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  • Recent woes of the jute industry in West Bengal

    Member of Parliament (MP) from Barrackpore constituency in West Bengal met the Union Textile about issues concerning jute farmers, workers and the overall jute industry.

    What is the news?

    • The Barrackpore MP had earlier written to West Bengal CM, seeking her intervention into the “arbitrary decision” of capping the price for procuring raw jute from the mills.
    • He was referring to the Office of the Jute Commissioner (JCO)’s September 30 notification mandating that no entity would be allowed to purchase or sell raw jute at a price exceeding ₹6,500 per quintal.

    What is Jute?

    • Jute is the only crop where earnings begin to trickle in way before the final harvest.
    • The seeds are planted between April and May and harvested between July and August.
    • The leaves can be sold in vegetable markets for nearly two months of the four-month jute crop cycle.
    • The tall, hardy grass shoots up to 2.5 metres and each part of it has several uses.
    • The outer layer of the stem produces the fibre that goes into making jute products.
    • But the leaves can be cooked, the inner woody stems can be used to manufacture paper and the roots, which are left in the ground after harvest, improve the yield of subsequent crops.
    • A ‘Golden Fibre Revolution’ has long been called for by various committees, but the jute industry is in dire need of basic reforms.

    Jute production in India

    • India is the world’s biggest producer of jute , followed by Bangladesh.
    • Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Andhra Pradesh.
    • The jute industry in India is 150 years old.
    • There are about 70 jute mills in the country, of which about 60 are in West Bengal along both the banks of river Hooghly.
    • Jute production is a labour-intensive industry. It employs about two lakh workers in the West Bengal alone and 4 lakh workers across the country.

    Significance of Jute

    • Compared to rice, jute requires very little water and fertiliser.
    • It is largely pest-resistant, and its rapid growth spurt ensures that weeds don’t stand a chance.
    • Jute is the second most abundant natural fibre in the world.
    • It has high tensile strength, acoustic and thermal insulation, breathability, low extensibility, ease of blending with both synthetic and natural fibres, and antistatic properties.
    • Jute can be used: for insulation (replacing glass wool), geotextiles, activated carbon powder, wall coverings, flooring, garments, rugs, ropes, gunny bags, handicrafts, curtains, carpet backings, paper, sandals, carry bags, and furniture.

    Why in news now?

    • Mills are now procuring raw jute at prices higher than what they are selling them at after processing.
    • The government has a fixed Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute procurement from farmers, which is ₹4,750 per quintal for the 2022-23 season.
    • However, as the executive stated, this reached his mill at ₹7,200 per quintal, that is, ₹700 more than the ₹6,500 per quintal cap for the final product.
    • Though the Union government has come up with several schemes to prevent de-hoarding, the executive believes the mechanism requires a certain “systematic regulation”.

    What happened to supply?

    • What made the situation particularly worrisome recently was the occurrence of Cyclone Amphan in May 2020 and the subsequent rains in major jute producing States.
    • These events led to lower acreage, which in turn led to lower production and yield compared to previous years.
    • Additionally, as the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) stated in its report, this led to production of a lower quality of jute fibre in 2020-21 as water-logging in large fields resulted in farmers harvesting the crop prematurely.
    • Acreage issues were accompanied by hoarding at all levels – right from the farmers to the traders.

    Where does India stand in comparison to Bangladesh?

    • As per the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), India is the largest producer of jute followed by Bangladesh and China.
    • However, in terms of acreage and trade, Bangladesh takes the lead accounting for three-fourth of the global jute exports in comparison to India’s 7%.
    • This can be attributed to the fact that India lags behind Bangladesh in producing superior quality jute fibre due to infrastructural constraints and varieties suitable for the country’s agro-climate.
    • Further, as the CACP report stated, Bangladesh provides cash subsidies for varied semi-finished and finished jute products.
    • Hence, the competitiveness emerges as a challenge for India to explore export options in order to compensate for the domestic scenario.

    What is at stake?

