💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (June Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Archives: News

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    [5th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The U.S.’s WHO exit, a chance to reshape global health

    5 February 2025 | op-ed snap | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Critically examine the role of WHOin providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC CSE 2020)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Bridging Healthcare Gaps (2015), and WHO Initiatives (2020).

    The US is the largest contributor to WHO, providing about 18% of its funding. The withdrawal is expected to jeopardize critical health programs, particularly those addressing tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and other health emergencies.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for member states to collaborate more effectively in light of reduced US involvement, ensuring that global health priorities remain addressed despite funding challenges. This content can be used to present the significance of multilateral collaboration and its impact on international policy and governance with respect to Health.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    After the USA’s withdrawal from WHO, it is time for the countries in the global south to support WHO and initiate collaborative actions to reshape the global health agenda.

    What are the Potential Impacts of the US Withdrawal from WHO?

    • Disruption of Funding and Programs: The US contributes nearly 18% of WHO’s budget (~$1 billion annually), supporting critical health programs like immunization, tuberculosis control, and pandemic preparedness.
      • The withdrawal will likely disrupt ongoing projects aimed at combating health challenges such as HIV/AIDS and polio eradication.
    • Weakened Global Health Response: WHO’s ability to coordinate responses to health crises will be significantly impaired without US support. This includes reduced resources for disease surveillance and emergency operations in regions facing outbreaks or health threats.
    • Impact on Global Health Leadership and Collaboration: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, allowing other nations (e.g., China) to increase their influence.
      • This shift could alter international collaboration dynamics and lead to fragmented approaches to public health challenges.
    • Repercussions for Low-Income Countries: Marginalized communities in low-income countries may face disproportionate impacts due to reduced funding from WHO. These communities rely heavily on WHO for access to essential health services, and the withdrawal signals a deprioritization of global health initiatives, exacerbating existing inequalities.
      • The overall effectiveness of global health initiatives may decline as WHO struggles with funding constraints and could slow long-term progress toward key health goals, such as disease eradication and comprehensive vaccination programs, ultimately affecting global health security.

    How might the withdrawal reshape international health diplomacy?

    • Shift in Global Health Leadership: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, potentially allowing countries like China to increase their influence in global health governance.
      • This shift could alter the dynamics of international collaboration, with other nations stepping up to fill the void left by the US.
    • Increased Geopolitical Tensions: The withdrawal could intensify competition between the US and China for influence in global health matters.
      • China’s initiatives, such as the Health Silk Road, may gain traction as it seeks to position itself as a leader in global health, thereby reshaping alliances and partnerships among countries.
    • Impact on Multilateral Cooperation: The US’s exit may weaken multilateral cooperation on critical health issues, leading to fragmented responses to global health challenges.
      • Countries may become less willing to collaborate on shared health threats without US leadership, which could hinder effective pandemic preparedness and response efforts.
    • Loss of Diplomatic Leverage: By withdrawing, the US relinquishes its role as a key influencer in shaping global health policies and initiatives.
      • This could diminish its ability to advocate for public health programs that align with its interests and values, allowing other nations to take a more prominent role in setting global health agendas.
    • Disproportionate Effects: The low-income countries that rely heavily on WHO for support may face greater challenges without US involvement.

    What reforms or changes might be necessary within WHO in light of this withdrawal?

    • Diversification of Funding Sources: WHO should encourage member states to increase their assessed contributions, which currently cover less than 20% of its budget. This could help reduce reliance on any single donor, particularly the US.
      • WHO can seek to expand its voluntary contributions from other countries and private organizations to fill the financial gap left by the US withdrawal.
    • Strengthening Governance and Accountability: Implementing more transparent financial management practices can help restore trust among member states and ensure that funds are allocated effectively.
      • Establishing an independent oversight body to review WHO’s operations and decision-making processes may help address concerns about political influence and enhance accountability.

    What opportunity do India have in this situation?

    • Increased Leadership Role: India can take a prominent leadership position within WHO, representing the Global South.
      • For Example, through the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India facilitated vaccine exports during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity and influencing health policies.
    • Strengthening Domestic Capabilities: The withdrawal allows India to bolster its healthcare infrastructure and research capabilities.
      • For Example, significant investments in indigenous vaccine production, such as Covaxin and Covishield, have positioned India as a major player in global vaccine supply chains, enhancing self-reliance and healthcare outcomes.
    • Enhanced Collaboration with Emerging Economies: India can forge stronger partnerships with other emerging economies to collaboratively address global health challenges.
      • For Example, engagement with countries like Brazil and South Africa through the IBSA Dialogue Forum can focus on shared issues like antimicrobial resistance and maternal health, enhancing collective responses to public health threats.
    • Leveraging Pharmaceutical Strength: India’s robust pharmaceutical industry can fill gaps left by reduced WHO funding.
      • Known as the “pharmacy of the world,” India supplied affordable vaccines during the pandemic, reinforcing its reputation as a key player in global healthcare by continuing to produce low-cost medications.

