Why in the News?
Despite headlines celebrating India’s less than 3% inflation rate in May 2025, deeper economic indicators tell a more troubling story. The same month saw a rise in unemployment from 5.1% to 5.8%, and GDP growth has slowed sharply from 9.2% in 2023-24 to 6.5% in 2024-25.
What caused the recent fall in inflation despite rising unemployment?
- Faster Agricultural Growth Narrowed Supply-Demand Gap: In 2024-25, agriculture grew faster than non-agricultural sectors, leading to an increased supply of food items. E.g., higher food production reduced scarcity, stabilising prices and easing inflationary pressure.
- Sharp Decline in Food Inflation: Food-price inflation fell from nearly 11% in October 2024 to less than 1% in May 2025. Eg: This drop significantly pulled down the overall Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Why is the RBI’s inflation control strategy being questioned?
- Mismatch Between Interest Rates and Inflation Trends: The RBI’s key tool—repo rate hikes—did not align with the sharp fall in inflation, especially food inflation. Eg: Despite no major repo rate hike since June 2022, inflation fell from ~11% in Oct 2024 to <1% in May 2025.
- Inflation Expectations Remain Unchanged: Household inflation expectations remained high and stable, even as actual inflation dropped, undermining the theory that RBI can anchor inflation through expectations. Eg: RBI’s own surveys (Mar 2024–May 2025) show expectations stayed well above the 4% target.
- Policy Reactivity, Not Proactivity: The RBI’s approach appears reactive, adjusting repo rates after inflation changes instead of steering inflation proactively. Eg: RBI Governor stated repo rates may be reduced if inflation continues to fall—indicating policy follows rather than leads inflation.
How does sectoral growth affect inflation?
- Balanced Sectoral Growth Reduces Supply-Demand Gaps: When agriculture and non-agriculture sectors grow at similar rates, it narrows the supply-demand gap, especially for essentials like food. Eg: In 2024–25, agriculture grew faster than non-agriculture, helping reduce food shortages and lowering food inflation.
- Agricultural Growth Directly Lowers Consumer Prices: A rise in farm output increases food availability, leading to a direct fall in food prices, which are a major part of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). E.g., food inflation fell from nearly 11% in Oct 2024 to under 1% in May 2025 due to a strong agricultural season.
- Wage Effects Spill into Non-Agricultural Prices: Lower food inflation slows down wage growth demands, especially for rural labour, which indirectly eases price pressures in services and manufacturing. Eg: Cheaper food reduces pressure on industrial wages, helping contain broader inflation in non-farm sectors.
What does the data say about interest rates and managing inflation?
- Weak Link Between Interest Rates and Inflation Control: Econometric studies show no conclusive evidence that interest rate hikes directly reduce inflation in India. Eg: Despite a repo rate increase of over 10% in June 2022, food inflation fell in 2025 largely due to improved agricultural supply, not rate changes.
- Sectoral Growth Differences Matter More: Inflation responds more to the relative growth of agriculture and non-agriculture sectors than to interest rate tweaks. Eg: In 2024–25, faster agricultural growth narrowed the supply-demand gap, lowering inflation, independent of any monetary policy shift.
- Inflation Expectations Remain High Despite Rate Hikes: Even with a tighter monetary policy, household inflation expectations remained above the 4% RBI target, questioning the effectiveness of interest rate-driven expectations control. E.g., from March 2024 to May 2025, inflation expectations stayed high despite stable repo rates.
Why should inflation and unemployment be assessed together?
- Inflation Control Alone Doesn’t Reflect Economic Well-being: Focusing only on low inflation can hide deeper problems like joblessness, which directly affects livelihoods. Eg: In May 2025, inflation dropped to 2.8%, but unemployment rose to 5.8%, showing a weak job market despite price stability.
- Policy Trade-offs Require Balanced Assessment: Sometimes policies that lower inflation may slow economic growth and reduce employment opportunities. Eg: Growth fell from 9.2% in 2023–24 to 6.5% in 2024–25, aligning with rising unemployment—highlighting that price stability came at the cost of jobs.
Way forward:
- Adopt a Dual-Mandate Approach: Policymakers, especially the RBI, should consider both inflation and unemployment while framing monetary policy—moving beyond inflation targeting alone.
- Promote Inclusive Growth through Sectoral Investment: Encourage job creation by investing in labour-intensive sectors like manufacturing, MSMEs, and services, while ensuring agricultural support to maintain price stability.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss.
Linkage: This question is highly relevant because it explicitly mentions both “inflation and unemployment” together and the need for their effective management. This article talks about the inflation has fallen, unemployment has risen, and it criticizes the focus on inflation while neglecting unemployment.
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Why in the News?
The growing trade war between the U.S. and China, marked by rising tariffs, has drawn attention to rare earth elements and critical minerals.
What is the role of critical minerals in key industries?
- Clean Energy and Digital Technologies: Critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt are essential for lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronics.
- Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Minerals like dysprosium and neodymium are used in wind turbines, while tellurium, indium, and gallium are critical for solar photovoltaic cells, vital for clean energy generation.
- Defence and Strategic Industries: Rare earth elements are critical for manufacturing missile guidance systems, jet engines, and advanced communication equipment. Eg: Gallium and indium are used in high-frequency radar systems and military-grade semiconductors.
Why is China’s control over rare earths a global concern?
- Supply Chain Vulnerability: China controls over 90% of global rare earth refining and has the largest reserves, making other countries highly dependent on its exports. In May 2025, China’s export restrictions on rare earth magnets led to global panic and supply concerns in the automobile and electronics sectors.
- Geopolitical Leverage: China’s dominance allows it to use rare earths as a strategic tool in trade wars or diplomatic tensions, affecting global industrial stability. In response to U.S. tariffs, China imposed restrictions on rare earths, disrupting supply to key U.S. industries.
- Disruption of Global Industries: Restrictions can hinder production in sectors like renewables, EVs, and defence, slowing global progress in critical technologies. Eg: India’s automobile sector expressed concern about rare earth shortages impacting EV manufacturing and sought government intervention.
How are countries responding to China’s restrictions?
- Diplomatic and Trade Negotiations: Major economies like the U.S. and EU are engaging with China to secure continued access to rare earth supplies. Eg: The U.S.-China framework includes commitments that “Full magnets, and any necessary rare earths, will be supplied… by China.”
- Diversification of Supply Sources: Nations are turning to alternative producers to reduce dependence on China. Eg: Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam are actively exploring their critical mineral resources to establish new supply options.
- National Self-Reliance Missions: Countries are launching domestic initiatives to boost exploration, mining, and processing of critical minerals. Eg: India’s National Critical Mineral Mission (2025) aims to conduct 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to bolster local supply chains.
What measures has India taken for mineral self-reliance?
- Launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission (2025): A central initiative aimed at securing India’s future needs in critical and rare minerals. This mission includes plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 under the Geological Survey of India.
- Expanding Domestic Exploration & Mining: India is ramping up on-ground efforts to locate and extract critical minerals within its own borders. Eg: The Geological Survey of India is actively spearheading new lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elementexploration programs across several states.
- Building Processing and Supply Chain Ecosystems: The government is promoting infrastructure for domestic processing, refining, and manufacturing related to critical minerals. Eg: Policy support and incentives are being extended to companies to set up mineral processing plants, reducing dependence on foreign sources.
Why is a multi-level strategy needed in this sector?
A multi-level strategy refers to a comprehensive approach that operates on different layers or fronts simultaneously to address a complex issue effectively.
- To Ensure Short-Term Supply Security: Relying on a single country like China for essential minerals creates risks of disruption during geopolitical tensions or trade restrictions. Eg: After China’s 34% tariff and export restrictions in 2025, global industries, including India’s auto sector, faced supply uncertainty.
- To Develop Domestic Capabilities: Long-term resilience requires countries to invest in local exploration, mining, and processing infrastructure. Eg: India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission with plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to reduce import dependence.
Way forward:
- Strengthen International Collaborations for Strategic Reserves: India should forge long-term mineral supply agreements and joint ventures with resource-rich countries. Eg: Bilateral ties with Australia, Argentina, and Africa can help secure lithium and cobalt through assured offtake deals.
- Boost Domestic R&D and Green Mining Technologies: Investing in sustainable exploration, extraction, and recycling technologies will reduce environmental impactand enhance efficiency. Eg: Support for CSIR and private firms in developing indigenous technologies for rare earth processing and battery recycling.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: The article highlights that China dominates the production and reserves of rare earth elements and has placed export restrictions on them, causing panic over supply shortages. This question encapsulates the broader geopolitical and economic context that necessitates India’s strategy to counter China’s dominance and secure critical supplies, such as rare earths.
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Why in the News?
The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.
Why do Indian students, especially Kashmiris, prefer studying medicine in Iran?
- Affordability and Lower Fees: Studying medicine in Iran is far cheaper than Indian private colleges. Eg: Medical degrees in Iran cost nearly one-tenth of what private institutions in India charge.
- Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir shares strong historical and cultural links with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). Eg: 13th-century Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani brought crafts, industries, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
- Religious and Admission Advantages: Religious affinity due to a shared Shia population eases access for Kashmiri students. Eg: Iran provides admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students based on cultural-religious ties.
- Historical Connection: Kashmir has long-standing civilisational links with Iran, often called “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Little Iran). Eg: In the 13th century, Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani, an Iranian saint, brought crafts, culture, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
- Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once widely used in Kashmir, and similar educational traditions make adaptation easier. Eg: Kashmiri students find Iran’s academic and cultural environment more familiar and accessible compared to Western countries.
What are the major risks and challenges associated with pursuing medical degrees abroad?
- Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities run dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses for international students. Eg: Certain programs are not designed to meet clinical standards required in India or even in the host country.
- Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Many students graduate from courses that do not allow them to practice in the host country. Eg: A student completing a degree in a university designed only for foreigners may not qualify for local medical licenses.
- FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a low pass rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of foreign-trained students passed the FMGE.
- Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There is no official list of approved foreign colleges, leading to confusion and misinformation. Eg: Students often rely on agents or unverifiable online sources, resulting in enrolment in unrecognised institutions.
What challenges do foreign-trained doctors face in India?
- Low Pass Rate in FMGE: Foreign-trained doctors must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) to practice in India, which has a historically low success rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of candidates passed the FMGE, reflecting gaps in practical training and knowledge.
- Mismatch in Course Duration & Curriculum: Some foreign degrees do not meet the National Medical Commission (NMC) norms like minimum 54-month duration and one-year internship. Eg: Degrees from the Philippines (48 months) were not recognised, leading to rejection of registration applications.
