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  • [20th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A community on the margins, its hidden scars

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have always been focused on Minority Section of the Society –esp. Women and children.  Some recent micro themes have been asked like – Mental Healthcare challenges faced by Women in India (Mains 2023).

    In major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai, HIV seroprevalence rates among ‘female sex workers’ have been reported between 50% to 90%.

    This alarming statistic places these women at a significantly higher risk (30 times more likely to contract HIV) compared to other women of reproductive age. Secondly, the mental health of sex workers is severely compromised due to the stigma associated with their profession. 

    Today’s editorial discusses the systemic barriers that prevent sex workers from accessing mental health care. This content can be used on a case-by-case basis depending upon the demand of the questions related to ‘Women Issues’ and the ‘Healthcare’ sector in India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent initiatives aimed at addressing HIV prevention among sex workers have highlighted gaps in mental health support, prompting calls for more integrated healthcare approaches that consider both physical and mental health needs.

    • Furthermore, with cultural representations of “Heeramandi,” there is a drawing attention to the resilience and agency of sex workers while also acknowledging their struggles.
    What are the Mental Health challenges faced by sex workers?

    • Common Disorders: Many sex workers suffer from high rates of depression and anxiety, with studies showing that up to 47% may experience depression. Due to exposure to violence and trauma, around 21% report symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
    • Violence and Stigma: Sex workers often face physical, emotional, and sexual violence from clients and others, leading to chronic stress and mental health issues. Societal stigma creates feelings of shame and isolation, making it hard for them to seek help.
    • Economic Pressures: Many enter sex work due to financial need, which adds ongoing stress and anxiety about their situation. To cope with stress and trauma, some may turn to drugs or alcohol, which can worsen their mental health.
    • Barriers to Care: Discrimination in healthcare settings and fear of judgment prevent many sex workers from getting the mental health care they need.

    Why is access to mental health services limited for sex workers?

    • Stigma and Discrimination: Many sex workers avoid seeking help due to fear of being judged by healthcare providers. Past experiences of discrimination can lead to distrust in the healthcare system.
    • Legal Barriers: In many areas, sex work is illegal, making workers afraid to seek help due to potential legal consequences. Many migrant sex workers do not have valid IDs, which can prevent them from accessing services.
    • Economic Constraints: Many sex workers struggle financially, making it hard to afford mental health care.
    • Limited Availability of Services: Few mental health services are designed specifically for sex workers, who may feel that existing options don’t meet their needs. Many sex workers are unaware of available mental health resources.
    • Cultural and Language Barriers: Migrant sex workers may face language barriers that complicate communication with healthcare providers.

    What comprehensive strategies can be implemented?

    • Creating Safe Spaces: Create specialized, free, and confidential mental health services for sex workers, staffed by trained professionals who understand their unique challenges.
    • Community-Based Support: Establish peer support groups and outreach programs to connect sex workers with resources and foster a sense of community.
    • Education and Empowerment: Provide workshops on mental health awareness and coping strategies, along with skill development programs to create alternative job opportunities.
    • Advocacy for Rights and Stigma Reduction: Work towards decriminalizing sex work and advocate for policies that protect sex workers’ rights, while also launching public awareness campaigns to combat stigma.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-community-on-the-margins-its-hidden-scars/article68886744.ece

  • How India could counter the CBAM?

    Why in the News?

    India has called protectionist policies like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, and Deforestation Regulation as  “unfair” and “unjust”.

    What is CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)?

    • CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) is a proposed policy by the European Union (EU) aimed at addressing carbon leakage, ensuring that imported goods face a similar carbon cost as those produced within the EU.
    • The mechanism requires companies that export goods to the EU from non-EU countries to purchase carbon certificates, reflecting the carbon emissions involved in the production of these goods.
    • This is intended to create a level playing field for EU industries that have to meet strict carbon emissions regulations.

    How will the CBAM impact India’s key industries and overall trade?

    • Disruption to Trade: CBAM could significantly affect India’s exports to the EU, especially sectors like iron, steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers, which account for a large portion of India’s trade with the EU.
    • Increased Export Costs: The new requirements under CBAM, such as carbon emission certificates, will likely increase production costs for industries, making them less competitive in the global market.
    • Risk to Iron and Steel Industry: As iron and steel make up 76.83% of India’s exports affected by CBAM, this sector could face the greatest challenge in terms of compliance and potential cost increases.
    • Economic Strain on Developing Economies: The additional burden of having to meet emissions standards without corresponding support or time for transition may lead to economic difficulties for India’s industries.

