Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

No major change in employment status or wages in 10 years

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Employment/Wages Issues in India



Why in the news? 

Recently, a report by Bahutva Karnataka shows that the share of self-employed workers increased, while the share of those in formal employment remained low

What does the Report say?

  • The stagnation in economic growth in India is evident in the share of households earning less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) of ₹375 a day, with approximately 34% falling below this threshold.
    • Additionally, wage inequality has exacerbated the gap between the rich and the poor.
  • In 2022, the top 1% and 10% of the population held 22% and 57% of the national income, respectively, while the bottom 50% held a significantly lower share at 12.7%, as per data from the World Inequality Database.

Key Highlights:

 

The Report compares the share of Employment across various employment categories in 2011-12 and 2022-23 for men and women- 

  • Low Formal Employment: The share of formal sector employment remained below 25%. Majority of employment (above 50%) was in the self-employed category.
  • Increase in Self-Employment: Self-employment remained predominant, with over 50% of the workforce engaged in this sector. Self-employment saw a notable increase in the share of women, rising by 8% points from 56.5% in 2011-12 to 64.3% in 2022-23.
  • Rise in Women’s Self-Employment: Women constituted the highest share of self-employed individuals. The share of self-employed women saw significant growth, indicating a rising trend of women engaging in entrepreneurial activities.
  • Unpaid Labor: The report highlights an increase in the number of women engaged in unpaid labor within family businesses or farming. This rise reflects the lack of other remunerative employment opportunities and stagnant household earnings.
  • Gender Disparities Persist: Despite increased participation in self-employment, gender disparities persist, with women often engaging in unpaid labor or informal work due to limited opportunities in the formal sector.
  • Economic Stagnation Impact: economic stagnation has led to limited growth in formal sector employment, pushing more individuals, especially women, towards self-employment and unpaid labor as alternative sources of livelihood.

The major observation in India: Many households still earn less than the NFLMW:

  • Stagnant Income Growth: There has been no significant growth in income over the past five years across different employment categories.
  • Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Many households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW). In 2019, an expert committee recommended the NFLMW to be at least ₹375 per day and ₹3,050 per week.
  • Regional Disparities: Analysis of 34 States and Union Territories (UTs) revealed that in about 19 of them, more than 20% of households earned less than ₹375 a day or ₹3,050 a week in 2022-23.
    • In states like Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, over 50% of households earned less than the recommended minimum wage.
  • Large Number of Low-Income Workers: The report highlights that nearly 30 crore workers earn less than the minimum wage, indicating a significant portion of the workforce struggling with low earnings.

The year-wise wealth share of the top 10% and the bottom 50% of the population-

  • Stagnant Income Growth vs. GDP Per Capita: Despite an increase in GDP per capita over the last decade, income growth among the majority of the population has remained stagnant.
  • GDP Per Capita Increase: Over the past 10 years, GDP per capita in India has risen by 60%, indicating overall economic growth and prosperity.
  • Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Despite GDP growth, close to 35% of total households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW).
  • Increase in Wealth Disparity: The share of national wealth held by the wealthiest 10% of the population has increased from 63% in 2012 to 64.5% in 2022. Conversely, the share of wealth held by the poorest 50% of the population has decreased from 6.1% in 2012 to 5.6% in 2022.

What are the measures to resolve these issues?

  • Promote Formal Employment: Encourage policies and initiatives to boost formal sector employment, providing stable income and social security benefits. Offer incentives to businesses to create more formal job opportunities.
    • Focus on promoting vocational training and entrepreneurship among women to enhance their participation in formal sectors.
  • Ensure Equal Pay and Opportunities: Enforce laws to ensure equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender. Implement policies to eliminate gender discrimination in hiring practices and promotion opportunities.
  • Improve Minimum Wage Standards: Review and revise minimum wage standards regularly to ensure they are in line with the cost of living and provide a decent standard of living.
  • Invest in Rural Development: Promote rural development initiatives to create alternative sources of livelihood and reduce dependency on agriculture, especially for women engaged in unpaid labor.
  • Address Regional Disparities: Implement targeted interventions to address rural-urban disparities in income and employment opportunities. Focus on infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and investment promotion in economically backward regions.
  • Enhance Social Safety Nets: Strengthen social safety net programs such as Universal Basic Income (UBI), healthcare, and education to provide a buffer against income volatility and support vulnerable households.

Conclusion:

Stagnant income growth and rising self-employment underscore economic challenges, with many households earning below the proposed minimum wage. Resolving issues requires promoting formal employment, equal pay, rural development, and progressive taxation.

PYQ Mains-

Q- Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.

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Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Kerala to challenge withholding of Presidential Assent for its Bills

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Powers and Functions of the President of India;

Mains level : Judicial Review; Powers and Functions of the President of India;

Why in the news? 

The unusual move of the Kerala Government will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of a Judicial Review of the decisions of the President of India.

Context-

  • The President had withheld assent to Kerala University Laws (Amendment No. 2) Bill 2022, University Law Amendment Bill, 2022, and the University Law Amendment Bill, 2021 from the seven Bills that were referred to her in November 2023.

Key issues as per this situation- 

  • Legal Challenge by Kerala: Kerala plans to challenge the legality of President Droupadi Murmu withholding her assent for certain Bills passed by the Kerala Legislature.
  • Scope of Judicial Review: Kerala’s move will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of judicial review of the decisions of the President of India. The state argues that the legality of the President’s decisions and the factors influencing them can be judicially reviewed.

The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is derived from the Constitution of India:

  • Constitutional Authority: The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution of India.
  • Procedure: According to Article 200, when a bill is passed by the state legislature, it is presented to the Governor for assent. The Governor then forwards the bill to the President for consideration.
  • Discretionary Power: The President has discretionary authority to either give assent to the bill or withhold it. This means the President can refuse to approve the bill if deemed necessary.
  • Reasons for Withholding Assent: The President may choose to withhold assent for various reasons, such as if the bill violates constitutional provisions, conflicts with central legislation, or is against public interest.
  • Constitutional Morality: The President’s decision to withhold assent should be guided by constitutional principles and morality. This ensures that the exercise of this power is in line with the spirit of the Constitution.

What are the Implications of the President withholding assent to a state bill?

  • Legislative Stalemate: Withholding assent to a state bill effectively prevents it from becoming law. This can lead to a legislative stalemate, especially if the bill is crucial for the functioning of the state government or addresses pressing issues.
  • Impact on State Governance: The inability to enact a state bill due to the President’s refusal to give assent can hinder the governance and administration of the state. It may delay or impede the implementation of policies and measures intended to address local challenges or meet the needs of the state’s residents.
  • Constitutional Conflict: The withholding of assent by the President may lead to constitutional conflicts between the state government and the Union government. It raises questions about the division of powers between the Centre and the states and the extent of the President’s authority to state legislation.
  • Political Implications: The President’s decision to withhold assent to a state bill can have political repercussions. It may strain the relationship between the state government and the central government, especially if there are underlying political tensions or differences in ideology.
  • Legal Challenges: The state government may choose to challenge the President’s decision to withhold assent through legal means. This could involve seeking judicial review to determine the legality and constitutionality of the President’s action, especially if it is perceived as arbitrary or mala fide.

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Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Governor stalls Ponmudy’s return to Cabinet

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Discretionary Powers of Governor;

Mains level : State Legislation; Discretionary Powers of Governor;

Why in the news? 

TN Governor R.N. Ravi has declined to re-induct senior DMK leader and former Higher Education Minister K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, citing concerns about Constitutional Morality.

Context-

  • Despite the SC’s suspension of Ponmudy’s conviction, the Governor believes his involvement in serious corruption as a public servant renders his re-induction inappropriate.
  • The Governor’s stance emphasizes the need to uphold ethical standards in governance, especially regarding convicted individuals.

What are the key questions raised concerning the re-induct of the MLA’s in the Cabinet:

  • Constitutional Morality: Governor R.N. Ravi is concerned about upholding constitutional morality. He questions whether it would be appropriate to re-induct K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, considering the seriousness of the corruption charges against him and the fact that his conviction was not set aside by the Supreme Court, but only temporarily suspended.
  • Legal Validity: Governor Ravi seeks the opinion of legal experts on the legality of re-inducting Ponmudy into the Cabinet without the conviction being overturned by the Supreme Court. This raises the question of whether such an action would adhere to legal principles and norms.
  • Political Implications: The differing opinions between both raise questions about the political ramifications of the decision. While the Law Minister sees no issues in Ponmudy’s swearing-in, the Governor emphasizes the need for ethical governance.
  • Timing and Elections: The timing of Ponmudy’s potential re-induction, particularly concerning the announcement of Lok Sabha elections, adds complexity to the situation. It raises questions about whether political considerations are influencing the decision-making process.
  • Disqualification and Supreme Court Stay: Ponmudy’s disqualification as an MLA due to a conviction by the Madras High Court, followed by the Supreme Court’s stay on the conviction, raises questions about the legal status of his eligibility for public office and the implications for his potential re-induction into the Cabinet.

Discretionary power of the Governor in the appointment of ministers- 

  • Outlined in Article 163: There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except insofar as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.

In the context of the appointment of ministers, the Governor’s discretionary power may be exercised in various situations, such as:

  • Selection of Ministers: Although the Chief Minister typically recommends individuals for ministerial positions, the final decision regarding their appointment rests with the Governor. The Governor may exercise discretion in approving or rejecting the Chief Minister’s recommendations based on factors such as competence, integrity, and political considerations.
  • Dismissal of Ministers: In cases where the Governor has reasons to believe that a minister is unfit to hold office or has lost the confidence of the legislature, they may use their discretionary power to dismiss the minister, even if the Chief Minister advises otherwise.
  • Interests of the state: In exercising discretionary powers, the Governor must uphold constitutional morality and act in the best interests of the state. This includes considering the integrity, qualifications, and public trust in the individuals being appointed as ministers.
  • Consultation: While the Governor is not required to consult anyone other than the Chief Minister in the appointment of ministers, they may seek advice or input from legal experts, constitutional authorities, or other relevant stakeholders to ensure a fair and transparent appointment process.

Conclusion:

Governor stalls former minister’s return, citing constitutional morality and corruption concerns. His discretion underscores ethical governance and legal validity in ministerial appointments, raising questions about political implications and timing.