    Way Forward: India can not only mitigate the impacts of the US withdrawal but also can significantly contribute to shaping a more equitable global health landscape.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    The financial toxicity of cancer care in India

    5 February 2025 | Explained | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Why in the News?

    The financial strain of cancer is often ignored but can be the most harmful. It not only impacts the patient but also their family and future generations.

    What is the extent of financial toxicity faced by cancer patients in India?

    • High Treatment Costs: Cancer treatments, especially advanced options like immunotherapy, can be prohibitively expensive. For instance, a patient with oral cancer may face annual costs of approximately ₹10 lakh, adding to previous expenses that can total ₹25 lakh over several years. This financial strain often forces families to deplete savings or sell assets to afford care.
    • Impact on Families: Financial toxicity extends beyond the patient to their families, leading to severe economic consequences. Families may resort to selling properties or skipping meals to manage treatment costs, which can entrap them in a cycle of generational poverty.
    • Out-of-Pocket Expenses: A significant portion of healthcare costs is borne out-of-pocket by patients. For example, outpatient expenses can account for nearly 50% of total healthcare costs, which are not covered by insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat.

    What are the contributing factors to financial toxicity in cancer care?

    • Inadequate Public Health Funding: India’s public health expenditure has historically been below 2% of GDP, resulting in insufficient healthcare infrastructure and personnel in public hospitals. This leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, particularly for advanced cancer cases that require more costly interventions.
    • Limited Insurance Coverage: Existing insurance schemes primarily cover inpatient costs, leaving patients responsible for outpatient diagnostics and follow-up treatments. This gap significantly contributes to the financial burden on patients and their families.
    • Economic Disparities: Patients from low and middle-income backgrounds face additional hurdles in accessing cutting-edge treatments due to their high costs and limited availability in public health systems.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF): Established in 2009 under the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi, this fund provides financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh for cancer treatment at designated Regional Cancer Centers (RCCs).
      • In emergency cases, assistance can go up to ₹15 lakh. The fund aims to support patients living below the poverty line.
    • Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): This scheme offers health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, including cancer treatments. It is designed for low-income families and is operational across India.
    • State-Specific Schemes: Various states have their own initiatives:
      • Arogyasri Scheme in Andhra Pradesh: Provides free cancer treatment for families with an annual income below ₹5 lakh.
      • Free Chemotherapy in Odisha: Offers free chemotherapy treatment at district hospitals for poor cancer patients.
      • Financial Assistance in Punjab: Up to ₹1.5 lakh is provided for cancer treatment to eligible residents.

    What strategies can be implemented to mitigate financial toxicity? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Public Healthcare: Increasing government investment in public health could improve access to affordable cancer care.
      • States like Delhi and Kerala have initiated schemes to support direct medical costs, but broader implementation is needed across India.
    • Supportive Measures for Non-Medical Costs: Initiatives such as discounted travel fares for cancer patients can alleviate some financial burdens associated with non-medical expenses. Expanding these programs could provide significant relief.
    • Role of Nonprofits and CSR: Nonprofit organizations play a crucial role in reducing out-of-pocket expenses through various support services. Increased funding from corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives could help these organisations expand their reach and impact.
    • Promoting Philanthropy: Encouraging individual philanthropy among wealthier segments of society could provide critical funding for cancer care initiatives and nonprofits focused on assisting low-income patients.
    • Policy Advocacy: Advocating for policies that address the gaps in insurance coverage and promote equitable access to cancer treatments is essential for reducing financial toxicity in the long term.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    How beggar-thy-neighbour policies can make global trade come to a standstill?

    5 February 2025 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the News?

    In 2025, the United States’ imposition of a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, along with a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, exemplifies modern beggar-thy-neighbour policies.

    What is Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy?

    • Beggar-thy-neighbor policies refer to protectionist economic policies in which economic strategies are adopted by a country to improve its own economic situation at the expense of other nations.
    • These policies often involve protectionist measures such as tariffs, quotas, or currency devaluation, which can lead to negative repercussions for trading partners. For example, recently the USA imposed tariffs on China.

