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  • What is Indexation in calculating LTCG tax?

    Why in the News?

    The withdrawal of the indexation benefit from the long-term capital gains (LTCG) tax regime has emerged as a contentious decision in the Union Budget for 2024-25.

    What is Indexation?

    • Indexation is a method used to adjust the purchase price of an asset to account for inflation over the period it was held.
    • This reduces the taxable capital gain, as it reflects the increase in the asset’s value due to inflation.
    • Purpose: To ensure that the taxpayers are taxed only on the real gains and not on the inflationary increase in the value of the asset.

    Changes in the LTCG Regime

    • The new LTCG regime removes the indexation benefit for property, gold, and other unlisted assets.
    • The LTCG tax rate is reduced from 20% to 12.5%.
    • For assets purchased before 2001, the fair market value as of April 1, 2001, is considered the cost of acquisition.

    Implications of the Changes

    • The government claims the changes simplify the capital gains tax structure without causing a loss to most taxpayers.
    • The uniform tax rate for various asset classes is intended to benefit both taxpayers and tax authorities.

    Concerns for Taxpayers

    • There was significant concern, particularly in the residential real estate sector, about increased LTCG tax liabilities.
    • The government clarified that the new regime would be beneficial in most cases, as real estate returns typically outpace inflation.
    • The Income Tax Department explained that:
    1. For properties held for 5 years, the new regime is beneficial if the value has appreciated 1.7 times or more, and
    2. For 10 years, if the value has increased to 2.4 times or more.

    Back2Basics: Capital Gains Tax Overview

    Details
    Definition Tax on profit from the sale of a capital asset.
    Launch Introduced in 1956, as part of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
    Types Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG): Held for ≤36 months (≤12 months for specified assets).

    Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG): Held for >36 months (>12 months for specified assets).
    Tax Rates (STCG) With STT: 15%

    Without STT: Applicable income tax slab rates.
    Tax Rates (LTCG) Listed Equity Shares & Equity-Oriented Funds: 10% on gains >₹1 lakh without indexation.

    Other Assets: 20% with indexation (proposed 12.5% without indexation from FY 24-25).
    Indexation Adjusts purchase price for inflation using Cost Inflation Index (CII).
    Purpose of Indexation To tax only the real gains, accounting for inflation.
    Formula (Indexation) Indexed Cost of Acquisition: (Cost of Acquisition × CII of sale year) / CII of purchase year

    Indexed Cost of Improvement: (Cost of Improvement × CII of sale year) / CII of improvement year

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] Under which of the following circumstances may ‘capital gains’ arise?

    1. When there is an increase in the sales of a product

    2. When there is a natural increase in the value of the property owned

    3. When you purchase a painting and there is a growth in its value due to increase in its popularity

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • [27th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Using children’s personal data legally and securely

    [27th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Using children’s personal data legally and securely

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:

    Q1 National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020) 

    Q2 The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2015) 

    Prelims: 
    Q Consider the following statements: 
    1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education. 
    2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines. 
    3. In India, more than 90% of teacher-5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
    (a) 1 and 2 
    (b) 2 only 
    (c) 1 and 3 
    (d) 3 only

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: UDISE+ platform;

    Mains: Purpose and Scope of UDISE+;

    Mentor comments:  The Indian education system is one of the largest globally, encompassing various levels from pre-primary to higher secondary. It includes approximately 1.5 million schools, 9.7 million teachers, and nearly 265 million students. The system follows a “10+2” structure, mandating ten years of schooling before higher education. While it aims to provide quality education, challenges such as disparities between urban and rural areas, rote learning emphasis, and gender inequality persist. Recent reforms, including the National Education Policy, seek to enhance access, quality, and equity in education across the country.

    Let’s learn —

    Why in the News? 

    To effectively manage India’s extensive education system, the Ministry of Education developed the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) platform in 2018.

