As of November of the previous year, 20,407 undocumented Indians were either facing final removal orders or were held in detention centers of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
How will this impact the USA?
- Labour Market Disruptions: Deportations can create labor shortages in sectors reliant on immigrant workers, such as construction and hospitality. (Example: Indian workers contribute significantly to the U.S. IT and service industries.)
- Diplomatic Tensions: Large-scale deportations may strain U.S.-India relations, especially if handled insensitively. (Example: The use of military flights for deportations sparked protests from other countries like Colombia.)
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How might the deportation of Indian nationals affect the political landscape in India?
- Domestic Political Fallout: The deportation of thousands of Indians could become a political issue, with opposition parties blaming the government for failing to create adequate job opportunities at home.
- Diplomatic Challenges: The mass deportations could strain India-U.S. relations, particularly if deportees face harsh treatment, triggering diplomatic interventions.
- Public Backlash: The use of military flights and reports of inhumane treatment, such as shackling, may create anti-U.S. sentiment among the Indian public.
- State-Level Political Implications: States with high numbers of deportees (Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana) may experience political unrest, with local governments facing pressure to provide jobs and reintegration support.
- Rise in Anti-Illegal Migration Policies: The Indian government may be compelled to introduce stricter measures against illegal immigration and human trafficking networks, affecting those attempting to migrate illegally.
- Impact on Indian Diaspora Relations: The large-scale return of undocumented migrants could impact remittances, economic support for families, and the broader perception of Indian migrants globally.
What should India do? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Domestic Employment Opportunities: Implement targeted economic reforms, boost job creation in high-migration states (Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana), and address the root causes driving illegal migration, such as agricultural distress and unemployment.
- Enhance Public Awareness & Legal Migration Channels: Conduct awareness campaigns on the risks of illegal immigration while expanding safe and legal pathways for skilled migration through bilateral agreements with the U.S. and other countries.
- Engage in Diplomatic & Policy Advocacy: Strengthen diplomatic efforts to ensure fair treatment of deported individuals, negotiate favourable visa policies for Indian professionals and students, and collaborate with the U.S. on workforce mobility solutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Cancer;
Why in the News?
The financial strain of cancer is often ignored but can be the most harmful. It not only impacts the patient but also their family and future generations.
What is the extent of financial toxicity faced by cancer patients in India?
- High Treatment Costs: Cancer treatments, especially advanced options like immunotherapy, can be prohibitively expensive. For instance, a patient with oral cancer may face annual costs of approximately ₹10 lakh, adding to previous expenses that can total ₹25 lakh over several years. This financial strain often forces families to deplete savings or sell assets to afford care.
- Impact on Families: Financial toxicity extends beyond the patient to their families, leading to severe economic consequences. Families may resort to selling properties or skipping meals to manage treatment costs, which can entrap them in a cycle of generational poverty.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenses: A significant portion of healthcare costs is borne out-of-pocket by patients. For example, outpatient expenses can account for nearly 50% of total healthcare costs, which are not covered by insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
What are the contributing factors to financial toxicity in cancer care?
- Inadequate Public Health Funding: India’s public health expenditure has historically been below 2% of GDP, resulting in insufficient healthcare infrastructure and personnel in public hospitals. This leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, particularly for advanced cancer cases that require more costly interventions.
- Limited Insurance Coverage: Existing insurance schemes primarily cover inpatient costs, leaving patients responsible for outpatient diagnostics and follow-up treatments. This gap significantly contributes to the financial burden on patients and their families.
- Economic Disparities: Patients from low and middle-income backgrounds face additional hurdles in accessing cutting-edge treatments due to their high costs and limited availability in public health systems.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF): Established in 2009 under the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi, this fund provides financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh for cancer treatment at designated Regional Cancer Centers (RCCs).
- In emergency cases, assistance can go up to ₹15 lakh. The fund aims to support patients living below the poverty line.
- Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): This scheme offers health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, including cancer treatments. It is designed for low-income families and is operational across India.
- State-Specific Schemes: Various states have their own initiatives:
- Arogyasri Scheme in Andhra Pradesh: Provides free cancer treatment for families with an annual income below ₹5 lakh.
- Free Chemotherapy in Odisha: Offers free chemotherapy treatment at district hospitals for poor cancer patients.