    What are the positive implications of this policy?

    • Domestic Economic Boost: Proponents argue that these policies can stimulate the domestic economy by protecting local industries and jobs. For example, tariffs on imports can encourage consumers to buy domestic products, potentially reducing unemployment in key sectors.
    • National Security: Supporters often cite national security concerns, suggesting that certain industries need protection from foreign competition to maintain a robust domestic economy.
    • Encouragement of Exports: By depreciating the national currency, a country can make its exports cheaper and more competitive in international markets, which is believed to enhance demand for domestic goods abroad.

    What do the critics say?

    • Global Economic Decline – The U.S.-China Trade War (2018-Present) illustrates how protectionist policies can escalate into retaliatory actions.
      • The U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting China to retaliate with its own tariffs, disrupting global supply chains and reducing international trade volumes.
    • Higher Consumer Prices – The U.S. Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum (2018) under Section 232 increased production costs for American industries relying on these metals, such as automobile and construction sectors.
      • A study by the Federal Reserve found that these tariffs cost U.S. consumers and businesses over $1.4 billion per month.
    • Historical Warnings – The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) in the U.S. significantly raised tariffs on imports, leading to retaliation from trading partners like Canada and European nations.
      • This contributed to a sharp decline in global trade and worsened the Great Depression. Global exports fell by nearly two-thirds between 1929 and 1934, demonstrating the adverse effects of widespread protectionism.
    • Reduced Innovation and Efficiency – India’s License Raj (1947–1991) is a prime example of how excessive protectionism stifled innovation. The heavily regulated economy limited foreign competition, leading to inefficiencies, outdated technology, and slow economic growth.
      • Post-1991 economic liberalization, which reduced trade barriers, spurred competition, efficiency, and innovation across various industries.

    Which countries use this policy? 

    • U.S. Tariffs and Trade War – Under the “America First” policy, the U.S. imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese goods in 2018 to shield domestic industries. In response, China introduced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products, escalating a trade war that disrupted global markets.
    • China’s Currency Policies – China has been accused of currency manipulation to maintain trade advantages. In 2019, the U.S. Treasury labeled China a currency manipulator after the People’s Bank of China allowed the yuan to depreciate, making Chinese exports cheaper and imports more expensive.
    • Japan’s Currency Interventions – To boost exports during economic stagnation, Japan’s central bank has weakened the yen through market interventions. While this makes Japanese exports more competitive, it raises import costs for domestic consumers and affects trading partners negatively.
    • Germany’s Eurozone Trade Advantage – Germany’s strong export-driven economy, supported by fiscal discipline and manufacturing strength, has been seen as creating imbalances within the Eurozone. During financial crises, weaker European economies struggle to compete, intensifying economic disparities.

    Does India use this policy? 

    In recent times, India has indeed engaged in practices that can be characterized as beggar-thy-neighbor policies, particularly in the context of trade and economic strategy.

    • Tariffs on Imports: India has imposed tariffs on various goods to protect its domestic industries.
      • For instance, in 2018, India raised import duties on a range of products, including electronics and agricultural goods, to encourage local manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign imports. Such measures can be seen as attempts to bolster India’s economy at the expense of exporting countries.
    • Restrictions on Chinese Imports: Following geopolitical tensions, India has implemented stricter regulations and tariffs on imports from China.
      • This includes bans on several Chinese apps (like tiktok) and increased scrutiny of Chinese investments.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Trade Policies: Countries should adopt a mix of strategic protectionism and open trade to safeguard domestic industries while preventing trade wars.
      • Strengthening WTO mechanisms and engaging in fair trade negotiations can ensure economic stability.
    • Focus on Competitiveness: Instead of relying on protectionist measures, nations should invest in innovation, skill development, and infrastructure to enhance global competitiveness, ensuring sustainable economic growth without harming trading partners.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Tax Reforms

    Why the tax cuts are a one way gamble?

    5 February 2025 | Explained | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget offers a major tax cut, benefiting taxpayers earning above ₹7 lakh. Rebates and exemptions have increased to reduce liabilities, though it may lead to an estimated ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss.

    What is the logic behind the tax rebates?

    • Boosting Household Consumption: Taxpayers earning ₹7–12 lakh/year now qualify for a full rebate (earlier limited to sub-₹7 lakh earners), saving ₹70,000–₹1.1 lakh annually.
      • This exemption limit was raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹4 lakh for those earning above ₹12 lakh, reducing tax burdens across income groups.It will Increase disposable income to drive consumption, savings, and private investment.
      • With weak private investment and uncertain global demand, tax rebates are aimed at stimulating domestic consumption.
    • Leveraging Tax Buoyancy for Revenue Growth: Despite an 8% tax rate reduction, the government anticipates a 14% rise in direct tax revenue (₹14.3 lakh crore), requiring a 24% income growth among taxpayers. It Simplified tax slabs and phased out the old regime to improve compliance and widen the taxpayer base.
    • Focus on Middle-Class Welfare: The overarching goal of these tax rebates is to support the middle class, which constitutes a significant portion of the electorate and plays a vital role in the economy. By alleviating their tax burden, the government seeks to enhance their financial well-being and foster a more equitable economic environment.

    What are the implications if tax buoyancy does not work out?

    • Revenue Shortfalls: A failure in tax buoyancy would lead to lower than expected tax revenues, resulting in budget deficits. This could force the government to cut essential services and social programs, negatively impacting the welfare of vulnerable populations.
    • Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy: Insufficient tax revenue may compel the government to adopt a pro-cyclical fiscal policy, reducing public spending during economic downturns instead of stimulating growth. This can exacerbate economic slowdowns and hinder recovery efforts.
    • Increased Tax Burden on Compliant Taxpayers: To compensate for revenue shortfalls, the government might increase taxes on those who continue to pay taxes, placing a heavier burden on compliant taxpayers and potentially discouraging further compliance and economic activity.

    Is it ‘Fiscal Consolidation’ or ‘Fiscal Contraction’?

    • The current approach appears to lean more towards fiscal contraction rather than fiscal consolidation. The Finance Minister has set a lower deficit target of 4.4% for 2025-26, down from 4.8% in the previous year. This suggests a tightening of fiscal policy rather than an expansion aimed at stimulating growth.
    • Critics argue that such contractionary measures are ill-timed given the current economic slowdown, as they limit the government’s ability to invest in growth-promoting initiatives. The expectation seems to hinge on corporate investment and export growth to drive recovery, which may not be sufficient if domestic demand remains weak due to reduced government spending.
    Aspect Consolidation Argument Contraction Criticism
    Deficit Target Lowered to 4.4% of GDP (from 4.8% in FY24), aiming for 3% by FY29 Aggressive deficit cuts during slowing growth (projected 10.1% nominal GDP) risk stifling recovery
    Revenue Strategy Bank on ₹28.37 trillion net tax receipts (+11% YoY) via compliance gains and income growth No compensatory taxes for high earners (30% slab unchanged) or wealth assets, risking ₹1.26 lakh crore shortfall
    Expenditure Focus Capital expenditure raised to ₹11.2 lakh crore (+17.4% YoY) for infrastructure multipliers Social sector allocations remain stagnant, with FY24 revised spending 15% below initial estimates.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Fiscal Approach – Instead of aggressive fiscal contraction, the government should adopt a gradual deficit reduction strategy while maintaining targeted public spending, especially in infrastructure and social sectors, to sustain domestic demand and economic growth.
    • Enhancing Revenue without Burdening Taxpayers – Strengthen tax compliance through digital tracking, rationalize subsidies, and explore progressive taxation on wealth and high-income segments to ensure fiscal stability without increasing the burden on the middle class.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (UPSC IAS/2018)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Tax Reforms

    [pib] Budget 2025-26 removes 7 Custom Duties for Industrial Goods

    5 February 2025 | Prelims Only | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    The Budget proposes to remove 7 customs tariff rates for industrial goods, following a similar step in Budget 2023-24. This will leave only 8 tariff rates, including a zero rate, making customs duty structure more transparent and predictable.

    What is Customs Duty?

    • Customs Duty is a tax imposed on goods that cross international borders to regulate their movement.
    • It helps protect a country’s economy, jobs, environment, and residents by controlling imports and exports.
    • It prevents illegal trade, ensures fair competition, and generates government revenue.
    • The Customs Act, 1962, which defines and regulates customs duty in India.
    • The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) under the Ministry of Finance manages customs duties.
    • Types of Customs Duties in India:
    1. Basic Customs Duty (BCD): Levied on imported goods (0-100%).
    2. Countervailing Duty (CVD): Imposed to balance foreign subsidies (0-12%).
    3. Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS): 10% surcharge to support welfare projects.
    4. Anti-Dumping Duty: Imposed on goods sold below market price to prevent unfair trade.
    5. Compensation Cess: Levied on items like tobacco and pollution-causing goods.
    6. Integrated GST (IGST): Imposed on imports at 5%, 12%, 18%, or 28% rates.
    7. Safeguard Duty: Applied when excessive imports harm domestic industries.
    8. Customs Handling Fee: 1% charge for customs processing.
    • Customs Duty Calculation: Based on product value, origin, composition, and international trade agreements.

    Key Changes Announced to Customs Tariffs:

    • Tariff rates reduced from 15 to 8, Social Welfare Surcharge was removed on 82 items.
    • 36 new life-saving medicines exempted, 5% duty on six more drugs.
    • Full BCD exemption on 35 EV battery capital goods, 28 mobile battery items, and key minerals like cobalt & lithium.
    • 10-year duty exemption for shipbuilding materials; Ethernet Switch duty cut from 20% to 10%.
    • 20% export duty on crust leather removed, handicraft export timeline extended to 1 year.
    • Frozen fish paste duty cut from 30% to 5% to boost seafood exports.
    • Customs assessments limited to 2 years, quarterly importer reporting instead of monthly.

    How India is Protecting Its Economy from Trade War Impact?

    • Rupee-based trade settlements with Russia, UAE & Sri Lanka to reduce dollar dependence.
    • Stockpiling essential imports like semiconductors, rare earth metals, and crude oil.
    • Attracting companies shifting from China with PLI incentives for manufacturing.
    • Paperless customs clearance, AI-driven trade monitoring, and blockchain documentation for smoother trade.
    • Strengthening global trade alliances like IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) (Japan-Australia) for supply chain stability.

    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following statements

    1. The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years.

    2. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all the imported edible oils a special case.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

    [pib] GARBH-Ini-DRISHTI: India’s First Ferret Research Facility

    5 February 2025 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Why in the News?

    India’s first Ferret Research Facility, GARBH-Ini-DRISHTI, was inaugurated at Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in Faridabad to boost vaccine development and infectious disease research.

    About GARBH-INi-DRISHTI

    • GARBH-INi-DRISHTI is a data repository and information-sharing hub designed to provide comprehensive clinical and biological insights into maternal and child health.
    • Developed under the GARBH-INi program, it is one of South Asia’s largest pregnancy cohort datasets, offering access to clinical data, medical images, and bio-specimens.
    • The platform includes data from over 12,000 pregnant women, newborns, and postpartum mothers, enabling extensive research into maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
    • It is a collaborative initiative, involving India’s top research institutions and hospitals, ensuring scientific synergy in maternal healthcare.
    • Aims:
      • To enhance maternal and neonatal healthcare research through large-scale data accessibility.
      • To support global researchers in conducting transformative studies that can improve birth outcomes.
      • To provide early insights into pregnancy-related complications, fostering better diagnostic and preventive measures.
      • To develop predictive tools for conditions like preterm birth, ensuring better maternal health interventions.
    • Features:
      • Comprehensive Data Repository: Houses clinical, imaging, and bio-specimen data from thousands of pregnant women and newborns.
      • Advanced Data Access: Researchers can explore detailed datasets to study pregnancy outcomes, foetal health, and postnatal development.
      • Secure and Controlled Access:  Provides clear guidance on data usage and approvals, ensuring ethical research practices.
      • Global Research Platform: Enables nationwide and international collaboration, allowing researchers to work on common healthcare challenges.
      • Supports Policy and Decision-Making:  The data can be leveraged to shape maternal health policies, improve diagnostic protocols, and design effective interventions.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Digital India Initiatives

    Gyan Bharatam Mission

    5 February 2025 | Prelims OnlySchemes | History
    Mains Paper 1: GS1-01.Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced the Gyan Bharatam Mission, a comprehensive initiative for surveying, documenting, and conserving India’s manuscript heritage.

    What is Gyan Bharatam Mission?

    • It is a nationwide initiative launched in the Union Budget 2025-26 to survey, document, and conserve India’s manuscript heritage.
    • The mission aims to cover over one crore manuscripts, ensuring the systematic preservation of ancient texts housed in academic institutions, museums, libraries, and private collections.
    • It is a revival and expansion of the National Manuscripts Mission (NMM), which was originally established in 2003 but had limited impact due to inadequate funding and structural challenges.
    • The mission aligns with India’s broader cultural conservation goals and is expected to create a centralized repository for India’s rich textual and intellectual heritage.
    • Aims and Objectives:
      • Survey and document manuscripts across institutions and private collections.
      • Digitize rare texts and create a centralized repository for research and preservation.
      • Restore and conserve fragile manuscripts using modern preservation techniques.
    • Features and Significance:
      • Budget Allocation Increased:  Funding for NMM raised from ₹3.5 crore to ₹60 crore.
      • Digital Preservation:  AI-driven archiving, metadata tagging, and translation tools for easy access.

    PYQ:

    [2023] With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with (2023)

    (a) archaeological excavations

    (b) establishment of English Press in Colonial India

    (c) establishment of Churches in Princely States

    (d) construction of railways in Colonial India

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Centre clears exploratory drilling in Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary

    5 February 2025 | National Parks/WSPrelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    Exploratory drilling for oil and gas has been approved within the eco-sensitive zone surrounding the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary.

    About the Hollongapar Gibbon WLS

    • Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established as Hollongapar Reserve Forest in 1997 and renamed in 2004.
    • It is the only habitat for hollock gibbons in India.
    • Located in Assam, with the Bhogdoi River along its northern boundary.
    • Biome classified as plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests with patches of wet evergreen forests.
    • Flora:
      • Upper canopy: Dominated by Hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), Sam, Amari, Sopas, Bhelu, Udal, and Hingori.
      • Middle canopy: Features Nahar trees.
      • Lower canopy: Composed of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
    • Fauna:
      • Primates: Includes Hoolock Gibbons, Bengal Slow Loris (only nocturnal primate in Northeast India), stump-tailed macaques, northern pig-tailed macaques, eastern Assamese macaques, rhesus macaques, and capped langurs.
      • Other mammals: Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, civets, squirrels, and more.

    About the Hoolock Gibbons:

    • Gibbons are the smallest and fastest apes, and they inhabit tropical and subtropical forests across Southeast Asia.
    • It is the only ape specie found in India.
    • They possess high intelligence, exhibit distinct personalities, and have strong familial bonds, reflecting characteristics similar to other ape species.
    • The current population of hoolock gibbons is estimated at around 12,000, found primarily in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern China.
    • Two distinct species, the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), were previously reported in India.
    • Conservation Status
      • IUCN Red List: the western hoolock gibbon is classified as Endangered, and the eastern hoolock gibbon is classified as Vulnerable.
      • Both gibbon species in India are placed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] Consider the following pairs:

    Protected Area:: Well-known for

    1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa :: Salt Water Crocodile

    2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan :: Great Indian Bustard

    3. Eravikulam, Kerala :: Hoolock Gibbon

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

    [4th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Some wind behind the sails of India’s shipping industry

    4 February 2025 | op-ed snap | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Q) The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous co-ordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2022)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Sustainable Development (2016, 2017, 2018 and 2022), and Budget Initiatives (2017 and 2021).

    Currently, India holds only about 0.05% of the global market share in shipbuilding, significantly lower than competitors like China (47%), South Korea (30%), and Japan (17%). This disparity highlights that without addressing inefficiencies in container movement and logistics integration, infrastructure growth alone will not lead to meaningful progress.

    The editorial discusses the recent positive developments in India’s shipping industry, particularly following the government’s announcements in the Union Budget 2025-26. This content can be used to present challenges in the Maritime Sector.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget 2025-26 appears to have met most of the shipping industry’s demands; but it has missed an opportunity to address tax disparities.

     

    What specific government initiatives are being introduced to support the shipping industry?

    • Maritime Development Fund (MDF): This initiative is the establishment of a MDF with an initial corpus of ₹25,000 crore which aims to provide long-term financing for the shipbuilding and maritime sectors, facilitating investment and growth within the industry.
    • Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy: The government has announced a revamp of the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) which aims to address cost disadvantages faced by domestic shipyards by providing direct financial subsidies, thereby encouraging local shipbuilding and enhancing competitiveness.
    • Customs Duty Exemptions and Incentives: This Budget extends customs duty exemptions on inputs and components used for manufacturing ships for more than 10 years.
      • Additionally, credit notes will be issued for shipbreaking activities, promoting a circular economy within the industry in order to make shipbuilding and recycling more competitive.
    • Extension of Tonnage Tax Scheme: The benefits of the existing tonnage tax scheme, which previously applied only to sea-going ships, will now be extended to inland vessels registered under the Indian Vessels Act, 2021.
      • This change aims to promote inland water transport and enhance the overall efficiency of the maritime sector.
    • Establishment of Shipbuilding Clusters: The Indian shipping industry has been advocating for the extension of the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) for another 10 years under the Amritkaal Maritime Vision 2047.
      • The government plans to facilitate the creation of shipbuilding clusters to increase capacity and capabilities in ship manufacturing.

    How can these initiatives impact India’s position in the global shipping market?

    • Enhanced Global Competitiveness: By establishing the Maritime Development Fund and revamping financial assistance policies, India aims to boost its shipbuilding capabilities and reduce costs associated with ship construction and repair.
      • This could elevate India’s ranking in global shipbuilding from 22nd to potentially within the top 10 by 2030 and top 5 by 2047, thereby increasing its share of global ship tonnage from less than 1% to around 5%.
    • Improved Infrastructure and Efficiency: The government’s focus on port modernization through initiatives like the Sagarmala Programme and Maritime India Vision 2030 is set to enhance port infrastructure, logistics efficiency, and multimodal connectivity.
      • These improvements will reduce turnaround times for vessels and lower logistics costs, making Indian ports more attractive for international shipping lines and increasing cargo handling capacity significantly.
    • Attracting Foreign Investment: With a favorable investment climate that allows 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in port development, India is positioned to attract significant foreign capital into its shipping sector.
      • This influx of investment can lead to technological advancements, better operational practices, and increased capacity, further solidifying India’s role as a key player in global maritime trade.

    What challenges does the Indian shipping industry face despite these positive developments?

    • High Costs and Financial Constraints: Indian shipyards face significant cost disadvantages compared to global competitors, particularly in terms of higher material and labor costs, as well as expensive financing options.
      • This results in a 25-30% cost disadvantage for Indian shipyards compared to those in countries like China and South Korea.
      • Additionally, the imposition of a 5% Goods and Services Tax (GST) on ship imports, which is not refunded for international operations, further strains financial resources for shipping companies.

    Does the SARFAESI Act impact loan availability?

    • Under Section 31(d) of the SARFAESI Act, banks and financial institutions cannot create a security interest in vessels as defined by the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
    • This limitation means that lenders cannot easily seize and auction ships in case of loan defaults, which reduces their willingness to extend credit to shipowners.
    • The ongoing discussions about amending the SARFAESI Act to include provisions for ships indicate a recognition of these challenges.
    • By allowing banks to hold security interests in vessels, the government can enhance loan availability and create a more favorable environment for financing within the maritime sector.
    • Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Major Indian ports are grappling with issues such as congestion, inefficiency, and inadequate infrastructure to support increasing traffic volumes.
      • The growth in cargo traffic has outpaced the development of port facilities, leading to delays and higher operational costs.
      • For example, backlogs for rail freight have increased significantly, impacting the timely movement of goods.
      • Furthermore, labor strikes and outdated technology contribute to lower productivity at ports, making them less attractive to global shipping lines.
    • Dependence on Foreign Suppliers: Indian shipyards heavily rely on foreign suppliers for critical components and technology, which increases costs and complicates supply chains.
      • This dependency results in longer lead times for procurement and vulnerability to supply chain disruptions.
      • The lack of a robust domestic supply chain for high-tech maritime components further exacerbates these challenges, limiting the competitiveness of Indian shipbuilding firms.

    Way Forward:

    To realize its aspirations under the Amritkaal Maritime Vision 2047, India must prioritize investments in infrastructure, streamline regulatory processes, and foster a skilled workforce.

    • The path forward requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders to transform these challenges into opportunities for sustainable development in the maritime sector.
    • Establish a National Port Grid Authority to coordinate development across major and minor ports, promoting specialization and eliminating inter-port competition.
    • Implementing a hub-and-spoke model with mega ports acting as transshipment hubs can optimize cargo movement and efficiency.
    • Deploy Smart Port Infrastructure Management Systems (SPIMS) and introduce blockchain-based Port Community Systems to facilitate paperless and IoT based trade.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    The kind of jobs needed for the ‘Viksit Bharat’ goal

    4 February 2025 | Explained | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Why in the News?

    With the Union Budget now presented, this is the right time to focus on three important types of jobs India needs: climate-friendly jobs, jobs that can adapt to AI, and jobs that match people’s aspirations.

    Why must long-term structural reforms in India focus on creating climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs?