    • The jute sector provides direct employment to 3.70 lakh workers in the country.
    • It supports the livelihood of around 40 lakh farm families, closure of the mills is a direct blow to workers and indirectly, to the farmers whose production is used in the mills.
    • West Bengal, Bihar and Assam account for almost 99% of India’s total production.

     

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  • 3rd May 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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  • What is the Delhi Dual Governance Conundrum?

    New Delhi has been at the flashpoint of innumerable power struggles these days.

    Why in news?

    • In the absence of statehood for Delhi, there has been a prolonged confrontation on the relative powers of the territorial administration and the Union government.

    Dilemmas of Dual Governance

    • Article 239AA of the Constitution of India granted Special Status to Delhi among Union Territories (UTs) in the year 1991 through the 69th constitutional amendment.
    • It provided a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers responsible to such Assembly with appropriate powers.
    • That’s when Delhi was named as the National Capital Region (NCT) of Delhi.
    • As per this article – Public Order, Police & Land in NCT of Delhi fall within the domain and control of Central Government which shall have the power to make laws on these matters.
    • For remaining matters of State List or Concurrent List, in so far as any such matter is applicable to UTs, the Legislative Assembly shall have the power to make laws for NCT of Delhi

    [a] Centre-State Dispute

    • Delhi was given a fully elected legislative assembly and a responsible government through an amendment in the constitution in 1991.
    • Since 1991, Delhi had been made a UT with an assembly with “limited legislative powers”.
    • Cordial relations have prevailed between the Central and Delhi governments since 1996 and all differences have been resolved through discussions – with a few exceptions.

    [b] Lt. Governor vs the CM

    • The Article 239AA while conferring on the assembly the power to legislate on all matters in the state list as well as the concurrent list except land, police and public order – contained one sore point.
    • It said that in case of a difference between the L-G and the council of ministers, the matter shall be referred to the president by the LG for his decision and pending such decision the LG can take any action on the matter as he thinks fit.
    • It is this issue that the constitution bench of the Supreme Court resolved in 2018, when it said that the government does not have to seek the concurrence of the L-G on its decisions.
    • Any differences between them should be resolved to keep in view the constitutional primacy of representative government and co-operative federalism.

    It is after this judgement, the Centre brought up this Bill.

    [c] NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021

    • Among the major proposed amendments, one makes it explicitly clear that the term “government” in any law made by the Legislative Assembly shall mean the L-G.
    • This, essentially, gives effect to the former L-G 2015 assertion that “Government means the Lieutenant Governor of the NCT of Delhi appointed by the President under Article 239 and designated as such under Article 239 AA of the Constitution”.
    • The Bill adds that the L-G’s opinion shall be obtained before the government takes any executive action based on decisions taken by the Cabinet or any individual minister.

     

    [d] 

    Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022

     

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  • Making the most of the diplomatic attention

    Context

    India has witnessed a flurry of diplomatic activity during the past week with a long line of ministers, senior military officers and diplomats from a number of countries visiting Delhi and engaging with their Indian counterparts.

    Highlights of this year’s Raisina Dialogue

    • The senior-most official and inaugural speaker was Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission.
    • The European presence was prominent.
    • China and Russia were absent from among official delegates, which is a pity.
    • The European presence was prominent. China and Russia were absent from among official delegates.
    • The focus narrowed down to the Ukraine war and, more specifically, India’s posture on Russia’s increasingly brutal assault on the hapless people of Ukraine.
    • It fell to the external affairs minister to deflect the expectations of India on this score.

    What should be India’s approach toward West?

    • India will need the West more than it has in the recent past, whether in building up its deterrent capabilities or accelerating its own economic and technological transformation.
    • India’s Quad partners the US, Japan, Australia, its partners in Europe and several ASEAN countries, see India as an anchor that could help stabilise the international situation.
    • They have a stake in India emerging as an influential power and are willing to contribute to that end.
    • The temptation to indulge in criticising each other should be avoided.

    Why India should recalibrate its ties with Russia?