    What strategies can India employ to effectively challenge the CBAM?

    • Coordination with Other Developing Countries: India should align its arguments with other developing economies to present a unified stance, ensuring a coordinated response to the EU-CBAM that reflects shared concerns.
    • Arguing for Adequate Time for Adaptation: India can argue that developing nations should be given sufficient time to adapt to the CBAM, similar to the EU’s phased climate targets, to avoid disproportionate burden.
    • Revenue Sharing: India can advocate for the EU to share the revenues generated from CBAM with non-EU countries to support capacity building, technology transfer, and emission reduction initiatives in developing nations.
    • Equity-Based Accounting (EBA) Proposal: India can push for a more equitable framework for emission reductions, suggesting the adoption of an EBA that takes into account historical contributions to climate change, trade benefits, and the developmental needs of nations.
    • Highlighting the CBAM’s Discriminatory Nature: India should emphasize that CBAM imposes an unjust transfer of climate responsibilities to developing countries without considering their economic realities or historical emissions.

    What role does International cooperation play in addressing the challenges?

    • Global Coordination on Climate Action: India should work with other developing countries to demand a more inclusive global framework for addressing climate change, ensuring that the impacts of mechanisms like CBAM are shared equitably.
    • Technology and Knowledge Sharing: International cooperation can facilitate the transfer of green technologies, which would help developing nations meet emissions targets without stifling their economic growth.
    • Addressing Historical Responsibilities: Cooperation with other nations can strengthen calls for addressing historical emissions and providing the necessary financial resources to developing countries to adapt to climate policies like CBAM.
    • Leveraging Multilateral Platforms: India can use international platforms such as the UNFCCC and COP discussions to engage with other nations and challenge policies that disproportionately affect developing economies.

    Conclusion: India should actively engage with other developing countries and form a coalition to present a unified front against the discriminatory nature of CBAM. This could involve joint lobbying at international forums such as the UNFCCC and COP summits.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?  (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Is imposing tariffs on Chinese imports a good idea?

    Why in the News?

    After the election of the USA, Prez Donald Trump plans to impose tariffs of up to 60% on Chinese imports and 10% on EU imports to address the U.S.-China trade deficit and reduce unfair subsidies.

    What are the economic impacts of imposing tariffs on Chinese imports?

    The imposition of tariffs, particularly those proposed by the U.S. on Chinese imports, can have domestic and international economic consequences. 

    • Increased Domestic Prices: Tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, leading to higher prices for U.S. consumers. This can contribute to domestic inflation, especially if tariffs are applied broadly across consumer goods.
    • Impact on Trade Deficit: While tariffs may help reduce the trade deficit by discouraging imports, they can also lead to a rise in domestic production costs, which might not fully offset the increased prices for consumers.
    • Shifts in Consumption: Tariffs may shift consumer preferences away from imported goods towards domestically produced items. This could boost local industries and potentially increase domestic supply, helping to moderate inflation if production meets demand.
    • Global Trade Relations: The introduction of tariffs can provoke retaliatory measures from affected countries, leading to trade wars that can disrupt global supply chains and negatively impact international trade dynamics.

    How might China respond to increased tariffs?

    • Retaliatory Tariffs: Historically, China has imposed tariffs on U.S. goods in response to American tariffs. This could include targeting products from politically sensitive regions or sectors in the U.S. to maximize political impact.
    • Currency Manipulation: China may allow its currency, the yuan, to depreciate, making its exports cheaper and counteracting the effects of U.S. tariffs.
    • Increased Domestic Support: The Chinese government could implement fiscal stimulus measures to bolster domestic industries affected by U.S. tariffs, including subsidies for exporters and incentives for local production.
    • Diversification of Trade Partners: China might further diversify its trade by strengthening ties with other countries and participating in regional trade agreements that exclude the U.S., reducing its reliance on American markets.

    Do tariffs achieve their intended goals?

    • Trade Balance Improvement: While tariffs are designed to improve the trade balance by reducing imports, their success is contingent upon consumer behaviour and whether domestic producers can meet demand without significant price increases.
    • Political Ramifications: Retaliatory actions from China can undermine the intended benefits of tariffs, leading to a cycle of escalation that may harm both economies. The political fallout from these actions can also influence U.S. domestic politics, particularly if key industries are adversely affected.
    • Long-Term Economic Impact: The long-term economic impact may be limited if countries like China successfully adapt through measures such as currency adjustments or finding alternative markets for their goods.