    Purpose and Scope of UDISE+

    • UDISE+ collects real-time information from all recognized and unrecognized schools providing formal education from pre-primary to Class XII. This includes data on school infrastructure, teacher qualifications, student enrollment, and academic performance.
    • The system utilizes an online DCF ( Data collection form) that simplifies data entry and ensures accuracy. Schools are required to upload their data online, which is validated through inbuilt checks.
    • UDISE+ has become the official statistics system for the Ministry of Education, covering over 1.5 million schools, approximately 9.5 million teachers, and more than 260 million students. This extensive database supports effective planning and resource allocation in the education sector.

    Features and Improvements

    • Real-Time Updates: Since its inception, UDISE+ has transitioned from manual data entry to a digital platform, allowing for real-time updates and more efficient data management.
    • Unique Identifiers: Each school is assigned a UDISE code, serving as a unique identifier that facilitates the tracking and management of educational data at a national level.
    • Enhanced Data Categories: The platform includes new data categories such as pre-primary education, sports facilities, library resources, and ICT infrastructure, which were not comprehensively covered in earlier systems.

    Regulatory and Compliance Considerations

    • Data Sharing and Privacy: The Ministry of Education has emphasized the importance of a data-sharing policy for educational data. However, the implementation of this policy must align with the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, which requires clear guidelines on parental consent and the legitimate use of personal data.
    • Collaboration with Ed-Tech Companies: UDISE+ data is shared with various stakeholders, including ed-tech companies and state governments, to enhance educational outcomes. This collaboration necessitates strict adherence to data protection regulations to ensure student privacy
    The three-part test established by the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2018) is essential for evaluating state actions that may infringe on the right to privacy. 

    Three Conditions of the Test

    1. Legitimate State Interest: There must be a valid and legitimate interest that justifies the restriction of the right to privacy. This means that the state must demonstrate a clear purpose for the action it is taking.
    2. Necessity and Proportionality: The restriction imposed must be necessary and proportionate to achieve the stated interest. This condition ensures that the means employed by the state are appropriate and not overly broad or invasive.
    3. Legal Basis: Any restriction on the right to privacy must be enacted through law. This emphasizes the need for a legal framework that governs the state’s actions, ensuring accountability and adherence to due process.

    Need for Standard Operating Procedures

    • Technical and Legal Framework: There is an urgent need for standard operating procedures that encompass both technical and legal aspects under a comprehensive governance framework. This would ensure data authenticity and clarify legal obligations for stakeholders.
    • Conscientious Data Sharing: Establishing specific protocols will promote responsible sharing, usage, and retention of children’s personal data, ensuring that such actions are conducted lawfully and securely.

    Conclusion: The UDISE+ platform collects extensive educational data, but its integration with Aadhaar and collaboration with ed-tech companies require clear protocols aligned with privacy laws to ensure responsible data handling and protect student rights.

  • Why AI’s present and future bring some serious environmental concerns?

    Why in the News? 

    Google is in the news due to its recent annual environment report, which revealed a 13% increase in its emissions footprint for 2023 compared to the previous year.

    Why Emissions are higher?

    • Increased Electricity Consumption: Google reported a 13% increase in its emissions footprint in 2023, primarily due to a 17% rise in electricity consumption in its data centres.
    • Energy-Intensive AI Operations: AI models require significantly more computational power than traditional searches, leading to higher energy consumption. For instance, a single AI query can use 10 to 33 times more energy than a standard Google search.
    • Cooling Demands: The increased workload from AI operations generates more heat, necessitating stronger cooling systems in data centers leading to a high demand of water.

    Indian Scenario

    • Growing Demand for Data Centers: As AI and data center deployment increases in India, the environmental impact, particularly in terms of electricity and water consumption, is expected to rise.
    • Water Resource Strain: Data centers require significant water for cooling. For example, a data center serving OpenAI’s GPT-4 model reportedly consumed 6% of its district’s water supply in Iowa, highlighting there could be potential challenges in water-scarce regions like India.
    • Need for Sustainable Practices: The experts advise the importance of planning AI and data center expansion in India to minimize environmental impacts. Companies must adopt efficient processes to reduce their emissions footprint.