- Employment and Clinical Training Gaps: Even after passing FMGE, doctors struggle with employment due to perceived inferior clinical exposure and lack of hands-on patient care experience. Eg: Many hospitals hesitate to hire FMG doctors citing practical skill deficiencies.
Way forward:
- Establish Clear Guidelines and Approved Lists – The National Medical Commission (NMC) should release an official list of recognised foreign medical institutions and standardise eligibility norms.
- Enhance FMGE Support and Skill Bridging – Provide preparatory support, internships, and clinical exposure to help returning students meet Indian medical practice standards.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: The Indian diaspora, which includes individuals who have moved abroad for higher education and subsequently stayed. Their presence abroad contributes to economic and political benefits for India.
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Why in the News?
A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe.
What is the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index?
- A global index launched to evaluate how 25 countries perform across five technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum.
- Developed using public and commercial data, allowing policymakers to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.
- Weighting of sectors: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), Quantum (5%), based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential.
How does it assess countries’ performance?
- Sector-wise Evaluation Using Pillars: Each of the five sectors—AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum—is assessed using multiple weighted pillars such as funding, talent, core technologies, infrastructure, and global influence.
- Weighted Scoring System: The index assigns strategic weights to each sector (e.g., semiconductors 35%, AI 25%) based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential, resulting in an overall score that reflects each country’s relative technological strength.
Why is India behind the top countries in key tech sectors?
- Lower Investments and Talent Gaps: India lacks deep investments and a large skilled workforce in core tech sectors like semiconductors and quantum computing. Eg: The U.S. leads in AI and chip design due to massive R&D funding and strong academia-industry collaboration.
- Fragmented Innovation Ecosystem: Unlike the U.S.’s decentralized model or China’s state-led coordination, India’s innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia. Eg: India ranks below France and far behind China in biotech and space sectors despite policy efforts.
- Limited Manufacturing and Infrastructure: India has weak chip fabrication and limited quantum labs or space tech facilities compared to countries like Taiwan (chips) or Russia (space assets). Eg: India ranks 7th in space while Russia is 3rd due to superior defence assets and launch capabilities.
Which factors drive U.S. dominance in tech?
- Massive Investments and Funding: The U.S. leads due to consistent and large-scale public and private investments in emerging technologies. Eg: Heavy funding in AI and semiconductors ensures global leadership in research and innovation.
- Strong Talent and Research Ecosystem: A world-class workforce, top universities, and a decentralized innovation network strengthen its technological base. Eg: Institutions like MIT and Stanford produce cutting-edge research in quantum and biotech.
- Strategic Global Partnerships: The U.S. collaborates closely with tech leaders like Japan, South Korea, and Europe, especially in semiconductorsand quantum. Eg: Joint ventures in chip production enhance U.S. resilience and global influence.
How do China and Europe compare in tech strengths?
| Aspect |
China |
Europe |
Example |
| Biotechnology |
Strong growth due to state-led investments and large talent pool |
Leading in vaccine R&D, genetic engineering, and pharma |
Eg: China’s focus on biotech parks; Europe’s mRNA vaccine leadership |
| Quantum Technology |
Rapidly progressing with centralised planning and funding |
Strong academic research and early quantum computing breakthrough |
Eg: China’s Jiuzhang quantum computer; Europe’s QuTech (Netherlands) |
| Semiconductors |
Lags behind due to foreign tech dependency and tool import barriers |
Moderate progress; behind East Asia and U.S. in manufacturing |
Eg: China’s reliance on ASML’s lithography; Europe’s low chip fab capacity |
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) |
Excels in data volume and AI applications, but weaker algorithms |
Strong in ethical AI, policy, and funding, but lags behind in deployment |
Eg: China’s use of AI in facial recognition; Europe’s AI Act regulation |
| Space Technology |
Advanced programs with state backing; lacks international openness |
Lower funding and limited military use; some success in space science |
Eg: China’s Chang’e missions; Europe’s ESA satellite projects |
Why is the above comparison between Europe and China important for India?
- Strategic Benchmarking for Policy and Investment: It helps India identify strength areas (e.g., biotech in Europe, quantum in China) and gaps (e.g., semiconductors) to shape its own technology roadmap, investments, and global collaborations. Eg: India can learn from China’s scale-driven investments in biotech and Europe’s regulatory models in AI for better domestic implementation.
- Opportunity for Strategic Alliances: Understanding their strengths enables India to form targeted partnerships for tech transfer, research, and market access in complementary areas. Eg: India–EU cooperation in pharmaceutical innovation, or India–China dialogue in quantum research norms can enhance India’s tech footprint.
Way forward:
- Enhance Strategic Investments in Core Tech Sectors: India should increase targeted funding and incentives in critical areas like semiconductors, AI, and biotech, with a focus on R&D, talent development, and infrastructure. Eg: Expanding PLI schemes to include quantum and chip design startups.
- Build Global Tech Partnerships and Talent Pipelines: Proactively engage with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S. for joint research, mutual recognition of standards, and tech collaboration. Eg: Set up Indo-EU research hubs for biotechnology and semiconductor fabrication units with Japan.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
Linkage: India “lags significantly” in critical technology sectors like semiconductors, which require substantial resources (e.g., advanced manufacturing capabilities, specialized raw materials, skilled talent, significant funding), this question implicitly probes India’s challenges and trailing position in the global technological landscape.
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Why in the News?
India’s coastline has increased by about 48%, not because of new land but due to better digital mapping and updated measurements. It has grown from 7,516 km to 11,098 km, giving a clearer view of the country’s natural borders.
What led to the increase in India’s measured coastline length?
- Use of High-Resolution Mapping Technology: The shift from low-resolution (1:4,500,000) to high-resolution data (1:250,000) allowed finer measurement of the coastline’s bends and curves. Eg: Modern GIS software captured intricate coastal shapes that older manual methods missed.
- Inclusion of Previously Omitted Offshore Islands: Many small offshore islands that were earlier not visible or excluded due to manual limitations are now included. Eg: Several minor islands around the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep regions added extra coastline length.
- Coastline Paradox and Irregularity of Landforms: Coastlines are naturally irregular; measuring them at a finer scale captures more detail, thus increasing total length. Eg: Like using a one-meter ruler instead of a one-kilometre one—more small features are counted, increasing overall length.
Why is the coastline paradox relevant to India’s coastal mapping?
- Scale-Dependent Measurement: The coastline paradox shows that a coastline’s length varies based on the scale or resolution used for measurement—the finer the scale, the longer the coastline appears. Eg: Measuring with 1:250,000 scale data gives a much longer length than with 1:4,500,000 scale data.
- Irregular Nature of Coastlines: Coastlines are highly irregular, full of bends, curves, and inlets, which get missed at lower resolutions but captured at higher ones. Eg: A low-resolution map smooths out land features, while high-resolution GIS tools map every minor curve.
- No Fixed Length: The paradox proves that coastlines do not have a finite length—they can always be measured in more detail, leading to ever-changing figures. Eg: Even with current high-tech tools, the actual coastline length keeps increasing with better precision in future reassessments.
How does reassessing the coastline and islands impact governance and security?
- Accurate Administrative and Developmental Planning: Reassessment provides a clear understanding of territorial boundaries, aiding in efficient governance and infrastructure development. Eg: Updated coastline data helps plan coastal roads, ports, and disaster response systems in states like Gujarat and West Bengal.
- Strengthening Maritime Security and Surveillance: Precise mapping helps in identifying vulnerable points, enabling better deployment of naval and coast guard resources. Eg: Mapping of remote islands assists in setting up radar stations and surveillance posts in regions like Lakshadweepand Andaman & Nicobar.
- Strategic Assertion and Environmental Management: Helps in asserting sovereignty over maritime zones and managing coastal ecosystems more effectively. Eg: Reassessment supports India’s claim over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and strengthens climate resilienceplanning in coastal areas.
What challenges exist in accurately counting India’s offshore islands?
- Ambiguity in Definitions and Tidal Variations: Some landforms may appear as islands during high tide but get connected to the mainland during low tide, causing confusion in classification. Eg: Certain coastal features in Sundarbans and Gulf of Khambhat shift between island and non-island status based on tide levels.
- Discrepancies Across Agencies and Lack of Standardisation: Different agencies like state governments, Coast Guard, and Surveyor General have reported varying island countsdue to inconsistent definitions and methods. Eg: In 2016, the Surveyor General listed 1,382 islands, while other agencies reported 1,334, leading to a need for data reconciliation.
Way forward:
- Standardised Methodology and Regular Reassessment: Adopt a uniform classification system for islands and coastlines across all agencies, and institutionalise periodic reassessments using high-resolution GIS and satellite data every 10 years.
- Integrated Coastal Management and Strategic Mapping: Develop a centralised coastal database linking administrative, ecological, and security data to support policy-making, climate resilience, and maritime defence planning.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public health care at the grassroots level.
Linkage: This article explicitly highlights alcohol consumption as a significant public health issue in India, leading to injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and contributing to approximately 2.6 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2021.
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Why in the News?
Prime Minister is visiting Croatia as part of his three-nation tour, which includes Cyprus and Canada. It is his first foreign trip since Operation Sindoor and the first-ever by an Indian PM to Croatia.
Why is India’s PM’s visit to Croatia strategically important for India-Europe ties?
- First-Ever Visit Signals Diplomatic Priority: PM of India visit marks the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Croatia, signalling India’s intent to strengthen ties with smaller but strategically located EU nations. Eg: This visit follows recent high-level engagements with the EU, including EAM S. Jaishankar’s tour of key European nations and the EU chief’s visit to India.
- Gateway to Broader European Engagement: Croatia’s location on the Adriatic Sea and participation in EU and NATO makes it a vital link for India to access Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe. Eg: Ports like Rijeka and Split could serve as future nodes for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
- Strategic Counter to China’s Growing Presence: The visit is a part of India’s effort to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by building stronger ties with countries like Croatia. Eg: Croatia is part of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), where India can build alternative trade and energy partnerships.
What is the significance of Croatia’s location in India’s trade and connectivity plans?
- Strategic Adriatic Sea Access to Europe: Croatia is located on the Adriatic Sea, offering India a western maritime gateway to Europe and easy access to landlocked Central and Eastern European nations. Eg: Ports like Rijeka, Split, and Ploče can facilitate India-Europe cargo movement, reducing dependence on northern European routes.
- Link to Trans-European Transport Corridors: Croatia sits at the intersection of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), enabling smoother logistics and intermodal trade connectivity across the EU. Eg: Goods arriving at Croatian ports can be distributed via rail or road to Germany, Austria, Hungary, and beyond.