    How can India benefit from it? 

    • Market Diversification: India can capture U.S. market share by exporting goods as American buyers seek alternatives to Chinese imports.
    • Supply Chain Shift: India can attract companies relocating production from China, leveraging its manufacturing policies and workforce.
    • Boost in FDI: Heightened U.S.-China tensions may increase Foreign Direct Investment in India as firms diversify investment destinations.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Manufacturing and Exports: Enhance domestic production capabilities through schemes like PLI and focus on exporting goods demanded by the U.S., such as electronics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.
    • Attract Global Investments: Improve ease of doing business, offer tax incentives, and promote India as a reliable alternative to China for global supply chains and FDI inflows.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • A thousand days of Ukrainian resilience

    Why in the News?

    Exactly 1,000 days ago, world history took a dramatic turn when Russia initiated a full-scale military invasion with the goal of eradicating Ukrainian statehood, culture, and nationhood.

    ukraine

    How has Ukraine demonstrated resilience against Russian aggression?

    Ukraine has demonstrated remarkable resilience against Russian aggression since the full-scale invasion began on February 24, 2022. Key factors contributing to this resilience include:

    • National Unity: The unification of the Ukrainian people under President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has been crucial. This collective spirit has galvanized both military and civilian efforts to resist Russian advances, leading to significant victories such as the defense of Kyiv and the liberation of the Kharkiv and Kherson regions.
    • Military Strength: Throughout the conflict, the Ukrainian armed forces have transformed into one of the strongest military forces globally. Their ability to repel invaders and conduct successful counteroffensives has been widely recognized and admired internationally.
    • International Support: Ukraine has received substantial military, financial, and humanitarian aid from allies worldwide. This support has been instrumental in sustaining its defense efforts and rebuilding initiatives.
    • Cultural and Moral Resolve: The war has fostered a strong sense of identity among Ukrainians, who view their struggle as not only for survival but also for European values and democracy. This moral clarity strengthens their resolve against oppression.

    What are the human and economic costs of the conflict for the whole world?

    • Human Costs: Thousands of civilians, including 600 children, have died. Over eight million people have left Ukraine, and 3.6 million are still displaced. Russia has taken more than 20,000 children, many of whom are still missing or in captivity.
    • Economic Costs: Ukraine has lost over $400 billion, and it will need $500 billion to rebuild and $35 billion to clear landmines. The war has affected global supply chains and caused inflation worldwide.

    How can Ukraine in seeking peace and rebuilding?

    • Diplomatic Efforts: Ukraine continues to engage in diplomatic initiatives aimed at securing international support for its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
      • President Zelenskyy emphasizes that neutrality is not an option countries must choose sides in this conflict.
    • Reconstruction Plans: As rebuilding begins, Ukraine aims to restore its infrastructure while implementing reforms that demonstrate resilience and commitment to democratic values. This effort is supported by international partners who provide financial assistance1.
    • Cultural Restoration: Protecting cultural heritage is a priority, with initiatives underway to restore damaged institutions and memorialize those lost during the conflict. This cultural revival is integral to national identity and unity moving forward.

    What opportunity does India have from this conflict? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Diplomatic Influence: India can play a key role in diplomatic efforts by supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and promoting peace talks, which enhances its global standing as a peacebuilder.
    • Economic and Trade Opportunities: As Ukraine seeks reconstruction, India can explore investment and trade opportunities in rebuilding efforts, especially in sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, and technology.
    • Cultural and Educational Collaboration: India can collaborate with Ukraine in preserving cultural heritage and restoring educational institutions, fostering cultural exchanges and strengthening bilateral ties.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Telangana’s new EV policy

    Why in the News?

    The Telangana government has decided to completely waive road tax and registration fees for people buying electric vehicles.

    What are the key features of Telangana’s EV policy?

    • 100% Road Tax and Registration Fee Exemption: Electric two-wheelers, four-wheelers, and commercial vehicles (such as taxis, autorickshaws, electric light goods carriers, and buses) will be exempt from road tax and registration fees for the entire lifetime of the vehicle.
    • Exemption for Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC): The exemption will apply to electric vehicles operated by TSRTC and buses owned by industries used for employee transport (not commercial purposes).
    • Validity Period: The exemption will be valid for two years, up to December 31, 2026, regardless of the number of vehicles registered.
    • Promotion of EV Awareness: The government is focused on spreading awareness about electric vehicle usage to reduce pollution levels and make Hyderabad pollution-free.
    • Support for Charging Infrastructure: Manufacturers of electric vehicles are encouraged to take the initiative in establishing charging stations to ensure convenience for users.