    The initiative taken by Govt to regulate AI

    • National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence: In 2018, NITI Aayog released a discussion paper outlining India’s National Strategy for AI.
    • Draft Personal Data Protection Bill: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released a draft Personal Data Protection Bill in 2019 which had provisions related to data used for AI systems.
    • Ethical AI Principles: In 2021, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released a set of “Ethical AI Principles” as part of India’s AI governance framework
    • Regulatory Sandbox for AI: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has created a regulatory sandbox to test AI applications in the financial sector.
    • AI Skilling and Research: The government has launched initiatives like the National AI Portal, AI Hackathons, and AI Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation (AIRAWAT) to promote AI research and skills in the country.

    Alternatives for Government Action (Way Forward) 

    • Promote Energy Efficiency: The government can encourage data centers to adopt energy-efficient technologies and practices. This includes optimizing cooling systems and utilizing renewable energy sources to power operations.
    • Regulatory Framework: Need to implement regulations that require data centres to report their energy and water consumption can help monitor and manage their environmental impact.
    • Investment in Renewable Energy: The government should promote the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to power data centers.
    • Research and Development: Government should support R&D in sustainable AI technologies and energy-efficient data processing can help mitigate the environmental impact of AI deployment.
    • Public Awareness Campaigns: The need to educate businesses and the public about the environmental impacts of AI and data centres can foster more sustainable practices and encourage responsible usage of technology.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss  (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • A new push in the Bay of Bengal 

    Why in the news?

    India hosted the 2nd BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat in New Delhi, creating an informal forum to enhance regional cooperation in security, connectivity, trade, and investment in the Bay of Bengal

    About BIMSTEC: 

    • BIMSTEC, or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, is a regional organization established in June 1997.
    • seven countries: India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
    • It aims to foster multifaceted cooperation across various sectors, including security, connectivity, trade, and investment, particularly in the Bay of Bengal region.

    Importance of Strengthening Eastern Ties

    • Regional Stability and Security: The growing presence of China in the Bay of Bengal is perceived as a potential threat to regional stability. By strengthening ties with countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar, India aims to reinforce its position as a preferred security partner in the region.
    • Economic Development: Enhanced relations with eastern neighbors facilitate India’s access to essential maritime routes, particularly for its landlocked northeastern states.
    • Indo-Pacific Strategy: Improved relations with Myanmar and Thailand are integral to India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy. These countries are key members of ASEAN, which India considers central to its vision for the region.
    • Strengthening ties can enhance India’s influence and presence in the Indo-Pacific, aligning with its “Act East Policy” and “Neighbourhood First” approach.

    Major Components of the Retreat

    The 2nd BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat was structured into two main segments:

    • Assessment of Regional Cooperation: The first part focused on evaluating the current state of cooperation within BIMSTEC, building on outcomes from the previous retreat.
    • Member states discussed various initiatives, including the establishment of Centers of Excellence in areas like Agriculture and Maritime Transport, and emphasized the importance of private sector involvement in trade and entrepreneurship.
    • Expectations for the Upcoming Summit: The second segment involved discussions on each country’s expectations for the upcoming summit.
    • Key proposals included mapping mineral resources, promoting the Blue Economy, enhancing tourism and cultural exchanges.  

    Bilateral merits

    • India-Myanmar Concerns: Mr. Jaishankar addressed issues with Myanmar regarding the flow of displaced persons, narcotics, and arms across the border, and urged the return of unlawfully detained Indian nationals.
    • India-Bangladesh Cooperation: In his meeting with the Bangladesh Foreign Minister, Mr. Jaishankar was requested to ensure the smooth supply of daily essentials and send a technical team for the Teesta project, signifying efforts towards resolving long-pending concerns.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Security Collaboration:  Need to prioritize discussions on security cooperation among BIMSTEC members, particularly in countering transnational crimes such as narcotics and arms trafficking.
    • Develop Connectivity Projects: Indian government should expedite the implementation of connectivity projects, such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway, to facilitate trade and movement. This will not only enhance economic ties but also improve regional stability.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q  Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? Waht are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (2022)

  • How oil spills impact the environment?  

    Why in the news?

    Typhoon Gaemi caused widespread damage in Taiwan, the Philippines, and southeastern China, leading to the sinking of the oil tanker MT Terra Nova in Manila Bay.

