The Ministry of Culture is commemorating 200 years of Rani Chennamma’s victory over the British, marking her as a pioneering figure in India’s early anti-colonial resistance.
Who wasRani Chennamma?
Birth and Early Life: Born on 23 October 1778 in Kakati village, Belagavi district, Karnataka, to a Lingayat family known for valour and self-reliance.
Marriage: Married at the age of 15 to Raja Mallasarja Desai, ruler of Kittur, a small princely state in present-day Karnataka.
Ascension to Power: After her husband’s death in 1816, and the death of her only son, she adopted Shivalingappa as her heir to secure the throne.
Conflict with the British: The British East India Company rejected the adoption under the Doctrine of Lapse, declaring Kittur annexed to British India.
Battle of Kittur (1824): When John Thackery, the British political agent at Dharwad, attacked Kittur with 20,000 troops, she led her army personally and killed Thackery in battle.
Resistance and Leadership: Trained in horse-riding, swordsmanship, and military strategy, she employed guerrilla tactics and rallied local soldiers and peasants against British forces.
Defeat and Imprisonment: After initial victory, the British reinforced their attack, captured Kittur Fort, and imprisoned her at Bailhongal Fort, where she died in 1829.
Historical Position: Recognised as India’s first female freedom fighter, her uprising predates the Revolt of 1857 and symbolizes early defiance against colonial annexation.
Back2Basics: Doctrine of Lapse
Origin: Introduced by Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India (1848–1856), as a tool of colonial expansion under British East India Company rule.
Core Principle: Stated that any princely state without a natural male heir would be annexed by the British; adopted heirs were not recognised.
Purpose: Justified British annexations under the pretext of maintaining “good governance” and administrative efficiency.
Annexed States: Applied to Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854), among others.
Violation of Indian Customs: Contradicted the Indian tradition of adoption and hereditary succession, angering princely rulers across India.
Impact on Revolt of 1857: The doctrine became one of the major causes of resentment leading to the First War of Independence (1857).
Abolition: The policy was abandoned in 1859, after the end of Company rule and the assumption of power by the British Crown.
[UPSC 2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?
1. To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
The Kerala government has formally signed the PM Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) agreement with the Union Ministry of Education, seeking approximately ₹1,446 crore to modernize government schools across the State.
About the PM-SHRI Scheme:
Objective: To upgrade and modernize government schools as model institutions of quality education aligned with New Education Policy, 2020.
Purpose: Promote inclusive, equitable, and holistic education, integrating digital tools, environmental awareness, and vocational learning.
Overview: Launched in 2022 by the Ministry of Education as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
Scale & Duration: Targets 14,500 schools across India from 2022–23 to 2026–27, after which states will maintain benchmarks independently.
Funding Pattern: 60:40 (Centre: States/UTs with legislature), 90:10 (North-Eastern & Himalayan States), and 100% Central assistance (UTs without legislature).
Key Features of PM-SHRI Schools:
Holistic Learning: Focus on creativity, collaboration, communication, and critical thinking beyond rote academics.
Pedagogical Shift: Promotes experiential, inquiry-driven, and multilingual education with art and technology integration.
Infrastructure Upgradation: Includes Smart Classrooms, Integrated Science & Computer Labs, Vocational/Skill Labs, Atal Tinkering Labs, and Digital Libraries.
Green Practices: Encourages solar power use, waste recycling, rainwater harvesting, and organic gardening to create sustainable campuses.
Assessment Reform: Moves from memorization to competency-based evaluation, measuring conceptual understanding and application.
Innovation Focus: Acts as incubators of educational innovation, influencing reforms across India’s public school system.
Selection and Monitoring Mechanism:
Three-Stage Process:
Stage 1 – MoU signed by States/UTs committing to NEP-aligned reforms.
Stage 2 – Identification of eligible schools using UDISE+ data.
Stage 3 – Challenge Mode competition reviewed by an Expert Committee headed by the Education Secretary.
Monitoring System: Implemented via School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) evaluating academic, infrastructural, and administrative standards.
Accountability: Continuous digital evaluation, reporting, and performance tracking ensure transparency and sustained improvement.
[UPSC 2017] What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana?
1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.
2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 2 only * (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only
Central Asian countries have endorsed a new six-year Work Programme (2025–2031) under the Central Asian Mammals Initiative (CAMI) to conserve 17 migratory mammal species across shared borders.
What is the Central Asian Mammals Initiative (CAMI)?
Origin & Launch: Established in 2014 at the 11th Conference of the Parties (COP11) to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) in Quito, Ecuador.
Purpose: Aims to halt population decline and ensure long-term survival of migratory mammals across Central Asia’s steppes, deserts, and mountain ecosystems through coordinated conservation.
Participating Countries: Involves 14 range states, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Framework: Provides a transboundary conservation platform uniting governments, NGOs, and scientific institutions to address poaching, habitat loss, climate threats, and migration barriers.
Species Focus: Covers 17 migratory mammals, including argali sheep, Asiatic cheetah, snow leopard, saiga antelope, wild yak, wild camel, Przewalski’s horse, and Bukhara deer.
Work Programme (2025–2031): Adopted at Tashkent (Uzbekistan); prioritises key landscapes, ecological corridors, and community-based conservation partnerships.
Approach: Integrates science, cross-border policy harmonisation, and pastoral community engagement, promoting coexistence between wildlife and livelihoods.
Key Partners: Supported by IUCN, WWF, CMS Secretariat, and national agencies to strengthen ecosystem connectivity across Central Asia.
Back2Basics: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)
Objective: To conserve migratory species and their habitats across borders, sustaining ecological networks throughout their migratory ranges.
Establishment: Signed on 23 June 1979 in Bonn, Germany, under UNEP; entered into force in 1983.
Unique Mandate: The only global treaty exclusively protecting terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species.
Legal Instruments:
Agreements – binding treaties for specific species/regions.
MoUs – non-binding cooperation arrangements.
Conference of the Parties (COP): The CMS decision-making body adopting strategies like CAMI.
Membership: Over 130 Parties worldwide, promoting science-based conservation and international cooperation.
Global Significance: Aligns with SDG-15 (Life on Land) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Next COP: CMS COP15, to be held March 23–29, 2026, in Brazil, will review and advance regional frameworks including CAMI.
India’s Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) programme was commended by the World Trade Organization (WTO) for significantly enhancing MSME participation in global trade.
What is AEO India Scheme?
Overview: It is a voluntary certification programme launched by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) in 2011 to promote secure and efficient cross-border trade.
Objective: Identifies and accredits trusted traders demonstrating high customs compliance and supply chain security, offering trade facilitation benefits.
Evolution: Began as a pilot in 2011, revised in 2016 to merge with the Accredited Client Programme (ACP), aligning with the World Customs Organization (WCO) SAFE Framework of Standards.
Certification Tiers: Consists of AEO-T1, AEO-T2, AEO-T3, and AEO-LO (Logistics Operator) each offering progressively higher benefits based on compliance, solvency, and security.
Key Benefits: Provides faster customs clearances, deferred duty payments, direct port delivery, reduced inspections, priority adjudication, and dedicated client managers.
About WCO AEO Framework:
Origin: Established by the World Customs Organization (WCO) under the SAFE Framework of Standards (2005) to enhance trade security and customs modernisation.
Core Aim: Ensures secure, legitimate trade through collaboration between Customs authorities and private traders.
Three Pillars:
Customs-to-Customs cooperation for border coordination.
Customs-to-Business partnership via AEO certification.
Customs-to-Other Agencies collaboration for integrated control.
AEO Concept: Certifies compliant entities as trusted operators, granting simplified and expedited procedures.
Benefits: Enables faster clearances, mutual recognition between countries, enhanced risk management, and lower transaction costs.
Global Adoption: Over 90 countries have operational AEO programmes with Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs) ensuring standardisation.
India’s Alignment: India’s AEO model is fully harmonised with the WCO SAFE Framework, ranking among the most comprehensive customs–business partnership systems in the developing world.
Every year, aspirants ask the same question, How do I cover the vast UPSC syllabus without missing anything important?
The truth is, you can’t , unless you study smartly, not endlessly. And that’s where the 288 Microthemes Framework comes in, a structured, precise way to prepare for UPSC that ensures you are covering exactly what the exam asks, nothing less, nothing more.
Over the last few years, we have decoded every UPSC paper, from GS to Essay, and discovered that around 288 recurring microthemes form the backbone of UPSC’s question design. Once you master these, your coverage automatically becomes complete, current, and connected.
Shikhar Sir, Faculty and Founder, Civilsdaily IAS
What I will cover live:
What are Microthemes and why they matter How every UPSC question, be it from Polity, Economy, Ethics, or Essay, comes from a core microtheme. Example: Federalism evolves into Fiscal Federalism, Cooperative Federalism, Competitive Federalism, Asymmetric Federalism. Once you map these, your preparation becomes predictive rather than reactive.
How 288 Microthemes cover the entire GS syllabus I will show you the exact breakdown, all tagged with PYQs, reports, and current events.
10 Month Strategy to Complete the Framework A month by month plan to cover, revise, and internalize all microthemes while balancing Prelims, Mains, and Optional preparation.
How to integrate microthemes with test series and notes How to convert every theme into a One pager notes, linked to PYQs, examples, and case studies. How toppers use microtheme based preparation to enrich answers and essays.
Why this strategy works better than syllabus based reading Because UPSC doesn’t ask topics, it asks themes that evolve every year. Studying through microthemes aligns your preparation with how UPSC actually thinks.
Why attend this session:
• To stop studying in silos and start connecting subjects through ideas. • To understand how toppers consistently hit 450+ in GS and Ethics. • To get a ready to follow 10 month roadmap till Mains 2026. • To learn how to convert content into exam ready insights using the TAS and PYQ frameworks.
Join me on 24th Oct at 7:00 PM, live for a Zoom session. In one session, I will help you rebuild your preparation and move forward with confidence.
It will be a 45 minute session, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Shikhar Sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.
Join us for a Zoom session on 24th Oct at 7 PM. This session is a must attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for 2026/2027, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
See you in the session”
Register for the session for a complete in-depth UPSC Prep
(Don’t wait—the next webinar/session won’t be until end Oct’25)
These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.
[UPSC 2020] Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries.” Comment with examples.
Linkage: This article explores how anti-immigration politics in the West, particularly in the UK and US, are reshaping narratives around migrants and minorities, directly affecting the Indian diaspora’s political influence, integration, and image abroad. It also relates to how domestic nativism in developed nations influences India’s soft power and global engagement strategy.
Mentor’s Comment
The debate on immigration has taken a darker turn across the Western world, shifting from managing illegal immigration to rejecting legal migrants on cultural or racial grounds. This piece examines the rise of fear-driven politics in the United Kingdom and the United States, where populist leaders exploit insecurities about identity and belonging. It connects these global trends to India’s own discourse on “infiltrators,” highlighting how such politics corrodes the moral and spiritual foundation of nationhood. For UPSC aspirants, this article is a rich resource for themes under GS Paper 2 (Polity & Governance, International Relations) and GS Paper 4 (Ethics & Society).
Introduction: The New Politics of Immigration
Immigration has always been an emotionally charged issue, balancing national security, cultural identity, and humanitarian values. But the tone of the conversation has changed drastically. Once focused on border control and illegal entry, the global discourse, led by figures like Donald Trump and echoed by British leaders, is now turning against legal migrants themselves. The recent developments in the United Kingdom, coupled with populist rhetoric in the U.S., mark a disturbing shift from policy debates to identity-based fear-mongering. It signals a new era where politics thrives on division, and where the very definition of nationhood is under siege.
Why in the News?
At the UN General Assembly, U.S. President Donald Trump openly urged Europe to “end the failed experiment of open borders,” marking the first time an American leader exported his anti-immigrant ideology so aggressively to other nations. The U.K. soon reflected similar sentiments, not just against illegal immigrants but against those living legally under Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR). The political shift shows how nativist populism has evolved from fringe rhetoric to mainstream governance, posing moral and democratic questions for societies that once celebrated diversity.
How Has Immigration Politics Shifted in the UK?
Shift from legality to identity: The focus has moved from illegal immigration control to questioning legal migrants’ right to belong.
Historic continuity: Britain has witnessed recurring anti-immigrant waves, from Enoch Powell’s 1968 “Rivers of Blood” speech to Brexit’s “Take Back Control” slogan.
Turning point: Trump’s UN speech and UK’s Reform Party rhetoric signify a pivot, from economic capability to cultural exclusion.
What Recent Events Sparked the Debate?
Mass rallies: Far-right leader Tommy Robinson led a 1,50,000-strong “Unite the Kingdom” rally, posing as a free speech movement but fuelled by anti-immigration anger.
Imported ideology: French politician Eric Zemmour warned of the “great replacement”, the idea that European people are being replaced by immigrants from Muslim-majority regions.
Policy proposal: Nigel Farage’s Reform UK party proposed scrapping Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) and replacing it with stricter five-year visas.
Consequences: Even current ILR holders and retirees would face uncertainty, eroding the social contract between the state and its residents.
How Has the Labour Government Responded?
Raising the bar: New Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood extended ILR eligibility from 5 to 10 years, with higher English proficiency, employment verification, and volunteering requirements.
Moral hierarchy: This creates a two-tier society, citizens who live freely and migrants forced to constantly prove their worth.
Political motive: Labour’s move reflects a competitive hardline stance to match Reform UK’s popularity and counter populist fear politics.
How Is Race Re-entering the Immigration Discourse?
Racial undertones: Conservative politician Robert Jenrick’s remark about “not seeing another white face” reveals how immigration rhetoric is slipping into racial anxiety.
From migrants to race: The debate is no longer about work permits or visas; it’s now about who belongs and who looks British.
American parallels: Trump’s attempt to revoke birthright citizenship and the spectacle of deporting Indian immigrants in shackles echo the same moral crisis, dehumanisation of the “other.”
What Lessons Does This Hold for India?
Mirroring patterns: In India too, discourse on “infiltrators” and “termites” has been used for populist mobilisation.
Ernest Renan’s vision: The 19th-century philosopher described a nation as a “spiritual principle”, based on shared memories and mutual consent, not race or religion.
Moral erosion: When “present consent”, the will to live together, is weakened, nations lose their moral foundation.
Performative cruelty: Treating migration as a threat rather than a socio-economic phenomenon serves political ends, not human progress.
Conclusion
The politics of fear around immigration reflects a deeper crisis, of identity, belonging, and moral leadership. When democratic societies redefine “worthiness” in racial or cultural terms, they betray the inclusive principles that built them. In both the West and India, the challenge is not just managing immigration but reaffirming what it means to be a nation. As Renan reminded us, a nation exists not by blood or border, but by the desire to live together. Upholding that desire, amid fear and division, is the true test of our times.
Global oil prices have fallen by nearly 16% since the beginning of the year, with Brent crude now around $61 per barrel. This decline comes despite geopolitical disruptions such as Ukraine’s drone attacks on Russian energy assets and ongoing U.S.–China tariff frictions.
The fall signals a major shift in global oil dynamics, driven by technological advances, demand stagnation in OECD economies, and a surge in production from both OPEC+ and non-OPEC countries. For India, this could translate into substantial fiscal gains and macroeconomic stability, but the relief may be short-lived given the cyclical volatility of the oil market.
Introduction
Crude oil remains the world’s most traded and influential commodity, impacting not just transportation and industry but also fiscal and foreign policy. With over 100 million barrels produced daily, the oil market’s direction affects the global economy’s heartbeat.
In recent months, a fascinating shift has occurred — a supply-driven decline in prices, contradicting traditional geopolitical expectations. For India, this moment offers both an opportunity for economic strengthening and a reminder of the need for strategic resilience in energy planning.
Shifting Dynamics in the Global Oil Market
What is Driving the Decline in Global Oil Prices?
Technological disruptions: Innovations like shale extraction, horizontal drilling, and deep-sea exploration have boosted supply, lowering dependency on traditional producers.
Stagnant demand in OECD economies: Due to slow post-COVID recovery, climate action, and EV adoption, demand growth has flattened.
Emerging market growth plateau: Even China’s demand is tapering, with electric vehicles forming 50% of all new car sales.
Supply overhang — Global production rose by 5.6 mbpd, outpacing demand growth of 1.3 mbpd, creating a glut that pushed prices down.
How Have Global Producers and Consumers Reacted?
OPEC+ internal friction: Saudi Arabia wants to restore full production to regain market share, while Russia seeks gradual output increases amid sanctions.
Consumer advantage: Many countries have used this moment to replenish strategic petroleum reserves, stabilizing short-term demand.
Floating stockpiles: Over 100 million barrels of unsold crude remain on tankers at sea, an indicator of market saturation.
What Are the Contradictory Forecasts from Key Agencies?
OPEC’s projection: Expects a slight supply deficit by 2026 (~50,000 bpd short).
IEA’s projection: Predicts an unprecedented oversupply of 4 mbpd, aligning with think-tank estimates of Brent falling to $50/barrel.
Divergence significance: Reflects deep uncertainty and potential volatility, crucial for policy planners like India.
What Is the Broader Economic Context Influencing Oil Prices?
IMF’s World Economic Outlook (2025): Describes global economy as “in flux, prospects remain dim.”
Global growth slowdown: Projected at 3.2% in 2025 and 3.1% in 2026, with trade expansion slowing to 2.9%, down from 3.5% in 2024.
Geopolitical wildcards: Any relaxation of sanctions on Russia, Iran, or Venezuela, or renewed West Asian tensions, could again disrupt supply-demand balance.
What Does It Mean for India’s Economy?
Import advantage: India’s oil import bill was $137 billion in 2024-25; every $1 decline in prices improves the current account deficit by $1.6 billion.
Fiscal gains: Lower prices reduce subsidies and inflation, improving fiscal space and boosting public capital expenditure.
Diplomatic breathing room: Reduced reliance on discounted Russian crude may ease U.S. trade frictions.
Risk of remittance slowdown: A weaker West Asian economy may hit Indian remittances, exports, and investments.
Cyclical caution: The oil market’s volatility means current relief could be short-lived, underscoring the need for energy diversification.
Conclusion
The decline in global oil prices provides India a strategic tailwind: strengthening fiscal health, reducing inflation, and supporting growth. Yet, this momentary advantage must not breed complacency. The future demands long-term energy resilience, investment in renewables, and strategic petroleum reserves. In an interconnected world, India must use this window to transition towards sustainable and self-reliant energy security before the next price cycle strikes.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2013] It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources doesn’t appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.
Linkage: The 2013 question on India’s untapped shale reserves links to the article’s theme of global oversupply driven by the shale revolution; India’s limited shale development has kept it import-dependent, making lower global oil prices a temporary boon rather than true energy security.
India’s solar energy sector has achieved a historic milestone — generating 1,08,494 GWh in 2024–25, overtaking Japan and becoming the third-largest producer globally. This achievement mirrors India’s rapid growth in renewable capacity — solar module manufacturing expanded from 2 GW in 2014 to a projected 100 GW in 2025. However, beneath this success lies a dilemma: despite its potential, Indian-made solar modules are 1.5–2 times costlier than Chinese ones, and without robust export markets, the new manufacturing capacity may struggle. Hence, India’s push to emerge as a solar supplier to Africa under the International Solar Alliance represents not just climate diplomacy but a crucial economic strategy.
Introduction
India’s solar revolution is a remarkable blend of climate responsibility, industrial policy, and global ambition. The cost of solar power fell below coal in 2017 — a landmark that catalyzed private and public investment alike. Yet, with China’s dominance in module exports and India’s limited domestic absorption, the future of India’s solar manufacturing depends on securing new markets and deepening its international role as a sustainable energy leader.
India’s Solar Power Success Story
Massive Growth: India’s solar generation reached 1,08,494 GWh in 2024–25, overtaking Japan (96,459 GWh).
Manufacturing Leap: Module manufacturing capacity expanded from 2 GW (2014) to 100 GW (2025 projection), a fiftyfold jump.
Installed Capacity: India’s current installed solar capacity stands at 117 GW (as of September 2025).
Comparative Rise: India now ranks 3rd globally, behind only China and the US, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA).
What are India’s Solar Targets for 2030?
Climate Commitments: India aims to source 50% of its power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
Solar Share: Around 250–280 GW of this will come from solar energy.
Annual Addition Needed: India must add 30 GW/year until 2030, but has managed 17–23 GW/year in recent years.
Challenge: This gap reflects issues in scaling production, costs, and grid integration.
Why is Indian Solar Manufacturing Still Costlier?
Higher Costs: Indian modules are 1.5–2x costlier than Chinese ones.
Reasons:
China’s control over raw materials and solar supply chains.
Superior production lines and economies of scale.
India’s fragmented ecosystem and dependency on imported inputs.
Export Comparison:
India exported 4 GW of modules to the US in 2024 (a temporary gain due to US restrictions on China).
China exported 236 GW the same year, a staggering 59x lead.
How Can India Sustain Its Solar Manufacturing Boom?
Need for New Markets: Without external demand, India’s large new capacity may remain underutilized.
Africa as Opportunity:
Africa uses only 4% of its arable land for irrigation due to lack of rural power.
India can leverage this gap with solar-powered pumpsets, modeled on its PM Kusum Scheme.
Diplomatic Leverage: India can push its solar expertise through the International Solar Alliance (ISA), showcasing schemes like PM Surya Ghar (urban rooftop) and PM Kusum (rural solar).
Strategic Goal: To become a credible second supplier after China in emerging markets like Africa.
Domestic Solar Initiatives as Models for Export
PM Kusum Scheme: Promotes solar irrigation pumps for farmers, ideal for replication in Africa’s rural power-deficient regions.
PM Surya Ghar Scheme: Encourages rooftop solar adoption in urban India, demonstrating scalable, decentralized power solutions.
Outcome So Far: Adoption is moderate, but the models offer policy templates for developing nations.
Conclusion
India’s solar journey is a story of ambition and transition, from an energy importer to a renewable exporter. Yet, sustaining this momentum requires vision beyond borders. Becoming a solar supplier to Africa can ensure India’s manufacturing viability, strengthen climate diplomacy, and cement its place in the global green order. As the world tilts toward decarbonization, India’s light must not just illuminate its homes, but the developing world.
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology proposed mandatory labelling of Artificial Intelligence–generated synthetic content on social media to curb deepfakes, under draft amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
2025 Draft Amendment on AI Content:
AI Regulation: Introduced by MeitY to address synthetic and AI-generated media such as deepfakes.
Mandatory Disclosure: Users must self-declare AI-generated content; platforms must detect and label undeclared synthetic material.
Labelling Standards: Labels to cover 10% of image/video area or duration (audio); applies to text, audio, and video formats.
Platform Obligations: Ensure metadata embedding and automated verification of user declarations.
Legal Liability: Non-compliance leads to loss of “safe harbour” protection under Section 79(1), making intermediaries liable for hosted content.
Public Consultation: Comments open till 6 November 2025.
Back2Basics: IT Rules, 2021:
Legal Basis: Framed under Sections 87(2)(z) and 87(2)(zg) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 to regulate social media, digital news, and OTT platforms.
Objective: To ensure accountability, transparency, and user protection in India’s digital ecosystem while balancing free speech with responsible governance.
Evolution: Replaced the IT (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011, expanding obligations for intermediaries like Facebook, X (Twitter), YouTube, and Instagram.
Scope: Applies to social media intermediaries, messaging services, digital news publishers, and OTT streaming platforms.
Compliance Framework: Platforms must appoint Chief Compliance Officer (CCO), Nodal Contact Person, and Resident Grievance Officer (RGO), all based in India.
Traceability Clause (Rule 4(2)): Mandates messaging services to identify the “first originator” of unlawful content, raising privacy and surveillance concerns.
Regulation of Social Media Content in India:
Legislative Basis: Governed by the IT Act, 2000, notably Section 69A (blocking powers) and Section 79(1) (safe harbour for intermediaries).
Obligations: Intermediaries must remove unlawful content within 36 hours of a government or court order.
2023 Amendment: Proposed removal of false content about the government; implementation stayed by Supreme Court.
Judicial Context:
Shreya Singhal (2015): Struck down Section 66A, upholding free speech.
K.S. Puttaswamy (2017): Recognised privacy as a fundamental right influencing digital governance.
Overview: According to the World Bank, extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $2.15 per day (2017 Purchasing Power Parity), representing absolute deprivation.
Revised Thresholds: In 2025, the World Bank updated the extreme poverty benchmark to $3/day (PPP 2021) for low-income countries, reflecting inflation and rising living costs.
Measurement Basis: It uses Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) to compare cost of living across countries and Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) data as a proxy for income.
Nature: Extreme poverty signifies absolute poverty, unlike relative poverty, which measures inequality within societies.
Indicators: It encompasses lack of access to essentials such as food security, safe housing, healthcare, education, clean water, and sanitation.
Extreme Poverty in India:
Overview: India has achieved major success in reducing extreme poverty through inclusive growth and welfare-based redistribution over the past decade.
Global Benchmark: As per the World Bank (2025), India’s extreme poverty rate declined from 27.1% (2011–12) to 5.3% (2022–23), among the fastest reductions globally.
Population Impact: Nearly 270 million people were lifted out of extreme poverty; those living below the $3/day threshold fell from 344 million to 75 million.
Rural Transformation: The decline was steeper in rural India, supported by flagship programmes like MGNREGA, PM Awas Yojana, National Food Security Act (NFSA), and Ayushman Bharat.
Social Protection Role: Expansion of direct benefit transfers (DBT), PDS coverage, and rural employment improved income security and consumption stability.
What has Kerala achieved?
Milestone: Kerala has been officially declared free from extreme poverty as of November 1, 2025, becoming the first Indian state to achieve this feat.
Programme Launch: The Extreme Poverty Eradication Programme began in 2021, following one of the first Cabinet decisions of the Left Democratic Front (LDF) government.
Scale: Out of 64,006 families identified as extremely poor, 59,277 families have been uplifted after targeted interventions across housing, health, and livelihoods.
Interventions:
Houses built for 3,913 families and land allotted to 1,338 families.
Repairs up to ₹2 lakh provided for 5,651 homes.
Essential documents like ration and Aadhaar cards issued to 21,263 individuals.
Methodology: Each family was covered through a micro plan, integrating state welfare schemes and social audits with geo-tagged verification.
Outcome: Kerala now has 0% extreme poverty, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 1) to eradicate poverty by 2030.
Significance: The achievement demonstrates Kerala’s model of inclusive governance, where local bodies, irrespective of political control, collaborated to ensure last-mile welfare delivery.
[UPSC 2012] The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following?
1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at household level
2. Purchasing power parity at national level
3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only *
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
![🔴[UPSC Webinar for 2026] By Shikhar Sir, Founder & Faculty, Civilsdaily IAS | Clear UPSC 2026 with 288 Microthemes | Get a 10 Month Strategy | Join on 24th October at 7PM](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Shikhar-sir-thumb-2-1568x882.jpg)