- Potential Hub in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Croatia could be a key extension point in IMEC, connecting India to Europe through Middle Eastern and Mediterranean routes. Eg: A route through Adriatic ports would offer faster, diversified supply chain options to bypass chokepoints like the Suez Canal.
How have India-Croatia relations evolved since Yugoslavia’s breakup?
- Early Recognition and Diplomatic Ties: India was among the first non-European countries to recognise Croatia’s independence in 1992 and quickly established formal diplomatic relations. Eg: The Indian mission in Zagreb opened in 1996, and ties were upgraded to the ambassadorial level by 1998.
- Continuity of Warm Relations from Yugoslav Era: Friendly ties from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) days continued, especially since Marshal Tito (of mixed Croatian and Slovene heritage) had a strong personal rapport with Indian leadership. Eg: Croatia once accounted for two-thirds of India-Yugoslavia trade, laying a historical economic foundation.
- Stable Relations Amid Croatia’s Western Integration: Despite Croatia’s focus on EU and NATO membership, India maintained cordial ties and engaged through trade, cultural diplomacy, and multilateral platforms. Eg: Croatia joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013, yet bilateral trade and cultural exchanges with India have steadily grown.
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What are the key economic and cultural links between India and Croatia?
- Growing Bilateral Trade: Economic ties have steadily improved, with bilateral trade increasing from $199.45 million in 2017 to $337.68 million in 2023. Eg: India exports medicines, machinery, chemicals, and apparel, while Croatia exports chemicals, precision instruments, and timber products to India.
- Deep Cultural and Civilisational Connect: Cultural exchanges trace back centuries, with scholars and missionaries engaging with Indian traditions and languages. Eg: Croatian scholar Ivan Filip Vezdin printed the first Sanskrit grammar in Latin in 1790 after learning from Kerala Brahmins—a reprint was gifted to PM Modi.
- Academic and Heritage Bonds: Indian culture continues to attract interest in Croatia, particularly in universities and historical architecture. Eg: Croatian involvement in the construction of the Church of Sao Braz in Goa in the 1560s and Indian studies programmes in Croatian academic institutions reflect enduring links.
Why should India deepen engagement with Central and Eastern Europe amid China’s BRI?
- Strategic Counter to China’s Expanding Influence: Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are key participants in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing Beijing’s geopolitical footprint in the region. Eg: Strengthening ties with countries like Croatia, Poland, and Hungary allows India to offer an alternative partnership model based on mutual respect and balanced trade.
- Support for India’s Global Aspirations: Many CEE countries support India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)and other multilateral forums. Eg: Engaging with pro-India nations in the EU helps India shape global norms and strengthen its diplomatic leverage.
- Geostrategic and Economic Gateway to Europe: CEE countries lie at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, making them vital for India’s trade connectivity, energy cooperation, and access to European markets. Eg: Croatia’s role in the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) and its ports linked to Trans-European corridors can serve as hubs for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
Way forward:
- Institutionalise Strategic and Economic Dialogue: India should establish regular high-level forums and joint working groups with Croatia and other CEE countries to deepen cooperation in trade, infrastructure, and digital technology.
- Enhance Cultural and Academic Exchange: Boosting people-to-people ties through scholarships, cultural festivals, and collaborative research will strengthen India’s soft power and foster long-term partnerships across the region.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Croatia, an EU member, is highlighted as part of a broader strategy to strengthen India-EU ties. The article explicitly states that this growing importance of India-EU relations comes in the context of the EU “trying to de-risk from China”.
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Why in the News?
India’s rising alcohol use is not just a health issue — it is a major national problem affecting many areas. Even though experts say no amount of alcohol is safe, about one in four Indian men drink. Drinking heavily and often is now becoming more common across the country.
What are the key risks of alcohol consumption in India?
- Health Risks and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Alcohol significantly increases the risk of cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and mental illnesses. Eg: Chronic alcohol use is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and is linked to mouth and throat cancers in India.
- Injuries and Accidents: Alcohol impairs judgement and coordination, leading to road accidents, falls, and workplace injuries. Eg: A large number of road traffic fatalities in India are associated with drunk driving, particularly among youth.
- Mental Health and Suicide: Alcohol contributes to depression, anxiety, and is a major risk factor for suicide. Eg: The National Suicide Prevention Strategy (2022) identified alcohol use as a key driver of suicides in India.
- Violence and Crime: Alcohol consumption is linked with domestic violence, sexual assault, and violent crimes. Eg: NFHS-5 data shows higher incidence of domestic violence in households where alcohol is consumed regularly.
- Economic and Social Burden: Alcohol use contributes to ₹6.24 trillion in societal costs (2021), including healthcare, lost productivity, and law enforcement. Eg: The burden of alcohol-related diseases adds pressure to India’s public health system, particularly in rural areas.
Why is a national alcohol policy necessary?
- Fragmented and Inconsistent State Regulations: Alcohol laws, legal drinking age, pricing, and prohibition vary widely across States, causing regulatory confusion and uneven implementation. Eg: Bihar enforces prohibition, while States like Kerala promote toddy as a “natural beverage” under its Akbari Policy.
- Public Health Emergency: Rising alcohol consumption is linked to cancer, mental illness, suicides, and injuries, posing a major national health burden. Eg: In 2021, alcohol-related harm caused 2.6 million DALYs and cost India ₹6.24 trillion in societal losses.
- Lack of Centralised Coordination and Accountability: Regulatory responsibility is scattered across multiple ministries with no unified approach, weakening policy impact. Eg: Demand reduction is handled by the Ministry of Social Justice, while supply and harm reduction are spread across Health, Finance, and Home Affairs ministries.
Who regulates alcohol demand and supply in India?
- State governments: Regulate production, distribution, pricing, sale, and consumption.
- Ministry of Social Justice: Leads demand reduction (e.g., Nasha Mukta Bharat Abhiyan).
- Ministries of Home Affairs, Finance, and Health: Handle supply and harm reduction.
- No single authority: Regulatory efforts are scattered and lack coordination.
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How do marketing and digital platforms influence alcohol use?
- Surrogate Advertising and Brand Promotion: Despite legal restrictions, alcohol brands use surrogate advertising, brand sponsorships, and strategic product placements to maintain visibility. Eg: Alcohol brands often sponsor music festivals and sports events, indirectly promoting their products to younger audiences.
- Social Media and Algorithmic Amplification: Social media algorithms boost alcohol-related content (ARC), while “alcohol influencers” glamorize drinking and normalize it among youth. Eg: Platforms like Instagram and YouTube promote posts showing alcohol as part of a luxury lifestyle, increasing its social appeal.
- Attractive Packaging and Retail Tactics: Use of sleek bottles, premium branding, and Happy Hour deals enhance the aspirational value of alcohol and make it more appealing. Eg: Pre-mixed cocktails and flavoured spirits are marketed to attract young and first-time users.
Way forward:
- Formulate a Unified National Alcohol Control Policy: Develop a comprehensive, evidence-based policy that aligns efforts across States and Central ministries, focusing on public health, harm reduction, and regulation of digital content.
- Invest in Public Awareness and Education: Launch large-scale awareness campaigns highlighting the health risks of alcohol, similar to tobacco control programs, to shift social norms and perceptions. Eg: Educating youth on links between alcohol and mental illness, cancer, and poverty can reduce its aspirational appeal.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public health care at the grassroots level.
Linkage: This article explicitly highlights alcohol consumption as a significant public health issue in India, leading to injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and contributing to approximately 2.6 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2021.
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Why in the News?
The revised plan for the Green India Mission (GIM), released by the Centre on June 17, is an important step forward in India’s fight against climate change.
What are the achievements of the Green India Mission since its launch in 2014?
- Large-scale Afforestation Activities: GIM facilitated tree plantation and afforestation across 11.22 million hectares between 2015–16 and 2020–21. Eg: Afforestation under state schemes in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana helped increase green cover.
- Support to Vulnerable States: Funds were allocated based on ecological vulnerability and restoration potential. Eg: ₹624.71 crore released to 18 states between 2019–24, with ₹575.55 crore utilised.
- Carbon Sequestration Contribution: Contributed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent between 2005–2021. Eg: Forest restoration in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh aided national climate goals.
- Integration with Climate Goals: GIM aligned with India’s international commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Eg: Activities under GIM complement India’s UNFCCC goals on land restoration and carbon capture.
- Livelihood Enhancement through Forest-Based Interventions: Helped improve livelihoods of forest-dependent communities via sustainable forestry practices. Eg: Community plantation models in Odisha created jobs and promoted conservation.
What are the key elements of the revised Green India Mission roadmap?
- Landscape-level restoration: Focus on saturation-based, area-specific restoration in vulnerable landscapes like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves.
- Integration with flagship projects: Syncing with initiatives like the Aravalli Green Wall project (cost: Rs 16,053 crore, coverage: 6.45 mha across 29 districts and 4 states).
- Aravalli protection: Targeting 8 lakh hectares for forest, water system and grassland rejuvenation to curb sandstorm intrusions and pollution in NCR and Punjab.
- Western Ghats focus: Addressing illegal mining and deforestation through afforestation and abandoned mine rehabilitation.
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Why was the Green India Mission’s roadmap revised?
- To Address On-Ground Climate Impacts: The revision was made to respond to changing climate conditions and the increasing urgency of land degradation and desertification. Eg: Inclusion of the Aravalli Green Wall Project to counter desert expansion from the Thar region.
- To Incorporate Feedback from States and Scientific Bodies: The revised plan reflects inputs from implementing states and scientific institutions, ensuring region-specific solutions. Eg: Feedback led to the addition of eco-restoration of abandoned mining areas in the Western Ghats.
- To Focus on Region-Specific Restoration Practices: The update prioritises landscape-specific and ecologically appropriate restoration in vulnerable ecosystems. Eg: Special emphasis on Himalayas, mangroves, and degraded zones for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation.
What key regions will it now focus on?
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Who is implementing the Green Wall project?
- Central Government Leadership: The Centre (Government of India) is spearheading the initiative, allocating funding and coordinating implementation across states. Eg: The project’s ₹16,053 crore budget and planning is directed by central agencies in collaboration with local authorities.
- Collaboration with States and Scientific Institutions: Implementation involves three states (Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat), one UT (Delhi) and guidance from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), using ecological data to target 12 degradation gaps in the Aravalli range. Eg: WII studies identified dust-prone regions; restoration covers 8 lakh hectares across 29 districts in these states.
How will GIM address land degradation and carbon sequestration?
- Restoration of Degraded and Open Forests: GIM focuses on restoring impaired open forests, which is a cost-effective and high-impact method for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration. Eg: As per the Forest Survey of India (FSI), restoring 15 million hectares can sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO₂.
- Region-Specific Ecological Interventions: The revised roadmap includes landscape-specific afforestation and eco-restoration in vulnerable areas like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves. Eg: Under the Aravalli Green Wall Project, 8 lakh hectares will be restored to combat desertification and reduce dust pollution.
- Expansion of Natural Carbon Sinks: GIM aligns with India’s climate commitment to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Eg: By integrating schemes and intensifying plantation efforts, GIM aims to expand forest and tree cover up to 24.7 million hectares, capturing 3.39 billion tonnes of CO₂.
Way forward:
- Integrated Landscape-Based Planning: Adopt a holistic, ecosystem-specific approach by aligning GIM with other environmental programs (e.g., CAMPA, MGNREGS) for coordinated restoration and afforestation efforts.
- Enhanced Monitoring and Community Participation: Use technology (GIS, remote sensing) for real-time progress tracking, while empowering local communities and forest-dependent groups for sustainable upkeep and livelihood generation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change.
Linkage: This question directly relates to the core objectives and context of the Green India Mission (GIM). The GIM, launched in 2014, is a crucial component of India’s efforts to combat climate change by increasing forest and tree cover and restoring degraded ecosystems. The revised roadmap for GIM emphasizes not only increasing and restoring forest and green cover but also tackling land degradation and desertification, which are significant environmental issues in India.
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Why in the News?
The controversy over the 2024 Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections and how Election Commissioners are appointed has sparked a major debate about the Constitution and democracy in India.
Why is the ECI appointment process seen as favouring the executive?
- Majority Control by the Executive in the Selection Committee: The 2023 Election Commissioners Appointment Act provides a 2:1 majority to the executive in the selection committee — comprising the Prime Minister, the Home Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition. Eg: The Leader of the Opposition can always be outvoted, effectively giving the ruling party full control over appointments.
- Exclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI): Despite a Supreme Court directive in March 2023 recommending the inclusion of the CJI to ensure neutrality, the Act excluded the judiciary, reducing checks and balances. Eg: The SC judgment established a temporary mechanism including the CJI until Parliament enacted a law, but the law ignored this safeguard.
- Conflict of Interest: The executive, being an election contestant, is involved in selecting the very institution that is supposed to referee the elections, raising concerns about institutional bias. Eg: The same political leadership responsible for contesting elections now appoints the “umpires” (Election Commissioners).
- Lack of Public Consultation or Parliamentary Debate: The 2023 Act was passed with minimal debate and without bipartisan consensus, reinforcing the perception of executive overreach. Eg: Opposition parties and civil society groups raised concerns about non-consultative law-making affecting the ECI’s independence.
- Pending Legal Challenge on Constitutional Grounds: The Act’s constitutionality is under challenge in the Supreme Court, suggesting broader concern that it violates the principles of free and fair elections under Article 324. Eg: Petitions argue that the current process undermines the ECI’s autonomy and may violate the basic structure doctrine.
How does limited access to Form 17C affect poll transparency?
- Restricts Independent Verification of Votes: Limited access to Form 17C, which contains vote counts and voter turnout data, prevents candidates and citizensfrom verifying the accuracy of polling results. Eg: Only candidates or their polling agents receive the form, and not all candidates—especially independents or smaller parties—can afford agents at every booth.
- Blocks Public Scrutiny and Research: Without public access to Form 17C data from all polling stations, researchers, media, and civil society cannot conduct independent audits or identify discrepancies in vote tallies. Eg: Voters and watchdog groups are unable to cross-check vote counts with final results, undermining transparency.
- Raises Suspicion of Electoral Manipulation: The opaque handling of Form 17C can fuel doubts about the integrity of the electoral process, especially in close contests or in regions with a history of irregularities. Eg: In the absence of uniform disclosure, accusations of mismatched vote counts or tampering are harder to disprove, affecting public trust in the Election Commission.
Why is the Supreme Court’s role in ECI appointments significant?
- Upheld Democratic Values and Institutional Neutrality: The Supreme Court’s March 2023 judgment ensured a balanced selection committee by including the Chief Justice of India (CJI), reducing the risk of executive control over the Election Commission of India (ECI).
- Acted as a Constitutional Corrective in Legislative Vacuum: In the absence of a law under Article 324, the Court stepped in to lay down norms for appointments, reinforcing the judiciary’s role as guardian of the Constitution. Eg: The SC cited Parliament’s inaction despite multiple committee recommendations and exercised its powers to protect the integrity of electoral democracy.
What reforms can enhance transparency in India’s electoral system? (Way forward)
- Reform the ECI Appointment Process for Institutional Neutrality: Include the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the selection committee for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners, ensuring independence from executive influence. Eg: The Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment proposed a panel of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and CJI, but the 2023 ECI Act excluded the CJI, raising concerns over impartiality.
- Ensure Public Access to Form 17C for Vote Transparency: Mandate that Form 17C, which records total votes polled, be made publicly accessible through an official digital portal, enabling citizens and researchers to verify poll data. Eg: Currently, only candidates or polling agents receive Form 17C, and many independent or low-budget candidateslack agents at all booths, limiting access to crucial data.
- Introduce Independent Audits of Electoral Rolls and EVMs: Conduct regular third-party audits of voter rolls and Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to detect errors, manipulation, or malfunction, and improve public confidence in electoral integrity. Eg: In past elections, reports of missing names or duplicate entries in voter lists have led to allegations of disenfranchisement, especially among marginalised groups.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?
Linkage: This article explicitly calls for the Election Commission of India (ECI) to “disclose the entire truth that is known only to the Election Commission of India. The 2018 question, by asking about the “challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India” amidst EVM controversy, directly aligns with the broader call for transparency.
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Why in the News?
India-U.S. ties, once seen as strong and promising, now face a quiet shift. Recent U.S. actions like engaging Pakistan’s military and economic warnings to India have caused concern in Delhi.
Why does the India-U.S. relationship face a strategic drift despite deep convergence?
- Transactional Approach Undermines Long-term Trust: The Trump administration’s focus on short-term, deal-based diplomacy contrasts with India’s strategic and civilisational outlook, causing mistrust. Eg: Trump’s unpredictable style — praising one day, criticising the next — makes it difficult for India to navigate the partnership confidently.
- Return of “India-Pakistan Hyphenation”: The revival of outdated strategic equivalence between India and Pakistan has offended Indian diplomatic efforts to de-hyphenate its rise. Eg: Trump’s offer to mediate on Kashmir post-Operation Sindoor and remarks equating both nations reignited diplomatic concerns in New Delhi.
- Contradictory Economic and Strategic Signals: Despite promoting Indo-Pacific cooperation, U.S. actions have undermined India’s manufacturing ambitions and H-1B visa interests. Eg: Trump reportedly discouraged Apple from expanding in India, clashing with India’s China-plus-one strategy and investment goals.
What key factors are straining India-U.S. ties under the Trump administration?
- Revival of India-Pakistan Equivalence: The U.S. has reverted to “hyphenating” India and Pakistan as strategic concerns, undermining India’s diplomatic efforts to decouple its rise. Eg: Trump’s comments post-Operation Sindoor—offering mediation on Kashmir and warning of nuclear escalation—were seen as diplomatically regressive.
- Economic Mixed Signals: The Trump administration sent conflicting signals on India’s role in global supply chains, affecting investor confidence. Eg: Trump reportedly discouraged Apple from expanding manufacturing in India, undermining India’s China-plus-one strategy.
- Restrictive Immigration Stance: The H-1B visa policy, critical to U.S.-India tech ties, has become vulnerable to protectionist rhetoric and political posturing. Eg: Curtailing H-1B visas strains the Silicon Valley–India innovation ecosystem, weakening a pillar of bilateral cooperation.
How can India manage uncertainties in its U.S. engagement strategy?
- Pursue Calibrated and Persistent Diplomacy: India must avoid overreaction and focus on quiet, sustained engagement to preserve strategic alignment. Eg: Continued cooperation in defence, Quad, and intelligence sharing can reinforce long-term trust despite short-term irritants.
- Broaden Strategic Outreach in the U.S: India should strengthen its influence beyond traditional diplomacy by engaging Congress, think tanks, and the Indian-American diaspora. Eg: Leveraging support from Indian-origin U.S. lawmakers helps build bipartisan consensus for stronger ties.
- Accelerate Domestic Economic Reforms: India must boost its manufacturing, regulatory clarity, and infrastructure to reinforce its attractiveness as a global partner. Eg: Advancing Make in India and supply chain resilience makes India indispensable to U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy.
Why does the U.S. tilt towards Pakistan concern India’s strategic interests?
Revival of India-Pakistan Diplomatic Parity (Hyphenation): By treating India and Pakistan as strategic equals, the U.S. threatens to undo India’s efforts to decouple its global risefrom the South Asian rivalry. Eg: Trump’s offer to mediate in Kashmir and mention of India and Pakistan in the same context post-Operation Sindoor reflect regressive diplomacy. |
What steps must India and the U.S. take to revive their strategic partnership? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Institutional and People-to-People Engagement: Both countries must go beyond government-to-government ties and deepen connections through think tanks, academia, diaspora, and legislative forums. Eg: India leveraging the Indian-American diaspora and policy institutions in Washington can build long-term bipartisan support.
- Reframe Economic and Immigration Cooperation: Economic reforms in India and predictable immigration policies in the U.S. can boost mutual trust in trade and talent exchange. Eg: Reframing the H-1B visa regime as a tool for mutual innovation rather than political leverage strengthens tech cooperation.
- Reinforce Shared Strategic Values and Regional Vision: India and the U.S. must revive the moral and strategic purpose of their partnership — promoting a rules-based, democratic, Indo-Pacific order. Eg: Joint initiatives through the Quad and coordination in maritime security reinforce their shared commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples.
Linkage: This article explicitly highlights a “perceptible drift; subtle yet serious” in the relationship, indicating “uncertain times”. It calls for a “reset, not of fundamentals, but of tone, clarity, and mutual commitment”.
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Why in the News?
India’s pension landscape is facing a critical juncture, as highlighted in the Economic Survey 2025-26.
What is the current state of India’s pension ecosystem?
- Low Pension Assets: Pension assets in India are just 17% of GDP, significantly lower than in developed countries, which range around 80%.
- Uneven Coverage: Only 12% of the workforce is covered by formal schemes, mainly in the public and organised private sectors.
- Informal Sector Gap: Informal workers, including gig workers, are largely left out—only 5.3% of the total population participates in Atal Pension Yojana and NPS (FY24).
- Fragmentation of Schemes: India’s pension system is disjointed, unlike the multi-tiered models in countries like Japan and New Zealand.
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Why is pension coverage for the informal sector vital for India’s development goals?
- Large Workforce Contribution: Over 85% of India’s workforce is in the informal sector, contributing more than half of the GDP. Ensuring their old-age security is crucial for inclusive economic growth. Eg: Street vendors, gig workers, and farm labourers often lack any retirement support despite their significant economic role.
- Rising Old-Age Dependency: By 2050, India’s old-age dependency ratio is expected to reach 30%, increasing the burden on working-age populations. Expanding pension coverage now helps prevent future elderly poverty and reduces pressure on public welfare systems. Eg: Without pension security, aging informal workers may become financially dependent on their families or state welfare.
- Achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047: A universal and inclusive pension system is essential to meet the goal of becoming a developed economy by 2047, ensuring that development is sustainable and equitable. Eg: Countries like New Zealand and Japan offer universal pension models that India can adapt to promote long-term social security.
What are the key challenges in India’s current pension system?
- Fragmented and Unequal Coverage: India’s pension landscape is divided across multiple parallel schemes, mainly benefitting public and organised private sector workers, while the informal sector remains largely excluded. Eg: Schemes like EPFO or NPS cover only ~12% of the workforce; gig workers must voluntarily opt into the Atal Pension Yojana, limiting reach.
- Low Financial Literacy and Awareness: A large section of informal workers lack awareness of available pension options due to limited financial literacyand inadequate grassroots outreach. Eg: Unlike Australia, where superannuation education is part of the school curriculum, India lacks structured sensitisation efforts.
- Lack of Sustainability and Liquidity in Funds: Many Indian pension funds face low adequacy and poor returns, threatening long-term sustainability. Eg: According to the Mercer CFA Global Pension Index 2024, India scored just 44%, with a sharp fall in adequacy compared to global benchmarks like Denmark or Netherlands.
How do global pension models ensure inclusivity and sustainability?
- Universal or Mandatory Coverage: Many countries adopt universal or compulsory schemes to ensure no worker is left out, regardless of employment type. Eg: Japan has a mandatory flat-rate contributory scheme for all residents aged 20–59, including self-employed, farmers, and employees. New Zealand provides a universal pension to all citizens aged 65+, with a 10-year residency condition.
- Automatic Enrolment and Employer Participation: Models promoting auto-enrolment and mandatory employer contributions increase participation, especially among informal or gig workers. Eg: The UK operates an opt-out pension scheme, automatically enrolling workers unless they choose otherwise.
- Transparent Communication and Digital Access: Regular disclosures and easy digital access help build trust and improve awareness of pension entitlements. Eg: Netherlands provides annual pension statements to all contributors. Nigeria has invested in digital pension infrastructure to expand access, especially in rural or informal settings.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Launch of Atal Pension Yojana (APY): Introduced in 2015, APY is a voluntary pension scheme aimed at workers in the unorganised sector, offering a guaranteed monthly pension between ₹1,000 and ₹5,000 after age 60. Eg: As of FY24, APY covered over 5.3% of India’s population, helping bring informal workers under a pension net.
- Expansion of the National Pension System (NPS): NPS was extended to all citizens on a voluntary basis, including gig workers, self-employed individuals, and informal sector workers, with flexible contributions. Eg: The eNPS portal allows for easy digital enrolment and management, making it accessible to informal workers.
- Social Security Code and Aggregator Contribution: Under the Code on Social Security, 2020, the government mandated platform aggregators (like ride-sharing or delivery apps) to contribute towards the social security of gig and platform workers.
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Which reforms can integrate informal workers into India’s pension framework? (Way forward)
- Harmonise fragmented schemes into a three-tier framework: Tier 1: Mandatory basic pension for all, irrespective of employment type. Tier 2: Employer-linked schemes with auto-enrolment. Tier 3: Voluntary savings with tax benefits and flexible options. Eg: Japan’s mandatory flat-rate pension includes self-employed, farmers, and private/public workers.
- Enhance Financial Literacy and Awareness: Launch targeted awareness campaigns on pension benefits, especially in rural and informal sectors, starting at school and college levels.
Eg: Australia includes superannuation education in school curricula; UK promotes pensions through opt-out schemes to increase enrolment by default.
- Strengthen Digital Pension Infrastructure: Develop user-friendly digital platforms for easy enrolment, contribution tracking, and annual disclosures for informal workers. Eg: Nigeria has invested heavily in digital systems to expand pension access across informal sectors.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC IAS 2023] Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Linkage: This article explicitly states that “the only protection for the informal sector is voluntary adoption under the National Pension System and Atal Pension Yojana” and that “this only addresses a fraction of the informal sector and adds another parallel scheme to an already complex web”.
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Why in the News?
In a major study, scientists proved that cold exposure in rice plants can cause changes that improve stress tolerance and are inherited by the next five generations, supporting Lamarck’s old theory.
What was Lamarck’s theory of acquired characteristics?
This idea was formally presented by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, and it was one of the earliest theories of evolution. When the traits developed during an organism’s lifetime due to use, disuse, or environmental influence could be inherited by its offspring. Eg: A giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher leaves would result in its offspring having longer necks. |
How did later scientific discoveries challenge it?
- Weismann’s Tail-Cutting Experiment: August Weismann demonstrated that acquired traits are not inherited by cutting the tails of mice for five generations, yet their offspring were still born with tails.
- Mendel’s Laws of Heredity: Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited through stable units (genes) passed unchanged from parents to offspring, rather than traits acquired during life. Eg: In pea plants, traits like flower colour were inherited predictably, regardless of environmental changes.
- Discovery of DNA and Mutations: The discovery of DNA as the genetic material and that mutations cause heritable changes explained inheritance scientifically, without relying on acquired characteristics. Eg: Genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia are caused by specific DNA mutations, not by environmental use or disuse.
How did Mendel’s work and DNA discovery change heredity understanding?
- Introduction of Stable Hereditary Units: Mendel’s experiments introduced the concept of “genes” as stable, particulate units of inheritance passed from parents to offspring. Eg: Mendel’s pea plant experiments showed traits like seed shape and flower color followed predictable patterns.
- Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment: Mendel proposed that alleles segregate independently, ensuring genetic variation without influence from acquired traits. Eg: A plant with one tall and one short gene could pass either to its offspring, not a mix of the two.
- DNA Identified as Genetic Material: Later discoveries identified DNA as the carrier of genetic information, solidifying the molecular basis of heredity. Eg: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiments in 1944 showed that DNA—not proteins—was responsible for heredity.
- Mutation Explained Heritable Variation: The understanding that mutations in DNA cause changes in traits clarified how new heritable variations arise. Eg: Mutations in the hemoglobin gene lead to sickle cell anemia, a heritable disorder.
- Disproved Lamarckian Inheritance: These findings rejected the idea that characteristics acquired during life could be inherited, as proposed by Lamarck. Eg: A bodybuilder’s muscular physique isn’t passed to their children genetically.
Why is the Cell study on cold-tolerant rice significant?
- Proof of Heritable Epigenetic Change Induced by Environment: The study demonstrated that cold exposure triggered an epigenetic modification (methylation) in rice plants, which was inherited for five generations. Eg: Rice plants exposed to cold passed on improved cold tolerance without any DNA sequence change.
- Reinforced the Role of Epigenetics in Evolution: It showed that gene expression can be regulated by epigenetic marks rather than genetic mutations, suggesting Lamarck’s idea of environmental inheritance has merit. Eg: The ACT1 gene stayed active in cold-tolerant rice due to the absence of a methylation tag, helping them survive cold stress.
- New Direction for Crop Improvement and Climate Resilience: The findings open doors for non-genetic crop adaptation methods to deal with climate change. Eg: Epigenetically trained rice varieties could be developed to withstand colder environments, improving food security.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Multigenerational Cold-Stress Breeding: Researchers implemented a directional selection process over multiple generations by exposing rice to cold during the vulnerable meiotic stage, breeding for improved cold resistance. Eg: After three generations, they developed rice lines with stable cold tolerance that persisted for at least five generations.
- Epigenetic Mapping and Editing of the ACT1 Promoter: Through multi-omics analysis, scientists identified hypomethylation at the ACT1 promoter as the molecular basis for cold adaptation. They then used precision DNA methylation editing to confirm that removing methyl tags restored cold tolerance.
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Way forward:
- Incorporate Epigenetic Breeding in National Crop Improvement Programs: Government research bodies and agricultural universities should integrate epigenetic trait selection and editing into mainstream breeding to develop climate-resilient varieties, especially for stress-prone regions.
- Strengthen Investment in Multi-Generational Stress Trials: Increase funding for long-term, controlled environment trials to identify and stabilize heritable epigenetic traitsacross major crops, ensuring sustainable food security under climate change.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] How can biotechnology improve the living standards of farmers?
Linkage: The core of the article reveals a novel mechanism for plant adaptation—epigenetic inheritance of cold tolerance in rice plants. This scientific breakthrough, falling under the broad umbrella of biotechnology, demonstrates a potential pathway to develop crops that can adapt to challenging environmental conditions (like cold stress) more rapidly than through traditional breeding or genetic modification.
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Why in the News?
The National Sample Survey Office’s Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey (CAMS) 2022-23 is a landmark initiative that provides the first large-scale assessment of India’s digital landscape at the household and individual level.
What does the CAMS 2022–23 reveal about digital access and skills in India?
- Broadband Access is Widespread but Unequal: 76.3% of Indian households have broadband internet, indicating strong national reach. Eg: In urban areas like Delhi, over 90% of households are connected, while in states like Arunachal Pradesh, only 60.2% have access.
- Social and Economic Inequalities Persist: Broadband access is higher among General category households (84.1%), but much lower among SCs (69.1%)and STs (64.8%). Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to just 1.9% in the top decile.
- High Mobile Ownership But Gender and Caste Gaps Remain: Over 94% of rural households own mobile phones, but usage is skewed. Eg: Only 25.3% of rural women in the General category use mobile phones independently, and the percentage is even lower among SC/ST women.
- Basic Digital Skills are Still Limited: While many can use mobile phones, skills like emailing and online banking are still underdeveloped. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban people can send or receive emails; only 37.8% of all people aged 15+ can perform online banking transactions.
Why does the digital divide still exist despite high internet penetration?
- Economic Inequality Limits Access: While internet availability is high, affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to only 1.9% in the top income group.
- Social Disparities Affect Usage: Caste and gender-based inequalities reduce meaningful digital access and use. Eg: Among rural women from the General category, only 25.3% use mobile phones independently, with even lower figures among SC/ST women.
- Low Functional Digital Literacy: Having internet access does not mean people have the skills to use it effectively for education or services. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban populations can send or receive emails, showing a gap in practical digital usage.
What digital skills are lacking among rural and urban populations?
- Email Communication Skills Are Low: A large section of the population cannot use basic email services. Eg: Only 20% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas can send or receive emails.
- Spreadsheet and Arithmetic Skills Are Poor: Most people lack the ability to perform basic digital tasks like calculations in spreadsheets. Eg: Less than 40% of Indians aged 15+ can perform arithmetic operations in spreadsheets.
- Online Banking Proficiency Is Limited: There is limited ability to use secure digital financial services. Eg: Only 37.8% of people aged 15+ in India can perform online banking transactions, indicating low digital financial literacy.
How can the government bridge the digital divide to meet the SDG 4 goals? (Way forward)
- Subsidise Internet Access for Poor Households: Make broadband a basic utility, like water or electricity, to ensure universal access. Eg: Provide low-cost broadband plans or free connections for families in the bottom income deciles, where 71.6% lack connectivity.
- Invest in Digital Skill Training: Launch nationwide programs to train youth and adults in essential digital skills. Eg: Government-backed digital literacy missions in rural areas can teach email use, spreadsheet functions, and online banking.
- Promote Inclusive Technology Access for Women and Marginalised Groups: Ensure equal digital access for SCs, STs, OBCs, and women through targeted schemes. Eg: Initiate women-focused mobile usage schemes in rural areas, where only 25.3% of general category women use mobile phones exclusively.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.
Linkage: The article explicitly details the disparities in “broadband Internet facilities” and “mobile or telephone connections” between rural and urban areas, and across different states, caste groups (OBCs, SCs, STs, and General), and income deciles, directly addressing “ICT accessibility. This question directly aligns with the core themes presented in the article.
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Why in the News?
The 2025 G7 Summit in Alberta, Canada, is getting worldwide attention because Donald Trump has returned to the scene.
It’s happening at a time when global tensions are high, especially due to the rising conflict between Israel and Iran and the ongoing war in Ukraine.
What are the main issues discussed at the 2025 G7 Summit in Canada?
- Escalating Iran–Israel Conflict and Nuclear Talks: Negotiations to curb Iran’s nuclear programme and manage fallout from Israel’s June 13 strikes dominated early sessions. Eg: G7 leaders debated sanctions and diplomatic channels to prevent wider Middle-East war.
- Ongoing Russia–Ukraine War: Securing long-term military and financial aid for Ukraine remained central, with President Zelenskyy briefing leaders. Eg: Canada and Europe proposed a fresh aid package, while the U.S. stance under Trump stayed cautious.
- Global Trade Frictions and Tariff Disputes: Rising U.S. tariffs on steel, aluminium and fentanyl-linked goods—and partners’ countermeasures—featured prominently. Eg: Canada pushed for a zero-tariff pact on steel and autos in bilateral talks with the U.S.
- Climate Action, Wildfire Response and Critical Minerals: Leaders issued short joint statements on wildfires, decarbonisation and securing critical mineral supply chains for clean tech. Eg: Australia and Canada showcased joint plans to boost lithium and nickel output for EV batteries.
Why is Trump’s presence seen as influential at the summit?
- Disruptive Diplomatic Style and Past Precedents: Trump’s unpredictable behaviour, seen at the 2018 Quebec G7, influences how leaders prepare for negotiations and outcomes. Eg: In 2018, he left early, refused to sign the joint communique, and insulted then-PM Justin Trudeau.
- Tariff Impositions and Nationalist Policies: His administration’s new tariffs on G7 allies and aggressive trade policies create friction within the bloc. Eg: He imposed fentanyl-related tariffs on Canada and Mexico, accusing them of failing on illegal immigration control.
- Polarising Political Rhetoric: His controversial remarks, such as suggesting Canada become the 51st U.S. state, fuel tensions and affect domestic politics in host nations. Eg: These comments weakened Conservative candidate Pierre Poilievre’s campaign and contributed to Mark Carney’s election win.
What is the impact of the Middle East and Russia-Ukraine conflicts on the G7 agenda?
- Shift in Strategic Focus and Urgency: The escalating Iran-Israel tensions redirected attention from economic to security and defense cooperation among G7 nations. Eg: After Israel’s strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities, leaders emphasized the need to restrict Iran’s nuclear ambitionsand prevent wider conflict.
- Unity and Division within the G7: The Russia-Ukraine war exposed divergent views, especially with Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine, contrasting with NATO allies’ continued backing. Eg: Trump labelled Zelenskyy “ungrateful”, while Canada and Europe reaffirmed their military and diplomatic support to Ukraine.
- Broader Global Message of Deterrence: The inclusion of both conflicts on the agenda highlighted the G7’s role as a global security actor committed to international law and sovereignty. Eg: Ukrainian President Zelenskyy’s invitation was intended to signal G7’s continued resolve against Russian aggression.
Why is India’s invitation to the G7 significant despite strained Canada-India ties?
- Rebuilding Diplomatic Channels: The invitation marked a thaw in strained relations following the diplomatic row over the Hardeep Singh Nijjar killing allegations. Eg: Canadian PM Mark Carney personally invited PM Narendra Modi, indicating a willingness to resume dialoguedespite unresolved tensions.
- Acknowledgment of India’s Global Role: India’s presence reflected its growing influence in global governance, especially on issues like climate change, trade, and geopolitics. Eg: Including India alongside other key non-member nations like Brazil and South Africa affirmed its importance to G7 strategic objectives.
Way forward:
- Institutionalise High-Level Dialogue: Establish regular diplomatic and law enforcement exchanges between India and Canada to address mutual concerns and rebuild trust while keeping sensitive issues separate from broader strategic cooperation.
- Strengthen Multilateral Collaboration: Leverage platforms like the G7, G20, and UN to deepen cooperation on global challenges such as climate change, critical minerals, and digital governance, showcasing shared interests beyond bilateral disputes.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What are the ways in which oil pollution affects the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India?
Linkage: Maritime Accident Response” explicitly talks about the “oil spills” as one of the three major peacetime maritime accidents that the Indian coast needs protection against. It also states that oil is a “more severe fire hazard” than hazardous cargo, especially in the context of gas-carrying merchant ships. This question directly addresses the environmental and national impact of oil pollution, which is a significant aspect of maritime accidents and firefighting efforts.
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Why in the News?
The tragic aircraft accident in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, has once again thrown a spotlight on India’s deeply flawed aviation accident investigation system.
Why is the AAIB’s independence in question despite being a statutory body?
- Operational Control by MoCA: Although the AAIB is technically autonomous, it functions under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), which also regulates airlines through the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Eg: In the Air India AI171 crash (2025), both the investigation and regulation were under MoCA’s control, raising concerns of bias and lack of transparency.
- Leadership Appointments by the Same Authority: The MoCA appoints the heads of both the DGCA and the AAIB, undermining the bureau’s credibility as an independent investigative body. Eg: This centralized appointment structure is unlike the railway sector, where investigations are done by the Commissioner of Railway Safety, independent of the Railway Ministry.
- Suppression of Uncomfortable Findings: Independent reviews and reports exposing deeper faults are often buried or ignored. Eg: The Air Marshal J.K. Seth Committee Report (1997) identified serious aviation safety issues, but it was never implemented because it told inconvenient truths.
What systemic flaws affect India’s aviation safety framework?
- Lack of Functional Independence in Investigations: The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) operates under the same ministry (MoCA) that regulates the aviation sector, compromising neutrality. Eg: After the Air India AI171 crash in June 2025, concerns were raised that the investigation might not be impartial due to overlapping roles of MoCA and AAIB.
- Fragmented Oversight and Regulatory Capture: Aviation oversight in India suffers from poor coordination, limited resources, and influence by the very entities it is supposed to regulate. Eg: The J.K. Seth Committee Report (1997) pointed out such flaws, including regulatory capture, yet its recommendations remain largely unimplemented.
- Reactive Rather Than Preventive Safety Culture: India’s aviation safety system often responds after accidents occur, rather than identifying and mitigating risks in advance.Eg: Multiple helicopter and flying school crashes in 2024–25 were not adequately investigated for systemic lapses, highlighting the absence of a proactive safety mechanism.
How does MoCA’s control lead to conflict of interest in aviation oversight?
- MoCA Controls Both Regulation and Investigation: MoCA oversees the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) and also controls the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), creating an inherent conflict between promoting aviation and investigating its failures. Eg: In the Air India AI171 crash (2025), MoCA was in charge of both regulating the airline and investigating the crash, raising doubts about impartiality.
- Lack of Independent Appointments: Senior officials in both DGCA and AAIB are appointed by MoCA, making it difficult for these bodies to act independently or challenge government or airline lapses. Eg: The J.K. Seth Committee (1997) warned about lack of independence due to MoCA’s direct control over top appointments, yet no structural change followed.
- Investigative Findings May Be Influenced or Suppressed: When the regulator and investigator are under the same authority, reports may be watered down or delayed to avoid political or bureaucratic accountability. Eg: The Kozhikode crash (2020) report’s recommendations were not fully implemented, with experts citing MoCA’s influence in diluting critical findings.
Why is pilot error often blamed in aviation accident reports?
- Legally Convenient: Blaming the pilot simplifies legal liability and expedites insurance claims, avoiding lengthy investigations or broader accountability. Eg: In many crash reports, including Aurangabad crash (1993), pilot error was highlighted while structural or operational flaws were downplayed.
- Shields Other Stakeholders: It protects airlines, maintenance agencies, air traffic control, and the regulator from scrutiny or punishment. Eg: In the Air India Express IX611 case (2018), suspected overloading was ignored while responsibility was pushed toward the flight crew.
- Systemic Culture of Scapegoating: There’s a lack of a genuine no-blame culture in India’s aviation safety framework. Pilots, even posthumously, become convenient scapegoats. Eg: After the Kozhikode crash (2020), the pilot was quickly blamed, although systemic issues like runway design and poor weather protocols were also contributing factors.
Way forward:
- Ensure Structural Independence of Investigative Bodies: Transfer the AAIB and DGCA out of the Ministry of Civil Aviation’s direct control and make them statutory authorities reporting to Parliament. This will eliminate conflict of interest and promote credible, impartial investigations.
- Promote a No-Blame Safety Culture: Need to amend existing rules to prevent automatic criminal liability for pilots unless gross negligence is proven (e.g., Rule 19(3) of Aircraft Rules, 1937).
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005?
Linkage: The article explicitly frames an aircraft accident as a “wake-up call” and argues that India needs a system that “prevents failures, and not just manages the damage.” It states, “We cannot keep firefighting. We need a system that prevents failures”. This directly relates to the concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), which emphasises proactive measures and preparedness over reactive response.
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Why in the News?
The tragic crash of Air India flight AI171 in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, which killed over 300 people, is a shocking reminder of how poor aviation safety is in India. This is not a one-time event, but part of a long series of deadly air accidents over the years that show serious problems in the system.
What governance failures led to the AI171 crash?
- Lack of Regulatory Oversight: Authorities like the DGCA and MoCA failed to enforce basic safety measures, such as proper runway maintenanceand bird hazard management. Eg: Overgrown grass near the runway in Ahmedabad attracted birds, possibly causing engine failure due to bird ingestion.
- Failure to Act on Past Warnings: Despite repeated aviation accidents over decades, systemic safety reforms were not implemented, and accountabilitywas routinely evaded. Eg: After major crashes like Mangaluru (2010) and Kozhikode (2020), safety lapses were identified but ignored by aviation authorities.
- Politicisation and Poor Leadership Appointments: Key aviation bodies were headed by bureaucrats or politically appointed officials lacking technical expertise in aviation safety. Eg: Professionals were bypassed in favour of public-relations-focused appointees at DGCA and AAI, weakening institutional response to risks.
Why is DGCA under criticism post-AI171 incident?
- Lack of Regulatory Oversight: Authorities like the DGCA and MoCA failed to enforce basic safety measures, such as proper runway maintenanceand bird hazard management. Eg: Overgrown grass near the runway in Ahmedabad attracted birds, possibly causing engine failure due to bird ingestion.
- Failure to Act on Past Warnings: Despite repeated aviation accidents over decades, systemic safety reforms were not implemented, and accountabilitywas routinely evaded. Eg: After major crashes like Mangaluru (2010) and Kozhikode (2020), safety lapses were identified but ignored by aviation authorities.
- Politicisation and Poor Leadership Appointments: Key aviation bodies were headed by bureaucrats or politically appointed officials lacking technical expertise in aviation safety. Eg: Professionals were bypassed in favour of public-relations-focused appointees at DGCA and AAI, weakening institutional response to risks.
How does a lack of accountability affect aviation safety in India?
- Recurring Accidents without Systemic Change: When no one is held responsible, critical safety lapses continue unchecked across the aviation sector. Eg: Despite the Mangaluru (2010) and Kozhikode (2020) crashes, Air India and regulators did not implement robust safety reforms.
- Blame Shift to Pilots: Authorities often scapegoat pilots instead of addressing deeper infrastructure and regulatory issues, undermining fair investigations. Eg: In the AI171 crash, DGCA named the pilots publicly, violating ICAO norms, instead of probing systemic failings.
- No Judicial Enforcement of Reforms: Weak legal follow-up allows ministries and aviation bodies to evade reforms even after Public Interest Litigations or inquiries. Eg: After the Mangaluru crash, a PIL listing DGCA and MoCA violations was dismissed by the Supreme Court, citing procedural grounds.
Which global aviation norms were violated in this crash’s aftermath?
- Violation of ICAO Confidentiality Norms: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mandates that crew identities be protected during and after investigations to maintain fairness and objectivity. Eg: The DGCA named the pilots involved in the AI171 crash, breaching ICAO Annex 13, which prohibits revealing crew names before the final report.
- Neglect of Pre-Monsoon Runway Safety Protocols: ICAO standards require strict runway maintenance, especially before seasonal weather shifts, to prevent bird strikes and foreign object damage. Eg: In the AI171 crash, video evidence showed untrimmed grass near the runway at Ahmedabad airport, attracting birds and violating global runway wildlife hazard management norms.
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What reforms are needed to strengthen aviation safety oversight? (Way forward)
- Professionalisation of Regulatory Bodies: Appoint trained aviation professionals—not bureaucrats—to head institutions like the DGCA and AAI for evidence-based decision-making and technical leadership. Eg: ICAO recommends that civil aviation authorities be led by aviation experts to ensure technical integrity.
- Independent and Transparent Accident Investigations: Create an autonomous investigation body separate from the Ministry of Civil Aviation to probe accidents, publish findings without interference, and fix systemic gaps. Eg: The U.S. NTSB operates independently of the FAA and reports directly to Congress, ensuring accountability.
- Enforcement of International Standards: Enforce strict compliance with ICAO safety protocols, such as restricting construction near flight paths and maintaining airport surroundings. Eg: The presence of a high-rise building in AI171’s flight path violated ICAO’s obstacle clearance norms.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] “International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above the territory. What do you understand by airspace? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggests ways to contain the threat.
Linkage: “International civil aviation laws” and “airspace”, which are fundamental legal and operational aspects governing the aviation sector. In this article talks about the violations of “International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards” in India’s aviation system, underscoring the importance of understanding the legal and regulatory framework of the aviation sector.
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Why in the News?
North Bengal’s tea gardens are in crisis, especially for women workers, due to climate change, pests, low wages, and reduced production, causing economic struggles and increased gender-based hardships.
What challenges do women tea workers face due to climate change and poor labour conditions?
- Extreme Heat Exposure: Women work under open skies with no shade, facing soaring temperatures due to climate change. Eg: Workers suffer from headaches, vomiting, and exhaustion while plucking leaves during peak summer months like April and May.
- Lack of Basic Facilities: Absence of crèches, sanitation, and rest shelters forces women to manage both labour and childcare in unsafe conditions. Eg: Children are hung in cloth cradles tied to trees as mothers continue work in the gardens.
- Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encroachment of wildlife into tea estates due to changing weather patterns increases risk of attacks. Eg: Leopard attacks have injured several women, despite efforts like using whistles to drive them away.
Why is tea yield and quality declining in North Bengal?
- Erratic Rainfall Patterns: The monsoon is no longer evenly spread, with rainfall occurring in short, intense bursts, affecting soil moisture and crop cycle. Eg: Dry spells during critical growth months like February and March reduce yields and degrade leaf quality.
- Rising Temperatures: Increasing heat reduces the ideal climatic conditions necessary for tea cultivation, impacting both quantity and flavour. Eg: Temperatures crossing 30°C for extended periods lead to loss of the tea’s aroma and taste.
- Increased Pest and Disease Attacks: Climate change weakens tea bushes, making them more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Eg: Frequent pest attacks force farmers to use chemical sprays, which also degrade leaf quality.
How do low wages impact the lives of tea plantation workers?
- Economic Hardship: Low daily earnings make it difficult for workers to meet basic needs such as food, healthcare, and education. Eg: A worker earning only Rs 250 per day struggles to support their family after losing a spouse.
- Lack of Childcare Support: Insufficient income prevents access to proper childcare facilities, forcing unsafe alternatives at the workplace. Eg: In some cases, children are kept in cloth cradles tied to trees due to the absence of crèche facilities.
- No Scope for Upward Mobility: With stagnant wages and no savings, workers remain stuck in poverty with no chance to improve living standards. Eg: Despite long-standing demands to increase wages to Rs 600 per day, many still earn significantly less, affecting their long-term well-being.
What climate-resilient practices are tea estates adopting?
- Organic Farming: Switching to organic methods reduces chemical use and improves soil health for long-term sustainability. Eg: Some estates have gone fully organic, avoiding chemical fertilisers and promoting natural soil enrichment.
- Soil Conservation Techniques: Practices like mulching and intercropping help retain moisture, reduce erosion, and maintain fertility during erratic rainfall. Eg: Estates use mulching and intercropping with legumes to prevent soil erosion and conserve moisture during dry spells.
- Water Management Strategies: Creation of water bodies and rainwater harvesting enhances water availability during prolonged dry periods. Eg: Gardens are building water bodies to improve microclimates and ensure irrigation in the absence of seasonal showers.
Why is the tea sector overlooked in policy and climate action?
- Lack of Market Visibility: Despite being globally consumed, tea lacks strong marketing and policy attention compared to other cash crops. Eg: Unlike coffee, tea receives little brand promotion, limiting public and policymaker focus.
- Neglect of Women Labour Force: Tea is the largest employer of women labourers, yet there is inadequate investment in their welfare or working conditions. Eg: No crèche facilities exist in many gardens, forcing women to hang children from trees during work.
- Insufficient Climate Funding: Small growers lack access to funds and technical guidance to adopt climate-resilient practices. Eg: High cost of herbal pesticides prevents adoption, while most farmers rely on peer advice instead of expert support.
Way forward:
- Improve Working Conditions and Wages: Ensure minimum wage revision, provide shade, drinking water, crèche facilities, and medical support for women tea workers to enhance their safety and well-being.
- Promote Climate-Resilient Practices with Institutional Support: Encourage organic farming, soil conservation, and afforestation, backed by government funding and policies tailored to protect both workers and the environment.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.
Linkage: The tea gardens are experiencing “prolonged dry spells” and a drop in the “groundwater table”, highlighting a critical challenge for irrigation and water management in the tea heartland.
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Why in the News?
India’s path to becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047 relies on transforming its urban areas, as over 60% of the population is expected to live in cities by the 2060s.
What are the main challenges India faces in achieving efficient urban mobility?
- Insufficient Public Transport Coverage: Only 37% of urban residents have easy access to public transport, compared to over 50% in countries like Brazil and China. Eg: Many Tier-2 cities still lack proper metro or bus services.
- Shortage of Urban Buses: India needs about 2,00,000 urban buses, but currently has only 35,000 (including e-buses). Eg: Overcrowded buses in Delhi and Bengaluru during peak hours show the supply-demand gap.
- Poor Last-Mile Connectivity: Even when metros are available, the cost and difficulty of reaching homes or offices from stations reduce usage. Eg: Metro commuters in Mumbai often rely on expensive auto-rickshaws for last-mile travel.
- High Cost and Low Returns from Metro Projects: Metros are expensive and slow to build, with lower-than-expected ridership, making cost recovery hard. Eg: Many phases of the Jaipur Metro remain underutilized due to low footfall.
- Limited Government Subsidies and Private Investment: Unlike developed nations, India cannot afford large recurring subsidies, and private investment is low due to uncertain returns. Eg: E-bus projects in Pune face delays due to funding and maintenance challenges.
Why is the current investment in metro and e-bus infrastructure falling short?
- High Cost and Low Ridership: Metro projects involve huge capital and operational costs, but often fail to attract enough passengers to recover expenses. Eg: The Lucknow Metro struggles with low ridership despite high investment.
- Fare Sensitivity and Last-Mile Issues: People are price-sensitive, and poor last-mile connectivity discourages use of metros and e-buses. Eg: In Hyderabad, a small hike in metro fares led to a drop in daily commuters.
- Unsustainable Operational Models: E-buses have high replacement and maintenance costs, making them financially unviable in the long run. Eg: Many cities like Nagpur face challenges maintaining their e-bus fleets without subsidies.
How do trams compare to e-buses in terms of long-term cost-effectiveness?
- Higher Long-Term Profitability: Trams show about 45% profitability over their typical 70-year life cycle, making them more financially sustainable. Eg: European cities like Vienna continue to expand tram networks due to long-term cost benefits.
- Lower Operational and Replacement Costs: Trams require less frequent replacements and have lower running costs compared to e-buses, which face high battery and maintenance expenses. Eg: Kolkata’s tram system, though outdated, still operates at a lower cost than many new e-bus services.
- Better Scalability and Climate Alignment: Trams are more scalable in dense cities and better aligned with climate goals due to zero tailpipe emissions and use of electricity from clean sources. Eg: The planned Kochi tram project is being promoted as a sustainable alternative to road-based transport.
Which schemes support urban transport in the Budget 2024?
- PM e-Bus Sewa – Payment Security Mechanism: Aims to deploy and ensure reliable operations of 10,000 urban buses, including electric ones. Eg: Cities like Ahmedabad are using this to expand their bus fleet and improve service reliability.
- PM e-Drive Scheme (PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement): Supports procurement of 14,000 e-buses, 1,10,000 e-rickshaws, as well as e-trucks and e-ambulances. Eg: New Delhi is using funds to order e-ambulances and expand its e-rickshaw fleet under this initiative.
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Way forward:
- Integrated Multi-Modal Transport Planning: Develop seamless connectivity between metro, buses, e-rickshaws, trams, and non-motorised transport (NMT) to reduce last-mile gaps and improve user convenience.
- Prioritise Cost-Effective and Sustainable Modes: Encourage trams and trolleybuses in high-density corridors through life-cycle cost analysis, while ensuring targeted subsidies for low-income commuters and investment in green fuels like bio-CNG and hydrogen.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India?
Linkage: The article talks about different types of public transport like buses, metros, trams, and trolleybuses, and how important it is to choose options that are affordable and effective. It stresses the need for a strong and efficient public transport system to deal with the growing challenges of travel in cities. As more people move to cities, the article says urban areas will play a key role in driving India’s economic growth, making good public transport even more important.
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Why in the News?
Bangladesh is seeing major political change as interim leader Dr. Muhammad Yunus delays elections to April 2026 and proposes the “July Proclamation” to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution.
Why is the ‘July Proclamation’ seen as a threat to Bangladesh’s democratic foundations?
- Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: It is being pushed by an unelected interim regime without a popular mandate or proper parliamentary debate. Eg: Prof. Yunus’ government is not elected, yet is trying to undertake constitutional reforms meant for a legislature.
- Distorts Historical Legacy: The move seeks to marginalize the legacy of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and diminish the significance of December (Victory Day) and August (Mujib’s assassination), promoting July as a new political start. Eg: The July Proclamation downplays Bangladesh’s founding narrative to suit a new political agenda.
What are the risks of an unelected interim government pursuing constitutional reforms?
- Lack of Legitimacy and Public Mandate: An interim government is not elected by the people and lacks the constitutional authority to undertake major reforms meant for a parliament or constituent assembly. Eg: In Bangladesh, Prof. Yunus’ government is implementing reforms without elections, violating democratic norms.
- Potential for Power Consolidation: Such reforms can be used to prolong the tenure of the interim regime, sideline opposition, and weaken checks and balances, paving the way for authoritarian rule. Eg: The banning of the Awami League and the extension of election dates to 2026 raise concerns of power entrenchment.
- Political Instability and Polarisation: Constitutional changes without bipartisan consensus can lead to unrest, legitimacy crises, and deep political divisions. Eg: The BNP, though opposed to the Awami League, is uncomfortable with the July Proclamation, showing a lack of political unity.
How could the proposed humanitarian corridor affect regional security?
- Violation of Sovereignty and Military Tensions: A demilitarised humanitarian corridor, especially if monitored by international forces, may be seen as a breach of national sovereignty by host countries.
Eg: The Bangladesh Army chief objected to international enforcement in the Rakhine region, fearing it would undermine Bangladesh’s sovereignty.
- Risk of Weapon Smuggling and Armed Group Access: Without effective monitoring mechanisms, such corridors could be exploited by international armed groups to smuggle weapons and infiltrate conflict zones. Eg: Concerns exist that the proposed corridor into Myanmar’s Rakhine province may be misused by armed groups, threatening both Myanmar and Indian border security.
- Uncertain Aid Distribution and Escalation of Conflicts: There’s no guarantee that humanitarian aid will reach only the intended civilian population (like Rohingya) and not be diverted to militant factions, escalating regional conflicts. Eg: India fears that lack of clarity over corridor enforcement could worsen militancy in the Northeast and Indo-Myanmar border areas.
| Note: The humanitarian corridor to Myanmar’s Rakhine province is a proposed initiative — not yet implemented — and it was publicly supported by Professor Muhammad Yunus, the Chief Adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh, in a speech on June 7, 2025. |
Why does the sidelining of major parties like BNP and Awami League raise democratic concerns?
- Undermining of Political Representation: Exclusion of major political parties weakens democratic legitimacy and narrows the space for public representation and opposition. Eg: The ban on the Awami League and the marginalisation of the BNP prevents millions of citizens from having their voices heard in the political process.
- Emergence of Proxy or Unrepresentative Forces: The vacuum created by sidelining mainstream parties can be filled by unaccountable or extremist groups, increasing political instability. Eg: The rise of the National Citizens Party (NCP), referred to as the ‘King’s Party’ by the BNP, raises fears of state-sponsored political manipulation.
Way forward:
- Inclusive Political Dialogue and Election Roadmap: The interim government must initiate an inclusive dialogue involving all major political parties, including the BNP and Awami League, to build consensus on constitutional reforms and ensure free and fair elections.
- Limit Powers of the Interim Government: Clearly define and restrict the mandate of the interim government to conduct elections only, avoiding any major constitutional or policy decisions that should be left to an elected Parliament.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles in the emergence of Bangladesh.
Linkage: Understanding India’s historical role is crucial for comprehending the current political landscape in Bangladesh, especially as the interim government seems to want to ensure “that the legacy of 1971.
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Why in the News?
Prime Minister’s upcoming visit to Kananaskis (Canada), Alberta, for the G-7 outreach summit is an important chance for India and Canada to improve their diplomatic relations.
What led to the deterioration of India-Canada relations since 2023?
- Assassination Allegations: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged that Indian government agents were involved in the assassination of Khalistani activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil, without providing conclusive evidence.
- Diplomatic Fallout: In response to the allegations, both countries reduced their diplomatic staff to one-third, significantly weakening diplomatic engagement and services.
- Suspension of Key Agreements: Canada suspended negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India, while India temporarily stopped issuing visas to Canadian citizens, citing security threats to Indian diplomats.
- Naming of Senior Indian Official: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reportedly named Home Minister Amit Shah in the conspiracy, further escalating tensions and hardening positions on both sides.
- Historical and Diaspora-linked Frictions: The long-standing Khalistan issue and alleged Khalistani extremism in Canada aggravated India’s concerns, especially given the large Indian diaspora and the perceived lack of action by Canadian authorities.
Why is PM Modi’s visit to the G-7 summit in Canada significant for bilateral ties?
- Signals a Diplomatic Reset: Inviting Modi marks a deliberate attempt by Canada to reopen diplomatic channels after relations plummeted following the 2023 Nijjar incident. Eg: Prime Minister Carney’s invitation—despite ongoing tensions—was described as coming at the last-minute, yet with careful back-channel diplomacy to avoid embarrassment.
- Re-emphasizes India’s Global Economic Role: Carney stressed that India is the world’s 5th-largest economy and central to global supply chains. Including India in G-7 discussions underscores its economic and geopolitical relevance. Eg: Carney asserted that India’s presence was essential to dialogues on energy security, critical minerals, AI, and infrastructure.
- Creates a Platform for Sensitive Law Enforcement Dialogue: The G-7 summit provides a high-level platform to initiate the planned law enforcement dialogue, a key mechanism to address the Nijjar case and broader security-related concerns.
Who are the key stakeholders involved in the India-Canada diplomatic reset?
- Prime Minister of India: Represents India at the G-7 and the potential diplomatic outreach.
- Prime Minister Mark Carney: Initiator of the summit invite; key to Canada’s effort to normalize ties.
- Law enforcement agencies: Both sides agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” to address allegations and threats.
- Diaspora communities: The 1.86 million-strong Indian community in Canada serves as a bridge between the two nations.
- Trade and diplomatic negotiators: Officials working behind the scenes to restore dialogue on trade and diplomacy.
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How can justice be pursued while maintaining diplomatic respect?
- Facilitate Law Enforcement Dialogue Through Official Channels: Both countries should engage in structured and confidential legal cooperation to address allegations without public confrontation. Eg: Canada and India have agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” where sensitive issues like the Nijjar caseand threats to Indian diplomats can be discussed respectfully.
- Avoid Public Accusations Before Due Process: Governments must refrain from making unverified public allegations that escalate tensions and damage bilateral trust. Eg: Canada’s public statement in 2023 about Indian involvement in Nijjar’s death, without conclusive evidence, led to a sharp diplomatic fallout.
- Restore Diplomatic Presence to Normal Levels: Reinstating high commissioners and full diplomatic staff enables better communication and prevents misunderstandings during sensitive investigations. Eg: Both countries had reduced their mission strength by two-thirds; restoring these positions is key to pursuing justice without compromising diplomacy.
How can both countries rebuild trust and restart cooperation? (Way forward)
- Resume Diplomatic Engagement and Dialogue Mechanisms: Reinstating high commissioners and activating official dialogues like law enforcement and trade talks will help normalize relations. Eg: The proposed law enforcement dialogue and discussions on restoring trade negotiations signal mutual willingness to rebuild ties.
- Prioritize People-to-People and Economic Links: Focusing on shared interests such as the Indian diaspora, education, and investment cooperation can help overcome political setbacks. Eg: With 1.86 million people of Indian origin in Canada and strong business partnerships, both nations can leverage these ties for renewed cooperation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: A Diplomatic Reset at the G-7″ explicitly states that India and Canada are “inextricably bound by their people” and that “over 1.86 million [people of Indian origin] are settled in Canada, but remain connected to India”. Canada is a significant Western country where the Indian diaspora has a strong presence. Therefore, discussing the economic and political benefits for India from its diaspora in the West would directly involve the Canada-India context, including how this diaspora can play a role in improving strained bilateral ties.
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