    MT Terra Nova Incident

    • The MT Terra Nova, an oil tanker, capsized in Manila Bay due to severe weather conditions caused by Typhoon Gaemi. It was en route to Iloilo, Philippines, when it sank, resulting in one crew member’s death and the rescue of 16 others.
    • The sinking of the MT Terra Nova has raised alarms about a potential oil spill that could become the largest in Philippine history, threatening marine life and coastal ecosystems. The spill has already spread several kilometers, prompting urgent containment efforts.
    • The Philippines’ Coast Guard and other agencies are deploying containment booms and skimmers to mitigate the environmental damage. Booms are used to slow the spread of oil, while skimmers are boats that remove oil from the water surface.

    How Oil Spills impact the environment? 

    • Immediate Effects on Marine Life: Oil spills disrupt photosynthesis in marine plants and phytoplankton, which are crucial for oxygen production. The toxic exposure from oil can harm fish and other marine animals, particularly those near the surface.
    • Impact on Birds: Oil can coat the feathers of birds, compromising their insulation and leading to hypothermia and drowning.
    • Long-term Ecological Damage: Oil spills can result in bioaccumulation of toxic substances in the food chain, affecting higher-level predators, including humans.
    • Threat to Coastal Ecosystems: Coastal habitats like mangroves, coral reefs, and marshlands are especially vulnerable, as oil can suffocate these environments and kill vital plants and animals. Recovery from spills can take decades, with some species facing extinction.
    • Economic Impact: Communities that rely on fishing and tourism suffer economically due to oil spills, as cleanup efforts are costly and lengthy, diverting resources from other critical areas.

    Major Oil Spills from the Past

    • Exxon Valdez Spill (1989): One of the worst oil spills, it released approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound, killing an estimated 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, and numerous other marine animals.  
    • Deepwater Horizon Disaster (2010): This incident saw an estimated 210 million gallons of oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico over 87 days.  

    Conclusion: Need to implement advanced containment measures and cleanup technologies to effectively manage oil spills. This includes deploying more sophisticated skimmers and absorbent materials, as well as utilizing drones and remote sensing to monitor the spread of oil and assess environmental damage.

  • With uncertainty across the Atlantic, Europe worries about its own security    

    Why in the news?

    When Donald Trump suggested during the 2016 presidential campaign that he might not honor the U.S. commitment to defend NATO allies if attacked, it alarmed the trans-Atlantic alliance.

    NATO country member’s flags flutter at the bloc’s headquarters in Brussels

    • NATO’s Structure and Membership: NATO, established in 1949, comprises 31 member countries, including the United States, Canada, and various European nations. The alliance was formed to ensure collective defence against potential threats, particularly from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
      • The flags of these member countries flutter at NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, symbolising unity and cooperation.
    • Evolving Role of European Nations: In light of recent geopolitical challenges, particularly Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, European leaders recognize the need to take on greater responsibility for their own defense.
      • This shift is partly a response to the U.S. focus on other global threats, such as China, and the changing dynamics within NATO

    Security issues with European Countries and US support:

    • European Acknowledgement: European leaders recognize the need to evolve NATO to meet 21st-century challenges and are prepared to take on more responsibility for their defense.
    • US Military Support: Mr Trump’s presidency highlighted that US military support is not guaranteed, prompting Europe to reconsider its security strategies.
    • Threats from Russia and China: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the US’s focus on China’s expansion in the Asia-Pacific, as well as Iran and North Korea, underscore the need for Europe to enhance its own security measures.
    • NATO’s Evolution: European nations must increase their defense spending and capabilities, including troop numbers, equipment upgrades, and countering technological threats.

    A wake-up call for all:

    • Trump’s “America First” Rhetoric:  Trump’s suggestion that the US might not honour its NATO commitments triggered the alarm and a reevaluation of NATO’s future.
    • Increased European Defense Spending: European NATO members have significantly increased their defense spending commitments, with 23 out of 31 non-US members meeting or exceeding the 2% GDP target, up from just three members ten years ago.
    • EU Defense Industry Boost: The EU is planning to enhance its defense industry, with calls for more independence in airspace defence and relocating production to Europe, especially in response to the threat posed by Russia’s actions in Ukraine.

