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  • Anthropology Syllabus for UPSC (Optional Paper)

    Anthropology is the most popular optional subject in the UPSC Civils exam for the exam aspirants. The reasons are its overlap with GS (General Studies) and relatively less syllabus. It has one of the highest success rates in UPSC. However, scoring high will not be possible without knowing the Anthropology syllabus for UPSC. That’s the topic of discussion today.

    Anthropology optional is divided into two papers in mains. It consists of 21 major topics in the syllabus– 12 in Paper I and 9 in Paper II. Learn more about the Anthropology syllabus for UPSC, success rates, anthropology UPSC optional syllabus books, and more in this article.

    Anthropology Syllabus for UPSC

    The anthropology syllabus for UPSC is rather less compared to that of other optional subjects in the UPSC Civils. Find the detailed topics below.

    Anthropology Paper I

    1.1 Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology.

    1.2 Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.

    1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:

    (a) Social-cultural Anthropology.

    (b) Biological Anthropology.

    (c) Archaeological Anthropology.

    (d) Linguistic Anthropology.

    1.4 Human Evolution and Emergence of Man:

    (a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.

    (b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).

    (c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).

    1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.

    1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:

    (a) Plio-Pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa—Australopithecines.

    (b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.

    (c) Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).

    (d) Rhodesian man.

    (e) Homo sapiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelade.

    1.7 The biological basis of Life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.

    1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.

    (b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric Cultures:

    (i) Paleolithic

    (ii) Mesolithic

    (iii) Neolithic

    (iv) Chalcolithic

    (v) Copper-Bronze Age

    (vi) Iron Age

    2.1. The Nature of Culture: The Concept and Characteristics of culture and Civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis Cultural Relativism.

    2.2. The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social groups; and Social stratification.

    2.3. Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).

    2.4. Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanisation, industrialization and feminist movements on family.

    2.5. Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complementary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.

    3. Economic Organisation: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantive debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalisation and indigenous economic systems.

    4. Political Organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple Societies.

    5. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).

    6. Anthropological theories:

    (a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)

    (b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American)

    (c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural—Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)

    (d) Structuralism (Levi-Strauss and E. Leach)

    (e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois)

    (f) Neo—Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)

    (g) Cultural materialism (Harris)

    (h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)

    (i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)

    (j) Postmodernism in anthropology.

    7. Culture, Language and Communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use.

    8. Research Methods in Anthropology

    (a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology

    (b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology

    (c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study, genealogy, life history, oral history, secondary sources of information, and participatory methods.

    (d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

    9.1. Human Genetics: Methods and Application: Methods for the study of genetic principles in the man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosome and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.

    9.2. Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

    9.3. Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.

    9.4. Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.

    (a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).

    (b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.

    (c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.

    (d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.

    9.5. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.

    9.6. Age, sex and population variation as genetic markers: ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.

    9.7. Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology: Bio-cultural Adaptations—Genetic and Non-genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate.

    9.8. Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency-related diseases.

    10. Concept of human growth and Development: Stages of growth—prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.

    —Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.

    —Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations

    —Biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

    11.1. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio-events to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.

    11.2. Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.

    11.3. Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.

    12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipment, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, sero-genetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

    Anthropology Paper II

    1.1. Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization— Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization.

    1.2. Palaeo—Anthropological evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

    1.3. Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities.

    2. Demographic profile of India—Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population—factors influencing its structure and growth.

    3.1. The structure and nature of the traditional Indian social system—Varnashrama, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

    3.2. Caste system in India— Structure and characteristics Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system. Tribe-caste continuum.

    3.3. Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex.

    3.4. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.

    4. Emergence, growth and development in India— Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.

    5.1. Indian Village—Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalisation on Indian villages.

    5.2. Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.

    5.3. Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social change; Media and Social Change.

    6.1. Tribal situation in India—Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution.

    6.2. Problems of the tribal Communities—Land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, under-employment, health and nutrition.

    6.3. Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on tribal populations.

    7.1. Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.

    7.2. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.

    7.3. The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-independent India.

    8.1. Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.

    8.2. Tribe and nation-state—a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.

    9.1. History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, and special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

    9.2. Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.

    9.3. Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.

    Anthropology Optional Success Rates in Civils Exam

    YearNumber of CandidatesNumber of Candidates SelectedSuccess Rate (%)
    202012111008.30
    201911891089.1
    2018797658.2
    2017880859.7

    Anthropology Books for UPSC

    There are plenty of good books to prepare for UPSC Anthropology. But choose only one or two at any point in time. The best way is to take the advice of toppers if possible.

    Paper I

    1. An Introduction to Social-Cultural Anthropology – N.K. Vaid.
    2. Biology NCERT Class XII.
    3. Measuring Time (Chapter 2) of Indian Prehistory – D.K. Bhattacharya.
    4. Physical Anthropology – P. Nath.
    5. Sociology NCERT Class XI.
    6. IGNOU MA Course for Anthropology.
    7. An Introduction to Social Anthropology – D.N. Majumdar and T.N. Madan.
    8. Anthropological Theories – Makhan Jha.
    9. Biology NCERT book for Class XII (Chapters 5, 6, 7).

    Paper II

    1. The Tribal Culture of India – L.P. Vidyarthi
    2. Anthropology Simplified – Vivek Bhasme
    3. Xaxa Report
    4. January 2014 edition of Yojana – Tribal and Marginalised Communities
    5. Indian Society – NCERT Class XII
    6. Tribal India – Nadeem Hasnain
    7. History of Anthropology Thought – Gaya Pandey & Vijay S. Upadhyay
    8. Indian Society – NCERT Class XII
    9. Indian Anthropology – Nadeem Hasnain

    Points to Remember

    Anthropology as an optional subject in the UPSC Civil Services Examination has some interesting aspects to it. Here are a few:

    Interdisciplinary Nature: While many see Anthropology as primarily about human evolution and tribal studies, it’s highly interdisciplinary, incorporating elements of biology, sociology, psychology, and even economics.

    Overlap with GS papers: Anthropology syllabus for UPSC has significant overlap with General Studies papers, especially in areas like social issues, Indian society, and world cultures. This can be advantageous for overall preparation.

    Recent Additions: The anthropology syllabus for UPSC has been updated to include more contemporary topics like medical anthropology, developmental anthropology, and anthropology of tourism.

    Regional Focus: There’s a strong emphasis on Indian anthropology. It can be beneficial for candidates already familiar with India’s diverse cultural landscape.

    Diagram Advantage: The subject allows for and often rewards the use of diagrams and illustrations in answers, which can help in scoring better.

    Evolving Field: Anthropology is a rapidly evolving field, requiring candidates to stay updated with recent research and discoveries.

    Conclusion

    To excel in the Anthropology syllabus for UPSC, candidates should focus on developing a holistic understanding by connecting theories to real-world examples and staying updated on current research. Analysing previous years’ questions and joining study groups can enhance preparation. 

    Anthropology’s unique perspectives on human societies make it valuable beyond just UPSC preparation. You can apply the concepts in various aspects of public service and policy-making. So, study with long-term benefits.

    FAQs

    What is Anthropology?

     Anthropology is the scientific study of human beings, their behaviour, and societies, both past and present. It explores human diversity, culture, evolution, and social relationships across time and space.q

    Is Anthropology a good optional for UPSC?

    Yes, Anthropology optional for UPSC has one of the highest success rates. Selecting this subject is even more beneficial if you come from a Biology background. With minimal preparation, you can maximise your UPSC Civils score.

    Are there any changes in the Anthropology UPSC syllabus recently?