    • Assumptions about Russia-China ties: A key assumption in India’s Russia policy has been that as a great power, Moscow would be unlikely to accept a junior partnership with China.
    • It was also assumed that in the long run, Russian and Chinese interests would not be aligned and, therefore, India should maintain a close relationship with Moscow.
    • Even if the Ukraine war had not erupted, the February 4 Sino-Russian Joint Declaration should have led India to question the continuing validity of these assumptions.
    • There are valid legacy reasons for maintaining positive ties with Russia just as some European countries have had to do.
    • The reality is that India-Russia relations are not a continuation of the old Indo-Soviet ties.
    • That strategic partnership that helped India cope with the Cold War and the Chinese and Pakistani threats evaporated with the end of that war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
    • Moscow no longer saw Beijing as its main security challenge but for India, China became a bigger challenge.
    • Marginal economic and trade relations: India’s economic and trade relationship with Russia has become increasingly marginal.
    • Defence relationship diminishing progressively: Even the defence hardware relationship has diminished progressively as India has rightly tried to diversify its sources of supply.
    • The legacy in this respect, too, is of diminishing relevance.
    •  India may have its issues with the existing order but what is envisaged in the Joint Declaration is not the alternative which would enhance India’s interests.

    Way forward for India

    • Remain engaged with Russia and China: In a shifting geopolitical landscape, it is in India’s interest to remain engaged with Russia and China as two leading powers in the world.
    • Such engagement is important to gauge how these powers are themselves adjusting to the changing geopolitical equations across the world.
    • The US has shaken off the taint of its chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan but its domestic politics is unpredictable and this calls for caution.
    • Europe will likely emerge as a more coherent and cohesive entity, anchored in German power, and playing a role more independent of the US than hitherto.
    • Deepen partnership with Europe: All the more reason why India must deepen its all-round partnership with Europe, build a shared vision of an altered geopolitical landscape and encourage Europe to play a greater role in the Indo-Pacific.

    Conclusion

    The attention being paid to India is substantive. A rare but perishable opportunity has presented itself to significantly advance India’s long-term prospects. It must be grasped with single-minded tenacity.

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  • Loudspeaker Crackdown: Court orders and Govt directives

    Illegal and unauthorized loudspeakers had been taken down across the Uttar Pradesh and their loudness had been capped, under “an existing government order of 2018, and set rules for sound decibel limits and court directions”.

    What is the news?

    • The UP state authorities have taken action since the loudspeaker crackdown began in our country.
    • Notices were served to alleged violators by local police stations citing the order of Allahabad High Court of 2017, and centre’s the Noise Pollution Rules, 2000.
    • The recent UP order asked officials to remove illegal loudspeakers after dialogue and coordination with religious leaders, and to ensure that decibel levels are kept within laid down limits.

    Legal basis of loudspeaker crackdowns

    (a) Orders of 2022, 2018

    • The April 23 order said that two earlier orders passed by the government in 2018 were not being followed, and the situation needed to be rectified.
    • Those earlier orders had been passed to ensure implementation of The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
    • However, it had come to knowledge that many religious institutions are violating the standard decibel norms and are using loudspeakers in large numbers.

    (b) The Noise Pollution Rules, 2000

    • The 2000 Rules define “Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise”, i.e., Industrial, Commercial, Residential, and Silence Zones.
    • It asked officials to demarcate these areas and to ensure that the correct norms were followed.
    • Each police station has been asked to prepare a list of religious institutions using loudspeakers under their jurisdiction.

    What is noise pollution?

    • Noise is defined as unwanted sound. A sound might be unwanted because it is loud, distracting, or annoying.
    • Noise pollution is manmade sound in the environment that may be harmful to humans or animals.

    Objective of the NPR, 2000: To regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise

    Important compliance’s under NPR, 2000

    • What are the restrictions on using loud speaker or musical system at night?
      : A person cannot play a loud speaker, public address system, sound producing instrument, musical instrument or a sound amplifier at night time except in closed premises like auditorium, conference rooms, community halls or banquet halls.
    • What is the noise level for using loudspeakers or the public address?
      : The persons using loudspeakers or public address shall maintain the noise level and restrain it from exceeding 10 dB (A) above the ambient noise standards for the area specified or 75 dB (A) whichever is lower.
    • What is the Noise level for a private sound system?
      : The persons owning a private sound system or a sound producing instrument shall not, exceed the noise above 5 dB (A) the noise standards specified for the area in which it is used.
    • What are the prohibitions on violating the silence zone areas?
      A person shall not do the following acts in silence zone

      1. Playing any music or uses any sound amplifiers,
      2. A drum or tom-tom or blows a horn either musical or pressure, or trumpet or beats or sounds  any instrument, or
      3. Playing any musical or other performance of a to attract crowd
      4. Bursting sound-emitting firecrackers
      5. Using a loudspeaker or a public address system.

     

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  • 2nd May 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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  • Autism Support Network to give Specialised Care in Rural India

    The Centre for Autism and Other Disabilities Rehabilitation Research and Education (CADRRE), a not-for-profit organization will launch “Pay Autention — a different mind is a gifted mind”, India’s first bridgital autism support network.

    Pay ‘Autention’

    • The initiative shall pave the way for small towns and rural India to access specialised care and support and help create an auxiliary network of champions for the differently-abled.
    • This platform shall also enable mentoring, skilling and meaningful livelihoods for people with autism.
    • In the first phase, the initiative will primarily focus on supporting children with autism, and subsequently, in the second stage, it will focus on young adults, empowering them with life skills and career readiness.
    • The content is designed and delivered in collaboration with specialists from CADRRE who have expertise in training children with autism.
    • The project aims to create a network of grassroots champions, enable early identification, first-level care, teach social skills, ways to ease activities of daily living, hold workshops for sensory and motor development.
    • It also focuses on art and craft, dance, music therapy, physical and mental fitness, communication skills and enable support for academics.

    What is Autism?

    • Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a complicated condition that includes problems with communication and behaviour.
    • It can involve a wide range of symptoms and skills.
    • ASD can be a minor problem or a disability that needs full-time care in a special facility.
    • People with autism have trouble with communication. They have trouble understanding what other people think and feel.
    • This makes it hard for them to express themselves, either with words or through gestures, facial expressions, and touch.
    • People with autism might have problems with learning. Their skills might develop unevenly.
    • For example, they could have trouble communicating but be unusually good at art, music, math, or memory.

    What are the signs of Autism?

    Symptoms of autism usually appear before a child turns 3. Some people show signs from birth. Common symptoms of autism include:

    • A lack of eye contact
    • A narrow range of interests or intense interest in certain topics
    • Doing something over and over, like repeating words or phrases, rocking back and forth, or flipping a lever
    • High sensitivity to sounds, touches, smells, or sights that seem ordinary to other people
    • Not looking at or listening to other people
    • Not looking at things when another person points at them
    • Not wanting to be held or cuddled
    • Problems understanding or using speech, gestures, facial expressions, or tone of voice
    • Talking in a sing-song, flat, or robotic voice
    • Trouble adapting to changes in routine

    What causes Autism?

    • Exactly why autism happens isn’t clear. It could stem from problems in parts of your brain that interpret sensory input and process language.
    • Autism is four times more common in boys than in girls. It can happen in people of any race, ethnicity, or social background.
    • Family income, lifestyle, or educational level doesn’t affect a child’s risk of autism. But there are some risk factors:
    1. Autism runs in families, so certain combinations of genes may increase a child’s risk.
    2. A child with an older parent has a higher risk of autism.
    3. Pregnant women who are exposed to certain drugs or chemicals, like alcohol or anti-seizure medications, are more likely to have autistic children
    4. Other risk factors include maternal metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity.

    Prevalence of Autism in India

    • Prevalence and incidence statistics about autism in India is 1 in 500 or 0.20% or more than 2,160,000 people.
    • According to a study, an estimated three million people live with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) on the Indian subcontinent.

     

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  • 2nd May 2022 | Nikaalo Prelims- Polity Test 3:Constitution- Special provisions; Constitutional, Statutory and quasi-judicial bodies; Important Judgements; Schedules of Constitution

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  • 30th April 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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  • [Sansad TV] Mudda Aapka: Sports as a Fundamental Right

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    Context

    • The Supreme Court has sought the opinion of the Centre and state governments on a suggestion that physical literacy or sports be recognised as a fundamental right.
    • It goes on to say that all education boards be asked to ensure at least 90 minutes of every school day to be dedicated to “free play and games”.

    Sports as a FR: A Backgrounder

    • India is a vibrant country that has always carried a fevered pitch and fervent excitement for sports.
    • The Supreme Court decision in the Bombay Dyeing case (2006) is emblematic of our vision for sport.
    • The Court, in August 2018, had asked for responses of the Centre and state governments in a public interest litigation filed by Kanishka Pandey, a sports researcher.
    • Subsequently, the court had appointed Sankarnarayanan as an amicus in April 2019 to assist it and suggest measures to deal with the issue.

    Key recommendations in recent plea

    • Sports as FR under Article 21A: As part of a plea before the Supreme Court seeking to declare playing sports as a fundamental right, a report has been submitted by amicus curiae. It suggested that the broad term “physical literacy” be adopted instead of sports.
    • 90 minutes of physical activity: Also, all education boards must be asked to ensure at least 90 minutes of every school day be dedicated to “free play and games”.
    • Sports be transferred to concurrent list: The petition also seeks to transfer sports to the concurrent list and to form an independent Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth Empowerment at union and state levels.
    • Sports as a part of education policy: The plea also asks for directions to governments to amend education policies to promote sports and make facilities available to enhance the opportunities to play sports.
    • National Physical Literacy Mission: The report makes a number of suggestions in this regard – from asking the government to establish a National Physical Literacy Mission.

    Another striking feature: National Physical Literacy Mission

    • The report also proposed for all registered and unregistered private and public education institutions to have, publish and disseminate to all parents/guardians a Physical Literacy Policy.
    • The Policy would acknowledge the institution’s legal commitment to integrate physical literacy in all aspects of its curriculum.
    • This is to ensure that physical literacy is a part of the overall curriculum and syllabus for national and state school boards, in particular the National Curricular Framework for School Education 2020-21.

    Why must we consider the fundamental right to physical literacy?

    • Physical activity is fundamental to human beings:  The report states that having a fundamental right to literacy would mean identifying the intrinsic value of physical activity to human living.
    • Part of elementary education: It would mean not seeing physical activity as an end in itself, and the establishment of physical activity/ physical education as a core component of the education curriculum.
    • Supportive to other FRs: A fundamental right to physical literacy would actualise and enhance the enjoyment of other fundamental rights. It would go a long way in enhancing the opportunities and freedom to express oneself.
    • Enhancing life quality: A physically literate individual would have a more fulfilling life of higher quality than one who is not.  Physical literacy, as a building block, would go a long way in the promotion and realisation of the right to health and the right to education.
    • Religion as a barriers: Some sports like swimming and athletics require attire that does not fully cover a woman’s body and are against the laws of some religions. They are often debated in light of modesty of the sportspersons beings violated.
    • Associated social reforms: Many women perceive sports as an opportunity to escape the confines of a highly regulated life. They use it as a tool to show their potential and tackle the patriarchal mindset. Further success of sportspersons like Mary Kom, Saina Nehwal, etc. have played a pivotal role in curbing the problems of child marriage and son meta preference.

    Why need such a policy?

    • Poor performance in competitions: India has the worst population to medals ratio at the Olympics. We find our medal tally at the Olympics to be hopelessly out of sync with our 1.3 billion population.
    • Regressive attitude towards sports: Our attitude towards sport and physical well-being is another debilitating factor. Traditionally, India has not been a sports nation where many deserving candidates are discouraged right at the starting level.
    • Economic divide: It hard reality which we consistently refuse to acknowledge. Athletes are not generated from the comfortable classes, they invariably come often from the middle and lower economic strata.
    • Incentivization: There is more focus on post-success incentivization rather than pre-success support in India. For instance, the Haryana Government announced a 6 crore reward after Neeraj Chopra won the gold medal in Tokyo Olympics 2020.

    Significance of physical education and sports

    • Physical development: Fitness, Health
    • Mental development: It improves decision making and collective action. It also acts as stress buster.
    • Character/ personality development: It instils confidence, team spirit, team coordination, group work)

    Benefits of augmenting sports career

    • Alternative career development: For those for whom opportunities are few, and jobs are scarce, sport becomes a powerful mobility device. A strong sports sector encourages an average/ poor academic student to make a career in sports.   
    • Reaping demographic dividend: India is having a very young population and is soon going to become the world’s youngest country. In such a scenario, a robust sports sector can help in reaping the potential demographic dividend. 
    • Revenue generation: Developing robust sports infrastructure in the country will allow India to host a greater number of international events. Such hosting boosts tourism in the country and results in enhancing the revenue and employment in the region. Ex. IPL
    • Promotes the spirit of Unity in Diversity: People cheer for the Indian athletes and Indian teams at international events. An improvement in sports automatically fosters the spirit of brotherhood amongst the people of diverse nations. For instance, the Pan India support enjoyed by Indian cricket team enhances belongingness between India’s north and south. 

    Reasons for India’s poor performance

    India’s below-par performance in sports can be attributed to the combination of all the factors discussed below:

    • Lack of facilities: We have thousands of education centres all over the country, but there are very few schools and colleges which have adequate facilities for any sport.
    • Regional discrepancies: The spending of money is concentrated in major cities where facilities do exist, but the broad-based structure to tap and develop talent is missing. The facilities wherever they are created are confined to a few popular games like cricket, hockey, football, tennis, etc.
    • Burden of ill-health: Mother and child health is an all-time contested issue in India. This may well be attributed to weather conditions, poor economic condition generally-due to which nutrition is not available to most of our children.
    • Narrow perception: The parents are keen that their kids should do well studies to get a degree and ultimately fetch a good job. Playing for long hours regularly is considered a waste of time.
    • Lesser academia for physical education: There are few Sports Colleges which are genuinely making efforts to produce national-level sportsmen, but their number is so small that no perceptible impact is seen due to their existence.
    • Lack of training: Another reason for our poor performance in sports is the lack of required number of trainers, coaches and psychotherapists. There is also a dearth of quality coaching or the qualified coaches.
    • Non-interest: The west often accuse that Indians lack the killer’s instinct. The zest and enthusiasm necessary to win over the opponent is naturally absent in the Indian psyche.
    • Obsession for few sports: There is no doubt that cricket and hockey plays a major unifying role in India. However, other sports and sportsperson are often discouraged due to such obsessions.
    • Performance anxiety: A high degree of pressure is inflicted upon a sportsperson to perform or else be prepared to live a vulnerable life. This sometimes creates excessive mental stress in them or induces them to resort to unethical means like doping.

    Various initiatives for sports promotion

    The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports has formulated the following schemes to promote sports in the country, including in rural, tribal and backward areas:

    1. Khelo India Scheme
    2. Assistance to National Sports Federations
    3. Special Awards to Winners in International sports events and their Coaches
    4. National Sports Awards, Pension to Meritorious Sports Persons
    5. Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay National Sports Welfare Fund
    6. National Sports Development Fund; and
    7. Running Sports Training Centres through Sports Authority of India

    Way forward

    • Sports is a state subject and therefore uniformity in sports specific activities of various states in India is extremely important for providing equal sporting opportunities to all the citizens of the country.
    • We have to take collective action to create a system and a proper environment whereby the young talent is spotted and developed in right earnest.
    • Integration of sports with education to introduce sports culture in India is the need of the hour.
    • The allocation of funds to sport, as a percentage of budget, can be increased for broad-basing sports in this country.
    • There is also a need to develop a culture in whole country by spreading awareness in society by telling benefit of sports in life.

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