    Conclusion: European NATO members should continue to enhance their defense spending, focusing on upgrading military equipment, increasing troop numbers, and improving technological capabilities to counter both conventional and emerging threats such as cyber warfare and foreign interference.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • High Court Judges’ Appointment under process: Centre

    Why in the News?

    The Union government has said that 219 proposals for the appointment of High Court judges by the Collegium are in various stages of processing.

    What is Collegium System?

    • The collegium system is the method used for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Courts of India.
    •  It is the Indian Supreme Court’s invention.
    • The term ‘Collegium’ does not find mention in the Constitution.
    • Constitutional Provisions:
      • Article 124: The President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court after consultations with judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as deemed necessary.
      • Article 217: The President appoints High Court judges after consultations with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned

    Composition:

    1. Supreme Court Collegium:
      • A five-member body.
      • Headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
      • Includes the four other senior most judges of the Supreme Court at that time.
    2. High Court Collegium:
      • Led by the Chief Justice of the respective High Court.
      • Includes the two senior most judges of that High Court.
      • Recommendations for appointments by a High Court collegium are sent to the government only after approval by the CJI and the Supreme Court collegium.

    Evolution: Three Judges Cases

    • First Judges Case (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective.
      • The Supreme Court, in a majority decision, held that the opinion of the Chief Justice of India is not binding on the executive in the matter of appointments and transfers of judges. The court ruled that the executive has primacy in judicial appointments.
    • Second Judges Case (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”.
      • The Supreme Court, by a majority of 7:2, overruled the First Judges Case and held that the CJI’s opinion regarding judicial appointments and transfers should be given primacy.
      • The court established that the CJI should consult with the two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court before making recommendations for appointments and transfers, thereby creating a collegium system.
    • Third Judges Case (1998): On a Presidential Reference for its opinion, the Supreme Court, in the Third Judges Case (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.

    The procedure followed by the Collegium:

    Appointment of CJI

    • The President of India appoints the CJI and the other SC judges.
    • As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor.
    • In practice, it has been strictly by seniority ever since the supersession controversy of the 1970s.
    • The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the PM who, in turn, advises the President.

    Other SC Judges:

    • For other judges of the top court, the proposal is initiated by the CJI.
    • The CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members, as well as the senior-most judge of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.
    • The consultees must record their opinions in writing and it should form part of the file.
    • The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.

    For High Courts:

    • The CJs of High Courts are appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States. The Collegium takes the call on the elevation.
    • High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges.
    • The proposal, however, is initiated by the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.
    • The recommendation is sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to send the proposal to the Union Law Minister.

    Qualifications for Appointment as a Supreme Court Judge:

    According to Article 124(3) of the Constitution, a person can be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court if he or she:

    • Is a citizen of India.
    • Has served as a judge of a High Court for at least five years or in two such courts in succession.
    • Alternatively, has been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years or in two or more such courts in succession.
    • Is a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

    Qualifications for Appointment as a High Court Judge:

    • The person must have held a judicial office for at least 10 years in India, or
    • Must have been a practising advocate in a High Court for at least 10 years.
    • The person must be enrolled under the Bar Council of India.

    PYQ:

    [2012] What is the provision to safeguard the autonomy of the Supreme Court of India?

    1. While appointing the Supreme Court Judges, the President of India has to consult the Chief Justice of India.
    2. The Supreme Court Judges can be removed by the Chief Justice of India only.
    3. The salaries of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India to which the legislature does not have to vote.
    4. All appointments of officers and staffs of the Supreme Court of India are made by the Government only after consulting the Chief Justice of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 3 and 4 only

    (c) 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • Paris Olympics: All You Need to Know

    Why in the News?

    The Paris Olympics has began and will run from July 26 to August 11, 2024.

    Some lesser known facts about Olympics:

    • The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece in 776 BC in Olympia.
    • Held every 4 years, they featured athletic competitions among representatives of various city-states.
    • The modern Olympics were revived by Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France.
    • The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.
    • The Olympic Rings represent the union of the 5 inhabited continents (Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania).
    • The Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924 in Chamonix, France and it features sports practiced on snow and ice, like skiing, ice skating, and ice hockey.
    • The Olympic Torch Relay was introduced in the 1936 Berlin Games.
    • The number of participating countries has grown from 14 in the 1896 Games to over 200 in recent editions.
    • Women were first allowed to compete in the 1900 Paris Olympics.
    • The Paralympics, for athletes with disabilities, were first held in Rome in 1960.

    About Paris Olympics

    • The Paris Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, will be held in Paris, France.
    • This event, commonly referred to as the 2024 Summer Olympics, is an international multi-sport competition featuring athletes from around the world.
    • Sports include: Athletics, Aquatics, Archery, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Canoeing, Cycling, Equestrian, Fencing, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Hockey, Judo, Modern Pentathlon, Rowing, Rugby Sevens, Sailing, Shooting, Skateboarding, Sport Climbing, Surfing, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Weightlifting, and Wrestling.

    India’s Participation: 

    India is set to participate in various sports at the Paris Olympics 2024, with several medal prospects across disciplines.

    Athletes and Key Events
    Athletics
    • Neeraj Chopra (Javelin Throw): Defending Olympic gold medallist, aiming for another podium finish.
    • Key Events: Track and field events with several athletes competing in sprints, long jump, and discus throw.
    Badminton
    • PV Sindhu (Singles): Two-time Olympic medallist, aiming for her third medal.
    • Satwiksairaj Rankireddy/Chirag Shetty (Doubles): Top doubles pair, strong medal contenders.
    • Ashwini Ponnappa/Satwiksairaj Rankireddy: Promising mixed doubles pair with several international wins.
    Boxing
    • Mary Kom (Flyweight): Veteran boxer and former Olympic medallist.
    • Amit Panghal (Flyweight): Strong contender in the men’s category.
    • Lovlina Borgohain (Welterweight): Bronze medallist from Tokyo, aiming for a higher podium finish.
    Shooting
    • Manu Bhaker (10m Air Pistol, 25m Pistol): Young and promising shooter with several international accolades.
    • Saurabh Chaudhary (10m Air Pistol): Consistent performer and medal hopeful.
    Wrestling
    • Vinesh Phogat (50kg): Experienced wrestler and strong medal prospect.
    • Antim Panghal (53kg): Young talent with significant potential.
    Weightlifting Mirabai Chanu (49kg): Silver medallist from Tokyo, aiming for gold in Paris.
    Hockey
    • Men’s Team: After winning bronze in Tokyo, the team aims for gold.
    • Women’s Team: Strong contenders with improving performance over recent years.
    Table Tennis
    • Manika Batra: Leading Indian player with potential for a breakthrough performance.
    • Sharath Kamal: Veteran player with considerable international experience.
    Archery
    • Deepika Kumari: Leading female archer with multiple international medals.
    • Atanu Das: Strong contender in men’s archery events.
    Gymnastics Dipa Karmakar: Known for her Produnova vault, aiming for a comeback and podium finish.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000 :​

    1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.​

    2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.​

    3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.​

    Which of the above statements are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Assam’s Charaideo Moidam included in UNESCO World Heritage List

    Why in the News?

    The Charaideo Moidams, a unique 700-year-old mound-burial system of the Ahom dynasty from Assam, has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

    About Charaideo Moidams

    • The Charaideo moidams represents the late medieval (13th-19th century CE) mound burial tradition of the Tai Ahom community in Assam.
      • Charaideo, more than 400 km east of Guwahati, was the first capital of the Ahom dynasty founded by Chao Lung Sukaphaa in 1253.
    • The Ahoms preferred to place the deceased family members at Charaideo where the first king Sukapha was laid to rest.
    • The historical chronicles inform that wives, attendants, pet animals and huge quantity of valuables were buried with the departed kings.
    • After 18th century, the Ahom rulers adopted the Hindu method of cremation and began entombing the cremated bones and ashes in a Maidam at Charaideo.
    • Out of 386 Maidams explored so far, 90 royal burials at Charaideo are the best preserved, representative of and the most complete examples of mound burial tradition of the Ahoms.

    Architecture details:

    • Architecturally it comprises a massive underground vault with one or more chambers having domical superstructure.
    • It is covered by a heap of earthen mound and externally it appears a hemispherical mound.
    • At the top of the mound, a small open pavilion chow-chali is provided.
    • An octagonal dwarf wall encloses whole maidam.

    Significance of this addition:

    • Moidams has become the 43rd property from India to be included in the UNESCO List.
    • India now stands at the 6th position globally for the most number of World Heritage Properties.
    • The Moidams are the first site from the North East to be recognized as a World Heritage Site in the cultural category.
    • Assam has 2 other World Heritage Sites in the natural category: Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park, both upgraded to tiger reserves.

    Who were the Ahoms?

    • The Ahom, also known as the Tai-Ahom, are an ethnic group from Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in India.
    • This ethnic group is made up of interbred descendants of the Tai people, who first came to Assam’s Brahmaputra valley in 1228, and indigenous people who later joined them.
    • The current Ahom people and culture are a mix of the ancient Tai people and culture, as well as indigenous Tibeto-Burman people and cultures that they assimilated in Assam.
    • Sukaphaa, the Tai group’s leader, and his 9000 supporters founded the Ahom empire (1228–1826 CE), which ruled over part of modern-day Assam’s Brahmaputra Valley until 1826.
    • It retained sovereignty for 600 years until annexed by British India in 1826 (Treaty of Yandaboo).
    • Lachit Borphukan (1622-1672) is the most celebrated ruler of Ahom Dynasty.

    Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites 

    Aspect

    Details
    Definition Sites of outstanding cultural or natural value to humanity, are protected under the UNESCO Convention of 1972.
    Classification
    1. Cultural Heritage Sites: Historic buildings, archaeological sites, monumental sculptures/paintings.
    2. Natural Heritage Sites: Unique geologic processes, rare phenomena, habitats for endangered species.
    3. Mixed Heritage Sites: Both natural and cultural significance.
    Benefits
    • Raises awareness for conservation
    • Provides technical assistance and training
    • Encourages local participation
    • Boosts tourism
    • Offers financial aid and expert advice for preservation
    Criteria for Declaration Cultural Criteria:

    • Human creative genius
    • Interchange of human values
    • Testimony to cultural tradition
    • Significant stage in human history
    • Traditional human settlement
    • Associated with significant events/traditions

    Natural Criteria:

    • Natural beauty and aesthetic importance
    • Earth’s history and geological processes
    • Ecological and biological processes
    • Biodiversity and conservation

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Which one of the following statements is correct?

    (a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.

    (b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.

    (c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada river.

    (d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river.
  • [26th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘geo-calculus’ of the Moscow visit

    [26th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘geo-calculus’ of the Moscow visit

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains:
    Q1 Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (UPSC IAS/2021) 
    Q2 How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world?  (UPSC IAS/2021) 

    Prelims: 
    Q Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019)
    (a) Japan 
    (b) Russia 
    (c) The United Kingdom 
    (d) The United States of America

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Bordering countries with Russia and China;

    Mains: Geopolitics dynamics as per India;

    Mentor comments:  India-Russia relations have evolved significantly, particularly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Bilateral trade surged to approximately $65 billion in 2022, driven by discounted oil imports, which accounted for a substantial portion of trade. Despite Western sanctions, India continues to maintain strong ties with Russia, focusing on energy supplies and defense cooperation. The two nations are exploring new payment mechanisms and investment opportunities to strengthen economic ties. However, India’s diversification in defense procurement poses challenges to this traditional partnership, highlighting the need for a strategic shift in their relationship.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the News? 

    Two weeks after Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Russia, marking his first bilateral trip in the government’s third tenure.