    • Economic Stability & Climate Adaptation: Climate change threatens agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Structural reforms must promote green jobs in renewable energy (e.g., solar panel manufacturing, e-rickshaw deployment) and climate adaptation (e.g., afforestation, water conservation projects) to ensure sustainable economic growth.
    • Future-Proofing Against Automation: With AI disrupting traditional jobs, reforms should focus on AI-resilient employment by upskilling workers for roles in healthcare, education, and creative industries (e.g., AI-assisted medical diagnostics, digital marketing). This will help maintain workforce relevance and prevent large-scale job losses.
    • Inclusive & Aspirational Workforce: Youth and marginalized groups need jobs that match their ambitions. So, reforms should enhance opportunities in high-growth sectors like tourism, food processing, and local manufacturing (e.g., PM Vishwakarma Yojana for artisans, National Manufacturing Mission in textiles and electronics) to drive social mobility and economic dynamism.

    What are the recent allocation of the budget for Jobs creation? 

    • Skill Development Boost: The budget for the skill development ministry has nearly doubled to ₹6,017 crore for FY26, with ₹3,000 crore allocated for upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to enhance vocational training.
    • Targeted Job Creation: Over 21 lakh direct and indirect jobs are planned in fisheries, tourism, food processing, textiles, and electronics including 11 lakh under PM Matsya Sampada Yojana and 5.8 lakh under the PM Employment Generation Programme.
    • Sector-Specific Focus: Labor-intensive industries like footwear, leather, textiles, and electronics receive significant support, with initiatives like the Footwear Development Programme (₹350 crore) and the National Manufacturing Mission aiming to create 2-3 million jobs.
    • Support for Artisans: The PM Vishwakarma Yojana will uplift over 61 lakh artisans, promoting self-employment and economic inclusion for marginalized communities.
    • Infrastructure & Innovation: Five National Centres of Excellence for skilling will be established, alongside a ₹200 billion allocation for private sector-led R&D to drive technological advancements and job creation.

    What types of jobs are necessary for achieving Viksit Bharat?

    • Manufacturing Jobs: Increasing the contribution of manufacturing to GDP from approximately 16% to 25% by 2030 is crucial. This requires creating jobs in various manufacturing industries, enhancing productivity, and reducing operational costs.
      • MSMEs are vital for employment generation. Policies aimed at supporting these enterprises can create millions of jobs by fostering entrepreneurship and innovation within local communities.
    • Boosting Rural Demand and Agricultural Reforms: Jobs that focus on modernizing agriculture through technology and sustainable practices can enhance productivity and create employment in rural areas. This includes initiatives that support local farmers and agricultural workers.
    • Skill Development Initiatives: With a strong emphasis on skilling the workforce, there is a need for jobs that require specialized training in sectors like technology, healthcare, and renewable energy.
    • Climate-Resilient Employment: As India faces significant challenges due to climate change, creating jobs focused on sustainability—such as in renewable energy sectors (solar, wind) and environmental conservation—will be critical for long-term resilience.
    • AI and Digital Economy Roles: With the rise of artificial intelligence and digital transformation, there is a growing demand for jobs that leverage technology. This includes roles in IT services, software development, data analysis, and digital marketing.
    • Service Sector Jobs: The service sector continues to be a significant contributor to employment in India. Focused efforts on improving service delivery in healthcare, education, and hospitality can create numerous job opportunities.

    How can structural reforms in the economy facilitate job creation?

    • Enhancing Government Investment: Increased funding in infrastructure, education, and healthcare sectors directly correlates with job creation.
      • For instance, investments in rural infrastructure can stimulate local economies and create jobs in construction and services.
    • Promoting Industry Participation: Collaborating with industries for training programs ensures that the skills developed align with market needs, thereby improving employability. This approach can help bridge the gap between educational outcomes and industry requirements.
    • Supporting MSMEs: Strengthening micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through financial incentives and easier access to credit can drive job creation. MSMEs are crucial for employment as they account for a significant portion of India’s workforce.

    What role does government policy play in bridging the gap between formal and informal economies? (Way Forward)

    • Implementing Employment Schemes: Programs such as the Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) aim to create jobs through targeted financial support for employers who hire new employees.
      • This encourages formal employment while providing a safety net for workers transitioning from informal sectors.
    • Facilitating Skill Development: Policies focused on skill development ensure that workers are equipped with relevant skills for emerging sectors like technology and renewable energy.
      • This not only helps integrate informal workers into the formal economy but also enhances overall productivity.
    • Encouraging Entrepreneurship: By fostering an environment conducive to startups and small businesses through grants, tax incentives, and simplified regulations, the government can stimulate job creation across various sectors, particularly in rural areas where traditional job opportunities may be limited.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

Join the Community

Join us across Social Media platforms.