- Financial Assistance in Punjab: Up to ₹1.5 lakh is provided for cancer treatment to eligible residents.
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What strategies can be implemented to mitigate financial toxicity? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Public Healthcare: Increasing government investment in public health could improve access to affordable cancer care.
- States like Delhi and Kerala have initiated schemes to support direct medical costs, but broader implementation is needed across India.
- Supportive Measures for Non-Medical Costs: Initiatives such as discounted travel fares for cancer patients can alleviate some financial burdens associated with non-medical expenses. Expanding these programs could provide significant relief.
- Role of Nonprofits and CSR: Nonprofit organizations play a crucial role in reducing out-of-pocket expenses through various support services. Increased funding from corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives could help these organisations expand their reach and impact.
- Promoting Philanthropy: Encouraging individual philanthropy among wealthier segments of society could provide critical funding for cancer care initiatives and nonprofits focused on assisting low-income patients.
- Policy Advocacy: Advocating for policies that address the gaps in insurance coverage and promote equitable access to cancer treatments is essential for reducing financial toxicity in the long term.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Trade war;
Why in the News?
In 2025, the United States’ imposition of a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, along with a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, exemplifies modern beggar-thy-neighbour policies.
What is Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy?
- Beggar-thy-neighbor policies refer to protectionist economic policies in which economic strategies are adopted by a country to improve its own economic situation at the expense of other nations.
- These policies often involve protectionist measures such as tariffs, quotas, or currency devaluation, which can lead to negative repercussions for trading partners. For example, recently the USA imposed tariffs on China.
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What are the positive implications of this policy?
- Domestic Economic Boost: Proponents argue that these policies can stimulate the domestic economy by protecting local industries and jobs. For example, tariffs on imports can encourage consumers to buy domestic products, potentially reducing unemployment in key sectors.
- National Security: Supporters often cite national security concerns, suggesting that certain industries need protection from foreign competition to maintain a robust domestic economy.
- Encouragement of Exports: By depreciating the national currency, a country can make its exports cheaper and more competitive in international markets, which is believed to enhance demand for domestic goods abroad.
What do the critics say?
- Global Economic Decline – The U.S.-China Trade War (2018-Present) illustrates how protectionist policies can escalate into retaliatory actions.
- The U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting China to retaliate with its own tariffs, disrupting global supply chains and reducing international trade volumes.
- Higher Consumer Prices – The U.S. Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum (2018) under Section 232 increased production costs for American industries relying on these metals, such as automobile and construction sectors.
- A study by the Federal Reserve found that these tariffs cost U.S. consumers and businesses over $1.4 billion per month.
- Historical Warnings – The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) in the U.S. significantly raised tariffs on imports, leading to retaliation from trading partners like Canada and European nations.
- This contributed to a sharp decline in global trade and worsened the Great Depression. Global exports fell by nearly two-thirds between 1929 and 1934, demonstrating the adverse effects of widespread protectionism.
- Reduced Innovation and Efficiency – India’s License Raj (1947–1991) is a prime example of how excessive protectionism stifled innovation. The heavily regulated economy limited foreign competition, leading to inefficiencies, outdated technology, and slow economic growth.
- Post-1991 economic liberalization, which reduced trade barriers, spurred competition, efficiency, and innovation across various industries.
Which countries use this policy?
- U.S. Tariffs and Trade War – Under the “America First” policy, the U.S. imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese goods in 2018 to shield domestic industries. In response, China introduced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products, escalating a trade war that disrupted global markets.
- China’s Currency Policies – China has been accused of currency manipulation to maintain trade advantages. In 2019, the U.S. Treasury labeled China a currency manipulator after the People’s Bank of China allowed the yuan to depreciate, making Chinese exports cheaper and imports more expensive.
- Japan’s Currency Interventions – To boost exports during economic stagnation, Japan’s central bank has weakened the yen through market interventions. While this makes Japanese exports more competitive, it raises import costs for domestic consumers and affects trading partners negatively.
- Germany’s Eurozone Trade Advantage – Germany’s strong export-driven economy, supported by fiscal discipline and manufacturing strength, has been seen as creating imbalances within the Eurozone. During financial crises, weaker European economies struggle to compete, intensifying economic disparities.
Does India use this policy?
In recent times, India has indeed engaged in practices that can be characterized as beggar-thy-neighbor policies, particularly in the context of trade and economic strategy.
- Tariffs on Imports: India has imposed tariffs on various goods to protect its domestic industries.
- For instance, in 2018, India raised import duties on a range of products, including electronics and agricultural goods, to encourage local manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign imports. Such measures can be seen as attempts to bolster India’s economy at the expense of exporting countries.
- Restrictions on Chinese Imports: Following geopolitical tensions, India has implemented stricter regulations and tariffs on imports from China.
- This includes bans on several Chinese apps (like tiktok) and increased scrutiny of Chinese investments.
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Way forward:
- Balanced Trade Policies: Countries should adopt a mix of strategic protectionism and open trade to safeguard domestic industries while preventing trade wars.
- Strengthening WTO mechanisms and engaging in fair trade negotiations can ensure economic stability.
- Focus on Competitiveness: Instead of relying on protectionist measures, nations should invest in innovation, skill development, and infrastructure to enhance global competitiveness, ensuring sustainable economic growth without harming trading partners.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget offers a major tax cut, benefiting taxpayers earning above ₹7 lakh. Rebates and exemptions have increased to reduce liabilities, though it may lead to an estimated ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss.
What is the logic behind the tax rebates?
- Boosting Household Consumption: Taxpayers earning ₹7–12 lakh/year now qualify for a full rebate (earlier limited to sub-₹7 lakh earners), saving ₹70,000–₹1.1 lakh annually.
- This exemption limit was raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹4 lakh for those earning above ₹12 lakh, reducing tax burdens across income groups.It will Increase disposable income to drive consumption, savings, and private investment.
- With weak private investment and uncertain global demand, tax rebates are aimed at stimulating domestic consumption.
- Leveraging Tax Buoyancy for Revenue Growth: Despite an 8% tax rate reduction, the government anticipates a 14% rise in direct tax revenue (₹14.3 lakh crore), requiring a 24% income growth among taxpayers. It Simplified tax slabs and phased out the old regime to improve compliance and widen the taxpayer base.
- Focus on Middle-Class Welfare: The overarching goal of these tax rebates is to support the middle class, which constitutes a significant portion of the electorate and plays a vital role in the economy. By alleviating their tax burden, the government seeks to enhance their financial well-being and foster a more equitable economic environment.
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What are the implications if tax buoyancy does not work out?
- Revenue Shortfalls: A failure in tax buoyancy would lead to lower than expected tax revenues, resulting in budget deficits. This could force the government to cut essential services and social programs, negatively impacting the welfare of vulnerable populations.
- Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy: Insufficient tax revenue may compel the government to adopt a pro-cyclical fiscal policy, reducing public spending during economic downturns instead of stimulating growth. This can exacerbate economic slowdowns and hinder recovery efforts.
- Increased Tax Burden on Compliant Taxpayers: To compensate for revenue shortfalls, the government might increase taxes on those who continue to pay taxes, placing a heavier burden on compliant taxpayers and potentially discouraging further compliance and economic activity.
Is it ‘Fiscal Consolidation’ or ‘Fiscal Contraction’?
- The current approach appears to lean more towards fiscal contraction rather than fiscal consolidation. The Finance Minister has set a lower deficit target of 4.4% for 2025-26, down from 4.8% in the previous year. This suggests a tightening of fiscal policy rather than an expansion aimed at stimulating growth.
- Critics argue that such contractionary measures are ill-timed given the current economic slowdown, as they limit the government’s ability to invest in growth-promoting initiatives. The expectation seems to hinge on corporate investment and export growth to drive recovery, which may not be sufficient if domestic demand remains weak due to reduced government spending.
Aspect |
Consolidation Argument |
Contraction Criticism |
Deficit Target |
Lowered to 4.4% of GDP (from 4.8% in FY24), aiming for 3% by FY29 |
Aggressive deficit cuts during slowing growth (projected 10.1% nominal GDP) risk stifling recovery |
Revenue Strategy |
Bank on ₹28.37 trillion net tax receipts (+11% YoY) via compliance gains and income growth |
No compensatory taxes for high earners (30% slab unchanged) or wealth assets, risking ₹1.26 lakh crore shortfall |
Expenditure Focus |
Capital expenditure raised to ₹11.2 lakh crore (+17.4% YoY) for infrastructure multipliers |
Social sector allocations remain stagnant, with FY24 revised spending 15% below initial estimates. |
Way forward:
- Balanced Fiscal Approach – Instead of aggressive fiscal contraction, the government should adopt a gradual deficit reduction strategy while maintaining targeted public spending, especially in infrastructure and social sectors, to sustain domestic demand and economic growth.