    How will the government support the EV push?

    • The government will provide exemptions from road taxes and registration fees for various categories of electric vehicles to make them more affordable for consumers.
    • A meeting of the concerned departments (Transport, Home, HMDA, etc.) will be convened to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the EV policy.
    • Government representatives studied the policies of other states to come up with a policy tailored to Telangana’s needs, reflecting the best practices for EV adoption.

    India’s New Electric Vehicle Policy 2024:

    • Duty Reduction: A customs duty of 15% is now applicable on imported EVs priced at $35,000 or above, significantly lower than the previous rates of 70-100%. This reduced rate will last for five years.
    • Import Limits and Investment Requirements: The policy allows for a maximum of 8,000 imported EVs per year, contingent on manufacturers investing at least ₹4,150 crore (approximately $500 million) in local production. There is no upper limit on investment, encouraging substantial financial commitments in the sector.
    • Local Manufacturing Mandate: Companies must establish operational facilities within three years and achieve a minimum domestic value addition (DVA) of 25% by that time, increasing to 50% by the fifth year. This aims to enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
    • Increased Import Allowance for Larger Investments: If a manufacturer invests over $800 million, they can import up to 40,000 EVs, still capped at 8,000 per year, with the option to carry over unused limits.
    • Bank Guarantees: A bank guarantee is required, which will be returned only upon meeting the DVA target and investment criteria.

    Why special EV Policy is needed?

    • Environmental Goals: The EV policy is part of an effort to reduce pollution levels in Telangana, especially in Hyderabad, to prevent the city from facing pollution issues similar to those in New Delhi.
    • Lack of Implementation in the Past: Although the previous government introduced an EV policy for 2020-30, it was not implemented effectively. The new policy addresses this gap and actively promotes EV adoption.
    • Growing Need for Awareness and Infrastructure: The policy also aims to spread awareness about EVs and address infrastructure challenges, such as the availability of charging stations, which are crucial to making electric vehicles a viable alternative.
    • Encouraging Wider Adoption: The policy aims to increase the percentage of electric vehicles in the state (currently 5 out of every 100 vehicles are EVs) by offering financial incentives and creating an ecosystem that supports EV users.

    Conclusion: Expanding and improving the availability of EV charging stations across the state is crucial to ensure the seamless adoption of electric vehicles, especially in urban areas and key highways.

  • [pib] World Toilet Day, 2024

    Why in the News?

    • World Toilet Day, celebrated every year on November 19, is an official United Nations observance aimed at raising awareness of the global sanitation crisis and promoting action for safe toilets worldwide.
      • 2024 Theme: “Sanitation for Peace” – highlights the role of sanitation in promoting peace, security, and resilience.

    About World Toilet Day 

    • It is celebrated each year on November 19 to raise awareness about global sanitation issues.
    • It became an UN-recognized day in 2013 to emphasize the importance of safe sanitation under SDG 6.
    • It was first proposed by Jack Sim of the World Toilet Organization in 2001.
    • Purpose: To address the health, dignity, and environmental challenges linked to inadequate sanitation.

    Significance and Global Collaborations 

    • Public Health: Prevents waterborne diseases; 1,000 child deaths daily linked to unsafe sanitation (WHO).
    • UN Initiatives: UNICEF, WHO, and UN-Water work with countries to improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) facilities.
    • NGO Support: Organizations like World Toilet Organization and WaterAid implement sanitation projects and awareness.
    • International Partnerships: Programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) unify governments and NGOs for sanitation solutions.

    India’s Policies and Successes

    • Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
      • SBM-Grameen: Over 11.73 crore household toilets built; 5.57 lakh villages ODF.
      • SBM-Urban: 63.63 lakh household toilets constructed; 4,576 cities ODF.
    • Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped drinking water to rural households, supporting sanitation.
    • Women’s Safety Campaigns: Programs like Hamara Shauchalay: Hamara Samman link sanitation to dignity, especially for women.
    • Waste Management: SBM Phase II focuses on sustainable waste management and sanitation systems.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:

    1. It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.
    2. World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
    3. The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1 and 2

    (d) 2 and 3

  • India’s 56th Tiger Reserve notified in Chhatisgarh

    India's 56th Tiger Reserve notified in Chhatisgarh

    Why in the News?

    The Indian government has notified Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the country’s 56th Tiger Reserve, now recognized as the third-largest tiger reserve in India.