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

The long, bumpy road from ‘drone didis’ to ‘lakhpati didis’

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Lakhpati Didi Scheme

Mains level : Modernization of Agriculture and Role of Women

Why in the news? 

Efforts of fertilizer companies in supporting a Central government program aimed at training women to operate drones for spraying pesticides.

Context-

  • This initiative represents a broader trend of encouraging women’s entrepreneurship in India and empowering them to participate in traditionally male-dominated sectors such as agriculture and technology.
  • The involvement of fertilizer companies in funding and facilitating this program underscores the importance of public-private partnerships in driving social and economic development initiatives

Scheme Details-

Under the Namo Drone Didi scheme, 15,000 women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) will receive agricultural drones to assist in crucial tasks such as crop monitoring, fertiliser spraying, and seed sowing.

Costs to companies-

  • Financial Commitment by Fertilizer Companies: Fertilizer companies such as Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) and Coromandel International Limited (CIL) are shouldering significant costs for the “drone didi” program.
  • IFFCO is investing ₹42 crore to support the training and equipment for 300 drone didis, while CIL is backing another 200.
  • Expense Breakdown: The approximate cost per woman participating in the program is ₹14 lakh. This covers expenses like the drone, four battery sets, a generator, and an electric autorickshaw for transportation.
  • IFFCO has categorized this expenditure as “benefits to farmers” in its financial records.
  • Contribution of Other Companies: Several additional fertilizer companies, including Krishak Bharati Cooperative (KRIBHCO), Indian Potash Limited (IPL), Matix, Indorama India Private Limited, Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited, and National Fertilizers Limited, are collectively providing an extra 500 drones.
  • Funding Arrangement: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has agreed to provide financial assistance of up to ₹8 lakh for each set of equipment. The remaining ₹2 lakh is to be sourced by the participating Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

Farmer trials-

  • Online Portal Enrollment: Haryana’s Agriculture Department, along with fertilizer companies, introduced online enrollment via the Meri Fasal Mera Byora portal to encourage farmers to apply for crop spraying through drones.
  • Subsidized Nano Urea Bottle: Farmers are offered a 1-litre nano urea bottle at ₹100, discounted from the market price of ₹225. This nano urea, when mixed with water, serves one acre.
  • Manual vs. Drone Spraying: Farmers weigh the costs of the manual application, which include subsidized granular urea and labor costs, against the higher charges of drone didis.
  • Viability for Small Landholders: Small landholders express concerns about the affordability and practicality of drone services due to limited financial resources and smaller land holdings.
  • Usefulness of Drones: Drones are seen as more cost-effective for larger plantations like coffee, tea, or sugarcane, rather than smaller-scale agricultural operations.
  • Financial Constraints: Farmers highlight financial constraints, including the inability to afford necessities like housing, education, and farm equipment, which diminishes the feasibility of investing in drone technology.

The women’s challenges-

  • Fuel Costs:  significant daily expenses (₹500 to ₹600) on fuel to run the generator required to charge the battery sets for the drone, raising concerns about the economic feasibility of the job in the long run.
  • Battery Set Limitations: Each day, exhausts one charged battery set after covering three acres with the drone. This necessitates simultaneous charging of another set in her electric vehicle (EV) to continue her work, resulting in additional time and fuel costs.
  • Economic Viability: Despite the potential earnings mentioned on paper, there are doubts about the economic viability of the job due to high fuel costs, the need for additional assistance, and uncertainties regarding the longevity of the scheme’s benefits
  • Safety Concerns and Need for Assistance: There is safety concerns while operating the drone and the necessity of having an assistant to drive the electric autorickshaw and assist with unloading and handling the heavy drone equipment.
  • Lack of Provision for Helpers: There is no provision for hiring assistants or helpers in the scheme, leading to additional expenses

Limitation of this scheme- 

  • Current Urea Usage and Subsidy: India uses 3.5 lakh metric tonnes (MT) of granular urea annually, with a significant portion subsidized by the government to make it affordable for farmers. Liquid nano urea, an alternative, is produced in limited quantities.
  • Government’s Vision for Nano Urea Production: The government aims to increase the production capacity of liquid nano urea to reduce dependence on expensive imported granular urea. The goal is to produce 48.5 crore bottles annually by 2026-27.
  • Limitations of Nano Urea: While liquid nano urea can supplement traditional granular urea, it cannot entirely replace it due to specific requirements in different stages of crop growth.
  • Ownership and Earnings Concerns: There are uncertainties regarding the ownership of drones and the distribution of earnings from drone operations among individuals, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), village organizations (VOs), or cluster-level federations (CLFs).
  • Need for Clarity and Coordination: Questions are raised about the lack of clarity on ownership, earnings distribution, and coordination among stakeholders involved in drone operations.
  • Challenges with Previous Proposals: Issues regarding the implementation of previous drone-related schemes, such as the procurement of drones under Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and concerns about competition from individual farmers purchasing their drones are highlighted.

To overcome the challenges outlined regarding drone operations and nano urea production, several measures can be considered:

  • Clarity in Ownership and Earnings Distribution: Establish clear guidelines and agreements on drone ownership and revenue sharing among individuals, SHGs, VOs, and CLFs. Ensure transparency in decision-making processes and consult all stakeholders involved.
  • Enhanced Coordination: Facilitate better coordination among government agencies, agricultural organizations, and drone operators to streamline operations, address concerns, and ensure effective implementation of schemes. Regular meetings, feedback mechanisms, and communication channels can aid in coordination efforts.
  • Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for drone operators, farmers, and other stakeholders to enhance their skills in drone operation, maintenance, and data interpretation. This can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of drone-based agricultural activities.
  • Promotion of Nano Urea: Invest in research and development to improve the efficacy and availability of liquid nano urea. Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers about the benefits and proper usage of nano urea, emphasizing its role as a supplement to traditional fertilizers.
  • Policy Reforms: Review existing policies related to drone operations, urea subsidy, and agricultural initiatives to address loopholes and inconsistencies. Introduce new policies or amendments to support the expansion of nano urea production and drone technology adoption in agriculture.
  • Collaborative Partnerships: Foster partnerships between government agencies, private companies, research institutions, and farmer groups to leverage expertise, resources, and innovation in addressing challenges related to drone operations and urea production.
  • Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the impact of drone-based agricultural initiatives and nano urea production efforts. Collect data on key performance indicators and stakeholders’ feedback to identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions.

Conclusion-

The initiative to train women as “drone didis” for agricultural tasks faces challenges of economic viability, ownership clarity, and coordination. Solutions include clear guidelines, capacity building, policy reforms, and collaborative partnerships to ensure sustainable implementation and overcome limitations in nano urea production.

Mains PYQ-

Q- The Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation , has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programme. Elucidate.(UPSC IAS/2015)

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Railway Reforms

Railways plans to develop multi-modal transport hubs

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Multi-Modal Transport Hubs

Why in the news? 

  • The Indian Railways will create mega railway terminals with multi-modal connectivity in aspirational cities with a population of more than 10 lakh across the country.

About the ‘Viksit Bharat’ Initiative – 

  • The program is part of the infrastructure being developed for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Viksit Bharat’ initiative
  • Viksit Bharat 2047 is the vision to transform India into a developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of independence.
  • This vision encompasses various facets of development, such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, social progress, and good governance, to make India a developed nation by 2047.

Key Provisions as per Railways Plans-

  • Inclusivity and Expansion: The initiative aims to be inclusive by considering inputs from stakeholders and has a vision for expansion beyond its initial parameters to cater to the needs of densely populated areas.
    • The Railway Ministry is actively working on improving the passenger experience in a mission mode, indicating a focused and accelerated effort in this regard.
    • Efforts are being made to improve the cleanliness of coaches and maintain proper amenities on railway premises to enhance the overall travel experience for passengers.
  • Zero Tolerance Policy: The Ministry has issued a warning that any laxity on the part of senior officers will not be tolerated, emphasizing the importance of accountability and responsibility in ensuring passenger satisfaction.
  • Quality check and Monitoring: Principal Chief Mechanical Engineers (PCMEs) of Zonal Railways have been instructed to closely monitor and ensure sustained housekeeping and maintenance activities, indicating a hands-on approach to implementing these improvements.

Implementing the initiatives outlined could face several challenges:

  • Resource Constraints: Adequate funding, manpower, and infrastructure might be lacking, especially for initiatives that require significant investment in upgrading facilities and maintaining cleanliness.
  • Resistance to Change: Resistance from existing systems, bureaucracy, and resistance to change among stakeholders could impede the implementation of new initiatives.
  • Coordination Issues: Effective coordination among various departments and agencies involved in railway operations may be challenging, leading to delays or inefficiencies in implementation.
  • Technical Challenges: Addressing technical issues related to rolling stock maintenance, cleanliness, and passenger amenities may require specialized expertise and resources.
  • Operational challenges: The vast scale of railway operations across the country presents logistical challenges in ensuring uniform implementation of initiatives and maintaining standards consistently.
  • Training and Capacity Building: Providing adequate training and capacity building for staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives may be necessary but could also be challenging to execute effectively.

To address the challenges mentioned, several measures can be taken:

  • Resource Mobilization: Explore alternative sources of funding such as public-private partnerships (PPPs), seek investment from international organizations, and allocate budgetary resources efficiently.
  • Capacity Building: Invest in training programs, workshops, and skill development initiatives to enhance the capabilities of staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives.
  • Technology Adoption: Embrace technological solutions such as automated maintenance systems, real-time monitoring tools, and digital platforms to improve efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in operations.
  • Stakeholder Engagement and Communication: Conduct extensive stakeholder consultations to garner support for initiatives, communicate the benefits clearly, and create awareness about the need for change.
    • Simplify bureaucratic procedures, delegate decision-making authority where appropriate, and establish clear accountability mechanisms to facilitate faster implementation.

Conclusion

  • Indian Railways’ mega terminals aim to transform connectivity in aspirational cities. Challenges like resource constraints and resistance necessitate measures like stakeholder engagement, technology adoption, and streamlined processes for successful implementation.

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Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

Food factor: On the latest retail inflation data

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NA

Mains level : Food Inflation and Control Measures

Why in the news? 