- Enhancing Revenue without Burdening Taxpayers – Strengthen tax compliance through digital tracking, rationalize subsidies, and explore progressive taxation on wealth and high-income segments to ensure fiscal stability without increasing the burden on the middle class.
Mains PYQ:
Q Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to employment;
Why in the News?
With the Union Budget now presented, this is the right time to focus on three important types of jobs India needs: climate-friendly jobs, jobs that can adapt to AI, and jobs that match people’s aspirations.
Why must long-term structural reforms in India focus on creating climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs?
- Economic Stability & Climate Adaptation: Climate change threatens agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Structural reforms must promote green jobs in renewable energy (e.g., solar panel manufacturing, e-rickshaw deployment) and climate adaptation (e.g., afforestation, water conservation projects) to ensure sustainable economic growth.
- Future-Proofing Against Automation: With AI disrupting traditional jobs, reforms should focus on AI-resilient employment by upskilling workers for roles in healthcare, education, and creative industries (e.g., AI-assisted medical diagnostics, digital marketing). This will help maintain workforce relevance and prevent large-scale job losses.
- Inclusive & Aspirational Workforce: Youth and marginalized groups need jobs that match their ambitions. So, reforms should enhance opportunities in high-growth sectors like tourism, food processing, and local manufacturing (e.g., PM Vishwakarma Yojana for artisans, National Manufacturing Mission in textiles and electronics) to drive social mobility and economic dynamism.
What are the recent allocation of the budget for Jobs creation?
- Skill Development Boost: The budget for the skill development ministry has nearly doubled to ₹6,017 crore for FY26, with ₹3,000 crore allocated for upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to enhance vocational training.
- Targeted Job Creation: Over 21 lakh direct and indirect jobs are planned in fisheries, tourism, food processing, textiles, and electronics including 11 lakh under PM Matsya Sampada Yojana and 5.8 lakh under the PM Employment Generation Programme.
- Sector-Specific Focus: Labor-intensive industries like footwear, leather, textiles, and electronics receive significant support, with initiatives like the Footwear Development Programme (₹350 crore) and the National Manufacturing Mission aiming to create 2-3 million jobs.
- Support for Artisans: The PM Vishwakarma Yojana will uplift over 61 lakh artisans, promoting self-employment and economic inclusion for marginalized communities.
- Infrastructure & Innovation: Five National Centres of Excellence for skilling will be established, alongside a ₹200 billion allocation for private sector-led R&D to drive technological advancements and job creation.
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What types of jobs are necessary for achieving Viksit Bharat?
- Manufacturing Jobs: Increasing the contribution of manufacturing to GDP from approximately 16% to 25% by 2030 is crucial. This requires creating jobs in various manufacturing industries, enhancing productivity, and reducing operational costs.
- MSMEs are vital for employment generation. Policies aimed at supporting these enterprises can create millions of jobs by fostering entrepreneurship and innovation within local communities.
- Boosting Rural Demand and Agricultural Reforms: Jobs that focus on modernizing agriculture through technology and sustainable practices can enhance productivity and create employment in rural areas. This includes initiatives that support local farmers and agricultural workers.
- Skill Development Initiatives: With a strong emphasis on skilling the workforce, there is a need for jobs that require specialized training in sectors like technology, healthcare, and renewable energy.
- Climate-Resilient Employment: As India faces significant challenges due to climate change, creating jobs focused on sustainability—such as in renewable energy sectors (solar, wind) and environmental conservation—will be critical for long-term resilience.
- AI and Digital Economy Roles: With the rise of artificial intelligence and digital transformation, there is a growing demand for jobs that leverage technology. This includes roles in IT services, software development, data analysis, and digital marketing.
- Service Sector Jobs: The service sector continues to be a significant contributor to employment in India. Focused efforts on improving service delivery in healthcare, education, and hospitality can create numerous job opportunities.
How can structural reforms in the economy facilitate job creation?