    Yes, there have been some changes in the Anthropology syllabus for UPSC. New topics like digital and medical anthropology have been added, alongside an increased focus on interdisciplinary approaches and contemporary issues such as globalisation and climate change. The syllabus now emphasises diverse research methodologies and the application of anthropological concepts to current global challenges.

    What is the easiest optional in UPSC Civils?

    There’s no universally “easiest” optional in UPSC Civil Services. The best choice depends on individual background, interests, and strengths. Popular options include Public Administration, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography, and Political Science.

  • Surat’s diamond industry struggles to sparkle amid geopolitical tensions

    Why in the News?

    Over the past 8-9 months, more than 50,000 workers in Surat have lost their jobs, and over 70 people have tragically taken their own lives in the past year, unable to bear the strain of unemployment and family responsibilities.

    Economic Impact of Geopolitical Tensions

    • Global Supply Chain Disruptions: The Russia-Ukraine war and Israel-Gaza conflict have disrupted the supply chain of raw diamonds. Russia, a major supplier of rough diamonds to Surat, faces Western sanctions, which have restricted the flow of diamonds into India.
    • Sanctions on Russian Diamonds: U.S. and European Union sanctions on Russian-origin diamonds, including polished diamonds processed in India, have significantly affected exports, particularly to Western markets like the U.S., EU, and Hong Kong.
    • Falling Demand: Global demand for polished diamonds has decreased in key markets such as the U.S., China, and Europe. This reduction in demand has led to a sharp decline in India’s diamond exports, plummeting from $23 billion in 2022 to a projected $12 billion by the end of 2024.
    • Price Drops: Polished diamond prices have fallen by 5-27% due to oversupply and lower demand, further worsening the industry’s financial outlook.

    Employment Challenges

    • Job Losses: Over 50,000 diamond workers have lost their jobs in Surat over the past eight to nine months due to factory closures and layoffs.
    • Wage Reduction: Workers who remain employed have experienced significant wage cuts. For instance, wages have dropped from ₹45,000-₹55,000 per month in 2021 to ₹25,000-₹30,000 now.
    • Suicides and Financial Distress: Financial strain has led to over 70 suicides among diamond workers in Surat, as they struggle with job losses, school fees, rent, and medical expenses for their families.
    • Lack of Government Support: Despite repeated appeals, there has been little substantial government assistance for unemployed diamond workers, leaving them with minimal social security or institutional support.

    Future Prospects and Support Measures

    • Shift to Alternative Employment: Many workers have shifted to other forms of employment, such as driving cabs, street vending, or returning to agriculture in their native regions, to make ends meet.
    • Welfare Demands: The Diamond Workers’ Union (DWU) has called for a special welfare package for workers, including financial support for their children’s education and healthcare expenses.
    • Appeals for Government Intervention: The industry, represented by groups like the DWU, is urging both the state and central governments to intervene. However, so far, industry associations have not formally sought government intervention for relief measures.

    Way forward: 

    • Government Support Package: The state and central governments should introduce targeted financial relief measures for affected diamond workers, including unemployment benefits, healthcare assistance, and educational support for children.
    • Diversification and Skill Development: Encourage skill development programs to help workers transition to alternative employment sectors, such as textiles, agriculture, or services, ensuring long-term economic resilience and reduced dependency on the diamond industry.

  • Preparing for the next pandemic: what NITI Aayog report says

    Why in the News?

    Four years after the onset of Covid, an expert group formed by NITI Aayog has proposed the establishment of a comprehensive framework to handle future public health emergencies or pandemics effectively.

    Lessons Learned from COVID-19:

    • Gaps in Legal Frameworks: Existing laws like the Epidemic Diseases Act (1897) and National Disaster Management Act (2005) were insufficient for handling large-scale health emergencies. These laws lack clarity on definitions of epidemics and provisions for managing public health crises, drug distribution, and quarantine measures.
    • Delayed Response and Coordination: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed weaknesses in coordination between central and state governments, highlighting the need for a more organized response mechanism.
    • Inadequate Surveillance: Insufficient disease surveillance and early warning systems delayed the identification of threats. The role of zoonotic diseases, especially viruses linked to bat species, underscored the need for better monitoring of human-animal interactions.

    What specific recommendations does the NITI Aayog report make?

    • Enactment of PHEMA: Introduce the Public Health Emergency Management Act for a more robust legal framework to manage pandemics and other health emergencies.
    • Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS): Establish a central committee to oversee pandemic preparedness, governance, R&D, surveillance, and response efforts.
    • Strengthened Disease Surveillance: Create a national biosecurity and biosafety network and monitor human-animal interfaces, especially for zoonotic diseases.
    • Emergency Vaccine Bank: Develop a stockpile of vaccines for rapid access during health crises, sourced domestically or internationally.
    • Early Warning and Research Network: Build a forecasting and modelling network, along with Centres of Excellence (CoEs) to advance research on priority pathogens and preparedness.

    How can India enhance its pandemic preparedness framework? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks: Enact a Public Health Emergency Management Act (PHEMA) and establish an Empowered Group of Secretaries for coordinated pandemic response.
    • Enhancing Surveillance and Early Warning Systems: Build a robust disease surveillance network, biosecurity system, and epidemiology forecasting for early detection and response to outbreaks.
    • Investing in Health Infrastructure and Vaccine Stockpiles: Develop public health cadres, boost healthcare infrastructure, and create an emergency vaccine bank for rapid deployment during health crises.

  • In France, a summit for diplomacy, tech and diversity

    Why in the News?

    France is set to host more than 100 heads of state, government leaders, and senior officials for the 19th Francophonie Summit on October 4-5, 2024.

    How can Technology Enhance Diplomatic Efforts Between India and France?

    • Digital Collaboration: The summit emphasizes cooperation in digital technology, which can strengthen ties through joint projects, knowledge sharing, and innovation in areas like AI and cybersecurity.
    • Facilitating Communication: Technology, particularly AI, can enhance communication between diplomats and stakeholders, enabling more efficient exchanges and negotiations in multiple languages.
    • Showcasing Innovations: Events like the FrancoTech Fair will provide platforms for Indian and French innovators to collaborate on addressing common challenges, fostering deeper bilateral relations through shared technological advancements.

    What Role Does Diversity Play in Shaping Diplomatic Strategies?

    • Cultural Exchange: Emphasizing multilingualism and cultural diversity fosters mutual understanding and strengthens relationships, allowing for more nuanced diplomatic interactions.
    • Inclusive Decision-Making: Acknowledging diverse perspectives helps create more representative and effective diplomatic strategies, ensuring that various stakeholders are considered in negotiations.
    • Promotion of Values: Embracing diversity aligns with the core values of democracy and human rights, which can enhance the credibility and appeal of diplomatic efforts.

    What are the Implications of Global Cooperation in Addressing Contemporary Issues?

    • Shared Responsibility: Global cooperation is essential for addressing challenges like climate change, health crises, and digital governance, promoting collective action and resource sharing among nations.
    • Strengthening Multilateral Institutions: Enhancing cooperation leads to reforms in institutions like the UN, World Bank, and IMF, making them more effective and responsive to global needs.
    • Fostering Innovation: Collaborative efforts among nations can drive innovation in technology and policy, enabling quicker and more effective responses to pressing global issues and facilitating knowledge exchange.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Joint Innovation Initiatives: India and France should create collaborative platforms for research and development in emerging technologies, focusing on areas like AI, cybersecurity, and digital infrastructure to enhance diplomatic relations and tackle common global challenges.
    • Promote Multicultural Diplomatic Engagement: Both nations should prioritize cultural exchanges and inclusive dialogue that reflect diverse perspectives, thereby strengthening mutual understanding and fostering more effective and representative diplomatic strategies.

  • [2nd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Waqf Bill 2024 is one that needs review

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q). “The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighborhood? Discuss along with strategies to be adopted to counter this environment. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q). What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of Secularism? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q). Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q). Are tolerance, assimilation, and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Sometimes, the religious sentiments among the public infringes the very particulates of the secular governance. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill 2024 has also sparked same controversy in India, particularly among the Muslim community and various political leaders. Critics argue that the bill threatens the autonomy of Waqf properties, which are religious endowments, by increasing government control and including non-Muslim members in Waqf boards.

    However, the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) reviewing the bill received an overwhelming response from the public, with conflicting reports on the number of suggestions submitted that ranged from 1.25 crore to 5 crore, which prompted some government officials to question the legitimacy of this feedback. In today’s editorial, we will have a look at more extra edges that we need to consider while drafting this new law for the Waqf Boards all over India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Waqf (Amendment) Bill 2024 has sparked significant controversy in India, particularly among the Muslim community and various political leaders.

    • The Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, prohibits the state from enacting laws that infringe religious rights, declaring any such laws void.
    • However, this freedom is subject to considerations of public order, morality, and health, allowing for state intervention only when necessary to maintain societal harmony.
    What does the Indian Constitution say about Religious freedom?

    • Article 26 guarantees every religious denomination the right to manage its affairs, including the establishment of religious institutions and the ownership of property.
    •  Also, as in Article 13(2), the state is forbidden to make any law that takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part, declaring that any law made in contravention of this clause shall be void.

    What are the criticisms faced by the Waqf Bill 2024?

    • Potential Misuse of the Power: The bill proposes 44 amendments to the existing Waqf Act of 1995, including the replacement of Waqf tribunals with District Collectors for property disputes. The opponents labeled this as a politically motivated move to weaken the Muslim community.
    • Threatens the Religious Autonomy: The Religious Endowments Act, of 1863 says that the ‘members of the said committee shall be appointed from among persons professing the religion for religious establishments”. Secondly, the UP’s Sri Kashi Vishwanath Temple Act, 1983 provides that no non-Hindu is eligible to be a member of its management at any level.
      • However, the Minority Affairs Ministry has proposed through the Waqf Bill 2024 that two member seats each in the Central Waqf Council and all the State Waqf Boards be reserved for ‘non-Muslims’.
      • The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) and other organizations have mobilized against the bill, claiming it undermines constitutional rights and could exacerbate communal tensions
    • Lack of Consultation: The Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee spent 18 months gathering data to draft the Waqf (Amendment) Act 2013, which strengthened the Waqf law in India. Unlike previous committees, the current Ministry did not engage with key stakeholders such as the Central Waqf Council or Muslim organizations before drafting the bill.

    Why the reconstitution of CWC is necessary?

    The Ministry is urged to quickly reconstitute the Central Waqf Council (CWC) according to existing waqf laws to oversee data collection from states. For two years, it needs to monitor state Waqf Boards and manage waqf properties closely that have been hindered so far. The reasons are as follows:

    • Membership Changes: The 2024 Bill proposes reducing Muslim membership in the CWC and State Waqf Boards from 100% to less than 50%, raising concerns about community representation.
    • Legal Concerns: The Bill aims to remove the requirement for CWC officials to be Muslim, contradicting constitutional rights related to religious management.
    • Women’s Representation: Confusion exists over the proposal for female representation in the CWC, which was already established in a previous amendment.
    • Re-registration Requirement: Existing waqfs must re-register under a new government-controlled portal, risking legal rights for those who fail to comply.
    • Removal of Donor’s Will: The Bill proposes discontinuing the mandatory implementation of the donor’s will, compromising existing waqf governance.

    Way Forward: The Waqf (Amendment) Bill 2024 represents a significant shift in the governance and management of Waqf properties in India. As the Bill undergoes review, stakeholders must ensure that it balances the need for reform with the preservation of community rights and interests, fostering a system that genuinely serves its intended religious and charitable purposes.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-waqf-bill-2024-is-one-that-needs-review/article68706813.ece

  • How India’s Temples are Run?

    Why in the News?

    As the Supreme Court hears petitions about the alleged adulteration of ghee in Lord Venkateswara’s Laddu Prasadam, many religious organizations have renewed their demand to free temples from government control.

    How are Religious Places managed in India?

    • Muslim and Christian places of worship are managed by community-run boards or trusts.
    • Hindu, Sikh, Jain, and Buddhist temples are often under government control.
      • Hindu temples make up the majority of the 30 lakh places of worship in India (2011 census).
    • Under Article 25(2) of the Constitution, the government can regulate economic, financial, or secular activities associated with religious practices.
      • This allows the state to enact laws concerning the administration of Hindu religious institutions.

    Examples of Government Control:

    • Tamil Nadu: The state’s Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) department manages temples.
    • Andhra Pradesh: The state controls the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), including the Tirupati Temple.
    • Jammu and Kashmir: Enacted the Jammu and Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act, 1988, specifically to manage the Vaishno Devi Shrine in Katra, Jammu.
    • A portion of the income from offerings and donations is used for:
      • Temple administration
      • Maintenance of smaller temples
      • Welfare activities, including hospitals, schools, orphanages, and secular education.

    Historical Context of Government Control Over Temples

    • Ancient India: Temples have historically received land and wealth donations from kings and nobles, becoming centers of culture and economy. Larger temples often promoted agriculture and irrigation.
    • Medieval Period: Many temples were attacked and pillaged by invaders due to their immense wealth.
    • Colonial Era: Between 1810 and 1817, the East India Company enacted laws in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay to regulate temples and prevent the misuse of temple income and endowments.

    Colonial Laws:

    • Religious Endowments Act, 1863: Gave control of temples to committees, but the government maintained influence through judicial jurisdiction and other laws.
    • Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act, 1925: Empowered provincial governments to oversee temple endowments and gave substantial powers to commissioners.

    Post-Independence Laws:

    • After Independence, many states enacted laws based on the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1951, which gave the government supervision over temples and allowed the appointment of an Executive Officer to manage temple affairs.
    • A similar law was passed in Bihar around the same time.

     

    Demand for Freeing Temples from Government Control

    • 1959: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) passed its first resolution demanding that the Kashi Vishwanath Temple be returned to Hindus.
    • 1988: The Akhil Bharatiya Karyakari Mandal (ABKM) of the RSS called on state governments to hand over temples to representatives of Hindu devotees, arguing that government control was unfair and aimed at controlling temple funds.
    • 2021: The VHP passed a resolution in Faridabad demanding a central law to free temples from government control.

    Legal Position on Temple Control

    Courts have generally upheld government control over temples, although there have been arguments in favor of freeing temples.

    Key Judgments:

    • 1954 Shirur Mutt Case: The Supreme Court ruled that a law transferring control of religious institutions to another authority violates Article 26(d), which guarantees the right to manage religious property. However, the state can regulate the administration of religious or charitable institutions.
    • Ratilal Panachand Gandhi vs. The State of Bombay (1954): The Supreme Court affirmed that the right to manage religious institutions is fundamental, but the state can regulate trust properties through valid laws.
    • Pannalal Bansilal Pitti vs. State Of Andhra Pradesh (1996): The Supreme Court upheld a law abolishing hereditary rights over temple management and rejected the argument that such laws must apply equally to all religions.

    Recent Case:

    • In 2022, lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a petition in the Supreme Court to free temples from government control. The SC remarked that under the current system, temples cater to broader social needs, and reversing this would return temples to their previous state as centers of wealth. Upadhyay withdrew his petition.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of Secularism?

    [2016] How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. 

  • Special Gram Sabhas on Gandhi Jayanti

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is organizing special Gram Sabhas across 750 Gram Panchayats on 2nd October 2024, marking Gandhi Jayanti.

    Vision to Achieve Gram Swaraj Through People’s Participation

    • These special Gram Sabhas will embody Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of Gram Swaraj—a vision of self-reliant villages driven by people’s participation in decision-making.
    • It emphasizes community-led governance, where elders, women, and youth collaborate to develop Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP).

    Lal Bahadur Shastri’s Legacy

    • The event also coincides with the birth anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri, India’s second Prime Minister.
    • Shastri championed the values of simplicity, self-reliance, and community development.
    • Shastri’s slogan, “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan,” emphasized the strength of India’s rural economy and its farmers, making his vision a key component of this grassroots initiative.

    About Gram Sabha

    Details
    Role and Significance • Centerpiece of the Panchayati Raj system
    • Responsible for village development and local governance
    Constitutional Provision • Defined under Article 243(b) of the Indian Constitution
    • Primary body in the Panchayati Raj system
    • A permanent body
    Members • Individuals above 18 years of age
    • Must be residing in the village
    • Listed in the electoral rolls
    Meetings • Must meet 2 to 4 times annually as per State Panchayat Raj Acts
    • Common meeting dates:
    1. Republic Day (26th Jan)
    2. Labour Day (1st May)
    3. Independence Day (15th Aug)
    4. Gandhi Jayanti (2nd Oct)
    • Panchayats may choose other dates for meetings
    Organizing Body • Organized by the Panchayat Secretary (Gram Sevak)
    • Done with approval of the Sarpanch
    Conditions for Convening • 10% of members or 50 people (whichever is greater) can request a meeting
    • A written request must be submitted 5 days prior to the meeting
    Decision-Making Process • All decisions of the Panchayat require the approval and validation of the Gram Sabha
    Purpose • Discuss local governance and development issues
    • Make need-based plans for the village

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] In the areas covered under the Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, what is the role/power of Gram Sabha?

    1. Gram Sabha has the power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas.
    2. Gram Sabha has the ownership of minor forest produce.
    3. Recommendation of Gram Sabha is required for granting prospecting licence or mining lease for any mineral in the Scheduled Areas.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • BRCA Testing

    Why in the News?

    Angelina Jolie’s case highlighted hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) after she underwent preventive surgeries due to a BRCA1 gene mutation.

    What is BRCA Testing?

    • BRCA testing is a genetic test that looks for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
    • These genes normally help repair DNA, but when they are mutated, they increase a person’s risk of developing certain cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancers.
    • BRCA testing identifies whether a person has inherited these mutations, which can lead to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) and other cancers.
    • The test is done using a blood or saliva sample, which is collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis.
    • In the lab, next-generation DNA sequencing or other genetic analysis methods are used to examine the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for harmful mutations.
    • The test results can show whether a person has inherited a harmful mutation in these genes.
      • If the result is positive, it means they are at a higher risk for developing certain cancers.

    Issues with BRCA Testing

    • BRCA testing in India is expensive, costing between ₹15,000 to ₹30,000, which makes it unaffordable for many, particularly in lower-income populations.
    • Testing is often only offered to individuals with a family history of cancer, which misses about 50% of people who may have the mutations but no known family history.

    Significance for India

    • Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27% of all cancer cases.
    • Women with BRCA mutations have up to a 72% risk of developing breast cancer.
      • Early identification allows for preventive measures, such as regular screenings or surgeries, which can reduce cancer incidence by up to 100%.
    • By increasing access to population-wide BRCA testing, India can improve early detection and reduce the burden of cancer on its healthcare system.
      • Early identification can also lower treatment costs and improve outcomes.

    PYQ:

    [2019] ‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?

    1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.
    2. It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer.
    3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
    4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 4

    (b) 2 and 3

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) 1 and 4 only

  • In news: Arun River 

    Why in the News?

    The Arun River, which flows across Nepal and Tibet, is eroding rock and soil in its basin, leading to the rise of Mount Everest by up to 2 mm a year.

    How is Arun River making the Everest taller?

    The Arun River is contributing to the rise of Mount Everest through a process called isostatic rebound. Here’s how it works:

    1. River Incision:

    • The Arun River, which flows about 75 km from Mount Everest, is eroding large amounts of rock and soil from the surrounding landscape.
    • This process of erosion reduces the weight on the Earth’s crust in the Arun River basin.
    • A study by UCL suggests that the Arun River’s ability to carve out large amounts of rock and other materials may be due to it capturing another river or water system in Tibet.
    • This process is known as River Incision, where the river cuts downward into its bed, deepening its channel.
    • The erosion began to accelerate around 89,000 years ago when the Arun River merged with the Kosi River, removing large amounts of landmass and further reducing the weight on the region’s crust.

    2. Isostatic Rebound:

    • When the weight of the land (due to rocks, soil, or even ice) decreases, the Earth’s crust rises to balance the change.
    • This is similar to how a boat rises in water when heavy cargo is removed.
    • The removal of landmass in the Arun River basin allows the crust underneath Mount Everest to rise.

    About Arun River 

    • The Arun River originates in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, where it is known as Phung Chu or Bum-chu in Tibetan.
    • It flows into Nepal and confluences with the Sun Koshi and Tamur River at Tribenighat, forming the Sapta Koshi River.
    • Tributaries:
      • Left tributaries: Yeru Tsanpo, Trakar-chu.
      • Right tributary: Barun River.
    • At the Nepal border, the Arun River is approximately 3,500 meters (11,500 ft) above sea level.
    • The river drains into the Koshi River, significantly contributing to the Sapta Koshi River system in Nepal.
    • It is the largest trans-Himalayan river in Nepal, playing a crucial role in supporting the region’s hydrology and ecosystems.
    • It provides around 37% of the total water in the Sapta Koshi system, following the Sun Koshi which contributes 44%.
    • Recently, the Arun-III Hydro Power Project (900 MW), which constructed with $6.95b Indian assistance, achieved a milestone with a tunnel breakthrough.

    PYQ:

    [2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:

    1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.

    2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.

    3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Species in News: Swallowtail Butterfly

    Why in the News?

    A recent study has found that the overexploitation of medicinal plants, is threatening the survival of swallowtail butterflies in the forest habitats of Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Region.

    About Swallowtail Butterfly

    Details
    Family and Species Family: Papilionidae
    Global species: 573
    Indian species: 77
    Characteristics
    • Large size, brightly colored wings, tail-like extensions on hindwings
    • Strong fliers, diurnal, territorial behavior, feed on nectar
    Distribution Found in tropical and temperate regions of Asia, Africa, Americas
    Habitat in India Found in rainforests, woodlands, cultivated lands, and protected areas like the Western Ghats and Northeast India
    Host Plants Depend on specific plants like Rutaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Lauraceae, and Magnoliaceae families for larval development
    Threats
    • Host plants, especially medicinal plants, are being overexploited in areas like the Bodoland Territorial Region
    • Deforestation, illegal cattle farming, agriculture, tree felling, and pesticide use

    Swallowtail Conservation Action Plan (SCAP)
    Purpose To protect and conserve endangered swallowtail species and prevent their extinction
    Focus Area Focuses on habitat protection, host plant conservation, and population restoration
    Swallowtail-Rich Zones Northeastern India designated as a key zone for swallowtail conservation under SCAP
    Legal Protection 12 swallowtail species in India are under federal protection;
    Some species are listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act.
    Community Role SCAP involves local communities in protecting host plants and preventing activities like illegal cattle grazing

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Butterfly’?

    (a) Arunachal Pradesh

    (b) Himachal Pradesh

    (c) Karnataka

    (d) Maharashtra

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