    Assessment of the conflict in Ukraine

    • Evolution of the Conflict: The conflict began with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, and has entered its third year with no clear resolution in sight. Initially expected to be a swift operation, the war has evolved into a prolonged military stalemate.
    • Casualties and Displacement: The war has resulted in significant human costs, with over 10,000 civilians killed and nearly 20,000 wounded according to the United Nations.
      • More than 14 million people have been displaced, with 6 million now living as refugees in various countries.
    • Territorial Control: As of now, Russia controls approximately 17% of Ukrainian territory, a decrease from the 20% occupied early in the conflict. This indicates some resilience on Ukraine’s part despite ongoing military challenges. 
    • Economic Impact: The conflict has imposed heavy economic burdens on both countries. Estimates suggest that Ukraine has suffered losses exceeding $500 billion, while Russia has incurred substantial financial sanctions, losing over $300 billion due to international responses. 
    • Military Stalemate: The military situation has stabilized, with Russia managing to hold its positions in eastern Ukraine. However, Ukraine continues to face shortages of arms and personnel, complicating its counteroffensive efforts. 
    • International Dynamics: The conflict has highlighted divisions within the West regarding support for Ukraine For example, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Poland have provided significant military aid, while others, such as Germany and France, have been more cautious,
    • Global South Perspective: Many countries in the Global South disapprove of Russia’s actions but also resist unilateral sanctions imposed by Western nations. This reflects a broader geopolitical divide where nations seek to navigate their interests without fully aligning with either side. 
    • Future Prospects: The likelihood of a “frozen conflict” appears to be increasing, with both sides entrenched in their positions. The potential for a peace process, as indicated by upcoming conferences, suggests that diplomatic efforts may be necessary to address the ongoing stalemate. 
    • India’s Position: India has maintained a neutral stance, abstaining from UN votes condemning Russia and increasing its oil imports from Russia. While providing humanitarian aid to Ukraine, India has refrained from deeper military or infrastructural support, reflecting its strategic interests in maintaining relations with both Russia and Western nations.

    Geopolitics dynamics as per India:

    • Strategic Autonomy and Geopolitical Signaling: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Moscow, following the cancellation of his visit to Astana, Kazakhstan for the SCO Summit, signifies India’s strategic choice to prioritize a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin over a joint appearance with Chinese President Xi Jinping.
    • India’s Strategic Concerns: India aims to maintain Russia as a strategic ally in the face of continuous tensions with China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
    • Western Geopolitical Dynamics: The Biden administration has strengthened alliances like AUKUS (Australia-U.K.-U.S.) for nuclear submarines and engaged with “Quad Plus” countries, including New Zealand, South Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines leading dilution of the main objective of QUAD.
      • The U.S. hosted the “AP-4” (Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and Japan) leaders during the NATO summit in Washington, underscoring its strategic focus in the region.
    • India’s Position within the Quad: India’s reluctance to make the Quad (India, Japan, Australia, U.S.) a strategic concept risks limiting its utility to Indo-Pacific partners compared to other emerging alliances.
    • Broader Geopolitical Strategy: The visit to Russia highlights India’s commitment to its strategic autonomy and the importance of diversifying its strategic options.

    Geo-Economic Thrust of Modi’s Visit to Russia

    • Geo-Economic Thrust of Modi’s Visit to Russia Strengthening Trade Relations: The visit underscores a significant increase in India-Russia trade, which surged by 66% to $65 billion last year, driven largely by discounted Russian oil imports.
    • Focus on Energy Supplies: The joint statement from the Modi-Putin summit emphasized enhancing cooperation in energy supplies, particularly oil and LNG.
    • Circumventing Sanctions: The summit outlined action items aimed at circumventing Western sanctions.
    • Maritime Connectivity: The discussion included plans to operationalize the Chennai-Vladivostok maritime corridor.
    • Defence Cooperation: Despite diversifying its defence procurement, India continues to rely significantly on Russia for military hardware. The visit aimed to address concerns regarding delays in defence supplies.

    Conclusion: India’s strategic autonomy, underscored by Modi’s visit to Russia, focuses on strengthening geo-economic ties, energy cooperation, and diversified alliances, balancing its relations with Russia and the West amidst global conflicts.

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