    Largest Tiger Reserves in India:

    • First: Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh
    • Second: Manas Tiger Reserve, Assam
    • Third: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh

    About the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve (TR):

    Details
    Location   • Located across Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
    • Total area: 2,829.38 sq. km.
    • Core area: 2,049.2 sq. km (Guru Ghasidas National Park + Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
    • Buffer area: 780.15 sq. km.
    Regional Significance • Contiguous with Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh forming a 4,500 sq. km landscape.
    • Connected to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (west) and Palamau Tiger Reserve (east).
    Biodiversity • 753 species documented by Zoological Survey of India.
    • 230 bird species.
    • 55 mammal species, including several threatened species.
    Landscape  • Located within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and partly in the Baghelkhand Plateau.
    • Features dense forests, streams, and rivers, providing a rich habitat for tigers and diverse fauna.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

     

  • Salt Chimneys discovered in the Dead Sea

    Salt Chimneys discovered in the Dead Sea

    Why in the News?

    Researchers have identified unique salt chimneys on the Dead Sea floor.

    Key facts about the Dead Sea:

    Details
    Location • Located between Jordan and Israel, with the eastern shore in Jordan and the western shore in Israel.
    • The southern half of the western shore belongs to Israel, and the northern half is in the West Bank.• Divided by Al-Lisan peninsula into two basins: the northern basin is deep (400 m), and the southern basin is shallow (< 3 m).
    Geographical Features • 430.5 meters below sea level, the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
    • Length: 50 km, Width: 15 km at its widest point.
    • Surrounded by the Judaea hills (west) and Transjordanian plateaus (east).
    Salinity and Density • Salinity: 34.2%, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawater, making it the fourth saltiest water body in the world.
    • Density: 1.240 kg/L, which allows people to float easily.
    Inlets and Outlets • Main inlet: Jordan River.
    • No outlet, water loss occurs primarily through evaporation.
    • High salinity and harsh climate result in no life except for algae and microorganisms.

     

    About the Salt Chimneys 

    • Salt chimneys are tall, chimney-like structures made of crystallized salt, recently discovered on the Dead Sea floor.
    • They are found by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) during an underwater survey.
    • These chimneys range from 1 to over 7m in height.
    • Formation Process:
      • Groundwater from surrounding aquifers flows through old salt deposits around the Dead Sea basin, dissolving halite (salt) and carrying it as brine.
      • Despite being saline, the brine is less dense than the Dead Sea water due to its high salinity, causing it to rise as a plume from the lake bed.
      • When this brine contacts the colder Dead Sea water, it rapidly crystallizes, forming chimney structures that can grow several centimeters in height each day.

    Potential Role in Sinkhole Forecasting

    • Thousands of sinkholes have appeared near the Dead Sea in recent decades; understanding chimney formation may aid in preventing future collapses in vulnerable areas.
    • Researchers have linked the formation of salt chimneys to underground cavities, which are often the precursors to sinkholes.
    • The location of these chimneys may help predict areas at high risk for sinkhole formation, offering a way to monitor and mitigate potential hazards.

  • [pib] Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan (2025-2029)

    Why in the News?

    India and Italy signed an ambitious 5-year ‘joint strategic action plan 2025-2029’ that would include cooperation in space sector, critical technology, research, co-production of military equipment and widening the ambit of economic cooperation.

    Key Focus Areas of the Joint Strategic Action Plan:

    Details
    Political Dialogue • Regular high-level meetings and reciprocal visits.
    • Annual bilateral consultations between foreign ministries to discuss mutual interests.
    Economic Cooperation • Boosting trade, market access, and investments in sectors like transportation, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and green technologies.
    • Promoting industrial partnerships and mutual investments.
    Connectivity • Collaborating on sustainable transport initiatives.
    • Enhancing maritime and land infrastructure, participating in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
    Science, Technology, IT, Innovation • Cooperation in emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and digital services.
    • Innovation, research collaborations, and exchange programs for scientific growth.
    Space Sector • Collaboration between the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Earth observation and lunar science.
    • Facilitating mutual commercial space collaborations.
    Energy Transition • Technology summits in renewable energy.
    • Cooperation in green hydrogen, biofuels, and energy efficiency.
    • Collaboration in global energy alliances like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Global Biofuels Alliance.
    Defence Cooperation • Joint defence consultations and staff talks.
    • Co-development of defence platforms and equipment.
    • Negotiating a Defence Industrial Roadmap.
    Security Cooperation • Capacity-building in cybersecurity and counter-terrorism.
    • Regular exchanges and sector-specific talks in multilateral forums.