  • India’s retail inflation remained virtually unchanged at 5.09% in February, even as food prices paid by consumers resurged from 8.3% in January to 8.66% in February.

Context-

  • Most economists expect inflation to stay in the 5.1%-5.2% range in March as well, which would lift average inflation in the last quarter of this year over the 5% average projected by the RBI

The primary reason behind the food inflation in February-

  • Vegetable Prices Surge: Vegetables experienced a significant price surge, with a seven-month high pace of 30.25% in February. This spike in vegetable prices contributed significantly to the overall food inflation.
  • Rise in Egg and Meat Prices: Prices of eggs and meat/fish also rose at a faster pace in February compared to January. Eggs witnessed a notable increase from 5.6% to 10.7%, while meat and fish prices rose from 1.2% to 5.2%.
  • Deceleration in Pulses and Spices Prices: While there was a slight deceleration in the inflation rate of pulses and spices compared to the previous year, these items still experienced steep price increases. Pulses inflation stood at 18.5%, and spices recorded a 13.5% increase.
  • Regional Disparities: Food inflation varied across different states, with some states experiencing inflation rates above the RBI’s upper tolerance threshold of 6%. States like Odisha, Telangana, Haryana, and Assam recorded high inflation rates, while others like Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal had relatively lower inflation rates.
  • Seasonal Factors and Supply Chain Issues: Seasonal factors, along with supply chain disruptions, could have contributed to the rise in food prices. Factors such as adverse weather conditions, transportation constraints, and supply-demand imbalances may have affected the availability and prices of food items in the market.

To address inflation-related issues in the short term and long term, several measures can be considered:

[A] Short-Term Measures:

Supply-Side Interventions:

  • Increase the supply of essential commodities by releasing buffer stocks, if available.
  • Facilitate faster transportation of perishable goods through streamlined logistics and distribution channels.
  • Establish temporary market outlets to directly connect farmers with consumers, reducing intermediary costs and price hikes.

Import Policies:

  • Relax import restrictions on essential food items to augment domestic supply and stabilize prices.
  • Expedite customs clearance procedures to ensure timely availability of imported goods in the market.

Price Monitoring and Control:

  • Implement strict price monitoring mechanisms to prevent hoarding and profiteering.
  • Set up special task forces or committees to monitor price movements and take swift action against price manipulation.

Demand Management:

  • Promote alternative dietary choices to alleviate pressure on high-priced items.
  • Encourage conservation and rational utilization of essential commodities through public awareness campaigns.

[B] Long-Term Measures:

Investment in Agriculture Infrastructure:

  • Enhance investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems, cold storage facilities, and transportation networks, to improve productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.

Crop Diversification and Technology Adoption:

  • Encourage farmers to diversify their crops to mitigate the impact of price volatility.
  • Promote the adoption of modern agricultural practices, including mechanization, precision farming, and biotechnology, to enhance crop yields and resilience to climate change.

Market Reforms:

  • Implement market reforms to create a more efficient and transparent agricultural marketing system.
  • Facilitate the establishment of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and agricultural cooperatives to empower farmers and strengthen their bargaining power in the market.

Food Processing and Value Addition:

  • Promote investment in food processing industries to add value to agricultural produce and reduce post-harvest losses.
  • Establish food processing clusters and agro-industrial parks to encourage entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities in rural areas.

Risk Management and Insurance:

  • Introduce crop insurance schemes and risk management tools to protect farmers from income volatility caused by price fluctuations and natural disasters.
  • Provide training and technical assistance to farmers to improve their risk assessment and management capabilities.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices:

  • Encourage the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, including organic farming, agroforestry, and soil conservation, to ensure long-term environmental sustainability and food security.

Conclusion-

To mitigate food inflation, short-term measures such as supply-side interventions and price monitoring are essential, while long-term solutions like investment in agriculture infrastructure and market reforms are crucial for sustainable food security.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

U.S. to moot first-of-its-kind resolution at UN seeking equal global access to AI

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : AI, Critical Technologies

Mains level : Global consensus building on AI Regulation

Why in the news? 

  • The United States is leading an effort at the United Nations to create rules for Artificial intelligence (AI).

Context- 

  • The draft resolution, which recognizes the rapid acceleration of AI development and use, aims to close the digital divide between countries.
  • The United States initiated negotiations with all 193 UN member nations about three months before the statement.
  • It plans to make sure that nations have the necessary capabilities to take advantage of the technology when it comes to detecting diseases and predicting floods.

What are the provisions proposed through the New framework?

  • Encouragement for Regulatory and Governance Approaches: The resolution encourages various entities, including countries, organizations, communities, and individuals, to develop and support regulatory and governance frameworks for safe AI systems. It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding against improper or malicious use of AI systems.
  • Global Movement Towards AI Regulations: Countries worldwide, including the U.S., China, and the EU, are working on AI regulations. The EU is set to finalize comprehensive AI rules, and other nations and groupings like the G20 are also developing AI regulations.
  • Assistance to Developing Countries: The U.S. draft resolution calls for helping developing countries access the benefits of digital transformation and safe AI systems. It stresses the importance of respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout the lifecycle of AI systems.
  • Support for UN Development Goals:  It particularly aims to support the UN’s 2030 goals, including ending hunger and poverty, improving health, and achieving gender equality.

 

Need Global support to pass the resolution: 

  • For Principles: The resolution aims to garner global support for a set of principles for developing and using AI. It intends to guide the use of AI systems for beneficial purposes while managing associated risks.
    • If approved, the resolution is deemed a historic advancement in promoting safe, secure, and trustworthy AI on a global scale.
  • Consensus Support: After several drafts, the resolution achieved consensus support from all member states. It will be formally considered later in the month.
  • Non-Legally Binding: Unlike Security Council resolutions, General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding. However, they serve as important indicators of global opinion.

How it will positively impact the well-being of the Society all over?

AI can play a crucial role in both detecting diseases and predicting floods by leveraging various data sources, advanced algorithms, and computational power-

Disease Detection with AI:

  • Medical Imaging Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images such as X-rays, MRI scans, and CT scans to detect abnormalities or signs of diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, or pneumonia.
    • Deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have shown remarkable accuracy in identifying patterns in medical images.
  • Health Monitoring and Predictive Analytics: AI-powered health monitoring devices can continuously collect data such as heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
    • Machine learning algorithms can analyze this data to detect anomalies or early signs of diseases, allowing for early intervention and prevention.
  • Diagnostic Decision Support Systems: AI-based diagnostic systems can assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases by analyzing patient data, symptoms, medical history, and laboratory test results.
    • These systems can provide accurate and timely recommendations, improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

Flood Prediction with AI:

  • Data Analysis and Modeling: AI algorithms can analyze various data sources such as weather patterns, topography, soil moisture, river levels, and historical flood data to build predictive models. Machine learning techniques, including regression, decision trees, and neural networks, can identify complex relationships between these factors and predict the likelihood and severity of floods.
  • Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery: AI can analyze satellite imagery and remote sensing data to monitor changes in land use, vegetation, and water bodies. This information can be used to assess flood risks and predict flood events in vulnerable areas.
  • Real-time Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: AI-powered sensors and monitoring devices can continuously collect data on rainfall, river levels, and water flow rates. Machine learning algorithms can analyze this data in real time to detect sudden changes or anomalies indicative of imminent flooding. Early warning systems can then alert authorities and communities, enabling them to take preventive measures and evacuate residents if necessary.

Conclusion-

In the way forward, global consensus on AI principles is vital. Continued efforts in developing regulatory frameworks and assisting developing nations are essential. AI’s role in disease detection and flood prediction underscores its potential for addressing global challenges effectively.


Mains Question for Practise-

Discuss the global efforts towards establishing regulatory frameworks for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications in healthcare and disaster management. Examine the significance of international cooperation in ensuring the safe and beneficial deployment of AI technologies. (250 words)

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Africa

The Flaring Conflict in Eastern Congo | Explained

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : African Continent

Mains level : Recent Geopolitical issues

Why in the news? 

  • Renewed clashes in eastern DRC between the Congolese army and Rwandan-backed M23 rebels have raised global concerns.

Context:

  • The conflict exacerbates the humanitarian crisis in the region, with increased fatalities, displacements, and food security risks.
  • The United Nations and several Western countries denounce the attacks and urge the M23 rebels to halt their offensive

What is the conflict?

  • Origin: Conflict in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) stems from the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide in 1994, where extremist Hutus killed hundreds of thousands of minority ethnic Tutsis and Hutu moderates.
  • Refugee Crisis: Following the genocide, around two million Rwandan refugees fled to eastern Congo, leading to tensions between local Congolese and Rwandan emigrants.
  • First Congo War: Ethnic tensions escalated into the First Congo War, pitting Zairean soldiers against Tutsi militias and the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), supported by Rwanda and Uganda.
  • Political Changes: The AFDL captured Kinshasa, leading to the renaming of Zaire as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1997.
  • Africa’s World War: The Second Congo War erupted in 1998, characterized as “Africa’s world war,” involving various armed groups, including the Rwanda-backed rebel group, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD).
    • Despite multiple peace agreements, violence persists in the region, making it one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II.

Who are the M23 rebels?

  • Formation of  M23 rebels: The March 23 Movement (M23) was formed in 2012 to defend Tutsi interests against Hutu militias, stemming from a 2009 ceasefire agreement. It broke away from the Congolese army, accusing the government of failing to integrate Tutsis.
  • Recent Resurgence: M23 resurged in 2022, citing attacks by Hutu militias. Recent attacks near Goma have exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, leading to protests urging Rwanda’s withdrawal of support.
  • Escalating Tensions: Violence has strained relations between the DRC and Rwanda, with the DRC accusing Rwanda of backing M23 rebels. Rwanda denies these allegations and attributes the escalation to Congo’s decision to send back regional peacekeepers.
  • Potential Regional Escalation: The worsening violence raises concerns about regional tensions and the involvement of more countries. Attacks on civilian settlements have caused significant casualties and forced health and aid workers to withdraw.

Measures to resolve these issues- 

  • Regional Cooperation: Foster cooperation among neighboring countries to address cross-border security challenges and prevent the spread of violence. Establishing joint patrols and intelligence-sharing mechanisms can enhance security along shared borders.
  • Peacekeeping Missions: Increased peacekeeping efforts can help stabilize conflict-affected areas and create conducive conditions for peace talks.
  • Socio-Economic Development: Invest in socio-economic development initiatives in conflict-affected areas to address underlying drivers of instability and marginalization. Providing livelihood opportunities, access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure can help alleviate poverty and promote social cohesion.
  • Disarmament and Reintegration: Implement effective disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs which should include vocational training, psychosocial support, and community-based reconciliation efforts.
  • International Support: Mobilize international support and Regional organizations, donor countries, and civil society actors to provide timely and coordinated assistance to affected populations.

Conclusion:

The conflict in eastern DRC, fueled by historical grievances and ethnic tensions, requires diplomatic engagement, regional cooperation, peacekeeping missions, comprehensive peace agreements, socio-economic development, disarmament, international support to achieve lasting peace and stability.

Mains PYQ-

The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated Africans. Examine. (UPSC IAS/2016)

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Electoral Reforms In India

Ram Nath Kovind panel for simultaneous Lok Sabha, Assembly polls

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Parliamentary democracy; Elections; Committee Reports;

Mains level : Parliamentary democracy; Elections; Committee Reports;

Why in the news? 

  • A high-level committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind has proposed conducting simultaneous elections

Context

  • It has proposed conducting simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies as the initial step.
  • Subsequently, municipal and panchayat elections would be held within 100 days following the general elections.

What is Simultaneous elections?

  • Simultaneous elections, also known as “One Nation, One Election,” refer to the practice of holding elections for all levels of government – national, state, and local – simultaneously, or within a short period of time.
  • This means that voters would cast their ballots for parliamentary (Lok Sabha), state legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha), and local government (municipalities, panchayats) elections on the same day or within a closely coordinated timeframe.

Article 83 (Duration of Houses of Parliament): Article 83 specifies the tenure of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. It states that the Lok Sabha’s duration is five years from the date of its first sitting unless dissolved earlier. The President has the authority to dissolve the Lok Sabha before the completion of its five-year term, leading to general elections.

Article 172 (Duration of State Legislatures): Article 172 deals with the duration of the Legislative Assemblies in the states. It mandates that the Legislative Assembly of a state will continue for five years from the date of its first sitting unless dissolved earlier. Similar to the Lok Sabha, the Governor of a state holds the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly before the completion of its five-year term, leading to fresh elections.

 

Recommendation as per Committee-

  • Synchronization Proposal: The committee proposed a method to synchronize elections by setting an ‘Appointed Date’ after the general elections. State Assemblies formed after this date and before the completion of the Lok Sabha’s term would conclude before subsequent general elections, enabling simultaneous polls.
  • Tenure and Fresh Elections: The committee suggested that if a hung House or a no-confidence motion occurs, fresh elections could be conducted. However, the tenure of the House would only last for the remaining term of the preceding full term.
  • Continuation of New Assemblies: In the case of fresh elections for Legislative Assemblies, the new Assemblies would continue until the end of the full term of the Lok Sabha unless dissolved earlier.
  • Constitutional Amendments: Amendments to Article 83 and Article 172 of the Constitution are recommended to facilitate these changes regarding the duration of Parliament and State legislatures.
  • Implementation of Changes: An implementation group is proposed to oversee the execution of the recommended amendments by the committee.

Examining the issue of Simultaneous elections:

  • Law Commission’s Action: The 22nd Law Commission, concurrently examining the issue of simultaneous elections, is anticipated to submit its report to the Law Ministry soon. It is likely to recommend simultaneous polls from the 2029 general election cycle.

Ratification by States-

  • Amendments to Constitution Articles: The committee recommends amendments to Article 324A to enable simultaneous elections in panchayats and municipalities. Amendments to Article 325 are suggested to empower the Election Commission of India (EC) to collaborate with state election authorities in preparing a unified electoral roll and voter ID cards.
  • Article 324A: This article pertains to the recommendations for amendments to enable simultaneous elections in panchayats and municipalities.
    • It implies that changes to Article 324A would empower the Election Commission of India (EC) to conduct elections for local bodies concurrently with state and national elections.
    • The proposed amendment aims to streamline the electoral process and reduce the frequency of elections, aligning with the broader goal of synchronizing all levels of elections.
  • Article 325: It deals with the right to vote and preparation of electoral rolls.
    • The suggested amendments to Article 325 would authorize the Election Commission of India (EC), in consultation with state election authorities, to prepare a unified electoral roll and issue voter ID cards.
    • This amendment seeks to establish a uniform and standardized voter registration process across different levels of elections, ensuring consistency and efficiency in voter identification and participation.

Significance of “One Nation, One Election”:

  • Governance Efficiency: Conducting elections at all levels simultaneously can streamline the electoral process, reducing the disruptions caused by frequent elections. This leads to more stable governance and allows elected representatives to focus on their duties rather than preparing for elections.
  • Cost Savings: Simultaneous elections can significantly reduce the financial burden associated with conducting multiple elections at different times. It helps in optimizing resources, cutting down on campaign expenses, and minimizing the overall cost to the exchequer.
  • Voter Engagement: Coordinating elections at all levels encourages higher voter turnout by consolidating electoral activities. It simplifies the voting process for citizens and promotes greater participation in the democratic process.
  • Policy Continuity: Simultaneous elections facilitate better policy planning and implementation by ensuring that elected governments at various levels have concurrent tenures. This continuity promotes stability and coherence in policymaking, leading to more effective governance.
  • Reduced Political Polarization: By aligning electoral cycles, simultaneous elections can mitigate the intense political polarization often witnessed during election periods. It fosters a more collaborative political environment and encourages constructive dialogue among political parties.

Conclusion:

The proposal for simultaneous elections requires constitutional amendments and careful implementation. Cooperation among states and the Election Commission is essential for its success.


Mains PYQ-

Q- Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.( UPSC IAS/2017) 

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Poverty Eradication – Definition, Debates, etc.

Has poverty really dropped to 5% in India?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Tendulkar Committee; Important reports and surveys;

Mains level : Poverty in India; Tendulkar Committee; Important reports and surveys;

Why in the news? 

  • NITI Aayog’s B.V.R. Subrahmanyam stated that less than 5% of Indians live below the poverty line based on HCES(Household Consumption Expenditure Survey) 2022-23 findings.

Context:

  • According to the World Bank, in India, 21.9% of the population lives below the national poverty line in 2011.
  • In 2018, almost 8% of the world’s workers and their families lived on less than US$1.90 per person per day (international poverty line).
  • About HCES (Household Consumption Expenditure Survey): The HCES is usually conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) every 5 years. It is designed to collect information on the consumption of goods and services by households

What does the  HCES Survey say?

  • The survey indicates 2.5 times increase in consumption expenditure since 2011-12, but critics question income rise parity on basis of the following conditions:
    • Nominal vs. Real Terms: Consumption has increased about 40% per capita in real terms over the past 11 years, despite nominal terms showing a 2.5 times increase.
    • Wage Growth: Data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) reveals a 3.2% annual increase in wages for agricultural workers since 2011, indicating real wage growth.
    • Tax Data: Tax records demonstrate robust growth in the wages of salaried workers since 2011, further supporting the claim of increased incomes lead to higher consumption.

 

How the Poverty line is defined in India? Does the poverty line need to be raised?

  • The poverty line in India: Historically based on the Tendulkar Committee observation, the poverty line, currently approximates ₹1,500 in rural and ₹1,800 in urban areas. However, it lacks a clear conceptual basis, diverging from traditional calorie-based metrics. Additionally, there’s no officially declared poverty line presently.
  • Poverty Line Calculation: NITI Aayog’s task force calculates the poverty line in India using data from the National Sample Survey Office, which is part of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
  • Need for raising the Poverty line: In 2011-12, India’s poverty rate was 12.5%, but it has decreased to 5% by 2022-23. Using the Tendulkar poverty line, poverty levels are around 2%, indicating the need to increase the poverty line. Extreme poverty has been reduced, but raising the poverty line is necessary, as indicated by different calculations.

What is the Criticism faced along the lines of income rise parity?

  • Real Wage Growth: Contrary to claims of wage growth, numerous studies indicate that real wages have grown by less than 1% annually since 2017, and have even declined for construction workers.
  • Employment Data: The celebrated increase in employment shown in the latest PLFS survey for 2022-23 is misleading, as it primarily stems from a rise in unpaid family helpers rather than genuine job creation.
  • Unpaid Workers: The prevalence of unpaid family helpers, particularly among women, has increased significantly, with 37.5% of women workers now being unpaid, up from 32% in previous years.
  • Paid Employment Rates: When considering only paid employment (those receiving compensation for work), the rates are notably low, with only 48% for men and 13% for women, indicating a lack of genuine employment opportunities and wage growth for most working families.
  • Stagnant Demand for Mass Consumption Goods: Despite overall consumption growth, demand for mass-consumption goods and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) remains stagnant, suggesting limited improvement in the purchasing power of the majority of the population.
  • Two-Wheeler Sales: Sales of two-wheelers, a key indicator of consumer demand, have not recovered to pre-demonetization levels (pre-November 2016), indicating persistent challenges in the broader economy affecting consumer spending habits.

The Other side of the coin- 

  • Concerns with Private Sector Data: There is skepticism regarding the quality of data provided by private sector entities like CMIE, particularly regarding indicators such as female labor force participation rates.
  • Female Labor Force Participation Rate: CMIE data suggests a significantly low female labor force participation rate in India, with only 9% of women reportedly working, raising questions about the accuracy and reliability of these statistics.
  • Comparison with Other Countries: The data implies that India’s female labor force participation rate is lower than that of countries like Yemen and Iraq, highlighting the severity of the issue and prompting concerns about the credibility of the data.

Way Forward: Measures to improve the data and poverty line – 

  • Revising Poverty Line Definition: Develop a clear conceptual basis for defining the poverty line, moving away from historical metrics like the Tendulkar poverty line towards more comprehensive and inclusive criteria, such as calorie-based metrics or multidimensional poverty indicators.
  • Official Declaration of Poverty Line: Establish an officially declared poverty line, supported by rigorous research and consultation with experts, to provide clarity and consistency in poverty estimation efforts.
  • Enhanced Monitoring and Evaluation: Strengthen monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to regularly review and update the poverty line based on evolving socio-economic conditions, ensuring its relevance and accuracy over time.

Conclusion:

The poverty line in India, historically based on the Tendulkar poverty line, needs revision due to its lack of conceptual basis and the absence of an official declaration. Despite reductions in extreme poverty, concerns persist over stagnant wage growth, misleading employment data, and the need for improved poverty measurement methodologies.

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Citizenship and Related Issues

Citizenship Amendment Act: Legal issues and status of judicial proceedings

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Citizenship;CAA 2019; CAA 2024; Judicial interventions;

Mains level : Citizenship; CAA 2019; CAA 2024; Judicial interventions;

Why in the news? 

  • The Ministry of Home Affairs notified the rules to implement the CAA, which fast-tracks citizenship for non-Muslim immigrants from neighbouring countries. Despite delays, the Act faces challenges in the Supreme Court.

Context

  • Petitions challenge the CAA’s constitutionality, arguing it violates Article 14 by making religion a qualifier for citizenship.
  • Petitions seek a stay on the recently notified rules, criticizing the bypassing of tiered scrutiny for citizenship applications and the government’s decision to implement rules before a final court decision.

About Citizenship Amendment Act 2019:

  • Origin- The citizenship laws in India find their roots in the constitution through Articles 5-11 and the Citizenship Act of 1955. This legislation outlines provisions for acquiring citizenship through birth, descent, registration, and naturalization.
  • Changes as per CAA 2019– It revised the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant eligibility for Indian citizenship to illegal migrants who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024:

Despite a delay of over four years, the Ministry of Home Affairs has officially issued the Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024, facilitating the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019.

The key provisions include:

  • Application Process: Eligible refugees are required to submit applications accompanied by affidavits verifying statements, character references from Indian citizens, and a declaration of proficiency in a designated Indian language for citizenship.
  • E-Application to District-Level Committee: The rules stipulate that applications must be submitted electronically to a district-level committee for verification of documents and administration of the oath of allegiance. Failure to appear in person may result in rejection of the application by the empowered committee following review by the district committee.
  • Supporting Documentation: Applicants are mandated to provide supporting documents such as passports, birth certificates, identity papers, land records, or evidence of ancestry from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh to substantiate their citizenship claims.
  • Verification of Entry Date: Applicants must furnish evidence of entry before December 31, 2014, through one of the 20 specified documents, including FRRO registration, Census slips, government-issued IDs (such as Aadhaar, ration card, driver’s license), or marriage certificates issued in India.

 

What are the implications of CAA?

  • Potential Impact on Muslims: The CAA, when combined with the proposed National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC), has the potential to disproportionately affect Muslims residing in India. Non-Muslims may have an opportunity to obtain citizenship through the CAA, while Muslims may be denied this opportunity.
  • Exclusion from NRIC: In the event of people being excluded from the NRIC, non-Muslims may have a pathway to inclusion through the CAA, while Muslims may face barriers. The Supreme Court-monitored NRC exercise in Assam in 2021 left over 19 lakh people from the citizenship register, raising concerns about exclusion and discrimination.
  • Executive Order and Implementation: The Union government issued an order granting District Collectors in five states with high migrant populations the power to grant citizenship to groups identified in the CAA amendment. However, there were allegations that this order was a tactic to implement the CAA, which the government denied.
  • Relaxation of Citizenship Criteria: The newly notified rules under the CAA have eased the process of granting Indian citizenship to members of specified communities by excluding the requirement of a valid passport or visa. Instead, documents showing ancestry from designated countries are deemed sufficient.
  • Constitutional Challenges: The constitutionality of the CAA has been challenged in court, with petitions arguing that the law violates Article 14 of the Constitution by making religion a qualifier for citizenship.
  • Impact on Assam Accord: The CAA has been criticized as undermining the Assam Accord of 1985, which does not differentiate on grounds of religion and deems any person who cannot prove ancestry beyond March 24, 1971, as an alien. Petitions contend that the law may lead to an increase in the influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh to Assam.

How has the Supreme Court responded? (Judicial Stand)

  • December 2019: The Supreme Court, led by former Chief Justice of India (CJI) S.A. Bobde, refused to stay the operation of the CAA. Instead, the court suggested that the government should publicize the actual intent of the Act.
    • A similar plea for a stay was rejected by the court on January 22, 2020, with the court emphasizing the need to hear the government’s perspective first.
  • October 2022: A Bench led by former CJI U.U. Lalit ordered that final hearings in the case would commence on December 6, 2022.
    • However, since then, the case has not been listed. According to the Supreme Court’s website, the petitions are currently before a Bench headed by Justice Pankaj Mithal.

What is the significance of the challenge to Section 6A?

  • Dependence on Assam Accord: Section 6A was introduced in furtherance of the Assam Accord, a Memorandum of Settlement signed in 1985 to resolve issues related to immigration in Assam.
    • Therefore, the challenge to Section 6A is intricately linked to the implementation and interpretation of the Assam Accord.
  • Legal Implications: The challenges against Section 6A of the Citizenship Act and the CAA raise significant legal questions regarding their constitutionality and compatibility with existing laws and agreements.
    • These legal challenges highlight the need for clarity and consistency in India’s citizenship laws.
  • Interpretation of Assam Accord: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, introduced by the Assam Accord of 1985, establishes March 24, 1971, as the cut-off date for determining citizenship in Assam.
    • The challenges against this provision and the CAA raise questions about the interpretation and implementation of the Assam Accord, which aimed to resolve issues related to immigration in Assam.

 

Why are petitioners seeking a stay on the rules?

  • Changes in Scrutiny Process: The rules have reportedly eliminated the tiered scrutiny process of applications for citizenship by District Collectors.
    • Previously, District Collectors scrutinized applications, and state governments provided recommendations on granting citizenship. The removal of this scrutiny process is a concern for the petitioners.
  • Timing of their implementation: The petitioners highlight that the government had previously avoided a push for a stay on the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in the Supreme Court five years ago by arguing that the rules for implementation had not been framed.
    • Now, with the rules in place, the petitioners question the timing of their implementation.
  • Pending Decision from Supreme Court: The petitioners argue that the government should have awaited a final decision from the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the CAA before implementing the rules.
    • They suggest that implementing the rules without a definitive ruling from the court could preempt its decision-making process.

Conclusion:

  • Implementing the Citizenship Amendment Act and its accompanying rules faces legal challenges and societal implications.
  • Moving forward, ensuring fairness, inclusivity, and adherence to constitutional principles will be vital in resolving the complexities surrounding citizenship laws in India.

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Electoral Reforms In India

Appointment of EC | Supreme Court to hear plea to bring CJI back into the selection committee

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : CEC and Other ECs Appointment Bill, 2023

Mains level : Appointments in key constitutional positions

Why in the news? 

The plea filed by the NGO Association for Democratic Reforms seeks an urgent hearing as it raises concerns about potential unfair advantage in filling Election Commission vacancies after Arun Goel’s resignation.

Context

  • The unexpected resignation of Arun Goel ahead of the Lok Sabha elections raised concerns about potential unfair advantage in filling the vacancies.
  • The NGO Association for Democratic Reforms requested the new law on EC appointments to be put on hold and urged the involvement of the Chief Justice of India in the selection committee, as directed by a previous Supreme Court judgment.

 

About the CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023:

  • The Bill replaces the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
    • It addresses the appointment, salary, and removal of the CEC and ECs.

 

Appointment Process:

  • The CEC and ECs will be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a Selection Committee.
  • The Selection Committee will consist of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of Opposition/leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha.
  • Recommendations of the Selection Committee will be valid even when there is a vacancy in this Committee.
  • A Search Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary will propose a panel of names to the Selection Committee.
  • Eligibility for the posts includes holding (or having held) a post equivalent to the Secretary to the central government.

 

Why Free and fair elections are necessary?

  • Protects from Intimidation and Fraud: Concerns were raised about the potential for unfair advantage due to the Executive’s ability to appoint two Election Commissioners, which could compromise the independence of the Election Commission.
  • Consensus building and Integrity: Emphasis on the critical role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections, highlights the importance of fair and unbiased appointments to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
  • Anoop Baranwal Case: Reference to the Supreme Court’s judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case, where a Constitution Bench directed the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two ECs by the President based on the advice of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India (CJI).
  • Government’s Response: Mention of the government’s enactment of the Chief Election Commission and other Election Commissions (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, which replaced the CJI with a Cabinet Minister on the selection committee, thereby giving the Centre more control over the appointment process, contrary to the Supreme Court’s judgment.

Way Forward: Need to avoid Political interference: 

  • Current Leadership: Mention of CEC Rajiv Kumar being in sole charge of the Election Commission at present, indicates the need to address vacancies in the position of Election Commissioners to ensure effective functioning, especially with impending elections.
  • Independence of Election Commission: Emphasis on the importance of maintaining the independence of the Election Commission from political and executive interference to ensure free and fair elections and uphold democracy.
  • Insulation from Interference: Arguing that the Election Commission should be insulated from political and/or executive interference to preserve the integrity of the electoral process and protect democratic principles.
  • Critical Role of Election Commission: Highlighting the critical role of the Election Commission in various aspects such as ensuring free and fair elections, resolving disputes between political parties, and maintaining accurate voter lists and turnout, underscoring the urgency to address vacancies in the Commission.

Conclusion:

  • The government should reconsider the appointment process, ensuring the inclusion of the Chief Justice of India in the selection committee to uphold the independence and integrity of the Election Commission.

Mains PYQs

Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022)

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Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

India world’s top arms importer between 2019-23: SIPRI

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Bilateral Relations; Defence Exports and Imports

Mains level : Bilateral Relations; India-Russia; Trade relations and defense ties

Why in the news? 

  • In recent years, India has decreased its reliance on the top arms supplier of Russia from 76% (2009-13) to 36% (2019-23), as per SIPRI, indicating diversification in arms imports.

Context:

  • India’s arms imports have marked an eventual shift from Russia to France and the U.S. impacting India’s defensive modernization, regional security dynamics in the Indo-Pacific, and global arms trade trends, reshaping geopolitical relationships.

Major shift observed in the volume of exporters to India:

  • Increase in France’s Share: France’s share of India’s arms imports surged from 0.9% in 2009-13 to 33% in 2019-23, positioning it as the second-largest supplier.
  • Increase in U.S. share: The U.S.’s share of India’s arms imports also rose from 8% to 13% during the same period.

  • Focus on Military Modernization: The rise in arms imports reflects India’s ongoing efforts towards military modernization and enhancement of defense capabilities.

How India has climbed to become the world’s biggest arms importer, displacing Saudi Arabia?

 

  • India’s Rise as Largest Arms Importer: India surpassed Saudi Arabia to become the world’s biggest arms importer between 2019 and 2023, with its share in global arms imports increasing from 9.1% to 9.8%. Saudi Arabia’s share of global arms imports decreased from 11% to 8.4% during the same period.
  • Emergence of Ukraine: Ukraine, previously a negligible importer, increased its share of global arms imports to 4.9% following the Russian invasion in February 2022.
  • Trends in Neighboring Countries: Pakistan’s share in global arms imports rose from 2.9% to 4.3%, while China’s share declined from 4.9% to 2.9%.

How Russia is affected in this scenario?

  • Decline in Russia’s Arms Exports: Russia’s share of global arms exports decreased from 21% in 2014-18 to 11% in 2019-23, accompanied by a 52% reduction in volume terms. Russian arms exports remained stable until 2019 but rapidly declined in 2020-2023, with a 74% decrease in volume by 2023 compared to 2019.
    • Impact on Russia’s Arms Industry: The decline in Russia’s arms exports suggests potential challenges for its arms industry, including decreased revenue and market share.
    • Decrease in Number of Recipient Nations: Russia supplied arms to 31 nations in 2019, which decreased to 12 by 2023, indicating a reduction in its arms export footprint.
  • U.S. Consolidation as Top Exporter: The U.S. increased its share in global arms exports from 34% to 42% during the same period, consolidating its position as the leading arms exporter. The U.S.’s increased share in global arms exports underscores its dominance in the arms market and its ability to expand its influence worldwide.

How India is affected in this scenario?

  • Diversification of Arms Suppliers: India’s reduced dependence on Russia indicates a diversification strategy, reducing vulnerability to supply disruptions and geopolitical tensions.
  • Strengthened Defense Partnerships: Increased arms imports from France and the U.S. suggest enhanced defense partnerships, potentially leading to technology transfers, joint ventures, and co-development projects.
  • Modernization of Armed Forces: Importing a diverse range of weapons and equipment from multiple suppliers enhances the modernization efforts of India’s armed forces, improving operational capabilities and readiness.
  • Technological Advancements: Collaboration with advanced arms exporters like France and the U.S. may facilitate access to cutting-edge technologies, fostering indigenous defense production capabilities and innovation.

What are the implications on Indo-Pacific region?

  • Impact on Regional Dynamics: The shift in India’s arms imports could alter the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region, potentially prompting other countries to reassess their defense strategies and alliances.
    • Increased arms imports from France and the United States may signal India’s intention to diversify its defense partnerships and capabilities, potentially contributing to regional stability by reducing dependence on a single supplier.
  • Western Tilt: Diversifying arms imports could reach it with Western defense systems, potentially bolstering its role as a key player in the Indo-Pacific region’s security architecture.
  • China Factor: This may aim at countering China’s growing military assertiveness in the region. This could lead to increased competition and tensions between the two countries.
  • Russia’s Influence: The reduction in India’s arms imports from Russia may diminish Russia’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.

Conclusion

  • India’s decreasing reliance on Russian arms, increased imports from France and the U.S., and diversification of suppliers reshape regional security dynamics have more evolving dynamics in Global geopolitics considering recent moves of Russia in its defence and military policies.

Mains PYQs:

What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2020)

Practice Questions for Mains:

Q- How has India’s decreasing reliance on Russian arms and increasing imports from France and the U.S. reshaped regional security dynamics and global arms trade trends?

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Citizenship and Related Issues

Unpacking the CAA Rules

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Key provisions of CAA, 2019

Mains level : CAA Rules

caa rules

In the news

  • The long-awaited Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) has been set into motion by the Centre, marking a significant step forward in India’s legislative landscape.
  • Enacted in December 2019, the CAA aims to provide citizenship to certain migrants from neighboring countries, sparking debates and controversies nationwide.

Making of the CAA, 2019: A Timeline

 

2002: Initial efforts were made to address the challenges faced by Pakistani Hindus seeking Indian visas and citizenship.

2004: Amendments to Citizenship Rules empowered district magistrates to grant Long Term Visas (LTVs) and citizenship to migrants in border districts.

2010: The Ministry of Home Affairs eased restrictions on LTV extensions for certain categories of Pakistani nationals.

2014: Notification allowed citizenship for select migrant communities, excluding Jains and Parsis.

2018: Government extended LTV eligibility to communities seeking Indian citizenship, offering various benefits.

New Citizenship Law: Eligibility and Required Documentation

  • Beneficiaries: The CAA primarily benefits Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who entered India before December 31, 2014.
  • Documentation: Applicants need to provide proof of their country of origin, religion, date of entry into India, and knowledge of an Indian language.
  • Proof of Country of Origin: Acceptable documents include birth certificates, educational institution certificates, identity documents, licenses, certificates, or any other document issued by Pakistan, Bangladesh, or Afghanistan.
  • Establishing Date of Entry: Applicants can provide a range of documents such as visas, residential permits, census slips, driving licenses, Aadhaar cards, ration cards, or any letter issued by the government or court to prove their entry date.
  • Generational Proof: Applicants can also provide documents indicating familial ties to these countries, such as those showing ancestry, expanding the scope of eligibility.

Application Processing Mechanism

[A] Empowered Committees

  • Role of Empowered Committee: This committee is tasked with overseeing the entire process, from receiving to processing applications. It ensures that all procedures are followed diligently and efficiently.
  • Membership: The Empowered Committee is headed by a Director (Census Operations) and comprises representatives from various government bodies, including the Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau, the Foreigners’ Regional Registration Office (FRRO), the National Informatics Centre (NIC), and the Postmaster General.
  • Responsibilities: The committee members are responsible for verifying the authenticity of documents submitted by applicants, conducting background checks, and making final decisions on citizenship applications.

[B] District Level Committees (DLC)

  • Composition: The DLC consists of the District Informatics Officer or District Informatics Assistant and a nominee of the central government.
  • Functions: DLCs serve as the initial point of contact for applicants, receiving their submissions and ensuring they are complete and accurate before forwarding them to the Empowered Committee for further processing.
  • Oversight: While DLCs handle the initial stages of application processing, they operate under the supervision and guidance of the Empowered Committee. This hierarchical structure ensures uniformity and consistency in decision-making across different regions.

[C] Electronic Submission and Processing

  • Digital Platform: To streamline operations and minimize paperwork, the application process is conducted electronically. Applicants submit their documents and forms through an online portal managed by the government.
  • Efficiency: Electronic submission allows for faster processing times and reduces the risk of errors associated with manual data entry. It also enables real-time tracking of application status, providing transparency to applicants throughout the process.
  • Data Security: The government ensures robust cybersecurity measures to protect the sensitive information submitted by applicants. Encryption protocols and secure servers safeguard data integrity and confidentiality.

Conclusion

  • The implementation of the CAA signifies a significant policy shift aimed at addressing the plight of persecuted minorities in neighbouring countries.
  • While the rules have sparked debates and opposition, they also represent India’s commitment to humanitarian values and providing refuge to those in need.
  • As the citizenship application process unfolds, it will be crucial to ensure transparency, fairness, and adherence to legal procedures to uphold the principles of justice and inclusivity.

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Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Waste Management and India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Nuclear Wastes mentioned in the newscard, Nuclear Fission Reaction

Mains level : Nuclear Waste Management

nuclear waste

In the news

  • India recently achieved a significant milestone in its nuclear program with the loading of the core of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR).
  • However, as India progresses towards energy independence, it faces the complex challenge of managing nuclear waste.

What is Nuclear Waste?

  • Composition: Nuclear waste comprises radioactive by-products generated during the fission process in nuclear reactors.
  • Radioactive Elements: These by-products include elements such as barium-144, krypton-89, and various isotopes of uranium and plutonium.

Nuclear Waste Handling Techniques

  • Spent Fuel Storage: Spent fuel, initially stored underwater for cooling, is later transferred to dry casks for long-term storage. This process is critical due to the high radioactivity of spent fuel. Ex.: The U.S. had 69,682 tonnes of spent fuel (as of 2015), Canada had 54,000 tonnes (2016), and Russia had 21,362 tonnes (2014).
  • Liquid Waste Treatment: Nuclear power plants have facilities to treat liquid waste, with some waste being discharged into the environment after treatment.
  • Vitrification: Liquid high-level waste is vitrified to form a stable glass for long-term storage.
  • Reprocessing: Reprocessing separates fissile material from non-fissile elements in spent fuel, allowing for the reuse of valuable materials. Ex.: India operates reprocessing plants in Trombay, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam.
  • Geological Disposal: Some experts advocate for burying nuclear waste deep underground in stable geological formations. Waste is sealed in containers and buried in granite or clay formations, away from human activity.

Challenges and Concerns

  • Environmental Risks: Improper waste management can lead to contamination of water resources and surrounding areas.
    • Ex.: The Asse II salt mine in Germany faced contamination concerns due to nuclear waste storage.
  • Safety Concerns: Accidents at nuclear waste storage sites highlight the need for stringent safety measures.
    • Ex.: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in the U.S. experienced an accident in 2014, releasing radioactive materials.
  • Cost Implications: Waste management accounts for a significant portion of the overall cost of nuclear energy production.
    • Cost Estimate: Waste management imposes a cost of $1.6-7.1 per MWh of nuclear energy.

India’s Nuclear Waste Management

  • On-Site Storage: Low and intermediate-level nuclear waste generated at power stations is treated and stored on-site. India’s PFBR project aims to address waste management challenges by utilizing fast breeder reactor technology.
  • IAEA Safeguards: India adheres to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, ensuring the safe and secure handling of nuclear materials and waste.
  • Challenges Ahead: The delayed commissioning of the PFBR suggests potential complications in managing spent fuel with different compositions.

Way Forward

  • Investment in Research: Continued investment in research and development of advanced waste treatment technologies can enhance efficiency and safety in nuclear waste management.
  • International Collaboration: Collaborating with international organizations and sharing best practices can provide valuable insights and expertise in addressing nuclear waste challenges.
  • Public Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders and the public to raise awareness about nuclear waste management and address concerns regarding safety and environmental impact is crucial.
  • Regulatory Framework: Strengthening regulatory frameworks and implementing robust safety standards can ensure compliance with international guidelines and safeguard against potential hazards.

Conclusion

  • As India advances its nuclear program, effective waste management strategies are crucial to mitigate environmental and safety risks.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

Q.In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the ‘Additional Protocol’ with the `International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’?

(a) The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards.

(b) The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of IAEA.

(c) The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

(d) The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG.

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

In news: Sabarmati Ashram

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Sabarmati Ashram and the associated events

Mains level : NA

sabarmati

In the news

  • Prime Minister’s recent activities, commemorating the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March at the Sabarmati Ashram, mark a significant step towards the redevelopment and expansion of this historic site.

Ashrams Built by Mahatma Gandhi

 

Gandhi set up five settlements during his lifetime — two in South Africa (Phoenix Settlement in Natal, and Tolstoy Farm outside Johannesburg), where he lived from 1893 to 1914, and three in India, where he arrived in January 1915.

 

South Africa Settlements:

  1. Phoenix Settlement in Natal: Founded in 1904, the Phoenix Settlement was established by Gandhi as a communal living space and center for social and political activism. It served as a hub for his Satyagraha campaigns against racial discrimination and injustice in South Africa.
  2. Tolstoy Farm outside Johannesburg: Gandhi established Tolstoy Farm in 1910 as a self-sustaining community inspired by the teachings of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. It served as a refuge for Indian immigrants and a base for organizing resistance against discriminatory laws.

 

Indian Settlements:

  1. Ahmedabad Ashram (Kocharab Ashram): Gandhi’s first ashram in India was established in Kocharab, Ahmedabad, in 1915. It was initially a rented space and was later moved to a larger site on the banks of the Sabarmati River, becoming the Sabarmati Ashram.
  2. Sabarmati Ashram:  Read the article below.
  3. Sevagram Ashram: Established in 1936 near Wardha in Maharashtra, Sevagram Ashram was Gandhi’s final residence in India. It was intended to be a model village based on principles of self-reliance, sustainability, and nonviolence. Gandhi spent the last years of his life here, engaging in various constructive programs and campaigns.

 

Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:

Q. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian Phase. Elaborate.

About Sabarmati Ashram

  • Founded in 1917 by Mahatma Gandhi, the Sabarmati Ashram holds immense historical significance in India’s struggle for independence and Gandhian philosophy.
  • Situated on the western bank of the Sabarmati River, north of the village of Juna Vadaj in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, the ashram became a focal point for various movements and experiments led by Gandhi.

Key Movements and Initiatives

  1. Champaran Satyagraha (1917): The ashram served as a base for Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha, a movement against oppressive indigo planters in Bihar.
  2. Khadi Movement (1918): Gandhi initiated the Khadi movement from Sabarmati Ashram, promoting the use of hand-spun cloth as a means to boycott foreign goods and promote self-reliance.
  3. Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) and Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi led the workers’ strike in Ahmedabad and the peasants’ movement in Kheda, both of which were pivotal in India’s struggle for independence.
  4. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): The ashram played a crucial role in Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation with British authorities, urging Indians to boycott British goods and institutions.
  5. Dandi March (1930): One of the most iconic events in India’s freedom struggle, the Dandi March, commenced from Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhi, along with his followers, marched to Dandi to protest against the salt tax imposed by the British.

Philosophy and Ideals

  • Gandhi envisioned Sabarmati Ashram as a community based on principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal living.
  • He emphasized the importance of truth, non-violence (Ahimsa), and Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) as tools for social and political change.

Activities and Structures

The ashram housed various facilities and structures, including:

  1. Hriday Kunj: Gandhi’s residence at the ashram, where he lived with his wife Kasturba.
  2. Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya: A museum dedicated to Gandhi’s life, showcasing his personal belongings, letters, and photographs.
  3. Magan Niwas: A guesthouse for visitors and volunteers.
  4. Vinoba-Mira Kutir: Residence of Vinoba Bhave and Mira Behn, Gandhian disciples.

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Citizenship and Related Issues

Centre notifies Implementation of Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) Rules

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Key provisions of CAA, 2019

Mains level : Debate over CAA

In the news

  • Just days ahead of the announcement of Lok Sabha election, the Union Home Ministry notified the Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024.
  • This would now enable the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) passed by Parliament in 2019.

Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019: Key Provisions

  • Basic idea: CAA, 2019, aims to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955, to grant Indian citizenship to specific categories of illegal migrants.
  • Eligible Religions: CAA targets Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian illegal migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, making them eligible for Indian citizenship.
  • Objective: The primary objective is to facilitate citizenship for non-Muslim immigrants from India’s three Muslim-majority neighboring countries.
  • Residence Requirement: The Citizenship Act, 1955, normally requires 11 of the previous 14 years of residence in India as a condition for naturalization.
  • Amendment: CAA reduces this requirement to 6 years for applicants belonging to the specified religions and countries.
  • Exemption from Criminal Cases: Members of the designated communities are exempted from criminal cases under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport Act, 1920, if they entered India before December 31, 2014.

Defining Illegal Migrants

  • Status under Present Laws: Existing laws prohibit illegal migrants from acquiring Indian citizenship.
  • CAA’s Definition: CAA classifies an illegal migrant as a foreigner who enters India without valid travel documents (passport and visa) or overstays beyond the allowed period.
  • Penalties: Illegal migrants can face imprisonment or deportation under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.

Exceptions under CAA

  • Conditions for Exemption: CAA outlines four conditions that, if met, exempt certain individuals from being treated as illegal migrants:
    1. They belong to the specified religions (Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian).
    2. They hail from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan.
    3. They entered India on or before December 31, 2014.
    4. They are not in certain tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, or Tripura (Sixth Schedule) or “Inner Line” permit areas (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland).

Controversies Surrounding CAA

  • Country of Origin: CAA categorizes migrants based on their country of origin, specifically Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
  • Religious Exclusivity: It raises questions about why only six specified religious minorities have been considered in the Act.
  • Omission of Rohingya: The Act doesn’t address the Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, who have faced persecution.
  • Entry Date Differentiation: The differential treatment of migrants based on their entry date, i.e., before or after December 31, 2014, has generated debate.
  • Secularism Concerns: Critics argue that granting citizenship based on religion contradicts the secular principles of India’s Constitution, considered part of the unalterable basic structure.

Constitutionality Check

  • The challenge may rest primarily on the grounds that the law violates Article 14 of the Constitution that guarantees that no person shall be denied the right to equality before law or the equal protection of law in the territory of India.
  • The Supreme Court has developed a Two-Pronged Test to examine a law on the grounds of Article 14.
  1. First, any differentiation between groups of persons must be founded on “intelligible differentia”
  2. Second, differentia must have a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved by the Act
  • Simply put, for a law to satisfy the conditions under Article 14, it has to first create a “reasonable class” of subjects that it seeks to govern under the law.
  • Even if the classification is reasonable, any person who falls in that category has to be treated alike.

Impact on Assam and Assam Accord

  • Intersection with Section 6A: The CAA intersects with Section 6A of The Citizenship Act, 1955, which determines citizenship criteria in Assam.
  • Assam Accord: Section 6A, linked to the Assam Accord, sets criteria for determining citizenship in Assam, posing potential conflicts with the CAA’s provisions.
  • Base Cut-off Date and Regularization: The Assam Accord establishes a base cut-off date for identifying and regularizing foreigners in Assam, impacting the implementation of the CAA in the state.

Way forward

  • India is a constitutional democracy with a basic structure that assures a secure and spacious home for all Indians.
  • Being partitioned on religious grounds, India has to undertake a balancing act to protect the religious minorities in its neighbourhood.
  • These minorities are under constant threat of persecution and vandalism.
  • India needs to balance its civilization duties to protect those who are prosecuted in the neighbourhood.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2021:

Q.With reference to India, consider the following statements:​

  1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile.​
  2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.​
  3. A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.​

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

(a) 1 only ​

(b) 2 only​

(c) 1 and 3 ​

(s) 2 and 3​

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Indian Missile Program Updates

Mission Divyastra: Agni-5 Missile with MIRV Technology

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Agni Missiles, MIRV Technology

Mains level : India's missile arsenal and the deterrence created

In the news

  • India’s recent successful testing of an Agni-5 Missile equipped with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology with multiple warhead capabilities, termed Mission Divyastra, marks a significant milestone in the nation’s defense capabilities.

What are Agni Missiles?

  • Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile.
  • The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and tested in 1989.
  • After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance.
  • It was designated as a special program in India’s defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development.

Variants of Agni missiles

  1. Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range of 700-800 km.
  2. Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range more than 2000 km.
  3. Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range of more than 2,500 Km
  4. Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
  5. Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
  6. Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an ICBM with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.

About Agni-5 Missiles

  • Indigenous Development: Agni missiles, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), have been integral to India’s defense arsenal since the early 1990s.
  • MIRV Technology: The latest variant of Agni incorporates Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, a sophisticated capability possessed by only a handful of countries globally.

Developments in MIRV Technology

  • Targeting Versatility: MIRV technology enables a single missile to target multiple locations, potentially hundreds of kilometers apart, significantly enhancing its operational effectiveness.
  • Range and Strategic Focus: Agni, equipped with nuclear warheads, boasts a range exceeding 5,000 km, primarily aimed at countering threats from China.
  • Limited MIRV-Equipped Nations: Currently, major nations possessing MIRV-equipped missiles include the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom, with emerging capabilities in Pakistan and Israel.
  • Complex Technology: Developing MIRV technology requires miniaturization of warheads, independent guidance systems, and sequential release mechanisms, making it a challenging endeavor.

Strategic Significance of the Mission Divyastra

  • Versatile Strike Capabilities: MIRV-equipped missiles enable simultaneous strikes on multiple targets, overwhelming enemy defenses and maximizing damage potential.
  • Deterrence and Defense Penetration: These missiles pose a significant challenge to missile defense systems, as multiple warheads with independent trajectories can thwart interception efforts.
  • Strategic Balance and Deterrence: For nations like India with a no-first-use policy, MIRV technology enhances the credibility of response strikes, serving as a potent deterrent against aggression.

Try this PYQ from CS Prelims 2014:

Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

  1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
  2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
  3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Post your answers here.

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Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

India-EFTA Trade Pact: A Game-Changer in Economic Cooperation

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc

Mains level : Read the attached story

In the news

  • India has inked a momentous Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
  • The accord, aimed at attracting a staggering $100 billion in investment over 15 years, signifies a significant leap towards diversifying imports and forging robust economic ties with key European nations.

About the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc

Description
Member Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
Formation Established in 1960 by seven European countries as an alternative trade bloc to the EU
Trade Relations Free trade agreements among themselves and with other regions
Activities Participate in European Single Market through the EEA Agreement
Institutions EFTA Court, EFTA Surveillance Authority, EFTA Secretariat
Relationship with EU Not part of the EU,

But have close economic ties and trade agreements with EU countries

 Why was this FTA revived?

  • Resurgence of Talks: The trade deal comes to fruition after a hiatus of 16 years, during which discussions were stalled due to differences between the parties.
  • Strategic Realignment: Evolving geopolitical dynamics and mutual interests in reducing dependence on China played a pivotal role in reigniting negotiations and reaching a consensus.

Key Decisions

  • Investment Commitments: EFTA countries pledge to invest $100 billion in India, aiming to generate 1 million jobs within 15 years, demonstrating a shared commitment to mutual prosperity and development.
  • Market Access: The agreement ensures enhanced market access for both goods and services, with provisions for tariff concessions and non-discriminatory treatment of service providers.
  • Sectoral Focus: Priority sectors such as pharma, chemicals, minerals, and services receive particular attention, reflecting the potential for growth and collaboration in these areas.

Key Highlights of the Trade Pact

  • Scope of Agreement: The agreement covers tariff concessions for pharma, chemical products, minerals, and other key sectors, facilitating enhanced bilateral trade relations.
  • Binding Commitments: The pact includes a binding commitment to increase FDI from EFTA states into India by $50 billion within the first ten years and an additional $50 billion in the subsequent five years.
  • Mechanisms for Investment Facilitation: The agreement outlines mechanisms to facilitate investment flows from the private sector in EFTA countries, ensuring transparency and accountability.
  • Rebalancing Concessions: Provisions are in place to withdraw tariff concessions if the expected investment commitments are not met, ensuring accountability and adherence to agreed-upon terms.
  • Market Access Commitments: The agreement opens avenues for Indian service providers, particularly in audio-visual services, with commitments from EFTA nations to ensure non-discrimination and market access.
  • Visa Facilitation: EFTA countries have provided visa categories for intra-corporate transferees and independent professionals, enhancing opportunities for Indian service providers.
  • Tariff Reduction: The agreement entails the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods exported to India by EFTA companies, including pharmaceuticals, machinery, watches, and chemicals.
  • Agricultural Products Exemption: While agricultural items are largely excluded, meaningful tariff concessions have been granted for both basic and processed agricultural products.

Significance of the FTA’s Timing

  • Election Concerns: With numerous countries, including India, embarking on electoral processes, the window for negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) may narrow significantly. Seizing the moment is imperative amid a global shift in supply chains away from China.
  • Geopolitical Opportunity: As global investors eye alternative destinations, delays in fostering investment flows and global integration could result in missed geopolitical advantages for India.
  • Addressing Trade Deficit: India seeks to mitigate trade deficits prevalent with many trading partners, including ASEAN nations. While previous FTAs provided access to intermediate goods, India’s relatively high average tariffs disadvantaged its position, granting preferential market access to FTA partners.

Challenges in India-EFTA Trade Agreement

  • Limited Tariff Benefits: Existing zero or low tariffs in EFTA countries limit the potential gains for Indian goods exports, particularly in industrial and agricultural sectors.
  • Trade Deficit Concerns: India’s significant trade deficit with EFTA, especially driven by imports of gold and precious metals, raises concerns about the imbalance in trade relations.
  • Market Access Limitations: The scope for increasing market access for Indian goods in EFTA remains low, posing challenges for trade expansion efforts.
  • Competition from Other Countries: EFTA investment commitments may face competition from other countries like Vietnam and Mexico, potentially impacting India’s ability to attract investment.
  • Political Uncertainty: The timing of signing the agreement is crucial due to upcoming elections in many countries, which could delay future trade agreements and geopolitical opportunities.

Opportunities in India-EFTA Trade Agreement

  • Investment Inflow: Commitments for $100 billion in investment over 15 years offer significant economic opportunities, including job creation and sectoral growth.
  • Services Sector Development: The agreement could bolster India’s services sector, enhancing its competitiveness and contributing to economic growth.
  • Sectoral Benefits: Key sectors like pharma, chemicals, food processing, and engineering stand to benefit from investment inflow, potentially reducing dependency on imports from China.
  • Joint Ventures: Collaboration in identified sectors through joint ventures could facilitate technology transfer, skill development, and product diversification.
  • Wider Economic Impact: Investment from EFTA countries, including Norway’s substantial sovereign wealth fund, could stimulate economic activity and fuel India’s growth trajectory.

Conclusion

  • The forthcoming trade agreement with EFTA signals a paradigm shift in India’s trade dynamics, emphasizing economic diversification and bolstering strategic sectors.
  • As India navigates evolving global trade landscapes, leveraging investments from EFTA nations presents an opportunity to stimulate growth, foster innovation, and reduce dependency on a single market.

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e-Commerce: The New Boom

Gig Workers suffer from Lack of Social Security, Regulation: Study

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Gig Workers

Mains level : Regulating Gig Economy

gig worker

In the news

  • A recent study conducted by the People’s Association in Grassroots Action and Movements highlights the working conditions and challenges encountered by app-based cab and delivery drivers/persons in India.
  • The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced social security measures and regulatory oversight to safeguard the welfare of gig workers in the country.

Key Findings on Gig Workers

  • Extended Working Hours: Approximately a third of app-based cab drivers work for over 14 hours daily, with over 83% working more than 10 hours and 60% exceeding 12 hours, reflecting the demanding nature of their work.
  • Caste-wise Impact: The study reveals a disproportionate impact on drivers from Scheduled Castes and Tribes, with over 60% working beyond 14 hours compared to only 16% from the unreserved category.
  • Financial Strain: More than 43% of participants earn less than ₹500 per day or ₹15,000 monthly after expenses, highlighting the precarious financial situation faced by many workers.
  • Financial Hardship: A significant majority (76%) of delivery persons struggle to meet their financial needs, indicative of the economic challenges inherent in the gig economy.
  • Other Challenges: Issues such as ID deactivation and customer misbehaviour further compound the difficulties faced by workers in the app-based transport and delivery sector.

Implications of the Report

  • Social Disparities: Income disparities exacerbate existing social inequalities, particularly among workers from different caste backgrounds, perpetuating cycles of poverty and distress within these communities.
  • Health and Safety Risks: Prolonged working hours contribute to physical exhaustion and increased risk of road traffic accidents, compounded by pressure from e-commerce platforms to achieve rapid delivery times. Lack of social and job security adds to stress levels and poses potential health risks for workers.

Understanding the Gig Economy

  • In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are prevalent, with companies often hiring independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees.
  • Tech-enabled platforms connect consumers with gig workers for short-term services across various sectors.
  • Sectors such as media, real estate, legal, hospitality, and technology are already operating within the gig economy framework, offering opportunities for self-employed individuals, freelancers, and part-time workers.

Key Drivers for Gig Economy Growth

  • Changing Work Preferences: Millennials prefer flexible work arrangements over traditional full-time employment, driven by hectic lifestyles and a desire for autonomy.
  • Startup Culture: Startups hire contractual freelancers to reduce fixed costs associated with full-time employees, fostering the growth of the gig economy.
  • Freelancing Platforms: The proliferation of freelancing platforms facilitates connections between gig workers and businesses, enabling seamless transactions.
  • Post-Pandemic Transition: The pandemic has prompted laid-off employees to explore freelance opportunities, contributing to the expansion of the gig economy.

Advantages and Challenges

[A] Advantages for Workers

  • Profit through Diversification: Gig workers can supplement their income by engaging in multiple gigs simultaneously.
  • Empowerment and Flexibility: Women and retired individuals benefit from the flexibility offered by gig work, empowering them to balance work and personal responsibilities.
  • Cost Savings and Convenience: Work-from-home arrangements reduce travel costs and offer convenience to workers, enhancing their overall quality of life.

[B] Advantages for Employers

  • Efficiency and Productivity: Gig workers often exhibit higher efficiency and productivity compared to traditional employees, driving business growth.
  • Cost Savings: Employers save on benefits, office space, and training costs associated with full-time employment, optimizing resource allocation.

Challenges in the Gig Economy

  • Lack of Employment Perks: Gig workers miss out on traditional employee benefits such as pension and gratuity, leading to financial insecurity.
  • Job Insecurity: Unfair termination and inadequate wages pose significant challenges for gig workers, contributing to job insecurity.
  • Legal Protections: Gig workers lack bargaining power and legal protections, making it difficult to negotiate fair terms with employers.
  • Access and Connectivity: The gig economy remains inaccessible to rural populations with limited internet connectivity and infrastructure.

Way Forward

  • Policy Reforms: The government must fine-tune existing social security policies to address the unique needs of gig workers, ensuring comprehensive protection and support.
  • New Legislation: The centre must thrive in from the Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023 recently introduced in Rajasthan Assembly.
  • Collaborative Efforts: Stakeholders across sectors should collaborate to establish industry-wide standards and best practices for gig work, promoting fair treatment and equitable opportunities.
  • Technology Integration: Leveraging technology can enhance access to gig opportunities and streamline processes for both workers and employers, fostering a more inclusive and efficient gig economy ecosystem.

Conclusion

  • The gig economy presents both opportunities and challenges for workers and businesses alike.
  • By addressing key issues and fostering a conducive regulatory environment, India can harness the full potential of the gig economy while ensuring the well-being and rights of all stakeholders involved.

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