- Enhancing Government Investment: Increased funding in infrastructure, education, and healthcare sectors directly correlates with job creation.
- For instance, investments in rural infrastructure can stimulate local economies and create jobs in construction and services.
- Promoting Industry Participation: Collaborating with industries for training programs ensures that the skills developed align with market needs, thereby improving employability. This approach can help bridge the gap between educational outcomes and industry requirements.
- Supporting MSMEs: Strengthening micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through financial incentives and easier access to credit can drive job creation. MSMEs are crucial for employment as they account for a significant portion of India’s workforce.
What role does government policy play in bridging the gap between formal and informal economies? (Way Forward)
- Implementing Employment Schemes: Programs such as the Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) aim to create jobs through targeted financial support for employers who hire new employees.
- This encourages formal employment while providing a safety net for workers transitioning from informal sectors.
- Facilitating Skill Development: Policies focused on skill development ensure that workers are equipped with relevant skills for emerging sectors like technology and renewable energy.
- This not only helps integrate informal workers into the formal economy but also enhances overall productivity.
- Encouraging Entrepreneurship: By fostering an environment conducive to startups and small businesses through grants, tax incentives, and simplified regulations, the government can stimulate job creation across various sectors, particularly in rural areas where traditional job opportunities may be limited.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mental Health;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Labour and Employment’s 2024 report indicates that all States and Union Territories must complete harmonization and pre-publication of draft rules for new Labour Codes by March 31, 2025, allowing for mental health provisions.
How does social inequality impact mental health access and outcomes?
- Disparity in Access to Care: Social inequality leads to significant disparities in access to mental health care services. Individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds, particularly blue-collar workers, often face barriers such as lack of awareness, stigma, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, resulting in a treatment gap of 70% to 92% for mental disorders in India.
- Workplace Conditions: Blue-collar workers frequently endure demanding jobs with poor working conditions, job insecurity, and inadequate pay, which can exacerbate mental health issues. These conditions contribute to higher rates of stress and mental disorders among this demographic compared to their white-collar counterparts.
- Limited Legislative Protections: The existing labor laws primarily focus on physical safety and do not adequately address mental health concerns. This legislative gap perpetuates the marginalization of blue-collar workers in accessing mental health resources and support.
What legislative and policy changes are necessary to promote inclusivity in mental health care?
- Rights-Based Framework: Establishing a rights and duty-based legislative framework that mandates employers to ensure both physical and mental well-being is crucial. This framework should include clear definitions of occupational diseases that encompass mental health issues arising from work conditions.
- Inclusion of Mental Health in Labor Codes: The upcoming labor codes should explicitly incorporate provisions for mental health, creating a liability-based framework for employers to prioritize the mental well-being of their employees. This includes recognizing stress-related conditions as occupational hazards eligible for compensation.
- Awareness and Accessibility Initiatives: Legislative measures should mandate employers to promote awareness of available mental health resources, such as helplines and support programs like Tele Manas, ensuring that blue-collar workers are informed and encouraged to seek help without stigma.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Implementation of National Mental Health Policies: The Indian government has implemented policies such as the National Mental Health Policy (2014), which emphasizes the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare.
- Launch of Mental Health Initiatives and Helplines: Initiatives like Tele Manas, a government-run mental health support service, have been introduced to provide confidential telephonic counselling for individuals.
- Increased Mental Health Awareness through Education and Campaigns: Programs like the “Mental Health Awareness Campaign” and partnerships with organizations like WHO have aimed to educate the public about mental health.
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How can societal attitudes towards mental health be transformed to reduce stigma? (Way forward)
- Education and Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness through national and local campaigns can help normalize mental health discussions. For example, the “It’s Okay to Not Be Okay” campaign in India aimed at addressing mental health issues in the workplace.
- Media Representation and Positive Portrayal: The media plays a significant role in shaping public attitudes. Portraying individuals with mental health issues as strong, resilient, and capable of leading successful lives can help shift negative perceptions. For instance, Bollywood movies like “Dear Zindagi”.
- Involvement of Influential Figures: Public figures such as celebrities, politicians, and community leaders can be instrumental in reducing stigma by sharing their personal mental health stories. When Virat Kohli, an Indian cricketer, spoke openly about struggling with mental health issues, it made a powerful impact and encouraged others.
Mains PYQ:
Q ”Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity.” Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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