    Significance of the Plan:

    • Time-Bound Initiatives: It outlines specific, time-bound initiatives to ensure measurable progress and accountability.
    • Mutual Growth: By focusing on co-development and co-production, the plan aims to leverage the strengths of both nations for mutual economic and technological advancement.
    • Strategic Alignment: The collaboration in areas like defence, energy transition, and space signifies a strategic alignment of interests, enhancing regional and global stability.
    • Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Emphasizing cultural exchanges and academic collaborations strengthens the social fabric and mutual understanding between the two countries.

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:

    1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.

    2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [19th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Manipur as a case for imposing Article 356

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that priniciple is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q) Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Prelims Relevance: 

    If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (2018)
    (a) The Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 
    (b) The powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 
    (c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 
    (d) The President can make laws relating to that State.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Federal issues, state-centre conflicts, or the Northeast ethnic issues have always been the focal point for UPSC Mains and Prelims.

    Today’s editorial focuses on present ethnic crises and government failure in the Manipur state. It majorly talks about the implications that we can face after the application of the President’s Rule.

    We can use this content for topics like – Governance failure, Federal challenges, and Ethno-religious issues in India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The continued violence in Manipur since May 2023 shows a failure of governance, making it necessary for the President to use Article 356, even without waiting for the Governor’s report.

    About Article 356 

    • Provision of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President of India to take direct control of a state if its constitutional machinery fails, typically leading to the dissolution or suspension of the state government.
    • Conditions for Invocation: It can be invoked based on the Governor’s report or if the President is otherwise satisfied that the state cannot be governed under constitutional provisions.

    Why the state of Manipur reflects a classic case of failure of Constitutional machinery?

    • Manipur exemplifies a failure of constitutional machinery due to the unabated violence that erupted in May 2023, which has led to significant loss of life and displacement.
      • The ongoing ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities has resulted in over 250 deaths and the displacement of approximately 60,000 people, indicating a breakdown of law and order. 
    • The President of India is empowered under Article 356 to intervene when a state’s governance cannot be maintained according to constitutional provisions, and the situation in Manipur has prompted calls for such intervention.
      • The inability of both state and central governments to restore peace and protect citizens’ rights underscores this constitutional failure.

    What are the recent issues and challenges related to Manipur?

    • Ethnic Violence: Continuous clashes between the Meitei and Kuki communities have resulted in significant casualties and widespread destruction.
    • Displacement: More than 60,000 individuals have been displaced from their homes, living in precarious conditions in relief camps.
    • Government Inaction: Reports indicate a lack of effective response from both state and central governments, leading to accusations of complicity or negligence.
    • Human Rights Violations: Numerous reports highlight serious human rights abuses, including gender-based violence, extrajudicial killings, and the destruction of property.
    • Political Instability: The ruling party’s inability to manage the crisis has led to calls for accountability and demands for the Chief Minister’s resignation.
    What are the reasons behind the Manipur issues? 

    • Historical Ethnic Tensions and Insurgency: Long-standing ethnic conflicts between the Hindu Meitei and Kuki-Zomi tribal groups, fueled by land rights disputes and autonomy movements, have created a climate of mistrust and violence.
    • Immediate Triggers: The Manipur High Court’s directive to consider ST status for the Meitei community sparked protests by tribal groups, escalating into violent clashes on May 3, 2023.
    • Socio-Political Dynamics: Discriminatory perceptions of government policies, such as eviction drives, and the influx of Kuki refugees from Myanmar have heightened tensions over demographic shifts and resource competition.

    The Supreme Court has issued several orders regarding the situation in Manipur:

    • Initial Response: On May 8, 2023, the Court acknowledged a temporary lull in violence but emphasized the need for law and order maintenance and humanitarian relief.
    • Suo Motu Action: In July 2023, following disturbing reports of sexual violence against women during the riots, the Court demanded accountability from the government for these violations and required updates on actions taken against perpetrators.
    • Continued Oversight: Despite multiple hearings (27 reported), the Court’s interventions have been criticized as slow and ineffective given the ongoing violence and human rights abuses.

    Way forward: 

    • Restoring Law and Order: Deploy neutral central forces to ensure immediate cessation of violence, provide security to all communities, and expedite relief and rehabilitation efforts for the displaced.
    • Inclusive Dialogue and Policy Reform: Facilitate dialogue among ethnic groups to address grievances, implement impartial governance measures, and establish long-term frameworks to promote harmony and equitable resource distribution.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece